Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19834-0 — a History of Modern Iran Ervand Abrahamian Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19834-0 — A History of Modern Iran Ervand Abrahamian Index More Information

Index

Abadan, 58, 61, 80, 112 Azalis, 209 Abadan cinema ﬁre, 163 Azerbaijan autonomy (1945), 114–15 Abbas Mirza, 14 Abdul ‘Azim Mosque, 16, 20, 40 Babis, xx, 18, 52, 147 Ahmad Shah, xv, 54, 66, 67 Bahais, 18–20 Ahmadinejad, Mahmud, xv, 198–201 Bahar, Muhammad Taqi (Malek al-Shu’ara), Ala, Hussein, 105, 131 xvi, 113 Alam, Asadallah, xv, 133 Bakhtiyaris Alavi, Bozorg, xv, 113 in the civil war, 54, 55–56 al-e Ahmad, Jalal, xv, 114, 119, 182 and Muhammad Reza Shah elections, 109 Amin al-Dowleh, 14 Qajar state manipulation of, 32–33 Amin al-Sultan, 14 under Reza Shah, 96 Amini, Abul-Qassem, 107 tribal system complexity of, 22–24 Amini, Ali, 131 during World War I, 57–59 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), 120–21 Baluchis, 12, 18, 22, 27, 96, 203 Anglo-Persian Agreement, xvii, 62–63, 64, 66 Bamdad, Mehdi, 114 Anglo-Russian Convention, 51 Bani-Sadr, Abdul-Hassan, xvi, 161 Arani, Taqi, xvi bast (sanctuary), 45, 92 Arayanpour, Yahyi, 114 Bayat, Morteza, 105 aristocracy bazaars, 154–56, 183–84 education of, 41 Bazargan, Mehdi, xvi, 166–68, 172 ﬂight from the Islamic Revolution, 177–81 Behazin, 114 fraksiuns, 107–8 Behbehani, Sayyed Abdallah, xvii, 44, 48, under Muhammad Reza Shah, 103–7, 108–10 53, 59 in Qajar society, 25–26 Beheshti, Ayatollah, 182 in Qajar state, 31–34 Black Friday, 163 under Reza Shah, 95–96 Boir Ahmadis, 12, 19, 22, 33, 61, 96, 115 and socialist movement, 110–11 Boroujerdi, Ayatollah Aqa Hajj Aqa Hussein during World War I, 56–59 Tabatabai, xvii armed forces Britain in the Islamic Republic, 174–81, 223 in the Constitutional Revolution, 37–39, under Muhammad Reza Shah, 127–28 42–43 under Reza Shah, 69, 70–73 and coup, 122–25 during World War II, 100–1 and Iranian bankruptcy, 56 Armenians, 18, 53, 54, 55 and the Islamic Republic, 194 Arya Mehr (Aryan Sun), 126, 154 monopoly practices of, 39–40 Ashraf, Princess, xvi, 95, 121 and nationalist movement, 120–21 Ashtiyan, 10, 20 and Reza Shah, 65–67 Ashtiyani family, 25–26, 63, 105, 131 during World War I, 59–61, 63–64 Assyrians, 55 Browne, Edward, 20, 46, 47, 55 Axis of Evil speech, 197–98 Bullard, Reader, 100, 101, 103, 104, 107, 112, 114

