Index

AAA, see Agricultural Adjustment 289–290; gag rule and, 310; at 944, 945–946; by 2000, 981; Administration (AAA) Ghent, 246; Monroe Doctrine and, abolitionism and, 308; African A&P stores, 711, 714 252; as president, 288; as secretary colonization by, 229; in armed Abenaki Indians, 47, 49 of state, 251 forces, 455–457, 803; in cabinet, 885, Abilene, Kansas, 533, 534 Adams, Samuel, 139, 141, 146, 149, 1007; civil rights of, 866–867; Civil Abington v. Schempp, 886 151 War communities of, 465 (illus.); ABM Treaty, see Anti-Ballistic Missile Adamson Act (1916), 671, 672 color line and, 222–224; in (ABM) Treaty Adams-Onís Treaty (1819), 237, 251, Congress, 973; as cowboys, 533–534; Abolitionism, 296, 308–310, 309 252, 259, 385, 984 culture of, 369–373; curfew for, (illus.); Brown, John, and, 407–408; Addams, Jane, 588, 590, 636, 645, 649; 104–105; emancipation issues for, Clay and, 358; Garrison and, 292, peace movement and, 677–678, 685, 492–493; equality and, 887–892; as 308–309; Kansas crisis and, 418; 696 exodusters, 505, 506 (illus.); family women’s rights and, 310, 311 Adelphia Communications: fraud at, life and, 345 (illus.), 476 (illus.), Abortion, 988; antebellum, 281; 1021 492–493; as farmers, 619, 619 (illus.); attacks on clinics and, 988; rights to, Administration of Justice Act, 151 freedom for, 149–150; as free 895, 912, 938–939; “Right to Life” Adventures of Huckleberry Finn persons, 175–176, 366–367; Garvey movement and, 943 (Twain), 537, 600, 601 and, 735–736; Great Awakening and, Absalom, Absalom! (Faulkner), 775 Advertising, 553–556, 556 (illus.), 643; 119; in Great Depression, 765; Abzug, Bella, 894 in 1920s, 715; in 1930s, 764; in Harlem Renaissance and, 728–729, Acadia, 45, 93, 128. See also Nova 1950s, 858; colonial, 103 (illus.); 730; institutions of, 493–496, 656; Scotia ethnic and racial, 568 (illus.); jobless rate for, 1004; Klan and, 491, Accommodationism, 623 photoengraving and, 635; on 734–735; in Knights of Labor, 623 Acheson, Dean, 821–822, 825–826, television, 864; tobacco, 995; of (illus.), 624; lifestyle of former 839, 917 World War I, 692–696 slaves, 477–478; literature of, 729, Achille Lauro (ship), 961 AEC, see Atomic Energy Commission 863; as loyalists, 162; in Miami, 985; Acid rain, 1014 “Aesthetic movement,” 600 migration to North, 655–656, Acid rock, 911, 912 AFDC, see Aid to Families with 698–699, 768; militant, 890–891; Ácoma pueblo, 44 Dependent Children (AFDC) minstrel shows and, 332–333; in Act for Religious Toleration Affirmative action, 945–946, 994–995 Mose, Florida, 106–107; in movies of (Maryland), 69 Affluence: in 1950s, 854–860; in 1990s, 1930s, 770; in New Deal, 759–760; Activism, see specific types and 987–988 Owens, Jesse, and, 784; in movements Afghanistan: bin Laden and, population, 980; in prisons, 981; in ACT-UP, 942 1000–1001, 1016–1017; immigrants Progressive Era, 655–656, 657; as Adams, Abigail, 176, 221 from, 982 (illus.); U.S. military in, railroad laborers, 523; Adams, Charles Francis, 452 1017, 1017 (illus.) Reconstruction and, 488, 489–490, Adams, Henry, 452, 610 AFL, see American Federation of Labor 492–500, 509, 621 (illus.), 621–624; Adams, John, 115; on Articles of (AFL) religion of, 370–372; Revolution Confederation, 180; Boston AFL-CIO, 858 and, 171, 173–174, 175–176; Massacre and, 145; at Continental Africa: AIDS in, 980; Clinton and, Roosevelt, Theodore, and, 664; in Congress, 151; Declaration of 998–999; European peoples and, Senate, 489; separate but equal Independence and, 154; election of 24–28; in 1500, 26 (map); freed facilities and, 622–623; 1796 and, 212–213; election of 1800 blacks in, 308; Garvey and, 736; sharecropping and, 497–500, 498 and, 215–216; midnight Gold Coast of, 25; involuntary (map), 499 (illus.), 499 (map); in appointments by, 231; and Peace of migration from, 53–54; Portuguese Spanish-American War, 633, 636 Paris, 172; on republic, 179; and, 34 (illus.); religions from, 370; (illus.); Supreme Court rulings and, Revolution and, 153; as vice slavery and, 34–35, 97 (map); World 848–849; unions and, 567, 716; president, 196 War II in, 796 (map). See also Slaves urban population of, 720; voting by, Adams, John Quincy, 394; Armistad and slavery; West Africa 217, 275–276, 504–505; as wage and, 289 (illus.); election of 1824 African-Americans, 99, 657, 657 labor, 497; wages of, 714; as western and, 287, 288; election of 1828 and, (illus.); in 1950s, 865–866; in 1970s, settlers, 526–527; in West Indies, 76; I-2 Index

women and, 564, 658; World War I Air Force Academy, 854 Alliances: Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis, and, 688, 690, 692, 697; World War II Airplanes: jets, 793; Spirit of St. Louis, 787–788; Dutch-Iroquois, 50; and, 802–804. See also Free blacks; The, 725, 725 (illus.); Wright mutual-defense pacts as, 851; NATO, Freedmen; Lynchings; Music; Race brothers and, 651 824; after World War II, 816. See also and racism; Slaves and slavery; Air pollution, 650–651, 855, 879, Allies entries; specific alliances specific issues 971–972, 1014 Allied Expeditionary Force, 796, 796 African Methodist Episcopal (A.M.E.) Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, 114, 114 (illus.) Church, 223, 276, 371, 493, 495, 623, (illus.) Allies (World War I), 689, 691–692, 703, 656; Allen and, 276 (illus.); Jones AJAs (Americans of Japanese 708 and, 223, 224 (illus.) ancestry), 808 Allies (World War II), 788, 795–797, Africans: in Carolina, 77; freedom for, Alabama, 250, 256, 259, 262 807, 811, 818 74. See also African-Americans; Alabama (ship), 452, 501 Almshouses, 312 Slaves and slavery Alamance Creek, Battle of, 147–148 Al Quaeda, 1016–1017 Afrika Korps, 788 Alamo, 112, 388, 395, 775 Alsace, 704 Age: median (2000), 979. See also Alamogordo, New Mexico, 794, 811 Altair computer, 940, 941 (illus.) Elderly Alaska, 501, 667; global warming in, Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 766 Agee, James, 771 (illus.), 774 1014; gold rush and, 532, 532 (illus.); Ambrotypes, 464 Agent Orange, 908 Native people of, 15, 946; oil and, Amendments: Bill of Rights as, 198; Agnew, Spiro T., 929, 931 971, 972, 972 (illus.), 1008, 1008 process of, 188; Progressive Era, Agrarianism, 382–383 (illus.); Russia and, 204 671; Reconstruction, 487. See also Agribusinesses: braceros and, 804 Alaska Lands Act, 949 specific Amendments Agricultural Adjustment Act: of 1933, Albania, see Ethnic Albanians Amerasia, 834 752, 757; of 1938, 764 Albany Congress (1754), 125, 136–137 America First Committee, 787 Agricultural Adjustment Albany movement, 887 American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Administration (AAA), 752, 753–754 Albany Plan of Union, 125 Society, 310 Agriculture: of Archaic peoples, 5; Albany Regency, 289 American Anti-Slavery Almanac black wage labor and, 497; bonanza Albright, Madeleine K., 1000 (1840), 426 (illus.) farms and, 535; boom in, 261–262; Alcatraz Island: AIM and, 892–893, 946 American Anti-Slavery Society, 309–310 braceros in, 804; in Chesapeake, 71; Alcohol: Indians and, 