© 2017 - Miromaa Aboriginal Language & Technology Centre

ISBN: 978 0 9804680 9 0

First Printed in 2009 Reprinted in 2014 Reprinted in 2015 Reprinted in 2017

All enquiries to: P 02 4940 9100 W www.miromaa.org.au

Miromaa Aboriginal Language & Technology Centre is funded by the Australian Federal Government under Indigenous Languages and Art. (ILA). Miromaa Aboriginal Language & Technology Centre is the trading name for Arwarbukarl Cultural Resource Association Inc.

We would like to acknowledge the following people who have aided the production of this document which is the first of many resources to assist in enabling Awabakal to be once again spoken in its country:

Aunt Phyllis Darcy – Awabakal Descendant Alex Arposio – Linguist

The staff at Miromaa Aboriginal Language & Technology Centre who have worked to produce this document are:

Jacqui Allen Carissa Paglino Daryn McKenny Terri-Lee Darcy

Daryn McKenny General Manager – Miromaa Aboriginal Language & Technology Centre CONTENTS

Reference Source Documents ______4 Preface ______5 Introduction to Language ______6 Alphabet______6 Pronunciation and Sounds Guide ______6 The Body in Respect to Awabakal Culture ______7 Dance ______7 Hunting ______7 Clothing and Jewellery ______8

Dictionary Awabakal - English ______9 Terminology ______10 Dictionary English – Awabakal ______18 Body Descriptions ______18 Body External ______18 Body Internal ______22 Body Secretions & Substances ______23 Body Wounds & Lesions ______24 Appendix Contents ______25 Head, Shoulders, Knees and Toes Song Lyrics ______26 Activity: Code Breaker ______27 Activity: Draw & Label a Face ______28 Activity: Picture Crossword ______29 Activity: Find a Word ______30 Activity: Label the External Body Parts ______31 Activity: Label the Internal Body Parts ______32 Activity: Trace a Word ______33 Activity: Fill in the Missing Words ______34 Activity: Picture and Word Match ______35 Activity: Picture and Word Match ______36 Activity: Word Unscramble ______37 Activity: Word Unscramble ______38 Activity: Cut & Paste ______39 Activity Answers ______40 Reference Source Documents

AG Threlkeld, L. E. (1834) An Australian Grammar comprehending the Principles and Natural Rules of the Language, as spoken by the Aborigines, in the vicinity of Hunters River, Lake Macquarie, New South Wales [Stephens and Stokes] Sydney. AHR (1983) Aborigines of the Hunter Region, (compiled by D. West), [Government Printer], NSW. AL Fraser, J. (1892) An Australian Language as spoken by the Awabakal, the people of Awaba or Lake Macquarie being an account of their language, traditions, and customs [Charles Potter, Government Printer] Sydney. ART Gunsen, N., (ed.) (1974) Australian Reminiscences & Papers of L. E. Threlkeld: Missionary to the Aborigines 1824-1859, Vols 1 & 2, [Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies] Canberra. AWF Maynard, J. (2004) Awabakal Word Finder, (J. Maynard editor), [Keeaira Press] Southport Qld. BRGR W. J. Needham (1981) Burragurra: Where the Spirit Walked: A Study of the Aboriginal Sites in the Cessnock–Wollombi Region of the Hunter Valley, N.S.W., [Alec Dobson & McEwan Pty Ltd] Adamstown, N.S.W. DOCAHaslam, P. (2003) “Document Archives of Perc Haslam” - Single or Multiple Sheet Documents with language reference stored in the Document Archive at ACRA, Reference number refers to the file number. - Doc A1000 to ∞ FLEX Fraser, J. (1892) An Awabakal English Lexicon - Part 2 in AL. GBRG Rigby, G. & B., (1992) Successfully Growing Australian Native Plants and Colour Your Garden with Australian Natives: Compendium, [Reninna Press] Newcastle. GYY (2003) Gamilaraay, Yuwaalaraay, Yuwaalayaay Dictionary, (Compiled and edited by A. Ash, J. Giacon and A Lissarrague), [IAD Press] Alice Springs. LA Austen, K., Bin Buyong, N., Manton, P., Smith, D., Sullivan, R., Wright, A., (1995) Land of Awabakal, [Yarnteen Inc.] Newcastle. MOA Strahn, R., (editor) (1992) The Mammals of Australia, (rvsd edn), [Reed New Holland] Sydney. Mss1 Threlkeld, L. E. (1983) Collected Threlkeld Papers 1815-1862 (Manuscript), [Mitchell Library Archives, A382], State Library of NSW, 1983, photocopy edition. SALC (1983) “Script of Aboriginal Language from Cassette” from the Aborigines of the Hunter Region Kit, [The Dept of Education]. SD Threlkeld, L. E. (1827) Specimens of a Dialect of the Aborigines of New South Wales; Being the first attempt to form their speech into a written language, [Thomas Wilson] Sydney. TKEY Threlkeld, L. E. (1850) A Key to the Structure of the Aboriginal Language; being an analysis of the particles used as affixes, to form the various modifications of the verbs; shewing the essential powers, abstract roots, and other peculiarities of the language, [Kemp and Fairfax] Sydney. Preface