237

238 Index

bureaucracy and the Islamic Revolution, 160 in the Constitutional Revolution, 47–50 in the White Revolution, 137–43 in the Islamic Republic, 188 Dezful Dam, 137 institutional dilemma in World War I, 56–64 Diba, Abdul Hassan, 78 under Muhammad Reza Shah, 129–30 Diba, Farah, 78, 134 under Reza Shah, 69–70, 73, 103–7 Donya, xv, xvi dowlat, 4 cabinet ministers Dowlatshahi family, 95 in the Islamic Republic, 192 dress code under Muhammad Reza Shah, 103–7, 131–34 chadour (full veil), 86, 98, 182, 195 under Reza Shah, 77–80 headgear, 86 calendar, 80, 156 under Reza Shah, 86–87, 96–98 Cannon Square, 12, 29, 40, 52, 55, 93 Capitulations Ebadi, Shiren, xvii, 195 from treaties, 38 economics under Reza Shah, 79 and the Constitutional Revolution, 42–44 Carter, Jimmy, 172 and the Islamic Constitution, 172 chadour (full veil), 86, 98, 182, 195 in the Islamic Republic, 188–90, 192–94, 199 Chahar Lang, 23–24 and the Resurgence Party, 155 Chahar Mahal, 12, 23, 27, 33, 96 in the White Revolution, 143–44 Christians, 18 education Chubak, Sadeq, 113, 130 during the pre-Constitutional Revolution, 41 CIA, 124–25, 159, 172 in the White Revolution, 137–38 cinemas, 86, 93 elections citizenship, 4–5 Ahmadinejad, 198–201 civil war, 51–56 and Constitution, 47–49 concessions. See Capitulations democratization of, 55 Confederation of Iranian Students, 147, 152 in the Islamic Republic, 167, 190–91, 192 conscription law, 70, 80 Islamic Revolution, 172–73 Constituent Assembly, 46–47 and Muhammad Reza Shah electoral boards, constitutional laws 108–10 in 1906, 48–49 and nationalist movement, 121 Grand Majles, changes to, 54–55 presidential, 187–203 Islamic Constitution (1979), 166–73 under Reza Shah, 75–76 Constitutional Revolution Rouhani, 201–2 bureaucracy after, 49–50 Elqanian, Habeb, 177 economic causes of, 42–44 entrepreneurs, 41–42 and elections, 47–49 Eqbal, Manucher, 131 events of, 44–46 Eshqi, Mirzazadeh, 76 roots of, 35–42 étatisme, 79–80 and socialist movement, 116 Expediency Council, 187 Cossacks, 12, 44, 46, 51, 52–53, 61, 66 coup (1953), 122–25 failed state, 64 court patronage. See judicial system Fallaci, Oriana, 156 Curzon, Lord George, xvii, 62–64 family names, 70, 80 Family Protection Law, 138, 156, 181 Dar al-Fanon, 41 Fanon, Frantz, xxii Dashnak Party, xxiii, 53 Farhangestan (Cultural Academy), 89 Dashti, Ali, 92 Farmanfarma, Abdul Hussein, 59 Davar, Ali Akbar, 78 Farmanfarma, Davar, 90–91 defensive modernization practices, 39–41 Farmanfarma, Firuz, xvii, 78–79, 90–91 Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar, xvii, 182 Farmanfarma, Muzaffar Firuz, 107 demographics Farokhi-Yazdi, Muhammad, 76 in contemporary Iran, 203 Fatemi, Sayyed Hussein, xviii in the Islamic Republic, 185, 189 Fath Ali Shah, 15

