Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19834-0 — A History of Modern Iran Ervand Abrahamian Index More Information Index Abadan, 58, 61, 80, 112 Azalis, 209 Abadan cinema fire, 163 Azerbaijan autonomy (1945), 114–15 Abbas Mirza, 14 Abdul ‘Azim Mosque, 16, 20, 40 Babis, xx, 18, 52, 147 Ahmad Shah, xv, 54, 66, 67 Bahais, 18–20 Ahmadinejad, Mahmud, xv, 198–201 Bahar, Muhammad Taqi (Malek al-Shu’ara), Ala, Hussein, 105, 131 xvi, 113 Alam, Asadallah, xv, 133 Bakhtiyaris Alavi, Bozorg, xv, 113 in the civil war, 54, 55–56 al-e Ahmad, Jalal, xv, 114, 119, 182 and Muhammad Reza Shah elections, 109 Amin al-Dowleh, 14 Qajar state manipulation of, 32–33 Amin al-Sultan, 14 under Reza Shah, 96 Amini, Abul-Qassem, 107 tribal system complexity of, 22–24 Amini, Ali, 131 during World War I, 57–59 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), 120–21 Baluchis, 12, 18, 22, 27, 96, 203 Anglo-Persian Agreement, xvii, 62–63, 64, 66 Bamdad, Mehdi, 114 Anglo-Russian Convention, 51 Bani-Sadr, Abdul-Hassan, xvi, 161 Arani, Taqi, xvi bast (sanctuary), 45, 92 Arayanpour, Yahyi, 114 Bayat, Morteza, 105 aristocracy bazaars, 154–56, 183–84 education of, 41 Bazargan, Mehdi, xvi, 166–68, 172 flight from the Islamic Revolution, 177–81 Behazin, 114 fraksiuns, 107–8 Behbehani, Sayyed Abdallah, xvii, 44, 48, under Muhammad Reza Shah, 103–7, 108–10 53, 59 in Qajar society, 25–26 Beheshti, Ayatollah, 182 in Qajar state, 31–34 Black Friday, 163 under Reza Shah, 95–96 Boir Ahmadis, 12, 19, 22, 33, 61, 96, 115 and socialist movement, 110–11 Boroujerdi, Ayatollah Aqa Hajj Aqa Hussein during World War I, 56–59 Tabatabai, xvii armed forces Britain in the Islamic Republic, 174–81, 223 in the Constitutional Revolution, 37–39, under Muhammad Reza Shah, 127–28 42–43 under Reza Shah, 69, 70–73 and coup, 122–25 during World War II, 100–1 and Iranian bankruptcy, 56 Armenians, 18, 53, 54, 55 and the Islamic Republic, 194 Arya Mehr (Aryan Sun), 126, 154 monopoly practices of, 39–40 Ashraf, Princess, xvi, 95, 121 and nationalist movement, 120–21 Ashtiyan, 10, 20 and Reza Shah, 65–67 Ashtiyani family, 25–26, 63, 105, 131 during World War I, 59–61, 63–64 Assyrians, 55 Browne, Edward, 20, 46, 47, 55 Axis of Evil speech, 197–98 Bullard, Reader, 100, 101, 103, 104, 107, 112, 114 237 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19834-0 — A History of Modern Iran Ervand Abrahamian Index More Information 238 Index bureaucracy and the Islamic Revolution, 160 in the Constitutional Revolution, 47–50 in the White Revolution, 137–43 in the Islamic Republic, 188 Dezful Dam, 137 institutional dilemma in World War I, 56–64 Diba, Abdul Hassan, 78 under Muhammad Reza Shah, 129–30 Diba, Farah, 78, 134 under Reza Shah, 69–70, 73, 103–7 Donya, xv, xvi dowlat, 4 cabinet ministers Dowlatshahi family, 95 in the Islamic Republic, 192 dress code under Muhammad Reza Shah, 103–7, 131–34 chadour (full veil), 86, 98, 182, 195 under Reza Shah, 77–80 headgear, 86 calendar, 80, 156 under Reza Shah, 86–87, 96–98 Cannon Square, 12, 29, 40, 52, 55, 93 Capitulations Ebadi, Shiren, xvii, 195 from treaties, 38 economics under Reza Shah, 79 and the Constitutional Revolution, 