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CHAMSSOUDINE Charani Poly N° 1386

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CHAMSSOUDINE Charani Poly N° 1386 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ECOLE SUPERIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE D’ANTANANARIVO DEPARTEMENT METEOROLOGIE Mémoire de fin d’étude en vu de l’obtention du diplôme d’ingénieur en Météorologie Présenté par: Mr CHAMSOUDINE Charani Intitulé: CONTRIBUTON A LA SIMULATION NUMERIQUE DE LA CYCLOGENESE DANS LE CANAL DE MOZAMBIQUE EN UTILISANT LE MODELE MM5: CAS DU CYCLONE ELITA DU 24 JANVIER 2004 AU 13 FEVRIER 2004 Soutenu publiquement le: 25 Avril 2009 Membres de jury: Président: Professeur RAMANANTSIZEHANA Pascal, Directeur de l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo. Examinateurs: - Monsieur RANDRIANASOLO Léon, Chef du Département Météorologie à l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo. - Madame RAHARIVELOARIMIZA Samuëline, Docteur et Ingénieur en Chef à la Direction Générale de la Météorologie Malagasy. - Mademoiselle RAKOTODRAFARA Marie-Louise, Ingénieur de la Météorologie Rapporteur: RAKOTOVAZAHA Olivier, Maitre de Conférence à l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo Promotion: 2008 UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO ECOLE SUPERIEURE POLYTECHNIQUE D’ANTANANARIVO DEPARTEMENT METEOROLOGIE Mémoire de fin d’étude en vu de l’obtention du diplôme d’ingénieur en Météorologie Présenté par: Mr CHAMSOUDINE Charani Intitulé: CONTRIBUTON A LA SIMULATION NUMERIQUE DE LA CYCLOGENESE DANS LE CANAL DE MOZAMBIQUE EN UTILISANT LE MODELE MM5: CAS DU CYCLONE ELITA DU 24 JANVIER 2004 AU 13 FEVRIER 2004 Soutenu publiquement le: 25 Avril 2009 Membres de jury: Président: Professeur RAMANANTSIZEHANA Pascal, Directeur de l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo. Examinateurs: - Monsieur RANDRIANASOLO Léon, Chef de Département Météorologie à l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo. - Madame RAHARIVELOARIMIZA Samuëline, Docteur et Ingénieur en Chef à la Direction Générale de la Météorologie Malagasy. - Mademoiselle RAKOTODRAFARA Marie-Louise, Ingénieur de la Météorologie Rapporteur: RAKOTOVAZAHA Olivier, Maitre de Conférence à l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo Promotion: 2008 « La plus grande faillite d’un être humain, c’est de perdre son enthousiasme. S’il sait le conserver, peu porte ne l’abandonne, le succès le favorisera sûrement de nouveau ». REMERCIEMENTS Le présent mémoire marque la fin de mes trois années d’études en météorologie à l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo. Il est non seulement le fruit de mes efforts personnels mais aussi celui du labeur de certaines personnes que nous tenons à remercier. A l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo, mes hommages vont: A monsieur RAMANANTSIHENA Pascal , professeur titulaire et directeur de l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo d’avoir accepté la présentation de cette soutenance et d’être aussi le président de cette séance A monsieur RANDRIANASOLO Leon Irenée , chef de département météorologie pour l’accueil dans son département, l’appui logistique et matériels dont j’ai bénéficié durant mes études, mais aussi pour les cours qu’il nous a dispensé. Nous tenons à exprimer notre profonde gratitude et reconnaissances à notre encadreur, monsieur RAKOTOVAZAHA Olivier , maitre de conférences à l’université d’Antananarivo et enseignant à l’Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique d’Antananarivo. Ses directives judicieuses et son soutien permanant nous ont permis de mener à bien ce travail dans un environnement calme; ses critiques toujours constructives sur ce mémoire nous ont permis également d’améliorer sa lisibilité. Nos remerciements vont aussi à madame RAHARIVELOARIMIZA Samueline , docteur et ingénieur en chef à la direction générale de la météorologie malagasy, pour l’honneur qu’elle nous a fait en acceptant d’examiner ce travail. Nous remercions également à mademoiselle RAKOTODRAFARA Marie-Louise , Ingénieur de la météorologie d’avoir accepter d’être parmi les membres du jury. Il serait tellement injuste de ne pas évoquer ici les ingénieurs travaillant au poste de contrôle de la direction générale de la météorologie, plus particulièrement l’ingénieur FANIRIANTSOA Rija Fidèle . Grace à eux, j’ai pu configurer ma machine. Merci pour tout. En fin j’invite ma mère, mon père , toutes mes sœur à trouver ici leur satisfaction, plus particulièrement ma grande sœur madame MOINAFATIMA Charani pour son soutien moral et financier depuis mon enfance. Je le sais chacun de vous a pu faire d’une manière ou d’une autre un sacrifice pour que je réussisse dans mes études . i TABLE DES MATIERES mémoire de fin d’étude TABLE DES MATIERES REMERCIEMENTS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………....i TABLE DE MATIERE……………………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………ii LISTE DES FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….vi LISTE DES ABBREVIATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………….…………..…….viii LISTE DES TABLEAUX……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….xi INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. …1 PARTIE 1: LE CANAL DE MOZAMBIQUE ........................................................................................... …3 1-1- ........................................................................................................................................... Situation géographique du canal de Mozambique .............................................................................…3 1-2- Aspects Hydrodynamique du canal ....................................................................................................…3 2-1- Variation saisonnière des aspects hydrodynamique du canal de Mozambique ................................…5 2-1-1- Variation de la salinité et de température ......................................................................................…5 2-1-2- Circulation dans le canal de Mozambique ........................................................................................12 PARTIE 2: LA CYCLOGENESE ............................................................................................................ .16 2-1- Définition du cyclone ...........................................................................................................................16 2-2- Naissance du cyclone ...........................................................................................................................16 2-2-1- Condition nécessaire à la cyclogenèse .............................................................................................16 a - Température de la surface de la mer élevée ..................................................................................16 b - Forte humidité relative en moyenne troposphère .........................................................................17 ii TABLE DES MATIERES mémoire de fin d’étude c - Faible cisaillement verticale du vent ...............................................................................................17 d - Existence d’une perturbation préexistante ..................................................................................17 e - Force de Coriolis suffisante .............................................................................................................18 f - Divergence en haute troposphère ..................................................................................................19 2-2-2- Formation initiale du cyclone ...........................................................................................................19 2-3- Condition synoptique favorable...........................................................................................................19 2-4- Source d’énergie .................................................................................................................................20 2-4-1- Flux de chaleur .................................................................................................................................20 2-4-2- Processus Radiatif ............................................................................................................................21 2-5- Maturité du cyclone ............................................................................................................................21 2-5-1- Circulation de l’air et force en présence ...........................................................................................21 2-5-2- Relations Thermodynamiques .........................................................................................................23 2-6- Déclin du cyclone .................................................................................................................................23 2-6-1- Propagation ......................................................................................................................................23 2-6-2- Dégénérescence ...............................................................................................................................24 2-7- Interactions d’échelles .........................................................................................................................24 PARTIE 3: MODELE NUMERIQUE (MM5) .......................................................................................... .26 3-1- Présentation du modèle et théories mathématiques ..........................................................................26 3-1-1- Présentation du modèle (MM5) .......................................................................................................26 3-1-2- Théorie mathématique ....................................................................................................................27
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