Traditionally Awabakal is translated as ‘Man of Awaba’, and ‘Awaba’ refers to Lake Macquarie. Awabakaleyen is translated as ‘Woman of Awaba’. The modern use of the word Awabakal today is used in reference to ‘People & Language of Lake Macquarie’. The Arwarbukarl Cultural Resource Association’s (ACRA) main aim is to help revive Awabakal, the Aboriginal language of the Lake Macquarie and Newcastle area. Renewal of our culture and heritage is an important aspect of our organisation’s aims. From the time that colonisation reached the Newcastle/Lake Macquarie region (from 1790 onwards), the culture, heritage and language of the Awabakal people quickly declined, and fell into disuse between 1880 and the turn of the 20th century. During the 19th Century, Rev. Lancelot E. Threlkeld, the Missionary in the Lake Macquarie region, recorded the language spoken by the people of this land. His field work has made it possible for us to develop resources that can enable the revival of Awabakal Language. As an aid in the assistance of teaching the Awabakal language within schools and families of this region ACRA has produced Learning Awabakal Language Resource Kit. Included in this kit are several parts which all provide a substantial introduction to the language. The Body Resource Kit has been produced as an addition to our always growing language programme. ACRA intends to produce a series of language resources to assist in teaching the language. Note that our understanding of the Awabakal language is subject to ongoing review, such that words and their meanings are subject to change. Change may occur either because we gain a better understanding of a given word, or phrase, but also in response to the need to adapt traditional language to the needs of the current times.

In addition to this book, other Resources that are available are: 1. A set of 50 Body Parts Flash Cards 2. Common Body Parts Poster 3. Internal Body Parts Poster 4. A set of 40 Body Parts Snap/Memory Game Cards 5. CD-ROM of all activities in PDF format

Introduction to Language Our work here at ACRA on the Awabakal language continues. All the same, as a group we have been able to develop a starting point from which to learn the language. One important matter is the sound and pronunciation of letters. To this we first turn.

Alphabet First let us look at the Alphabet for Awabakal language. We use the Roman letters to form the alphabet although there is a difference between the sounds they have in English and Awabakal. A B E I K L M N Ng O P R T U W Y a b e i k l M n ng o p r t u w y

