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Otto Ill. - Heinrich 11 Otto Ill. - Heinrich 11. EineWende? Herausgegeben von Bernd Schneidmüller und Stefan Weinfurter Jan Thorbecke Verlag Sigmaringen 1997 ODILO ENGELS Überlegungen zur ottonischen Herrschaftsstruktur I. Trotz aller Vorbehalte, die man so manchen überzogenen Thesen gegenüber nicht verschweigen kann, muß man dem Buch »Deutschland - Frankreich, die Geburt zweier Völker« von Carlrichard Brühl! bescheinigen, daß es immer noch stimulie- rend auf die jüngste Forschung wirkt und zumindest in der Frage nach der Ent- stehung des deutschen Reiches - wobei die Betonung auf der Kennzeichnung »deutsch« liegt - eine Änderung unserer Vorstellungen in die Wege geleitet hat-, Der lang gestreckte Entstehungsprozeß des Reiches erscheint nunmehr bis weit in das 11. Jahrhundert hinein verlängert", Brühl richtet sein Augenmerk in der Haupt- 1 Köln/Wien 1990. Er bezeichnet beispielsweise ebd., S. 462-469, die Aachener Krönung Ottos I. von 936 nur als eine »Befestigungskrönung« der Lotharingier im Vertrauen auf die Hausordnung Heinrichs I. von 929 (vgl. KARLScHMID,Die Thronfolge Ottos des Großen, in: Zeitschrift für Rechtsgeschichte. Germ. Abt. 81, 1964, 5.80-163), was die Lausanner Annalen (aus dem 13. Jahr- hundert>, ed. CHARLESROTH,Cartulaire du chapitre de Notre-Dame de Lausanne, Lausanne 1948, S. 8, indirekt bestätigen würden. Abgesehen davon, daß die angeblich guten Vorlagen dieser Quelle unbekannt und andere, dort vermerkte Daten alles andere als fehlerfrei sind, ist die Haus- ordnung selbst in einem Umfang, wie Schmid sie sieht, fragwürdig geworden; vgl. WOLFGANG GEORGI,Bischof Keonwald von Worcester und die Heirat Ottos I. mit Edgitha im Jahre 929, in: Historisches Jahrbuch 115, 1995, S. 1-40. Auch dieser Aufsatz ist von Hypothesen nicht ganz frei, zeigt aber, daß die wichtigen Beobachtungen von Schmid nicht in jeder Hinsicht zwingend sind. An der Glaubwürdigkeit von Widukinds Bericht über die Aachener Erstkrönung (Widukind von Corvey, Rerum gestarum Saxonicarum libri tres, ed. PAULHIRSCH/HANSEBERHARDLOHMANN, MGH SS rer. Germ. 60, S. 63-67) ist jedenfalls nicht zu zweifeln. 2 Vgl. schon ECKHARDMÜLLER-MERTENS,Regnum Teutonicum. Aufkommen und Verbreitung der deutschen Reichs- und Königsauffassung im früheren Mittelalter, Wien/Köln 1970; zustimmend HELMUTBEUMANN,Regnum Teutonicum und rex Teutonicorum in ottonischer und salischer Zeit. Bemerkungen zu einem Buch von Eckhard Müller-Mertens, in: Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 55, 1973, S. 215-223. BRÜHL,Deutschland (wie Anm. 1), 5.181-233, unterscheidet von diutice (= volks- sprachlich) die Bezeichnung teutonicus, die nicht vor Brun von Querfurt ein Bewußtsein von »deutsch- erkennen läßt (5. 216f.), und zwar im Sinne einer übergeordneten Einheit, welche die Addition von Stammesnamen zusammenfaßt. Gleichzeitig auch HEINZTHOMAS,Die Deutschen und die Rezeption ihres Volksnamens. in: Kieler Historische Studien 34, hg. von WERNERPARAVI- C1NI,Sigmaringen 1990, S. 19-50; DERs.,Das Identitätsproblem der Deutschen im Mittelalter, in: Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht 43, 1992, S. 135-156. Sodann im Rahmen einer breit angelegten Übersichtsdarstellung JOHANNESFRIED,Der Weg in die Geschichte. Die Ursprünge Deutschlands (Propyläengeschichte Deutschlands>, Berlin 1994, besonders das erste und das letz- te Kapitel; zustimmend HANNAVOLLRATH,Geschichtswissenschaft und Geschichtsschreibung. Zur Diskussion um das Buch »Der Weg in die Geschichte« von Johannes Fried, in: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 43, 1995, S. 451-459, bes. S. 452. 