Horsetails Equisetum Sp
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Horsetails Equisetum sp. Horsetails have deep, long rhizomes that support hollow jointed and longitudinally ridged stems, which emerge in early spring. The stem spikelets can be between 5-60 cm tall. The majority of the stem and leaves are green and the blackish tip are reproductive shoots that appear early in the season from the sterile vegetative stems. The genus sits within the broad grouping of ancient land plants called Pteridophyta which also includes ferns, clubmosses and quillworts. Field (or common) horsetail Equisetum arvense and marsh horsetail E. palustre are perhaps the most widespread and can be found throughout England and Wales. As these are the species that livestock are most likely to come into contact with the rest of the leaflet is focused on these plants. Water horsetail E. fluviatile, Dutch rush E. hyemale, wood horsetail E. sylvaticum and giant or great horsetail E. telmateia are less Field horsetail © Cath Shellswell widespread. Shade horsetail E. pratense and variegated horsetail E. variegatum are nationally scarce in the UK Vascular Plant Red List, but only variegated horsetail is considered Near Threatened in the England Red List. Boston horsetail E. ramosissimum is only present in England, in North Lincolnshire near Boston and in North Somerset, and there is some uncertainty whether it is native or an introduced species. It is also considered to be Near Threatened in the England Vascular Plant Red List. Horsetails are sometimes confused with mare's-tail Hippuris vulgaris. This is because they both have primitive whorls of slender green branches radiating from joints or nodes in the main stem. These branches are much smaller in mare's-tail, which is mainly aquatic and confined to growing in ponds and slow moving ditches or streams, and rarely migrates into grassland. Great horsetail © Cath Shellswell Management of horsetails in species-rich Lifecycle grasslands Field and marsh horsetail are perennials. They Management of horsetail in species-rich have branching underground rhizomes that grasslands of conservation value using penetrate about 90 cm into the soil. Both herbicides should only be undertaken with species are highly invasive, require very little extreme caution if at all. Use of broad- nutrition and can grow in any soils. Field spectrum herbicides will kill all surrounding horsetail is strong enough to grow through vegetation, affecting desirable plants and tarmac and can become a destructive reducing the diversity of the sward. problem. Other management, including covering Reproduction is by aerial sporulation, through patches of horsetail with black plastic and underground rhizome spread and regeneration cutting, may also affect desirable herbs and from cut material. Vegetative spread is grasses. All cuttings should be removed to particularly successful because the silica-rich prevent smothering surrounding vegetation. vegetation is unpalatable and poisonous to Care should be taken to ensure that cuttings livestock, and is rarely knocked down by are not scattered across the grassland, which livestock movement sufficiently to suppress may inadvertently spread field and marsh spikelets. Frequent mechanical or chemical horsetail. defoliation appears to result in limited weakening of the rhizomes. Habitat Field horsetail distribution across Britain and Ireland Field and marsh horsetails grow in a wide The data used to create these maps has been provided under licence range of habitats, including watercourse from the Botanical Society of margins, hedge bottoms, woodland and Britain and Ireland (BSBI) and accessed from the Society’s online grassland. However, fertile heavier soils that distribution database. are slowly draining and may remain wet for periods of the year are preferred habitat. These soils are usually slightly acidic, but neutral and calcareous clays may also be colonised by field and marsh horsetails. Species-rich grasslands are most likely to have horsetail issues, with field horsetail and marsh horsetail present on lowland meadows and pasture. Marsh horsetail and water horsetail are more likely to be present on the damper purple moor-grass and rush pasture and marshy grasslands. Distribution Field and marsh horsetails are widespread across the UK. GB status and rarity The Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain (2005) and the Irish Red Data Book (1988) do not list field and marsh horsetails and they are considered common. Management of horsetails The prospects of eliminating field and marsh horsetail are almost impossible, All horsetails are poisonous to livestock; and reducing the extent of these two cattle, sheep and (ironically!) horses. species even with repeated herbicide Horsetails contain the enzyme thiaminase, treatments and