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NA Boyer Main Index 304690 Index AAA, see Agricultural Adjustment 289–290; gag rule and, 310; at 944, 945–946; by 2000, 981; Administration (AAA) Ghent, 246; Monroe Doctrine and, abolitionism and, 308; African A&P stores, 711, 714 252; as president, 288; as secretary colonization by, 229; in armed Abenaki Indians, 47, 49 of state, 251 forces, 455–457, 803; in cabinet, 885, Abilene, Kansas, 533, 534 Adams, Samuel, 139, 141, 146, 149, 1007; civil rights of, 866–867; Civil Abington v. Schempp, 886 151 War communities of, 465 (illus.); ABM Treaty, see Anti-Ballistic Missile Adamson Act (1916), 671, 672 color line and, 222–224; in (ABM) Treaty Adams-Onís Treaty (1819), 237, 251, Congress, 973; as cowboys, 533–534; Abolitionism, 296, 308–310, 309 252, 259, 385, 984 culture of, 369–373; curfew for, (illus.); Brown, John, and, 407–408; Addams, Jane, 588, 590, 636, 645, 649; 104–105; emancipation issues for, Clay and, 358; Garrison and, 292, peace movement and, 677–678, 685, 492–493; equality and, 887–892; as 308–309; Kansas crisis and, 418; 696 exodusters, 505, 506 (illus.); family women’s rights and, 310, 311 Adelphia Communications: fraud at, life and, 345 (illus.), 476 (illus.), Abortion, 988; antebellum, 281; 1021 492–493; as farmers, 619, 619 (illus.); attacks on clinics and, 988; rights to, Administration of Justice Act, 151 freedom for, 149–150; as free 895, 912, 938–939; “Right to Life” Adventures of Huckleberry Finn persons, 175–176, 366–367; Garvey movement and, 943 (Twain), 537, 600, 601 and, 735–736; Great Awakening and, Absalom, Absalom! (Faulkner), 775 Advertising, 553–556, 556 (illus.), 643; 119; in Great Depression, 765; Abzug, Bella, 894 in 1920s, 715; in 1930s, 764; in Harlem Renaissance and, 728–729, Acadia, 45, 93, 128. See also Nova 1950s, 858; colonial, 103 (illus.); 730; institutions of, 493–496, 656; Scotia ethnic and racial, 568 (illus.); jobless rate for, 1004; Klan and, 491, Accommodationism, 623 photoengraving and, 635; on 734–735; in Knights of Labor, 623 Acheson, Dean, 821–822, 825–826, television, 864; tobacco, 995; of (illus.), 624; lifestyle of former 839, 917 World War I, 692–696 slaves, 477–478; literature of, 729, Achille Lauro (ship), 961 AEC, see Atomic Energy Commission 863; as loyalists, 162; in Miami, 985; Acid rain, 1014 “Aesthetic movement,” 600 migration to North, 655–656, Acid rock, 911, 912 AFDC, see Aid to Families with 698–699, 768; militant, 890–891; Ácoma pueblo, 44 Dependent Children (AFDC) minstrel shows and, 332–333; in Act for Religious Toleration Affirmative action, 945–946, 994–995 Mose, Florida, 106–107; in movies of (Maryland), 69 Affluence: in 1950s, 854–860; in 1990s, 1930s, 770; in New Deal, 759–760; Activism, see specific types and 987–988 Owens, Jesse, and, 784; in movements Afghanistan: bin Laden and, population, 980; in prisons, 981; in ACT-UP, 942 1000–1001, 1016–1017; immigrants Progressive Era, 655–656, 657; as Adams, Abigail, 176, 221 from, 982 (illus.); U.S. military in, railroad laborers, 523; Adams, Charles Francis, 452 1017, 1017 (illus.) Reconstruction and, 488, 489–490, Adams, Henry, 452, 610 AFL, see American Federation of Labor 492–500, 509, 621 (illus.), 621–624; Adams, John, 115; on Articles of (AFL) religion of, 370–372; Revolution Confederation, 180; Boston AFL-CIO, 858 and, 171, 173–174, 175–176; Massacre and, 145; at Continental Africa: AIDS in, 980; Clinton and, Roosevelt, Theodore, and, 664; in Congress, 151; Declaration of 998–999; European peoples and, Senate, 489; separate but equal Independence and, 154; election of 24–28; in 1500, 26 (map); freed facilities and, 622–623; 1796 and, 212–213; election of 1800 blacks in, 308; Garvey and, 736; sharecropping and, 497–500, 498 and, 215–216; midnight Gold Coast of, 25; involuntary (map), 499 (illus.), 499 (map); in appointments by, 231; and Peace of migration from, 53–54; Portuguese Spanish-American War, 633, 636 Paris, 172; on republic, 179; and, 34 (illus.); religions from, 370; (illus.); Supreme Court rulings and, Revolution and, 153; as vice slavery and, 34–35, 97 (map); World 848–849; unions and, 567, 716; president, 196 War II in, 796 (map). See also Slaves urban population of, 720; voting by, Adams, John Quincy, 394; Armistad and slavery; West Africa 217, 275–276, 504–505; as wage and, 289 (illus.); election of 1824 African-Americans, 99, 657, 657 labor, 497; wages of, 714; as western and, 287, 288; election of 1828 and, (illus.); in 1950s, 865–866; in 1970s, settlers, 526–527; in West Indies, 76; I-2 Index women and, 564, 658; World War I Air Force Academy, 854 Alliances: Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis, and, 688, 690, 692, 697; World War II Airplanes: jets, 793; Spirit of St. Louis, 787–788; Dutch-Iroquois, 50; and, 802–804. See also Free blacks; The, 725, 725 (illus.); Wright mutual-defense pacts as, 851; NATO, Freedmen; Lynchings; Music; Race