62, 221, 946; American Association of Advertising crop-lien system, 498–500, 618; in progressivism and, 652–653. See Agencies, 643 Eastern Woodlands, 14; in Great also Prohibition; Saloons; American Association of Depression, 751, 753–754; Jefferson Temperance; Whiskey Rebellion Manufacturers, 706 and, 263; market economy and, 262; (1794) American Association of University in New Deal, 752; in New England, Alcott, Louisa May, 467 Professors, 643 61; in 1920s, 714; Panic of 1819 and, Alcott, William, 279 American Bandstand, 871 264; on plantations, 353; price Aldrich, Nelson, 663, 664, 666, 671 American Bar Association, 643, 673 supports in, 718; railroads and, 525; Aldrin, Buzz, 879, 925–926 American Bell Telephone, 543 scientific, 856 (illus.); sharecropping Aleuts, 3, 15, 204 American Birth Control League, 660 and, 497–500, 498 (map), 499 “Alexander’s Ragtime Band” (Berlin), American Board of Customs (illus.), 499 (map), 619; in South, 599, 599 (illus.), 651 Commissioners, 144, 146 351, 497–498, 498 (map), 558; Alger, Horatio, 565 American Civil Liberties Union technology and, 318–322; workers Algonquian languages, 18 (ACLU), 734 in, 319 (illus.); in World War I, 698. Algonquin Indians, 45 American Colonization Society, 229, See also Crops; Farms and farming; Ali, Muhammad, 891–892 308 specific crops and industries Alianza Federal de Mercedes, 894 American Communist party, 834, 836; Aguinaldo, Emilio, 637 Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), blacks and, 768; election of 1936 AIDS, 942–943, 979–980, 998 213–215, 214 (illus.) and, 759; in 1930s, 771 Aid to Families with Dependent Alienation: of writers, 730 American Dilemma, An (Myrdal), 804 Children (AFDC), 975, 978 Alien Enemies Act, 213 American Dream, 818 AIM, see American Indian Movement Alien Friends Act, 214 American Expeditionary Force (AEF), Air conditioning, 714 Alimony, 603 687–688, 689–690, 700 Aircraft carriers, 797 All-American Football Conference, American Federation of Labor (AFL), Aircraft industry, 854, 855 831 566, 568–569, 624, 660–661, 672, Air force, 826; Luftwaffe (German air Allen, Paul, 940 766; immigrants and, 654; racism in, force), 786; in World War II, 789, 795, Allen, Richard, 223, 276, 276 (illus.) 716; World War I and, 693. See also 797 Allende, Salvador, 924 AFL-CIO Index I-3

American Indian Movement, 892–893, (map). See also Colonies and Anthony, Susan B., 468, 486, 487 946 colonization; Western Hemisphere; (illus.), 566, 658 American Indians, see Native specific sections Anthrax, 1016 Americans Ames, Fisher, 207 Antiballistic missiles: SALT I and, 924 American Individualism (Hoover), 739 Amherst, Jeffrey, 127, 132 Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, Americanization: Afghanistan Amiens, battle at, 690 1009 immigrants and, 982 (illus.); by Amistad (ship), 289 (illus.) Anti-Catholicism, 382, 530 mass culture, 725 Amnesty Act (1872), 484, 501 Anticommunism, 830, 834–840, 848 American League for Civic Amos ‘n’ Andy (radio program), 724 Antidraft riots: in New York City, 463 Improvement, 643 Amusement, see Leisure Antidrug campaign, 653 American Legion, 706 Amusement parks, 595–596, 651, 652, Antietam, Battle of, 447 (illus.), 448, American Mercury, The (magazine), 730 652 (illus.) 452, 453 American Missionary Association, 495 Anabaptists, 31 Antifederalists, 201; Bill of Rights and, American Museum (Barnum), Anaconda Copper, 713 198; constitutional ratification and, 333–334 Anaconda plan, 445–446 189–190; strongholds of American party, see Know-Nothing Anarchism, 572, 659, 663, 733 (1787–1790), 191 (map) (American) party Anasazi people, 1, 9 Anti-Imperialist League, 636 American Philosophical Society, 117, Ancient peoples, 2–4 Antilles: Spanish map of, 40 (illus.) 228 Anderson, Marian, 760 Antilynching campaign, 657 American Protective League, 698 Andersonville prison camp, 467, 468 Anti-Masonry crusade, 296 American Railway Union, 570 (illus.) Antimiscegenation laws, 886 American Red Cross, 467 Andes region, 6; cultures of, 7 (map) Antinomians, 58 American Renaissance, 334–342 Andover, Massachusetts, 60–61 Antinuclear protests, 958 American Revolution: Boonesborough Andrews, Sidney, 494 Antipoverty programs, 883–884 during, 169 (map); English strength Andros, Edmund, 91, 92 Antiprostitution crusade, 652 in, 163–164; events leading to, Anesthesia, 329 Antiquities Act (1906), 666, 671 123–124; Indians after, 177–178; Angel Island, 579 Anti-radicalism: in 1920s, 733 Lexington, Concord, and, 152; Anglican Church, 55, 68, 92; Great “Antis,” 658 loyalists and, 160–161; in North, Awakening and, 119; Henry VIII Anti-Saloon League (ASL), 652–653 164–167, 165 (map); siege of Boston and, 32; Puritans and, 55, 56; tax Anti-Semitism, 785 (illus.); Brandeis and, 158–159; society after, 173–178; support and, 180 and, 673; Jewish refugees and, 786; in South, 170–172, 171 (map); trans- Anglo-American crisis: of 1793-1796, in New Deal, 755. See also Jews and Appalachian West and, 168–169; 208–210 Judaism treaty after, 172–173; in West, Anglo-Indian conflicts, 132 Antislavery movement, 418. See also 167–170, 170 (map); white women Anglo-Powhatan Wars: Third, 73 Abolitionism and, 176–177 Anglo-Spanish rivalry, 46 Antismoke campaign, 650–651 “American Scholar, The” (Emerson), Anglo-Spanish War, 113 Antitrust issues, 551, 663–664 335 Angola, 97 Antiwar protests, see Protest(s) American Social Hygiene Association, Animal Farm (Orwell), 851 Apache Indians, 3, 84, 85, 112, 112 652 Animals, 2, 4–5; European- (illus.), 449, 515 Americans with Disabilities Act introduced, 42; Indians and, 15, 16; Apalachee Indians, 43, 78 (1990), 971 in New England, 62. See also Apartheid: end of, 969 American System (Clay), 248, 287, 288, Livestock Apollo 11 lunar landing, 925 293, 296, 390, 400 Animated movies, 773 Appalachian Mountains, see Trans- American System of manufacture, 322 Annan, Kofi, 1000, 1023 Appalachian region American Temperance Society, 306, Anne (England), 91 Appalachian Regional Development 307 Annexation: of California, 378; of Act (1965), 885 American Tobacco Company, 556, 664 Hawaii, 631–632, 637; of New Appeasement: during Cold War, 820, American Woman’s Home, The Mexico, 378; of Oregon, 393–394; of 828; of Hitler, Adolf, 784 (Catharine Beecher), 583 Texas, 378, 389–390, 390–391, 395 Apple Computer, 940 American Woman Suffrage Anschluss (union), 783 Appliances: labor-saving, 720 Association, 487 Antarctica: mining in, 972 Appointment: of judges, 188; powers America Online (AOL), 1002 Antebellum period, 303–342; reform of, 179 Americas: Columbus in, 23–24; movements in, 303–314; society in, Appomattox Courthouse, 472, 472 Europeans in (1492–1541), 35–40; 274–282. See also Sectionalism; (illus.) naming of, 39; peopling of, 2–3, 3 Slaves and slavery; specific issues Arab-Israeli peace talks, 957 I-4 Index