cutting is a slow process which is also found in bracken, which destroys with often limited success vitamin B1 (thiamine). The species that they are most likely to come into contact with are field horsetail and marsh horsetail, but enable safe utilisation of the sward through poisoning by horsetail is rarely reported in grazing livestock. This may be achieved by a Britain. Animals are less likely to eat growing combination of mechanical cutting combined stems that are in dense patches if they can be with application of herbicide. Products based avoided, but they still pose a health risk. around MCPA, 2,4-D and dicamba can offer However, in fields that are severely infested, some control, but no herbicides will eliminate or spikelets scattered throughout the sward, horsetails altogether, and repeated control livestock may eat the plants and be poisoned measures will be required. Blanket spraying of as a result. herbicides should never be used and targeted spraying is best practice where it is suitable. Poisoning is therefore less likely to result Specialist advice should always be sought from ingestion of growing plants than from before using any herbicide to control field and cut herbage left to wilt in the grassland or marsh horsetails. Consult a BASIS qualified bailed for fodder, since drying/ensiling and agronomist for suitable and available storage do not destroy the complex poisoning herbicides that will affect horsetails and how agent. Dead material is as toxic as living to apply the chemicals in a safe manner. plants, and should be avoided when Herbicides should never be used on species- harvesting any grass crop, and animals should rich grasslands of conservation value as they not be reintroduced to grassland until any will affect desirable herbs and grasses. The cutting or standing dead stems have rotted use of herbicides may be covered by away. Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations and a screening decision may be required Infestation of grasslands can lead to under- before their use. management or even abandonment of grassland management as the fodder cannot In all instances, field and marsh horsetail will be grazed by livestock or taken as hay without re-grow from the rhizomes, even when posing a severe health risk. Field and marsh subject to repeat defoliation or herbicide horsetails often occur in low-lying wet application. Frequent repeat application of grassland areas where the more agricultural herbicide is unlikely to be acceptable on most and competitive grasses can dominate if not species-rich grasslands as the broad-spectrum frequently managed, either through cutting or herbicides would also kill desirable grazing. These grasslands are usually of vegetation. An additional complication is that significant botanical interest, which can be field and marsh horsetails are commonly threatened by rapid invasion of these found along the margins of watercourses and horsetail species. in wetter areas, where there are additional concerns and limitations applying herbicide Complete and effective control of established which could pollute waterways, as well as horsetail infestations in grassland is virtually possible access limitations. In these areas, impossible. Even if the grass is destroyed and there is often no alternative to mechanical the pasture re-sown after cultivation, which hand 'strimming' as the sole method of should not be considered in any botanically suppression. If cutting is being undertaken, rich grasslands, horsetails can still survive due the arisings should be removed from the to their deep rhizomes. The best that can grassland to prevent any livestock eating the usually be hoped for agronomically is to poisonous stems and regrowth from cut suppress the vegetative top growth and material. Care should be taken to prevent cut material from being spread as this may inadvertently lead to the establishment of References field and marsh horsetails over a wider area. Another way to control horsetails is to cover Cooper, M.R. and Johnson, A.W. (1998) the soil in an impermeable temporary cover Poisonous plants and fungi in Britain: animal blocking out the light, such as black plastic. and human poisoning. The Stationary Office. This has been found to suppress and kill the rhizomes in the upper soil layers, but the Garden Organic flower spikes are strong enough to penetrate https://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/weeds/fie some fabrics and, therefore, able to ld-horsetail photosynthesise and reproduce. The use of a cover should never be undertaken on species- Gillam, F. (2008) Poisonous plants of Great rich grasslands of conservation concern as Britain. Wooden Books. light would also be blocked to desirable herbs and grasses killing them far more quickly than Johnson, C. (2015) British poisonous plants. field and