3 Zur Forschungsgeschichte des deutschen Reiches vg!. EDUARDHLAWITSCHKA,Vom Frankenreich zur Formierung der europäischen Staaten- und Völkergemeinschaft 840-1046, Darmstadt 1986, bes. Abschnitt D 1-2 u. S. 188-201. 268 Odilo Engels sache auf die Auseinandersetzung der beiden Nachfolgereiche des karolingischen Großreiches, des Ostreiches mit dem Westreich, wobei es weitgehend um die end- gültige Zugehörigkeit Lotharingiens ging. Das fränkische Mittelreich spielt auch hier eine Rolle, allerdings aus einer anderen Perspektive; vor allem ist es nicht der einzige Gegenstand der Überlegungen. Zweifellos bezog sich die Königswahl Heinrichs I. von 919 auf das gesamte Ostreich, so wie es Konrad I., dem Anspruch nach wenigstens, hinterlassen hatte. Wäre dem nicht so, hätte sich Heinrich I. nicht im Anschluß an seine Erhebung um die Anerkennung seiner königlichen Autorität durch die Herzöge von Schwaben und Bayern bemüht". Demnach gab es eine Vorstellung vorn territorialen Umfang des Ostreiches, die von der Realität gar nicht so weit entfernt war. Dennoch kon- kurrierte mit dieser Vorstellung der personale Herrschaftsverband, der keineswegs überall mit dem territorialen Anspruch deckungsgleich sein mußte, zum Teil über ihn sogar hinausreichte und in sich auch nicht homogen war. In seiner Wirkmäch- tigkeit ist er nicht zu unterschätzen, andernfalls wären folgende Beispiele nicht zu verstehen. Bayern und Schwaben zählten bis zum späten 10. Jahrhundert und darüber hinaus nicht zu den Zentralräumen sächsischer Königsherrschaft; das war nicht nur eine Frage des Itinerars", Mit dieser Beobachtung stimmt die Tatsache überein, daß weder Heinrich I. noch Otto I.bis 952 innerhalb Bayerns und Schwabens eine Urkunde ausstellten, wohl jedoch außerhalb der beiden Herzogtümer für bayeri- sche und schwäbische Empfänger, meist wenn es um die Bestätigung eines Privi- legs der karolingischen Amtsvorgänger ging, und das in der Regel auf die Fürspra- che des zuständigen Herzogs hin 6. Daß der Herzog offenkundig nicht befugt war, königliche Privilegien zu erneuern oder selbst Recht in gleicher Qualität zu setzen, wird mit dieser Beobachtung nur bestätigt. Aus ihr aber zu schließen, der Herrscher habe in Bayern oder Schwaben keinen Hoftag einberufen und auch keine Amts- handlung vornehmen dürfen, geht zu weit. Es gibt nämlich eine einzige Ausnah- me; am 30.Juni 929 bestätigte Heinrich I. in Nabburg (bayerischer Nordgau) auf sei- ner Durchreise von Böhmen nach Sachsen ragatu comiturn nastrarum Arnalfi et Heber- hardi Schenkungen an die Abtei Kempten 7. Immerhin ist die zumindest etwas 4 Vg!. JOACHIMEHLERS,Die Entstehung des deutschen Reiches (Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte 31), München 1993, S. 17-19. 