Index 239

Fawzieh, Queen, 102 pre-Constitutional Revolution, 36–37, 41–42 Fayzieh Seminary, 16, 162 under Reza Shah, 95–96, 98–99 Fedakar, Taqi, 109–10 and socialist movement, 113–14 Fedayan-e Islam, 119 International Commission of Jurists, 161 Fedayin-e Khalq, 152, 171, 173, 186 Iran Ferdowsi, 2, 20, 90. See also Shahnameh geography of, 1–2, 21–22 feudal landowning system, 25–26 national identity of, 2, 116, 203 “Fifty-Three”, the, xv, 110, 119 Iran (contemporary), 203–4 FitzGerald, Frances, 129, 146 Iran (pre-Islamic) ﬂag, 49 and children’s names, 2 foreign trade and socialist movement, 116 during the pre-Constitutional Revolution, in Qajar state, 20–21 38–39 in the Islamic Republic, 183 under Reza Shah, 70 Iran Party, 118 Foroughi, Ali, 104 Iran Shahr (the country of Iran), 2 Foucault, Michel, 163 Iran Zamen (the land of Iran), 2 fraksiuns (parliamentary parties), 107–8 Iran-e Novin Party, 152, 153 Freemasons, 42, 138 Iran–Iraq War, 174–81, 223 Fundamental Laws, 48 Ironside, General, 66 Iskandari, Iraj, 110–11, 115 Gav (Cow), 130 Iskandari, Mirza Sulayman, xviii, 59, 110 Georgians, 27 Islam. See also Shi’i Islam, religion Germany, 61–62 Fedayan-e Islam, 119 gharbzadegi (plague from the West), xvi, 151, 191 special numbers in, 207 Golestan, 114 Sunni, 18, 58, 173, 203 Grand Majles, 54–55 Islamic Constitution (1979), 166–73 Great Civilization, 134, 156 Islamic Republic Guardian Council, 49, 168, 172, 184, 190, 195, bureaucracy, 173–74 196, 201 consolidation of power in, 173–87 Guevara, Che, 6, 147 constitutional laws for, 167–73 Gulestan Treaty (1813), 37 presidential elections in, 187–203 Islamic Revolution Hafez, 20, 89 and Ali Shariati, 146–49 Haft Lang, 23–24, 33, 96 and Khomeini, 149–52 Hakimi, Ibrahim, 104 reasons for, 159–66 Hamshahri (Citizen), 196 social tensions preceeding, 143–46 headgear, 86 Hedayat, Sadeq, 113 Jahanbani, General, 95, 177 Hekmat, Sarder Fakher, 107 Jaleh Square, 163–64, 166 Hezhir, Abdul-Hussein, 104 Jam, Mahmud, 95 Hidden Imam, 201 Jangalis (Men of the Forest), 61, 63 Hoveida, Abbas, xviii, 133, 186 Jews Huntington, Samuel, 153 in Grand Majles, 55 in Qajar state, 18 Ilkhani–Haji Ilkhani feud, 32–33 judicial system. See also shari’a ils (tribes), 21–24. See also nomadic population in the Islamic Republic, 181, 194–95 Imam Hussein, 16–17 Qajar state, 10–11 Imperial Guards, 129, 166, 174 under Muhammad Reza Shah, 130–31 industrial revolution, 135–37 under Reza Shah, 90–92 inﬂation under Ahmadinejad, 199 Ka’ab tribe, 25, 54, 57, 115 in the Constitutional Revolution, 43 kadkhuda (village headman), 27–29 intellectuals kalantar (bailiff), 22, 28 in the Islamic Republic, 191–92 Kamran Mirza, 14 and one-party state, 153 Karbala, 6, 97, 148