Pronunciation and Sounds Guide A more detailed set of instructions about the pronunciation of the language is provided in Nupaliyalaan Palii Awabakalkoba: Teach yourself Awabakal: Volume One. Here we provide only a very rough guide in relation to provide a “rough” equivalent in English. a short vowel as in ‘cut’ aa long vowel similar to that in ‘cart’ i short vowel as in ‘bin’ ii long vowel sounding as ‘ear’ e short vowel sounding as ‘air’ ey longer than ‘e’ and something like ‘tail’ but strongly coloured by the ‘y’ sound o short vowel similar to ‘or’ oo long vowel as ‘poor’ u short vowel, always as in ‘bull,’ ‘put.’ b as ‘p’ but without a pout: the lips held against the teeth (the ‘p’ is not an error) p same as b: it is used in the written language to mark a grammatical difference of meaning, which would otherwise be undetectable l like English ‘l’ but using the flat blade of the tongue against the top teeth m same as in English (again no pout) n like ‘n’ but using the flat blade of the tongue as for ‘l’; unless at the end of a word in which case it is like English ‘n’ ng as ‘ng’ in ‘singing’; never like ‘longer’: the ‘g’ is never sounded t like ‘t’ but using the flat blade of the tongue as for ‘l’ w softer than the English ‘w’, the lips are not brought as closely together y softer than the English ‘y’ with the mouth held more open

NOTE: If two vowels are together, such as ‘au’, ‘ai’ or ‘ei’ they always have their Awabakal sounds and never sound like English double vowels

The Body in Respect to Awabakal Culture

Like in all Aboriginal tribes the body was a very important part of life to the people of Awabakal. A strong healthy body would often mean the difference between life and death. Every part of the body was used for survival and play, with unhealthy and weak bodies this life would not have been possible for the Awabakal People. They needed strong healthy bodies to survive the cold weather and if they were of a lake tribe the cold weather also came with very strong winds. Without a healthy body they could not climb, hunt, gather, swim or make instruments to eat, hunt, cook or re populate.

Dance Both the women and the men would paint their bodies for ceremonies, when they would dance. For each one, the paintings or marking would be different depending on what it was they were painting their bodies for. Both the Men and the Women would dance, for this they used every part of their bodies. The feet were used to stomp, shuffle, creep, jump and crouch upon. The hands were used to clap the boomerangs or clap sticks together and actions such as picking bush tucker, or the beak of a bird or the head of an emu. The Arms were used to imitate flight or an animal crouching and a man throwing spears or a woman digging with her digging stick. Most of the time during dance the body would be painted.

Hunting The Awabakal people or men in particular had to strong swimmers to be able to dive for shellfish and under water spear fishing. The man would carry their hunting tools on their bodies in a belt around their waist. This belt was made of human hair or plant fibre this was also what the arm bands were made of which were worn around the upper arm. Hunting was also a task for women, men and children. For this task their bodies had to be strong and healthy. The man would climb trees, go out for days hunting and fishing so strong leg and arm muscles were indeed necessary to throw spears, boomerangs, clubs and fishing nets. The women would go bushwalking for bush tucker, digging for grubs and yams, in to the creeks for crayfish and turtle and fishing with lines for this their arms needed to be strong and their legs would have to be strong as well.

Reproduction Women would also have to be fit and healthy to be able to give birth and then keep up with her duties of looking after her husband and other children. A mother also had to be able to look after 2 children under the age of 3, usually a 3yr old walking and a baby on the hip or coolamons.

Clothing and Jewellery

The garments of clothing worn on the body were mostly skirts made from plant fibres and feathers, loincloths or nap sacks made from animal skins and furs. In the winter and colder weather big cloaks were worn made from possum fur, these would keep the body warm whilst hunting or preparing food. No shoes were around in the days of traditional living so the soles of the feet had to strong and tough as they had to bare walking over sticks, rocks and other forms of land being hot, cold, wet and slippery. Jewellery was also worn on the body and through some body parts. For instance every woman wore a shell necklace around their necks.

Body Parts in

Awabakal

Produced using the Miromaa Community Dictionary Maker.

antaang buloyinkoro

a antaang jaw The lower jaw.

B - b bakai skin balkakako back Skin of human beings or animals, the At or on the back, as when carrying a load. same word is used for the bark of trees and other plants; any surface tissue. bulbul heart

balka back Back of the hand or body (includes animals).

buloyinkoro thighs

K - k

1 kaleyang kitang kaleyang neck kararbang flank The side of the body between the ribs and hips.

kaleyaring throat Compare with 'Kaleyang'.

kalo cheeks The cheeks of the face. kararka mouth

kapara skull

This term was also used to name Mt. Sugarloaf. keylai urine

kitang hair Hair of the heads of human beings.

karaangko spittle Spit from the mouth.See 'Karaang'. karabang body The whole of the body.