42–44 Carter, Jimmy, 172 and the Islamic Constitution, 172 chadour (full veil), 86, 98, 182, 195 in the Islamic Republic, 188–90, 192–94, 199 Chahar Lang, 23–24 and the Resurgence Party, 155 Chahar Mahal, 12, 23, 27, 33, 96 in the White Revolution, 143–44 Christians, 18 education Chubak, Sadeq, 113, 130 during the pre-Constitutional Revolution, 41 CIA, 124–25, 159, 172 in the White Revolution, 137–38 cinemas, 86, 93 elections citizenship, 4–5 Ahmadinejad, 198–201 civil war, 51–56 and Constitution, 47–49 concessions. See Capitulations democratization of, 55 Confederation of Iranian Students, 147, 152 in the Islamic Republic, 167, 190–91, 192 conscription law, 70, 80 Islamic Revolution, 172–73 Constituent Assembly, 46–47 and Muhammad Reza Shah electoral boards, constitutional laws 108–10 in 1906, 48–49 and nationalist movement, 121 Grand Majles, changes to, 54–55 presidential, 187–203 Islamic Constitution (1979), 166–73 under Reza Shah, 75–76 Constitutional Revolution Rouhani, 201–2 bureaucracy after, 49–50 Elqanian, Habeb, 177 economic causes of, 42–44 entrepreneurs, 41–42 and elections, 47–49 Eqbal, Manucher, 131 events of, 44–46 Eshqi, Mirzazadeh, 76 roots of, 35–42 étatisme, 79–80 and socialist movement, 116 Expediency Council, 187 Cossacks, 12, 44, 46, 51, 52–53, 61, 66 coup (1953), 122–25 failed state, 64 court patronage. See judicial system Fallaci, Oriana, 156 Curzon, Lord George, xvii, 62–64 family names, 70, 80 Family Protection Law, 138, 156, 181 Dar al-Fanon, 41 Fanon, Frantz, xxii Dashnak Party, xxiii, 53 Farhangestan (Cultural Academy), 89 Dashti, Ali, 92 Farmanfarma, Abdul Hussein, 59 Davar, Ali Akbar, 78 Farmanfarma, Davar, 90–91 defensive modernization practices, 39–41 Farmanfarma, Firuz, xvii, 78–79, 90–91 Dehkhoda, Ali Akbar, xvii, 182 Farmanfarma, Muzaffar Firuz, 107 demographics Farokhi-Yazdi, Muhammad, 76 in contemporary Iran, 203 Fatemi, Sayyed Hussein, xviii in the Islamic Republic, 185, 189 Fath Ali Shah, 15 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19834-0 — A History of Modern Iran Ervand Abrahamian Index More Information Index 239 Fawzieh, Queen, 102 pre-Constitutional Revolution, 36–37, 41–42 Fayzieh Seminary, 16, 162 under Reza Shah, 95–96, 98–99 Fedakar, Taqi, 109–10 and socialist movement, 113–14 Fedayan-e Islam, 119 International Commission of Jurists, 161 Fedayin-e Khalq, 152, 171, 173, 186 Iran Ferdowsi, 2, 20, 90. See also Shahnameh geography of, 1–2, 21–22 feudal landowning system, 25–26 national identity of, 2, 116, 203 “Fifty-Three”, the, xv, 110, 119 Iran (contemporary), 203–4 FitzGerald, Frances, 129, 146 Iran (pre-Islamic) flag, 49 and children’s names, 2 foreign trade and socialist movement, 116 during the pre-Constitutional Revolution, in Qajar state, 20–21 38–39 in the Islamic Republic, 183 under Reza Shah, 70 Iran Party, 118 Foroughi, Ali, 104 Iran Shahr (the country of Iran), 2 Foucault, Michel, 163 Iran Zamen (the land of Iran), 2 fraksiuns (parliamentary parties), 107–8 Iran-e Novin Party, 152, 153 Freemasons, 42, 138 Iran–Iraq War, 174–81, 223 Fundamental Laws, 48 Ironside, General, 66 Iskandari, Iraj, 110–11, 115 Gav (Cow), 130 Iskandari, Mirza