240 Index

Karoubi, Ayatollah, 199–200 Mansur, Ali, 104 Kashani, Ayatollah Sayyed Abul-Qassem, xviii, Mansur, Hassan-Ali, 133 119–20, 182 Mardom Party, 152–53 Kasrai, Siavesh, 114 Mashed, 97 Kasravi, Sayyed Ahmad, xviii, 31, 98, 119 Mas’oud, Akbar, 108 Kaver Desert, 27 Mazanderan, 2, 10, 12, 25–26, 53 Khair-Khaw, Hussein, 114 men of the pen, 9–10 Khalatbari Rahman, 108 middle class Khamenei, Ayatollah Sayyed Ali, xix, 184, 187, 189 in bazaars, 138–42 Khamseh confederacy, 33–34 in modern Iran, 203 Khanlari, Parviz, 114 pre-Constitutional Revolution, 36–37 Khatemi, Hojjat al-Islam Sayyed Muhammad, under Khomeini, 184 xix, 190–91, 192–94, 197–98, 200 supporting Mossadeq, 118–19 Khaz’al, Sheikh, 25, 54, 57–58, 69 tensions in, 146, 155 Khiabani, Sheikh, 61, 63 Tudeh Party, 112 Khomeini, Ayatollah Sayyed Ruhollah military. See armed forces biography, xix Millspaugh, Arthur, 69, 79, 94 bureaucracy under, 183–84 Mission for my Country, 134, 153 criticism of, 162 missionaries, 41, 87 and the Islamic Constitution, 166–73 Modarres, Sayyed Hassan, xix, 76–77, 182 and the Islamic Revolution, 149–52, 165–66 Mo’in, Muhammad, 114 and the Resurgence Party, 157 Mojahedin-e Khalq, 152 title of, 4 Moqadam family, 25–26 komiteh (committee), 167 Mossadeq, Muhammad, xx, 105, 117–22, Kuchek Khan, 61, 182 123–24, 182 Kurdish autonomy (1945), 114–15 mostazafen (the meek), 148, 151, 172 Kurds, 18, 21–22, 26, 27 Mostazafen Foundation, 183 Mostowfi al-Mamalek, 50, 55, 60, 90 Lahuti, Major, 70 Mostowfi, Abdallah, 12, 51 landowning systems mostowfis (accountants), 10 and the Islamic Constitution, 172 Mousavi, Mir Hussein, 199–200 in the Islamic Republic, 184–85 Muhammad Ali Shah, 48, 51, 54 and Muhammad Reza Shah electoral boards, Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi 108–10 and ascension to throne, 100–2 under Muhammad Reza Shah, 102–3 biography, xx Qajar society, 25–26 cabinet ministers under, 103–7 under Reza Shah, 74 fraksiuns, 107–8 in the White Revolution, 135, 145–46 interregnum of, 102–3 Liakhoff, Colonel, 52, 54 and the Islamic Revolution, 160–65 Liberation Movement, 166, 197 and one-party state, 153 literacy, 2, 6, 135, 185 political tensions under, 146–53 Literacy Corps, 137, 156 social tensions, 143–46 Loreta, 114 social transformations under (1953–77), 134–43 state expansion under, 126–34 M16, 124–25 Muharram ceremonies, 16–18, 43, 52, 97 mahallehs (wards), 29–30 Mukhber al-Dowleh, 14, 52 Majles (parliament) Musher al-Dowleh, 14 in the civil war, 51–52, 53 Musher al-Dowleh (Pirnia), 49–50 constitutional formation of, 48 Muzaffar al-Din Shah, 14, 42, 46, 48 in the Islamic Republic, 169, 184, 194–95 under Muhammad Reza Shah, 107, 133–34 Naderpour, Nader, 114 under Reza Shah, 75–76, 77 Nafisi, Said, 114 Majles-e Khebregan (Assembly of Experts), 167, Nasser al-Din Shah, 4, 9, 14–15, 17, 18, 33, 39–42 172, 187–89 Nasser al-Mulk, Abul Qassem, 55 Maleki, Khalel, 119 Nasseri, General, 129