2 konaring meya konaring excrement kopa upper arm The upper arm, in between the shoulder and elbow.

kooro windpipe in scientific terms, the Trachea.

kumara blood See also ngoroong.

kumbarokaan brain

M - m mako heel matara hand

meya sinews mararantai fingers Tendons, connective tissues and (in the This word should be able to refer to 19th century) also denoting muscles (a "finger"/"fingers" generically since the "sinewy man", albeit not bulky, was singular/plural distinction is optional in considered to have stamina and strength); Awabakal see also 'Meyapaliko'. marin torso The front or upper part of the body (torso).

3 milkamilka nantima milkamilka collarbone mokalmokal knee caps

milkara eyebrows

moyika cartilage

mirang shoulder

mula boil mirangka shoulder A boil, or other similar excrescence on the Carried on the shoulder. body. mita sore mulamaliko vomit A bruise, a wound, a welt, etc. See also To vomit. 'Mitang'. munang liver

N - n nantima stature Stance, posture, perhaps hinting to tallness or dignified presence.

4 nara nguna nara ribs ngoolo forehead "Two words for forehead; Yintiri - all the forehead and Ngolo - the sloping section towards the crown, with Tukkal [Takal] as the temples" (DOCA p. 1070).

ngaari shins

ngorangoon left hand side of the body

ngaikang eye The whole eyeball; compare with 'porowang'.

ngoroong blood This term is the typical term for human blood. ngakaang hips ngowara face

ngaraakoonbi finger nguna elbow The little finger.

5 ngureyang pika ngureyang ears nukoro nose This term denotes the outer parts of the Or the nostrils. ear, as a physiological feature.

numba finger The index finger.

P - p paraang abdomen parokalkan finger The middle finger.

paramai kidney The kidney(s) of human beings and animals. patara flesh This word especially picks out the lean meaty part of the flesh. Compare with pariiyang flesh 'Pariiyang'. This term refers to all flesh, including meat, fatty tissue, sinew, skin and so forth. Compare with 'Patara'. For flesh referred pika womb to as meat for food see 'Karai' (if of an Underlying sense appears to be "bag", but animal), 'Tibin' (if of a bird) and 'Makoro' (if extends to "womb" of a fish).

6 porowang tarang porowang eye The pupil and iris of the eye, or the functionality of sight in the eyes.

T - t takal temples tara calves That is to say, of the head. As part of the human leg.

talan tongue tarakil veins Probably, it extends to cover any blood vessels, including the arteries.

tambiri lips 'Wiling' is more common for lips, but this term denotes the lips in a more symbolic way as to keeps them closed to keep ritual tarang forearm knowledge secret. Specifically, the forearm.

tankaanbeyn thumb

7 tararkari turowan tararkari ears tina toes The sense of hearing; it also refers to the Also the foot and feet. ears as the organs of hearing; compare with 'Ngureyang'.

tirai withered shriveled, shrunken, wasted away, etc. tarkin face tiri nails Fingernails and toenails.

tibun bones

Intriguingly, Anonymous has the word 'Tibon' defined as "bonds, chains, fetters' toongtoong marrow (Mss3, p. 339). Presumably, the Awabakal The soft, fatty, tissue in the interior cavities people had no need for such a word until of bones the Europeans came, and for whatever bone-marrow is an important source of reason, employed the word for bones to valuable nutrients for any hunter-gatherer denote the chains used by the English to people. shackle convicts. tungkangkeri right-hand

tiira teeth This would equally name a single tooth. turowan right side of body

8 wapara woyipiin

W - w wapara chest winal pelvic region Including the hips, abdomen and lower wara stomach back around the top of the buttocks.see also 'nga-káng'

waraa palm of the hand wolang head

waroombang knee wooloma calves This is the most common word used for 'knee'. The back part of the lower leg.

watan chin woyi eyelash

wiling lips woyipiin eyelashes

9 wuntokeri yulota wuntokeri left hand wuroka nape The nape of the neck.

wuran hair Hair of the body.

y yarei beard yulo sole of the foot Compare with 'Yulota'. yela ankles

yulota footstep yookool lungs Also, a track, a trail, as that of an animal. Compare with 'Yulo'.