Sulayman, xviii, 59, 110 Georgians, 27 Islam. See also Shi’i Islam, religion Germany, 61–62 Fedayan-e Islam, 119 gharbzadegi (plague from the West), xvi, 151, 191 special numbers in, 207 Golestan, 114 Sunni, 18, 58, 173, 203 Grand Majles, 54–55 Islamic Constitution (1979), 166–73 Great Civilization, 134, 156 Islamic Republic Guardian Council, 49, 168, 172, 184, 190, 195, bureaucracy, 173–74 196, 201 consolidation of power in, 173–87 Guevara, Che, 6, 147 constitutional laws for, 167–73 Gulestan Treaty (1813), 37 presidential elections in, 187–203 Islamic Revolution Hafez, 20, 89 and Ali Shariati, 146–49 Haft Lang, 23–24, 33, 96 and Khomeini, 149–52 Hakimi, Ibrahim, 104 reasons for, 159–66 Hamshahri (Citizen), 196 social tensions preceeding, 143–46 headgear, 86 Hedayat, Sadeq, 113 Jahanbani, General, 95, 177 Hekmat, Sarder Fakher, 107 Jaleh Square, 163–64, 166 Hezhir, Abdul-Hussein, 104 Jam, Mahmud, 95 Hidden Imam, 201 Jangalis (Men of the Forest), 61, 63 Hoveida, Abbas, xviii, 133, 186 Jews Huntington, Samuel, 153 in Grand Majles, 55 in Qajar state, 18 Ilkhani–Haji Ilkhani feud, 32–33 judicial system. See also shari’a ils (tribes), 21–24. See also nomadic population in the Islamic Republic, 181, 194–95 Imam Hussein, 16–17 Qajar state, 10–11 Imperial Guards, 129, 166, 174 under Muhammad Reza Shah, 130–31 industrial revolution, 135–37 under Reza Shah, 90–92 inflation under Ahmadinejad, 199 Ka’ab tribe, 25, 54, 57, 115 in the Constitutional Revolution, 43 kadkhuda (village headman), 27–29 intellectuals kalantar (bailiff), 22, 28 in the Islamic Republic, 191–92 Kamran Mirza, 14 and one-party state, 153 Karbala, 6, 97, 148 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-19834-0 — A History of Modern Iran Ervand Abrahamian Index More Information 240 Index Karoubi, Ayatollah, 199–200 Mansur, Ali, 104 Kashani, Ayatollah Sayyed Abul-Qassem, xviii, Mansur, Hassan-Ali, 133 119–20, 182 Mardom Party, 152–53 Kasrai, Siavesh, 114 Mashed, 97 Kasravi, Sayyed Ahmad, xviii, 31, 98, 119 Mas’oud, Akbar, 108 Kaver Desert, 27 Mazanderan, 2, 10, 12, 25–26, 53 Khair-Khaw, Hussein, 114 men of the pen, 9–10 Khalatbari Rahman, 108 middle class Khamenei, Ayatollah Sayyed Ali, xix, 184, 187, 189 in bazaars, 138–42 Khamseh confederacy, 33–34 in modern Iran, 203 Khanlari, Parviz, 114 pre-Constitutional Revolution, 36–37 Khatemi, Hojjat al-Islam Sayyed Muhammad, under Khomeini, 184 xix, 190–91, 192–94, 197–98, 200 supporting Mossadeq, 118–19 Khaz’al, Sheikh, 25, 54, 57–58, 69 tensions in, 146, 155 Khiabani, Sheikh, 61, 63 Tudeh Party, 112 Khomeini, Ayatollah Sayyed Ruhollah military. See armed forces biography, xix Millspaugh, Arthur, 69, 79, 94 bureaucracy under, 183–84 Mission for my Country, 134, 153 criticism of, 162 missionaries, 41, 87 and the Islamic Constitution, 166–73 Modarres, Sayyed Hassan, xix, 76–77, 182 and the Islamic Revolution, 149–52, 165–66 Mo’in, Muhammad, 114 and the Resurgence Party, 157 Mojahedin-e Khalq, 152 title of, 4 Moqadam family, 25–26 komiteh (committee), 167 Mossadeq, Muhammad, xx, 105, 117–22, Kuchek Khan, 61, 182 123–24, 182 Kurdish autonomy (1945), 114–15 mostazafen (the meek), 148, 151, 172 Kurds,