Arab-Israeli wars, 924 Arms race, 824, 826, 830, 960, 968. See Assemblies, 178, 179; Albany Plan of Arab oil embargo (1973), 948 also Nuclear power; Weapons Union and, 125; British taxation Arabs: Israel, Palestine, and, 957; Armstrong, Louis, 731 and, 135; colonial, 114; in Kissinger and, 924; slave trade and, Armstrong, Neil, 879, 925–926 Pennsylvania, 82; in Virginia, 68 34–35; Suez crisis and, 853; Army Air Corps, 785. See also Air force Assembly lines, 714 terrorism and, 961, 993–994, 1017. Army Appropriations Act (1867), 484 Assimilation: immigrants and, 581; of See also Israel; Middle East; specific Army Corps of Engineers, 858 Indians, 520–521, 869; Mexican- countries Army of Northern Virginia, 440, 448, Americans on, 893 Arafat, Yasir, 961, 999, 1018, 1019 471 Assiniboins, 513 Aragón, 25, 28 Army of the Potomac, 447 Associated Farmers of California, 769 Arapahos, 513, 515, 516 Arrowsmith, Aaron, 237 Associations: for immigrant Arbitration: UMW strike and, 663 Art(s): in 1920s, 726–732; in 1930s, assistance, 380 Archaeological evidence, 2 770–775; in 1950s, 862, 870–872; Assumption: of state war debts, 200 Archaic societies, 4–5; agriculture of, 5 “aesthetic movement” in, 600; in Astor, John Jacob, 258, 275 Architecture: Anasazi, 9; of Aztecs, 7; American Renaissance, 334–342; Astoria, 258 Georgian, 108, 108 (illus.); Anasazi, 1; Beats in, 871–872; in Astor Place riot, 321, 332 modernism in, 601; in 1920s, 730. Cahokia, 12; in European Astrolabe, 34 See also Landscape architecture Renaissance, 28; Hohokam, 9; Astrology, 31 Arctic region: Alaska oil drilling and, Hopewell, 11; industrial design and, Astronauts, 879 1008, 1008 (illus.), 1014; people of, 16 776; modernism in, 601; in New Aswan dam, 853 Arendt, Hannah, 785 Deal, 756; progressive movement Asylums, see Insane asylums Argonne, Battle of, 692 and, 646; Victorian standards for, Atchison, David R., 418 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 999 596–601; in West Africa, 25 (illus.), Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Aristocracy: leadership by, 189; after 27. See also specific arts and artists Railroad, 546 Revolution, 174 Arthur, Chester A., 614, 615 Athapaskan speakers, 3 Arizona, 8, 204, 385, 416, 528, 529, 530 Arthur Andersen, 1021 Athletics: at universities and colleges, Arkwright, Richard, 270 Articles of Confederation, 160, 180, 585–586. See also Sports Armada (Spain), 47 181–185, 186–187 Atkinson, Elizabeth, 300 (illus.) Armed forces: African-Americans in, Artisans, 60 (illus.), 273–274, 274 Atlanta, 494 (illus.); fall of, 468–469, 175, 455–457, 633, 636 (illus.), 664, (illus.), 277; in Europe, 29; free 470; Reconstruction and blacks in, 688, 803; British, 163–164; in China, blacks as, 176; Indian, 64–65; 494–495; shootings in, 979 680 (illus.); in Civil War, 439; production by, 217 Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary, Continental Army and, 152; in Ashburton, Lord, 391 495 French Canada, 96; gays and Ashcan School, 646 Atlanta Baptist Seminary, 495 lesbians in, 805, 839; integration in, Ashcroft, John, 1007, 1018 Atlantic Charter, 787 803; Japanese-Americans in, 806; Ashe, Arthur, 942 Atlantic Monthly, 597 Jefferson and, 231; Mexican Ashley, William, 386 Atlantic region: Columbian exchange Americans in, 804–805; Quasi-War Asia: Cold War in, 825–828; early and, 41–42; emancipation of slaves and, 213; in Revolution, 163; peoples from, 2–3; economic crisis in, 470; England and, 46–47; Europe segregation in, 656, 803; in Spanish- in, 1004; immigrants from, 682, 947, and (1440–1600), 33–42; in World American War, 632–633; Valley Forge 982–983; Korean War in, 828–830; War II, 788 and, 166; women in, 801; World War sea route to, 34; southwestern (in Atlas missiles, 870 I and, 686–688; World War II and, 1500), 26 (map). See also specific Atmospheric testing, 827, 827 (illus.) 789, 816. See also Marines; Military; countries Atomic bomb, 821; bombing of Japan, Navy; Soldiers; specific wars Asian American Political Alliance, 894 811–812, 812 (illus.); development Armed Services Editions, 802 Asian-Americans, 885, 894; in West, 826–827, 827 (illus.); Armenian immigrants, 578 population percentage of, 980; Manhattan Project and, 793–794; in Armentières, battle at, 690 woman suffrage and, 658 postwar period, 820, 843; of Soviet Armistice: in Korean War, 829; in Asociación Nacional México- Union, 824, 825; testing, 827, 827 Spanish-American War, 633; in Americana, 868 (illus.). See also Nuclear power; World War I, 702–703 Assassinations: of Garfield, 609, 610, Radiation Armour, Philip, 549 615; of Kennedy, John F., 881–882, Atomic Energy Commission, 821, 827, Arms and armaments, 924; Quakers 882 (illus.); of Kennedy, Robert F., 854 and, 81; Washington Naval Arms 918; of King, 891, 917; of Lincoln, Atomic-energy control plan, 821 Conference and, 718. See also Arms 472–473, 480; of Malcolm X, 891; of “Atoms for peace” plan, 850 race; Weapons McKinley, 610, 663 Attucks, Crispus, 145 Index I-5

Auburn system, 312 Balboa, Vasco Núñez de, 39 Barrow plantation, 498 (map) Audiotapes: Nixon and, 931 Baldwin, James, 729, 863 Barter: in rural communities, 101 Audubon Society, 722 Baldwin Locomotive Works, 545 Bartholomew Gosnold Trading with Augusta Powder Works, 440 (illus.), 553 Wampanoag Indians at Martha’s Auschwitz concentration camp, 810 Balfour Declaration, 704 Vineyard (de Bry), 22 (illus.) Austin, Stephen F., 387 Balkan region: conflicts in, 997–998 Barton, Bruce, 715 Australia, 788 Ball courts: Hohokam, 9 Barton, Clara, 467 Austria, 704, 783, 965 Ballinger, Richard, 667 Bartram, John, 102 Austria-Hungary: World War I and, Ballinger-Pinchot affair, 667 Baruch, Bernard, 688 683, 703, 704 Balloon-frame houses, 327 Baseball, 574 (illus.), 593 (illus.), Authority: under Constitution (U.S.), Baltic states, 704, 967 593–594; integration of, 831, 832 187–188; of family, 278–279; Baltimore, Lord, see Calvert family (illus.) horizontal and vertical allegiances, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 265, 324 BASIC program, 940 281; questioning of, 277–278 Baltimore Orioles, 593 (illus.) Basie, Count, 774 Author Painting a Chief at the Base of Bank holiday, 751 Basketball, 602 the Rocky Mountains, The (Catlin), Bank of England, 96 Bataan peninsula, 788 341 Bank of the United States, 294 (illus.), Batch producers, 553 Authors, see Literature; specific 294–295; charter of (1816), 293; Bathroom: flush toilets and, 554 authors First, 200–201; Marshall on, 249; (illus.), 554–555, 555 (illus.) Autobiography of Malcolm X, The Panic of 1819 and, 264; Second, 248 Batista, Fulgencio, 782 (Malcolm X), 891 Bankruptcies: corporate, 1020–1021; Baton Rouge, 449 Automation, 816, 858 economic growth and, 557; railroad, Battle of Britain, 786 Automobiles and automobile 625 Battles: in War of 1812, 244 (map). See industry, 651, 712, 713 (illus.), 722 Banks and banking: expansionism also specific battles and wars (illus.), 855; corporate dominance and, 393; Federal Reserve banks, Bay of Pigs fiasco, 880 in, 714; cultural impact of, 721; 672; in Great Depression, 745–746; “Bayonet rule,” 501 environment and, 722; fuel- growth of, 217; land speculation Beatles, 912 efficient, 948; Japanese cars and, and, 263; national system of, 