Index 241

National Assembly, 47–49 and nationalist movement, 118–19 National Front, 118, 120, 147, 152, 166 resulting from the White Revolution, national identity 153–58 contemporary Iran, 203 Resurgence Party, 153–58, 162 and socialist movement, 116 under Reza Shah, 76 National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), 120–21 Toilers Party, 118 National Party, 118–19, 133 Tudeh Party, 110–17, 187 nationalist movement (1949–53), 117–22 during World War I, 59–60 Navab-Safavi, Sayyed Mojtaba Mir-Lowhi, press xx, 182 and the Constitutional Revolution, 47 newspapers, 3, 6, 42, 47, 63, 112, 115–16 in the Islamic Republic, 182–83, 191–92, nomadic population, 2, 6, 22, 32, 135. See also ils 196 Noshin, 114, 116 and the Resurgence Party, 154 Nowruz (New Year’s Day), 10, 20, 133 under Reza Shah, 76 nuclear program, 1, 128, 189, 194, 197, 202 and socialist movement, 115 Nur, 10 prisons, 91–92 Nuri, Sheikh Fazlollah, xx, 44, 52, 54, 182 provinces, 6, 11, 47, 58, 73 public health oil and the Islamic Constitution, 172 under Ahmadinejad, 199 in the Islamic Republic, 189, 192–94 contemporary Iran, 203 in the White Revolution, 137–38 and coup, 122–25 and inequality in the White Revolution, Qajar society 143–44 geography affecting, 21–22 Iran Sanctions Act, 189–90 governance through locally approved in the Islamic Republic, 174, 181, 192–94 magistrates, 21 under Muhammad Reza Shah, 126 ils, 21–24 nationalization of, 117, 120–21 landowning systems, 25–26 under Reza Shah, 69 mahallehs in, 29–30 and socialist movement, 113, 114, 117 provincial capitals, 29 during World War I, 58–59 rural villages in, 26–28 Ottomans, 61 segregation of, 30–31 urban centers in, 28 Pahlavi Foundation, 130, 133 Qajar state Parliament, 107. See also Senate cabinet posts, 14–15 passion plays, 16–18 communal composition of, 18–20 peasants defensive modernization practices, 39–41 and conscription law, 70 end of, 37 in the Islamic Republic, 184–85 governmental structure of, 9–14 in Qajar state, 24–25 judicial system in, 12–13 under Reza Shah, 94 landed aristocracy in, 15 in the White Revolution, 135, 145 peasants in, 24–25 during World War I, 62 power of shah in, 8–9 People of the Book, 18 pre-Islamic sentiments in, 20–21 Persia (name change to Iran), 89 religion in, 16–18 Persian language, 2 scribes in, 9–10 Pishevari, Jafar, 114–15 taxation in, 10–11 police force, 13, 40, 55, 57, 72 tribal rivalry exploitation in, 31–34 political parties war ministry in, 12 from the Constitutional Assembly, 47 qanats (underground canals), 24 Dashnak Party, xxiii, 53 Qarahgozlus, 55, 105, 136 Iran-e Novin Party, 118, 152, 153 Qashqa’is, 21–22 Mardom Party, 152–53 Qavam, Ahmad, xxi, 105–7 under Muhammad Reza Shah, 107–8, 133–34 Qavam al-Mulk, 57 National Party, 118–19, 133 Qom incident, 162–63

242 Index

Rafsanjani, Hojjat al-Islam Ali-Akbar Hashemi, secular reforms, 52 xxi, 186, 187–90, 200 Sefid Rud, 12, 65 Rajai, Muhammad, 185, 193 segregation, 30–31 Ravandi, Morteza, 114 Senate, 48, 60, 115, 121. See also Parliament Razmara, General, 103 Sepahdar, Muhammad Vali Khan, xxii, 53, 59, 69 Reform Council, 187–89 Shahbanou (Lady Shah), 134 religion. See also velayat-e faqeh, Islam Shahnameh (Book of Kings), 2, 5, 20–21, 29, 116, Qajar state, 16–18 199. See also Ferdowski radicalization of, 148–49 Shahrokh, Kaykhosrow, 76 Resurgence Party, 153–58, 162 Shahsaven tribe, 12, 19, 53 Revolutionary Guards, 174–77 Shahyad Monument, 134 Reza Shah Pahlavi Shamlu, Ahmad, 113 abdication, 98–99 Shams, Princess, 95 biography, xxi sharecroppers. See peasants cabinet ministers under, 77–80 shari’a (Islamic law), 49. See also judicial system centralization of state under, 67–73 Shariati, Ali, xxii, 146–49, 182 coup takeover by, 65–67 Shariatmadari, Ayatollah, 162–63, 186 dissention under, 76–77 Sharif-Emami, Jafar, 133 education under, 87–88 Shi’i Islam. See also Islam electoral law under, 75–76 and children’s names, 2 étatisme, 79–80 constitutional provisions for, 49 funeral of, 116 and contemporary Iran, 204 judicial system, 90–92 in the Islamic Republic, 191–92 land acquisitions of, 74 in Qajar state, 18 language changes under, 89–90 revolutionary thought in, 147–48 Majles under, 77 under Reza Shah, 88 military conscription under, 80 threats from sects, 18–20 public health under, 92–93 twentieth-century changes, 5–6 public relations, 94–99 ulama, 15 religion under, 88 in the White Revolution, 138 social transformations, 80–87 Shuster, Morgan, 57, 59 urban renewal under, 92–94 Simku, Ismael, 61, 95 roads, 3, 6, 40, 73, 79 slavery Roosevelt, Kermit, 124 and the Constitutional Revolution, 43–44 Rouhani, Hassan, xxi, 201–3 under Reza Shah, 74 rowshanfekran (intellectual), 36–37, 41–42 socialist movement, 110–17 Rukn al-Dowleh, 14 Soheily, Ali, 103 Rushdie, Salman, 187 Soraya, Queen, 102 Russia South Persian Rifles, 64 and Anglo-Russian Convention, 51 Sowlat al-Dowleh (Qashqa’i), 57 and coup, 65–67 Sufi orders and loans for financial crises, 56 in Qajar society, 29 and Western penetration, 37–39 under Reza Shah, 89 during World War I, 59–61, 63–64 Sunni Islam in contemporary Iran, 203 Sadr, Mohsen, 105 and the Islamic Revolution, 173 Sa’ed, Muhammad, 104 in Qajar state, 18 Saedi, Ghulam-Hussein, 114, 130 during World War I, 58 Samsam al-Saltaneh (Bakhtiyari), 55 Sangalaji, Shariat, 88 Tabatabai, Sayyed Muhammad Sadeq, xxii, 44, Sardar As’ad Bakhtiyari, Jafar Quli Khan, xxii, 55 48, 53, 59 Sattar Khan, 60 Tabatabai, Sayyed Ziya, 65, 67 SAVAK, 128–29, 174 Tabriz, 26, 28, 29, 42, 53 Sayyed Ziya, xxii, 108 Tafazolli, Muhammad, 114 Second Majles, 56–57 Takiyeh Dowlat (Government Theater), 16