10

Activity: Code Breaker

Using the code below work out the Awabakal names for the following internal body parts.

A B E I K L M N Ng O P R T U W Y

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

16 10 10 5 10 10 6

2 14 6 2 14 6

5 14 7 2 1 12 10 5 1 1 8 Activity: Draw a face and Label the Parts

Draw a face and some hair for this person then list the parts of the face in Awabakal language below.

Hair Ears Mouth Nose ______

Chin Lips Cheek Forehead ______Activity: Picture Crossword

Can you finish the crossword in Awabakal language. Use the pictures as clues to the answers.

1. 1 2 3 20.

4 5

6 19. 2. 7

8

9 18. 10 11

12 13 3. 14 17. 15

4.

16.

16 17 18

5. 15. 19 20

6. 14. 11. 12. 7. 9. 10. 13. 8. Activity: Find a Word

Can you find the Awabakal words listed below? Circle each word as you find it.

S M A T K A P A R A A K P B A Y N F E U L E A T L J U L O R W A R O O M B A N G O F A U I S P U I N L P A D W L K R O Y A N N K H O S W P D N J G G R H A P T T G E H O A E T K A R N W T E Y I T A R L B A H L G F K P K O D P O I E G J A I S M A T A R A U S N O O R K U T I W D T G R A R T A N S G N E

Kalo - Cheek Paraang - Belly Kapara - Skull Tarkin - Face Matara - Hand Wapara - Chest Ngaikang - Eyes Waroombang - Knee Nukoro - Nose Wolang - Head

Activity: Label the External Body Parts

Label these common external body parts in Awabakal language.

Head

Neck Shoulders

Chest

Belly Forearm

Hand

Thighs

Knee

Shin

Toes Activity: Label the Internal Body Parts

Label these common internal body parts in Awabakal language.

Brain Windpipe

Lungs Stomach

Heart Bowels

Liver Bones Activity: Trace A Word

Colour the pictures in and then read the word, trace the word and write the word in Awabakal. Activity: Fill in the Missing Words

What body part is being used in each of these pictures? Fill in the missing word using Awabakal language.

Brush your ______Blow your ______

Wash your ______Paint your ______

Break your ______Brush your ______Activity: Picture & Word Match

Draw a line from the pictures to the matching Awabakal words.

Wara

Tibun

Bulbul

Yookool

Kumbarokaan Activity: Picture & Word Match

Draw a line from the pictures to the matching Awabakal words.

Tireyl

Woipiin

Kitang

Matara

Mako Activity: Word Unscramble

Unscramble the Awabakal words and write in both Awabakal and English in the space provided.

rapaaim ______Awabakal English

raan ______Awabakal English

kartail ______Awabakal English

pakaar ______Awabakal English

yeam ______Awabakal English Activity: Word Unscramble

Unscramble the Awabakal words and write in both Awabakal and English in the space provided.

kunoor ______Awabakal English

ikaba ______Awabakal English

nita ______Awabakal English

irita ______Awabakal English

gaknaing ______Awabakal English Activity: Cut and Paste

Cut and paste the matching body part for these items. Then cut and paste the Awabakal word for that body part. Activity: Cut and Paste Puzzle Answers

Code Breaker Draw and Label a Face

Find a Word Crossword Puzzle Answers

Label External Body Parts Label Internal Body Parts

Fill in the Missing Words Word & Picture Match Puzzle Answers

Word & Picture Match Word Unscramble

Word Unscramble Cut & Paste