441; in Beats, 871–872 968; labor unions and, 766; Nader New Deal, 751; Panic of 1819 and, Beaumont, Gustave de, 255–256 and, 886; in 1950s, 859, 860 (illus.); 264; payments suspended by, 746; Beauregard, P. G. T., 446, 447, 448 registered cars (1900–1992), 720; reform of, 670–672; in South, 558; in Beautification movement, 649–650 teens and, 871; women workers states, 295; Whigs and, 390; World Beaver pelts, 45, 45 (illus.), 65. See also and, 715; in World War I, 698 War I loans and, 685. See also Bank Fur trade Awakening, The (Chopin), 603 of the United States Beaver wars, 78, 83 Awful Disclosures of the Hotel Dieu Banneker, Benjamin, 176 Beck, E. M., 622 Nunnery in Montreal (Monk), 382 Bannocks, 515 Becker, Carl, 785 Axis, 798, 811 Baptism: Half-Way Covenant and, Beckwourth, Jim, 258 Aztec empire, 7, 41 61–62 Beecher family: Catharine, 279, 308, Baptists, 119, 359; blacks as, 370–371, 328, 583; Henry Ward, 419, 583; Babbitt (Lewis), 730 493; colleges founded by, 362; Lyman, 279, 306, 309, 382. See also Babcock, Orville, 500 northern and southern wings of, Stowe, Harriet Beecher Baby boom, 860–861, 979; youth 371; women’s church role and, 120 Begin, Menachem, 950 movement and, 906–910 Barak, Ehud, 1000 Beijing: Boxers in, 679. See also China Backcountry, 146–148 Barbados, 37, 76, 76 (illus.) Beirut: massacre in, 957 Bacon, Nathaniel, 73 Barbary pirates, see Tripolitan pirates Belarus, 968, 1000 Bacon’s Rebellion, 72–74 Barbed wire, 527 Bel Geddes, Norman, 776 Bagley, Sarah, 318 Barlowe, Arthur, 46 Belgium, 786 Baker, James A., 968, 973 Barnard, George N., 465, 471 (illus.) Belknap, William E., 501 Baker, Newton D., 687, 690 Barnard, Hannah, 101 (illus.) Bell, Alexander Graham, 552 Baker, Ray Stannard, 656 Barnard College, 602 Bell, Daniel, 983 Baker v. Carr, 886–887 Barnum, P. T., 331, 333–334 Bell, John, 428, 429 (map) Bakker, Jim and Tammy, 944 Barriers to trade, 1004 Bellamy, Edward, 571, 601, 644 Bakke v. U.S., 945–946 Barrios, 529, 769 Belleau Wood, battle at, 691 Balanced budget bill, 994 “Barroom Dancing” (Krimmel), 258 Bell Labs, 855 Balance of power: after Korean War, (illus.) Bell Telephone Company, 552 830; World War II and, 798, 820 Barrow, David Crenshaw, 498 (map) Belmont, August, 626 I-6 Index

Benin, 25, 34 (illus.) Bin Laden, Osama, 1000–1001, Blockades: of Berlin, 823; by Britain, Bennett, Edward H., 651 (illus.) 1016–1017, 1018 163; in Civil War, 445, 451, 452; Bennett, James Gordon, 331, 332, 393, Biological weapons ban, 1009 Cuban missile crisis and, 881; in 396 Biotech companies, 1010–1011 Spanish-American War, 632; War of Benton, Thomas Hart, 397, 410, 730, Bird, Caroline, 764–765 1812 and, 243; in World War I, 684 775, 794 (illus.) Birmingham: church bombing in, 889; Block grants, 978 Bentsen, Lloyd, 967 civil rights movement and, 879 Bloody Mose (battle), 107 Beothuk Indians, 16, 45 (illus.), 887, 888 Blue-collar workers, 858; Bergen Belsen, 810 (illus.) Birney, James G., 310, 392 McCarthyism and, 839 Berger, Victor, 661, 662, 696, 697, 706 Birth control, 912; antebellum, 281; Blues (music), 651 Berkeley, John (Lord), 80 clinics, 660; Dennett and, 660; in Boarding schools: for Indians, 520 Berkeley, William, 52 (illus.), 72, 73 1930s, 765; pill and, 895, 896–897; (illus.), 520–521, 521 (illus.) Berkeley Free Speech Movement, 907, Sanger and, 660 Board of Indian Commissioners, 516 907 (illus.) Birth Control Review, 660 Board of Trade, 115 Berkman, Alexander, 572 Birth of a Nation, The (movie), 656, Bock’s Car, 811 Berle, Adolph A., 750 656 (illus.), 672, 734 Boeing Airplane Company, 826, 854, Berlin: airlift, 823 (illus.); blockade of, Birthrate: antebellum, 281; decline in, 855 (illus.) 823; crisis, 880; division of, 823; 913, 942; in 1930s, 765; in Boesky, Ivan, 954, 1020 reunification of, 965–966 Pennsylvania, 81; of unmarried Boggs, Lilburn, 377, 378 Berlin, Irving, 599, 599 (illus.), 651 women, 945, 981; World War II and, Bogus Legislature (Kansas), 418–419 Berliner, Emile, 694 801. See also Baby boom Bolden, Charles “Buddy,” 599 Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis, 787–788 Bison, see Buffalo Bolsheviks, 689, 698, 706. See also Berlin Wall, 880, 965–966, 966 (illus.) Black brass bands, 599 Soviet Union Bernstein, Carl, 930 Black cabinet, 760 Bombs and bombings: in Africa and Bessemer, Henry, 547 Black codes, 481, 496, 497 Middle East, 1000–1001; carpet Bessemer steel manufacturing Blackface vaudeville acts, 595 bombing, 830; of Germany, 795, technology, 547, 551 Blackfeet Indians, 15, 513, 869 811; hydrogen bomb (H-bomb), Bethlehem, 1019 Blackfish, 168–169 825; in Israel, 999–1000, 1018–1019; Bethune, Mary McLeod, 759 Black Hawk: resistance by, 261 Kaczynski and, 1016; in Oklahoma Beveridge, Albert J., 666, 679 Black Hills, 517 City, 988, 989 (illus.), 1016; of Pearl Beverley, Robert, 70, 108 Blacklist: in Hollywood, 835 (illus.), Harbor, 788; terrorist attacks Bhopal, India, 1013 836 worldwide and, 993–994; of Tokyo, Bible: Catholic vs. Protestant, 382; Black lung disease, 562 811; of Vietnam, 900, 917, 921. See creationists and, 734; prophecy Blackmun, Harry, 929, 939 also Atomic bomb; Hydrogen bomb from, 989; Protestant, 31, 32; in Black Panther party, 892 (H-bomb); Terrorism public schools, 886 Black Power, 891 (illus.), 891–892 Bomb shelters, 825 Bicameral legislature, 58, 178, 179, Blacks, see African-Americans; Bonanza farms, 535 187, 188 Africans; Slaves and slavery Bonaparte, see Napoleon I (Bonaparte) Bickerdyke, Mary Ann “Mother,” 466 Black Star Steamship Line, 736 Bonds: trade in, 217 Bicycles, 602–603 Black suffrage, 479; congressional Bonneville Dam, 826 Biddle, Nicholas, 293, 294 Reconstruction and, 483; Fifteenth Bonney, William H. (Billy the Kid), 533 Bierstadt, Albert, 340, 669 (illus.) Amendment, 486–488; Fourteenth Bonn treaty: on global warming, 1009, Big business: railroads as, 324–325. Amendment and, 482–483 1014 See also Business Black Thursday, 744–745 Book of Common Prayer, 55 Big government, 673, 954, 958 Bladensburg, battle at, 245, 248 (illus.) Book of Mormon, 302 “Big stick” policy, 681 Blaine, James G., 614, 615, 616, 630 Books, see Literature Big Three, 806 Blair, Ezell, Jr., 875 Boom-and-bust cycles, 532, 625–626 Big Tree (Kiowa), 516 Blair, Tony, 1017, 1020 Booms, see Depressions; Economy; Bill of Rights (England, 1689), 91, 114 Bland, Richard, 627 Panics Bill of Rights (U.S.), 190, 198, 223. See Bland-Allison Act (1878), 502 Boone, Daniel, 168 (illus.), 168–169, also Amendments; specific Blasting powder, 266 536 amendments Blatch, Harriot Stanton, 689, 696–697 Boone, Robert, 71 Bills of right (states), 178 Bleeding Kansas, 418, 419, 420 (map) Boonesborough, Kentucky: siege of, Billy the Kid, see Bonney, William H. Blitzkrieg (lightning war), 786 168 (illus.), 168–169 (Billy the Kid) Blitzstein, Marc, 756 Booth, John Wilkes, 472–473 Bingham, George Caleb, 168 (illus.) Blockade-runners, 451 Booth, William, 589 Index I-7