Index 243

Taleqani, Ayatollah Sayyed Mahmud, xxii urban centers Tamaddon, Muhammad, 114 Qajar society, 28 Tangsir, 130 in the White Revolution, 142 Tankubani, Fereydun, 114 Taqizadeh, Sayyed Hassan, xxiii, 59 velayat-e faqeh, 150–51, 166, 168, 169, 172, 197. Tavalolli, Fereydun, 114 See also religion tayefehs (clans), 22–24 villages Tehran University, 87–88, 156 in Qajar society, 26–28 telegraph, 11, 14, 40 in the White Revolution, 142–43 Third Majles, 59 Vossuq, Mirza Hassan Khan (Vossuq 30th Tir, 121–22 al-Dowleh), xxiii, 63–64 Timourtash, Abdul Hussein, 78 tirehs. See tayefehs Wassmus, Wilhelm, 61 tobacco crisis, 40 White Revolution Toilers Party, 118 bureaucracy in, 134–43 totalitarian state, 4 and the Islamic Revolution, 160 Trans-Iranian Railway, 80, 100, 135 one-party state resulting from, 153–58 transportation political tensions in, 146–53 railroad, 80, 100, 135 social tensions in, 143–46 under Reza Shah, 79–80 women’s status roads, 3, 6, 40, 73, 79 in the Islamic Republic, 169, 181–82, 189, treaties, 37–38 192, 195 tribes. See ils under Muhammad Reza Shah, 102 Trump, Donald, 202 and the Resurgence Party, 154, Tudeh Party, 110–17, 187 156–57 Turkman tribe, 12, 18, 19, 27 and secular reforms, 52 Turkmanchai Treaty, 37 and slavery, 43–44 and socialist movement, 116 ulama under Reza Shah, 86–87, 96–98 and Ali Shariati, 148–49 workers (industrial), 38, 111, 113 in the Constitutional Revolution, 44, 47 World War II, 100–1 and Khomeini, 149–52 Writers Association, 162 and the Resurgence Party, 156–57 under Reza Shah, 88 Yazdanpanah, General, 72 United States Yeprem Khan, xxiii, 60 and Ahmadinejad, 201 Yushej, Nima, 113 and contemporary Iran, 204 and coup, 122–25 Zahedi, General Fazlollah, xxiii, 125, 131 and Khatemi, 194, 197–98 Zands, 33, 34 and Rafsanjani, 189–90 Zill al-Sultan, 14 and Rouhani, 202–3 Zoroastrians, 18, 19, 30, 55, 170