brothers and, 651 824; after World War II, 816. See also and racism; Slaves and slavery; Air pollution, 650–651, 855, 879, Allies entries; specific alliances specific issues 971–972, 1014 Allied Expeditionary Force, 796, 796 African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, 114, 114 (illus.) Church, 223, 276, 371, 493, 495, 623, (illus.) Allies (World War I), 689, 691–692, 703, 656; Allen and, 276 (illus.); Jones AJAs (Americans of Japanese 708 and, 223, 224 (illus.) ancestry), 808 Allies (World War II), 788, 795–797, Africans: in Carolina, 77; freedom for, Alabama, 250, 256, 259, 262 807, 811, 818 74. See also African-Americans; Alabama (ship), 452, 501 Almshouses, 312 Slaves and slavery Alamance Creek, Battle of, 147–148 Al Quaeda, 1016–1017 Afrika Korps, 788 Alamo, 112, 388, 395, 775 Alsace, 704 Age: median (2000), 979. See also Alamogordo, New Mexico, 794, 811 Altair computer, 940, 941 (illus.) Elderly Alaska, 501, 667; global warming in, Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 766 Agee, James, 771 (illus.), 774 1014; gold rush and, 532, 532 (illus.); Ambrotypes, 464 Agent Orange, 908 Native people of, 15, 946; oil and, Amendments: Bill of Rights as, 198; Agnew, Spiro T., 929, 931 971, 972, 972 (illus.), 1008, 1008 process of, 188; Progressive Era, Agrarianism, 382–383 (illus.); Russia and, 204 671; Reconstruction, 487. See also Agribusinesses: braceros and, 804 Alaska Lands Act, 949 specific Amendments Agricultural Adjustment Act: of 1933, Albania, see Ethnic Albanians Amerasia, 834 752, 757; of 1938, 764 Albany Congress (1754), 125, 136–137 America First Committee, 787 Agricultural Adjustment Albany movement, 887 American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Administration (AAA), 752, 753–754 Albany Plan of Union, 125 Society, 310 Agriculture: of Archaic peoples, 5; Albany Regency, 289 American Anti-Slavery Almanac black wage labor and, 497; bonanza Albright, Madeleine K., 1000 (1840), 426 (illus.) farms and, 535; boom in, 261–262; Alcatraz Island: AIM and, 892–893, 946 American Anti-Slavery Society, 309–310 braceros in, 804; in Chesapeake, 71; Alcohol: Indians and, 62, 221, 946; American Association of Advertising crop-lien system, 498–500, 618; in progressivism and, 652–653. See Agencies, 643 Eastern Woodlands, 14; in Great also Prohibition; Saloons; American Association of Depression, 751, 753–754; Jefferson Temperance; Whiskey Rebellion Manufacturers, 706 and, 263; market economy and, 262; (1794) American Association of University in New Deal, 752; in New England, Alcott, Louisa May, 467 Professors, 643 61; in 1920s, 714; Panic of 1819 and, Alcott, William, 279 American Bandstand, 871 264; on plantations, 353; price Aldrich, Nelson, 663, 664, 666, 671 American Bar Association, 643, 673 supports in, 718; railroads and, 525; Aldrin, Buzz, 879, 925–926 American Bell Telephone, 543 scientific, 856 (illus.); sharecropping Aleuts, 3, 15, 204 American Birth Control League, 660 and, 497–500, 498 (map), 499 “Alexander’s Ragtime Band” (Berlin), American Board of Customs (illus.), 499 (map), 619; in South, 599, 599 (illus.), 651 Commissioners, 144, 146 351, 497–498, 498 (map), 558; Alger, Horatio, 565 American Civil Liberties Union technology and, 318–322; workers Algonquian languages, 18 (ACLU), 734 in, 319 (illus.); in World War I, 698. Algonquin Indians, 45 American Colonization Society, 229, See also Crops; Farms and farming; Ali, Muhammad, 891–892 308 specific crops and industries Alianza Federal de Mercedes, 894 American Communist party, 834, 836; Aguinaldo, Emilio, 637 Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), blacks and, 768; election of 1936 AIDS, 942–943, 979–980, 998 213–215, 214 (illus.) and, 759; in 1930s, 771 Aid to Families with Dependent Alienation: of writers, 730 American Dilemma, An (Myrdal), 804 Children (AFDC), 975, 978 Alien Enemies Act, 213 American Dream, 818 AIM, see American Indian Movement Alien Friends Act, 214 American Expeditionary Force (AEF), Air conditioning, 714 Alimony, 603 687–688, 689–690, 700 Aircraft carriers, 797 All-American Football Conference, American Federation of Labor (AFL), Aircraft industry, 854, 855 831 566, 568–569, 624, 660–661, 672, Air force, 826; Luftwaffe (German air Allen, Paul, 940 766; immigrants and, 654; racism in, force), 786; in World War II, 789, 795, Allen, Richard, 223, 276, 276 (illus.) 716; World War I and, 693. See also 797 Allende, Salvador, 924 AFL-CIO Index I-3 American Indian Movement, 892–893, (map). See also Colonies and Anthony, Susan B., 468, 486, 487 946 colonization; Western Hemisphere; (illus.), 566, 658 American Indians, see Native specific sections Anthrax, 1016 Americans Ames, Fisher, 207 Antiballistic missiles: SALT I and, 924 American Individualism (Hoover), 739 Amherst, Jeffrey, 127, 132 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM)
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