Borah, William, 705 of Moscow Olympics, 950; Brown, Henry, 369 Border, 113 (map); Mexican-American secondary, 830; strikes and, 660; of Brown, James, 892 culture along, 982; after Revolution, tea, 143, 148 (illus.) Brown, John, 406 (illus.), 407–408, 419, 172–173; southern, 251. See also Boyd, Belle, 467 426–427 Boundary Boyer, Will, 609 Brown, Joseph, 463 Border Patrol, 733 Boy Scouts, 664 Brown, William J., 276 Border states, 443, 446; desegregation Brace, Charles Loring, 588–589 Brown Fellowship Society, 430 in, 849; secession and, 429–432 Bracero program, 804, 868, 869 Brown lung disease, 562 Bork, Robert, 931, 972 Bradbury, Norris, 826 Brownsville Incident, 664 Born-again Christians, 944 Braddock, Edward, 125–126 Brown University, 119, 602 Borrowing, 264; in 1920s, 745. See also Bradford, William, 56 Brown v. Board of Education of Credit Bradley, Omar, 829 Topeka, 848–849, 866, 886 Bosnia, 974, 997 Brady, James, 958 Bruce, Blanche K., 489 Bosnia-Herzegovina: World War I and, Brady, Mathew, 464, 465 Brulés, 516 683–684 Bragg, Braxton, 458, 459, 469 Bryan, William Jennings, 636, 666; Boss (political), 587 (illus.), 587–588. Branch Davidians: raid on, 988 election of 1896 and, 627–629; See also Political machines; Brandeis, Louis, 672–673 Scopes trial and, 734; as secretary of Tammany Hall; specific bosses Brando, Marlon, 871 state, 685 Boston, 94 (illus.), 557 (illus.); British Brant, Joseph, 163, 167, 184, 184 Bryant, Anita, 943 evacuation of, 164; inequality of (illus.) Bryant, Dan, 333 (illus.) wealth in, 274; population of, 103; Braun, Carol Moseley, 973 Bryant, William Cullen, 342 as port, 94; siege of, 159–160; Sons Brazil, 37, 39, 98, 366 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 950 of Liberty and, 141; Stamp Act Breaux, John, 958 Buchanan, James, 321, 408, 419 resistance in, 134 (illus.), 135–136; Breckinridge, John C., 428 (illus.), 421; election of 1860 and, Winthrop in, 55 Breed’s Hill, battle at, 152 427; Lecompton constitution and, Boston and Worcester Railroad, 265 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 689 422–423 Boston Associates, 271–272, 273 Bretton Woods Agreement (1944), 818 Buchanan, Pat, 973 Boston Beaneaters, 593 (illus.) Bricker, John, 839 Buckley, William F., Jr., 848, 884, 927 Boston Guardian, 657 Bridge, The (Stella), 731 Buck v. Bell, 671 Boston House of Industry, 312–313 Bringing in the Maple Sugar (Moses), Buddhist protesters: in Vietnam, 880 Boston Manufacturing Company, 272 775 (illus.) (illus.) Boston Massacre (1770), 122 (illus.), “Brinkmanship,” 850 Budget: Clinton and, 995; Reagan and, 123–124, 145 Britain, see England (Britain) 959; surplus in, 616 Boston Port Bill (1774), 150 Britain, Battle of, 786 Buffalo, 15, 270, 384, 512, 514, 518 Boston Tea Party, 149 British-American Convention (1818), Buffalo Bill: King of the Border Men Boucher, Jonathan, 161 251 (Buntline), 537 Boulder Dam, see Hoover Dam British East India Tea Company, 148, Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show, 518, 537 Boundary: with Canada, 246, 251; with 149 Buffalo robes, 514 Oregon, 385, 394, 394 (map); Rio British Empire: constitutional crisis Building industry, see Construction Grande River as, 395, 398; slavery in, 124; Seven Years’ War and, industry and, 251; southern, 210; Texas-New 125–128. See also England (Britain) Bulgaria, 795, 820 Mexico, 409, 410, 411. See also Border British Guiana: boundary dispute and, Bulge, Battle of, 796–797 Bourbons (agrarian faction), 504 630, 631 (map) Bull Dance, 234 (illus.) Bourne, Randolph, 697, 726 British Rule (1756), 238 Bull Moose party, see Progressive party Bow and arrow, 15 British West Indies: as slave society, 76 Bull Run: First Battle of, 446–447; Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Britton, Nan, 717 Second Battle of, 448, 453 Revival of American Community Brodhead, Daniel, 167 Bunau-Varilla, Philippe, 680 (Putnam), 987 Brokerage firms, 954 Bundy, McGeorge, 899 Bowman, John, 167 Brook Farm, 302 (map), 313, 329 Bunker Hill, battle at, 152 Boxer, Barbara, 973 Brooklyn Bridge, 640 (illus.) Buntline, Ned, see Judson, Edward Boxer rebellion, 679 Brooks, Preston, 361, 420, 420 (illus.) (Ned Buntline) Boxing matches, 593, 594 (illus.), Brothels, 589–590, 652. See also Bureaucracies: machine politics and, 594–595, 598, 784–785 Prostitution 587 Boycotts: by blacks, 768; of British Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, Bureaucratization, 857 goods, 137, 141; of classes, 893–894; 802 Bureau of Indian Affairs, 892, 946 of grapes, 893; in Montgomery, 867; Brown, Claude, 866 Bureau of Labor, 649 I-8 Index

Bureau of Reclamation, 858 Butler, Benjamin, 449 Calvin, John, and Calvinism, 31, 32, Bureau of War Risk Insurance (BWRI), Butler, Pierce Mason, 360 (illus.) 55, 57; Huguenots and, 45; in 702, 702 (illus.) Butler, Smedley (“Old Gimlet Eye”), Netherlands, 49 Burger, Warren, 929, 972 682–683 Cambodia, 825, 908, 921, 922; Burgoyne, John, 166 Byrnes, James F., 789, 812 Mayagüez and, 948 Burials: in Cahokia, 13; by Iroquois, 79 Cameron, James A., 353 (illus.) (illus.) Cabeza da Vaca, Alvar Nuñez, 43 Camp, Walter, 586 Burk, John Daly, 214 Cabinet, 196; African-Americans in, Campaigns (political), 612; of 1848, Burke, Edmund, 142 885, 1007; Constitution and, 188; in 836; of 1888, 616; of 1896, 628, 629 Burlage, Dorothy, 905–906 New Deal, 750; Tenure of Office Act (illus.); contributions to, 616, 628; Burleson, Albert S., 697 and, 485. See also specific presidents costs of, 865, 994, 1013. See also Burma, 788 Cabot, George, 211 Elections Burnham, Daniel, 649–650, 651 (illus.) Cabot, John, 38–39 Campbell, Ben Nighthorse, 973 Burns, Anthony, 411–412 Cahokia, 11–14, 12 (illus.), 13 (illus.) Campbell Soup, 556 (illus.) Burns, Arthur, 845 Cairo, 788, 795, 798 Camp David: Accords, 950; Israelis Burnside, Ambrose, 448, 458 Cajuns, 128 and Palestinians at (2000), 1000 Burr, Aaron, 235–238; duel with Calculators, 941 Camp meetings, 299–300 Hamilton, 235; election of 1800 and, Calendar: Aztec, 7; Mayan, 7 Campobello Island, 743 216; election of 1804 and, 234; Calhoun, John C., 292, 360 (illus.), 361; Canada: army in, 96; boundary with, treason of, 235–238 Compromise of 1850 and, 410; Eaton 246, 251; Catholicism in, 151; Bus boycott: in Montgomery, 867 affair and, 291 (illus.), 292; election Eskimos in, 15; fall to British, 126 Busch, Moritz, 381 of 1827 and, 287, 288; election of (map); fishing rights of, 172, 630; Bush, George: domestic policy of, 1828 and, 289–290; Mexican- King William’s War and, 93; loyalists 970–972; election of 1980 and, 952; American War and, 396; slavery and, and, 161–162; Mohawks in, 184; election of 1988 and, 967; election 399–400; as war hawk, 241 NAFTA and, 974; Oregon and, 394, of 1992 and, 973; Persian Gulf War Calhoun, John C. (King), 291 (illus.) 