5 Laut ECKHARDMÜLLER-MERTENS,Die Reichsstruktur im Spiegel der Herrschaftspraxis Ottos des Großen (Forschungen zur mittelalterlichen Geschichte 25), Berlin 1980, S. 249-254, und DERS., Reich und Hauptorte der Salier, Probleme und Fragen, in: Die Salier und das Reich, hg. von STEFAN WEINFURTER,Bd. 1, Sigmaringen 21992, S. 144-148, zählten Bayern und Schwaben nach Auskunft des Itinerars unter BeTÜcksichtigung auch einer angenommenen Aufenthaltsdauer am (in den Quellen genannten) Ort weder unter Otto I.noch unter den frühsalischen Herrschern zu den poli- tischen »Zentralräumen« oder gar »Basislandschaften« des Herrschers. Sie waren allerdings Durchzugsgebiete, da Oberitalien bis zum Apennin zu den Zentralräumen gehörte. Vg!. auch HAeENKELLER,Reichsstruktur und Herrschaftsauffassung in ottonisch-frühsalischer Zeit, in: FTÜh- mittelalterliche Studien 16, 1982, S. 74-128. 6 Die Intervention mußte als formalisierter Akt nicht in jedem Fall Fürbitte, sondern konnte auch Zustimmung bedeuten. Vg!. die Beobachtungen grundsätzlicher Art von PAULKEHR,Zur Ge- schichte Ottos IlL, in: Historische Zeitschrift 66, 1891, S. 437 f. 7 MGH D H L 19. In diesem Falle sind Arnulf von Bayern und Eberhard von Franken zufällig anwe- sende und nicht für den Empfänger zuständige Intervenienten. BRÜHL,Deutschland (wie Anm. 1), S. 291, hat dieses Diplom übersehen und kommt deshalb zu einer undifferenzierten Aussage. Überlegungen zur ottonischen Herrschaftsstruktur 269 ungewöhnlich lockere Einbindung Bayerns und Schwabens in die sächsische Königsherrschaft ein Faktum, das sich sicherlich auf den Umstand zurückführen läßt, daß die Bayern und Schwaben an der Königswahl Heinrichs I. nicht beteiligt waren und nachträglich zur Anerkennung seines Königtums genötigt werden muß- ten. Daß in Bayern 919 sogar an eine Königswürde des Herzogs gedacht worden war", spiegelt sich in der Kirchenherrschaft des Königs wider. In Schwaben blieb die Investitur des Bischofs, auch wenn der Herzog ihn nominiert hatte, ein Recht des Königs, obwohl die dortigen Reichsklöster ziemlich fest in der Hand des Her- zogs waren 9. Hinsichtlich Bayerns bestätigt sich das von Liudprand behauptete Privileg, womit Heinrich I. dem Bayernherzog die ditio über die Bischöfe und das Recht ihrer Einsetzung gewährt habe, was seinen Vorgängern nicht zugestanden worden sei 10. Es ist unklar, ob dieses Ehrenrecht von Anfang an nur bis zum Tode Arnulfs von Bayern (937)gelten sollte oder Otto I. angesichts der kurzlebigen Nach- folge des schwachen Eberhard von Bayern (937/38) dieses königliche Vorrecht wie- der an sich ziehen konnte!', Jedenfalls scheint die Einsetzung Herolds zum Erz- bischof von Salzburg im Jahre 939 auf Ottol. zurückzugehen'F. Dem Unterschied zwischen Bayern und Schwaben entspricht auch die Tatsache, daß die bayerischen Bischöfe im Gegensatz zu den schwäbischen die Reichsversammlung zu Worms (926)und die Synode zu Erfurt (932)nicht besucht haben 13. Im Verhältnis des Reiches zu Italien kommt die Konkurrenz beider Ebenen ebenfalls zum Ausdruck. Wipo, der Kaplan am Hof Kaiser Heinrichs Ill., schrieb 1046 in den Gesta Chuonradi über die Königswahl KonradsII. von 1024,außer den Stämmen nördlich der Alpen hätten sich auch die Großen Italiens an der Wahl be- 8 Laut Liudprand von Cremona, Antapodosis, II c. 21 f., ed. JOSEPHBECKER,MGH SS rer. Germ. 41, S. 47 f., drängten die
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