394 (map); Quebec Act, 151; and, 969–970; presidency of, California, 529; acquisition of, 393, settlements in, 97; U.S. land claims 967–973; Supreme Court and, 972; 398, 399; American settlements in, and, 209; War of 1812 and, 243–245. as vice president, 952, 958 388; annexation of, 378; braceros in, See also England (Britain); France; Bush, George W.: election of 2000 and, 804; defense industry in, 827, 854; New France 1005–1007, 1006 (map); election of as free state, 408, 409; gold rush in, Canals, 265, 266–267, 268 (map), 277, 2002 and, 1021–1022; presidency of, 401–404; Indians in, 14; Mexican- 324 1007–1012 American War and, 395, 396–397; Canal Zone, 680; transferred to Bush, Jeb, 1006 Reagan and, 910, 952; Russians in, Panama, 950. See also Panama Canal Bush, Laura, 1007 204; slavery and, 399; space budget Canary Islands, 37, 38 Business: in 1920s, 712–716; in 1990s, and, 854; Spain and, 204 (map), 385; Candler, Asa Griggs, 495 1002; black, 623, 656, 981; Civil War statehood for, 410; woman suffrage Cane (Toomer), 728 and, 461; consolidation of, 714; movement in, 658. See also Cane Ridge, Kentucky: camp meeting Coolidge and, 718; costs of bigness, Hispanics; Mexican-Americans at, 299–300 856–858; cultural values and, 715; California Citrus Growers’ Canning, George, 252 depression of 1893-1897 and, Association, 535 Cannon, Joseph G., 667 625–626; deregulation of, 953–954; California Fruit Growers Exchange, see Cape of Good Hope, 34, 38 Eisenhower and, 845; failures of, Sunkist Cape Verde Islands, 36 746; Hoover and, 739; innovation in, California Institute of Technology: Jet Capital: investment abroad and, 713; 217; overseas expansion by, 713; Propulsion Laboratory of, 827 labor and, 569–570; land Panic of 1819 and, 264; California State University, 817 speculation and, 263; for southern progressivism and, 643, 647–649; Californios, 386, 389, 404, 529 industrialization, 350 Roosevelt, Theodore, and, 663–664; Call-and-response singing, 599 Capitalism: laissez-faire argument scandals in, 1020–1021; in Second Callender, James, 229 and, 571; management and, 714. See New Deal, 758; World War I and, Callender, Thomas, 214 also Business 689, 784; World War II and, 790. See Calley, William, 920 (illus.), 920–921 Capitol, 227 also Big business; Corporations; Calloway, Gamma, 169 Capone, Al, 737, 737 (illus.), 770 Regulation; specific businesses “Call to Arms, A” (Mumford), 785 Capra, Frank, 770 Busing, 928–929 Calvert family: Cecilius (Lord Caravan trade, 24, 25 Bussell, Joshua, 305 (illus.) Baltimore), 69, 73; Church of Caravel, 34 Butler, Andrew, 420 England and, 92 Carbon dioxide, 1014 Index I-9

Caribbean region: colonies in (1660), 829–830; in Persian Gulf War, 969; in and, 956 75 (map); Europeans in, 42; Revolution, 152, 173; in Tet Centralization: royal, 90–91 expansion into, 416, 417; France Offensive, 913–914; in Vietnam War, Central Pacific Railroad, 502, 523–524 and, 232; immigrants from, 769; 921–922; in World War I, 708; of Central Park (New York), 342 slavery in, 75–76; trade with, 181; World War II, 812 Central Valley: farming in, 535 United States and, 681 (map), 956 Catawba Indians, 110 Century, The, magazine, 597 (map). See also specific locations Catch-the-Bear, 522 Century of Dishonor, A (Jackson), 518 Carlisle Indian school, 520, 521 Catherine of Aragón, 32 Ceremonies: of Indians, 14, 513–514. Carmichael, Stokely, 876 Catholicism: anti-Catholicism and, See also specific ceremonies Carnegie, Andrew, 547–549, 548 382; birth control and, 913; in Cession of land, see Land (illus.), 565, 571, 636 England, 32–33; of Irish immigrants, Chaco Canyon, 9, 9 (illus.) Carnegie Steel Company, 548, 381; of James II, 91; Klan and, 734; Chain gang, 621 (illus.), 622 569–570, 647 in Maryland, 69, 92; of Mexican- Chain migration, 580 Carolinas: Florida and, 106; Americans, 733; in New France, 83; Chain stores, 714 immigration to, 100; Indians in, in New York, 91; in 1950s, 862; non- Chamberlain, Mary Brown, 220 77–78, 110; racism in, 104; slaves slave immigration and, 96; public Chamberlain, Neville, 784 and, 77, 86; Spanish invasion of, 93. education and, 604–605; of Pueblo Chambers, Whittaker, 836–838 See also North Carolina; South Indians, 112; Quebec Act and, 151; Champion Single Sculls (Eakins), 601 Carolina reform of, 32; school reform and, Champlain, Samuel de, 45–46 Carpetbaggers, 488 (illus.), 488–489, 308; in 16th century, 31; in Spanish Chancellorsville, Battle of, 458, 458 504 colonies, 84; of workers, 296. See (map), 469 Carpet bombing, 830 also Protestantism Channing, William Ellery, 301, 312 Carranza, Venustiano, 683 Catholic Legion of Decency, 773 Chaplin, Charlie, 652, 836 Cars, see Automobiles and automobile Catlin, George, 341 (illus.), 342, Chapman, Hannah, 364 industry 513–514, 514 (illus.) Charbonneau, Toussaint, 235 Carson, Kit, 258, 449, 536–537 Catt, Carrie Chapman, 658, 685, 697, Charity Organization Society (COS), Carson, Rachel, 858, 858 (illus.), 879, 699 589, 590 938 Cattle industry, 529; drives and, 533; Charles I (England), 55, 68, 69, 90 Carter, Jimmy, 948–950; Camp David trails and, 531 (map); in West, 531 Charles II (England), 61, 77, 79, 80, 90 Accords and, 950; election of 1976 (map), 533–535 Charles V (Holy Roman Empire), 31 and, 948, 951; Haiti and, 999; Nobel Cattle kings, 534 Charleston (Charles Town), 77, 103, Prize and, 950 (illus.); North Korea Cavalry: Civil War and, 445; in 105, 360–361, 430–431; blacks in, and, 1000 Spanish-American War, 636 (illus.) 430–431; immigration to, 100; as Carter, Stephen J., 944 Cayuga Iroquois Indians: King port, 94; in Revolutionary War, 171 Carteret, Philip, 80 William’s War and, 93 (map) Cartier, Jacques, 40, 45 CBS, see Columbia Broadcasting Charleston (dance), 728 Cartography, 34 System (CBS) Charter: for Bank of the United States, Cartoon movies, 773 CCC, see Civilian Conservation Corps 201, 293; in Massachusetts, 91, 150; Cartwright, Peter, 300 (CCC) for Raleigh’s colony, 46; Supreme Carver Hospital (Washington, D.C.), CD (compact disk), 937 Court on, 249; to Virginia, 47 466 (illus.) Celebrities, see Movies and movie Chase, Salmon P., 441, 442, 469, 470, Casablanca, 798 stars 503 Casey, William, 959 Celebrity culture, 725–726 Chase, Samuel, 231, 232 Cash-and-carry policy, 786 Celera Genomics Corporation, 1010 Château-Thierry, battle at, 691 Cash crops, 262, 263–264, 349. See also Cemeteries: landscaping of, 342 Chattanooga: siege of, 459–460 Crops; specific crops Censorship: of movies, 652, 773; in Chauncy, Charles, 104 “Cash-only” cooperative stores, 618 World War II, 794 Chávez, César, 893 Casinos, see Gambling Census: of 1920, 720; of 2000, 978 Chavín de Huántar, 6 Cass, George W., 535 Central America: agriculture in, 5 Chechnya, 998 Cass, Lewis, 392, 400, 419 (illus.) Central High School: desegregation of, “Checkers” speech (Nixon), 864 Caste system: in South, 624 849 (illus.), 849–850 Checks and balances, 188 Castile, 25, 28 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 789, Cheever, John, 863 Castle Garden immigrant center, 579 822; Americans investigated by, 928; Chemical industry, 854 Castro, Fidel, 782, 853, 880, 882 Bay of Pigs and, 880; covert Chemical weapons, 1001 Casualties: of Civil War, 438, 439, 445, operations of, 825, 851–852, 924; Cheney, Dick, 968, 1005, 1007, 1008, 448, 449, 459; of Korean War, Iran-contra and, 959; Sandinistas 1014, 1021 I-10 Index

Cherokee Indians, 44, 110, 147, 162, (illus.); welfare and, 977; during Chumash Indians, 15 (illus.) 259, 449; population of, 221; World War II, 793, 800–801, 805 Church, Frederick, 340, 340 (illus.), Revolutionary War and, 167; “Trail (illus.). See also Education 342 of Tears” and, 260–261 Children’s Aid Society, 588 (illus.), Churches: abolition of state- Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 260 588–589 established, 180; black, 493–496, Cherokee Phoenix, 259, 260 Chile, 630, 924 623, 656; Half-Way Covenant and, Chesapeake Affair, 239 Chillicothe, 168, 169 61–62; in New England, 58; New Chesapeake and Ohio canal, 265 China, 787, 923; Carter and, 950; Light vs. Old Light, 119. See also Chesapeake region, 68–75; death rate Clinton and, 974; communism and Religion; specific churches in, 70; English in, 54; expansion of, civil war in, 825; Dulles and, 850; Churchill, Winston, 786, 787, 793, 795, 73 (map); slavery in, 54, 74–75; immigrants from, 401, 885; Japan 798, 806, 807, 807 (illus.), 812, 822; tobacco industry in, 71–72 and, 784, 784 (map); Korean War iron curtain speech of, 821 Chesnut, Mary Boykin, 354, 456, 492 and, 828–829; Nixon and, 923 Church of England, see Anglican Cheyenne Indians, 513, 515, 516 (illus.), 923–924; Open Door policy Church Cheyenne Mountain Operations and, 679–680; Taft and, 682; Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Center, 850 Tiananmen Square riots in, 968; Saints, see Mormons Chiang, M. C., 896 trade with, 204, 1004; U.S. troops in, CIA, see Central Intelligence Agency Chicago, 270; Burnham and, 649, 651 680 (illus.); Vietnam and, 852; World (CIA) (illus.); Democratic Convention War II and, 784, 798; in WTO, 1012. Cigarettes, 551, 556, 698, 726, 979 (1968) in, 918, 919 (illus.); jazz in, See also People’s Republic of China Cincinnati, 184, 269, 270 731; organized crime in, 737; race (PRC) Cincinnati Red Stockings, 594 riots in, 705–706, 890; railroads and, China lobby, 825 Cinque, Joseph, 289 (illus.) 324; Republic Steel strike in, 767; Chinampas, 7 CIO, see Committee for Industrial voting in, by ethnic groups, 739; China Syndrome (movie), 938 Organization (CIO); Congress of World’s Columbian Exposition in, Chinatowns, 581 (illus.) Industrial Organizations (CIO) 542 (illus.), 543–544, 634 (illus.) Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), 567, 577 Circular letter, 141 Chicago Defender, 698, 725 Chinese immigrants, 523, 530, 562, Cities and towns, 576–583; banks in, Chicanos/Chicanas: in World War II, 565, 567, 577 217; beautification and, 649–650; 804. See also Hispanics; Mexican- Ch’ing empire (China), 679 black migration to, 492, 558–559, Americans Chippewa, Battle of, 245 698–699; colonial lifestyle in, Chicano Youth Liberation Conference Chippewa Indians, 892 102–104; in 1820 and 1860, 270 (1969), 893 Chisholm Trail, 533 (map); entertainment in, 651–652; Chickamauga, Battle of, 459–460, 469 Chisholm v. Georgia, 198 in Europe, 29; free blacks in, Chickasaw Indians, 110, 177–178, 206, Chivington, John M., 515 366–367; gentrification in, 937; 259 Choctaw Indians, 109, 206, 255, 259, governments of, 611; growth of, Chiefdoms, 6 260, 869 269–270, 576–577; health boards in, Chief executive: Washington as, Cholera, 328, 329 328; Hohokam, 8–9; housing in, 327; 196–197 Chopin, Kate, 603 immigrants in, 380, 580–581, 981; Chief Joseph, 517 (illus.), 518 Chosen People: blacks and, 371–372 influenza epidemic in, 700, 701 Childbearing, 220; antebellum, 281; in Christian Anti-Communist Crusade, (illus.); Jefferson on, 230; lifestyle in, English colonies, 97; in West Africa, 848 326; machine politics in, 587–588; in 27 Christian Coalition, 952, 973, 975, 976, Mesoamerica, 6–8; Mexican- Child care: in African-American 988, 989 Americans in, 530; middle-class community, 656; centers, 800 Christian existentialism, 905 women in, 643; migrants and Child labor, 325, 562 (illus.), 646, 648, Christianity: Enlightenment and, 117; immigrants in, 577–580; mining, 648 (illus.), 649, 702; banning of, expansionism and, 630; Indian 532; Mississippian, 11; in New 764; in coal mines, 561–562; laws conversion to, 62; Jefferson and, England, 59, 271–273; in 1920s, 720; and, 672, 719–720; in mills, 559, 229; Muslims and, 24–25; in 1950s, political life in, 116; poverty in, 561–562 862; slavery and, 358, 370–372; 102–103, 571, 588–591, 591 (illus.); Children: in Great Depression, 765; upheavals in, 31–32; in West Africa, prosperity and, 325; race riots in, homeless, 635 (illus.); in Indian 28, 35. See also Great Awakening; 890; railroads and, 324; reforms in, families, 16, 19; legislation Missions and missionaries; 646–647, 649–651; reservation protecting, 719; in New England, Revivalism; specific groups and Indians in, 869; western 60–61; in 1950s, 861; poor, 588–589, churches development of, 528; white flight 866, 866 (illus.); rearing of, 279–280; Christopher, Warren, 974 from, 983; working-class leisure in, upper-class, 605; urban, 582, 591 Chrysler Corporation, 767 591–596. See also Suburbs; Villages Index I-11

Citizenship: for blacks, 481–482, 622; conscription in, 439–440; slaves in, 534–535; depression of 1893-1897 diversity and, 983; Fourteenth 454–455 (illus.); strategies in, and, 625–626; election of 1884 and, Amendment and, 482; for Indians, 444–446, 447–448, 468–469, 615–616; election of 1888, 616–617; 518, 762; national vs. state, 503 470–472, 472 (map); Union victories election of 1892 and, 624; Pullman City-manager system, 647 in (1864–1865), 468–473, 471 (map), strike and, 570 City upon a hill, 55, 90 472 (map); in West (1861–1862), Clifford, Clark, 917 City Vigilance League, 590 448–449, 449 (map); women in 450 Climate, 4, 29 Civil defense: in Cold War, 825 (illus.), 461, 462–463, 466, 467–468 Clinton, Bill, 806, 878 (illus.), 958; Civil disobedience: King and, 867, 887 Civil wars: in China, 825; in Greece campaign reform and, 1013; “Civil Disobedience” (Thoreau), 336 and Turkey, 821–822; in Spain, 771 election of 1992 and, 973; at end of Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Civil Works Administration (CWA), term, 1007; environment and, 1014; 751–752, 760, 762 754–755, 756 first term of, 973–978; impeachment “Civilization”: of Indians, 62, 206, 259; Clark, Dick, 871 of, 996–997; Lewinsky scandal and, on plantations, 358 (illus.) Clark, George Rogers, 167, 170 (map), 995–996; second term of, 994–1004; Civilized Tribes, see Five Civilized 208 sex scandals and, 987 Tribes Clark, Jim, 889 Clinton, DeWitt, 246, 289 Civil liberties: endangerment of, 145; Clark, Kenneth, 866 Clinton, George, 234; on ratification, in England, 91; World War II and, Clark, William, 235 190 805 Clarke, Elisha, 208 Clinton, Henry, 166, 167, 170–171, 172 Civil rights: for free blacks, 176; Clarke University, 495 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 974, 995, 1007 Johnson, Lyndon B., and, 883; Class: in Cahokia, 13; elites as, Clipper ships, 402 (illus.), 402–403 school desegregation and, 848–850; 105–108; in middle colonies, 79; Cloning, 1011, 1011 (illus.) after World War II, 832–833. See also middling, 276–277; in 1950s, 862; of Closed shop, 830 Civil rights movement paupers, 275; peasants as, 28–29; Cloth: European and Indians uses of, Civil Rights Act: of 1866, 481–482, 484; public education and conflict of, 65; production of, 217 of 1875, 484, 496, 503, 622; of 1957, 603–605; after Revolution, 174; state Clothing: dressmakers and, 553; 850; of 1960, 850; of 1964, 883, 885, constitutions and, 179; Victorian inexpensive mass-produced, 552; in 889, 894 code and, 583; Winthrop on, 55. See 1920s, 720; Revolution and, 174; Civil Rights Cases, 496, 622 also Status; specific classes sewing machines and, 318; in West, Civil Rights Commission, 946 Classicism, 335 257; for women bicyclists, 603. See Civil rights movement: in 1950s, 867; Clay, Cassius, see Ali, Muhammad also Textile industry in 1960s, 874 (illus.), 875–876, Clay, Cassius Marcellus, 358 Coahuila-Texas, 386 887–892; Black Power and, 891–892, Clay, Henry, 246, 251, 287, 288, 391; Coal and coal industry, 327, 544, 892 (illus.); impact of, 890; sit-ins in, banks and, 293; Compromise of 561–562, 650 875–876, 877 (illus.) 1850 and, 409–410, 411; tariff and, Coalition: of New Deal, 758–760; in Civil service: reform of, 501, 614–615 293; as war hawk, 241. See also Seven Years’ War, 128, 129 Civil Service Commission: American System (Clay) Cobb, Ty, 725 homosexuals and, 913 Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), 671, 672 Coca-Cola, 653 Civil Service Reform League, 615 Clean Air Act: of 1963, 879, 885; of Cocaine, 653 Civil War (U.S.), 432–433, 437–475, 446 1990, 972 Code of honor: in Charleston, SC, 361; (map), 449 (map); beginning of, Clean Water Act, 885 in South, 359 433; blacks in Union Army, 455–457; Cleaveland, John, 143 “Code talkers”: Navajo, 804 camera and, 464–465; in Cleland, Thomas Maitland, 814 (illus.) Codices: Mayan, 7 Charleston, 431 (illus.); deaths in, Clemenceau, Georges, 690, 703 Codification of slavery, 74 329, 473; debt from, 502; diplomacy Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, see Cody, William F. (“Buffalo Bill”), 514, in, 452; dissent in, 463–466; in East, Twain, Mark 518, 537 446 (map), 446–448, 469; in 1863, Clemente, Roberto, 869 Coercive Acts, 150–151 458 (map), 458–460, 459 (map), 460 Clemson, Thomas Green, 361 Coeur d’Alene silver-mine strike, 569, (map); emancipation and, 452–454; Clergy: Anglican, 32; criticisms of, 278; 624 final Virginia campaign, 471–472, Hutchinson on, 57; political protests Cohabitation, 913 472 (map); financing of, 440–441; by, 139; slave marriages and, 364. Cohan, George M., 695 impact of, 472; leadership in, See also Religion; specific groups Coin’s Financial School (Harvey), 627 441–443; Lee’s surrender in, 472; Clermont (steamboat), 264 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 83, 96 medicine in, 466–467; mobilization Cleveland, 270, 549 Colby, L. W., 522, 523 (illus.) for, 439–443; naval battles in, 451 Cleveland, Grover, 543, 616, 625, 630, Colby, Marguerite, see Lost Bird (illus.), 451–452; recruitment and 631, 664; cattle industry and, (Marguerite Colby) I-12 Index

Cold Harbor, battle at, 469 Color line, 222–224 and, 820. See also McCarthy, Joseph, Cold War, 783, 815–840, 844; Colt, Samuel, 320–321, 329 and McCarthyism anticommunism and, 834–839; in Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), Communist party (U.S.), see American Asia, 825–828; Berlin blockade and 723, 1002 Communist party airlift, 823 (illus.), 823–824; Carter Columbian exchange, 41–42 Community: Franklin, Benjamin, and, and, 950; containment and, 821–823; Columbia River region, 237, 258, 827 116–117 détente in, 881; division of Europe Columbia University, 119, 602 Community Action Program, 884 after, 824 (map); education and, 870; Columbine High School, 979, 979 Community of women: in New Eisenhower and, 850–853; end of, (illus.) England, 59 965–966, 967–969; Goldwater on, Columbus, Christopher: exploration Company of New France, 83 884; Greece, Turkey, and, 821–822; by, 35–36, 38; on San Salvador, Compass, 34 Korean War and, 828–830, 829 (map); 23–24; second voyage of, 39 (illus.); Competition, 571, 645; evolutionary left and right in, 837 (illus.); movies transfer of organisms and, 36, 41–42 theory and, 644; industrialization of, 835 (illus.); new world order after, Comanche Indians, 14, 110, 112, 515, and, 544–545; railroads and, 547; 1001–1002; polarization and, 516 trusts and, 550–551 820–821; Reagan and, 958 Comics, 802; anticommunist, 835 Compiègne: World War I and, 703 Cole (ship): bombing of, 1001 Coming of Post-Industrial Society, Comprehensive Drug Abuse Act Cole, Thomas, 340–343 The:.... (Bell), 983–986 (1970), 945 Colfax, Schuyler, 500 “Coming out”: of gays, 913 Compromise of 1850, 409–411, 410 Collective action: by women, 282 Commerce: under Constitution (U.S.), (map) Collective bargaining, 701–702; ban 187; in English colonies, 86; ICC Compromise of 1877, 506–507 of, 858 and, 618; interstate, 264; maritime, Compromise Tariff, see Tariffs, of 1833 College of New Jersey, see Princeton 94 (illus.). See also Trade Compton, Arthur H., 732 College of Rhode Island, see Brown Commercial agriculture: market Computers, 855–856, 964 (illus.), 986; University economy and, 262 PCs and, 940–941; World War II and, Colleges, see Universities and colleges Commission on Training Camp 793 Collier, John, 762, 869 Activities, 687, 701 Comstock, Anthony, 589 Collier’s magazine, 645 Committee for Industrial Comstock, Daniel, 772 Collins, Dan, 815, 816 Organization (CIO), 766 Comstock, Henry, 531–532 Collot, Victor, 213 Committee of Seventy, 590 Comstock Lode, 531, 532 Colombia: Panama Canal and, 680 Committee on Public Information Concentration camps: in Cuba, 632; Colonias, 733, 804, 869 (CPI), 693 Jews in, 807–810 Colonies and colonization, 42, 53–54; Committees of correspondence, Concord, 124, 152, 153 (illus.) in Chesapeake, 68–75; debt and, 148–149, 151 Condict, John, 217 129–132; Dutch, 49–50, 78–79; Committees of observation and safety, Condom, 281 economy and society in, 94–108; 151 Coney Island, 595–596, 652 (illus.) English, 47–49, 54, 100 (map); Committee to Re-Elect the President Confederación de Uniones de Enlightenment and, 116–117; (CREEP), 929 Campesinos y Obreros Mexicanos, French, 82, 83–84, 96, 113 (map); Commoner, Barry, 926 769 independence of, 160; middle Common Law, The (Oliver Wendell Confederacy, see Iroquois colonies, 78 (map), 78–82; in New Holmes, Jr.), 645 Confederacy England, 55–68, 63 (map); Norse, Commons: enclosure of, 29 Confederate Congress, 440, 456–457, 15–16; population of, 163; public life Common Sense (Paine), 153–154 463 in, 114–120; resistance by women in, Common Sense Book of Baby and Confederate Constitution, 442 142–143; Restoration, 77; on Child Care (Spock), 861 Confederate States of America, 427, Roanoke Island, 46–47; royal Commonwealth: in Massachusetts, 60 429, 437, 439–440; diplomacy of, centralization of, 90–91; slavery and, Commonwealth v. Hunt, 383 452; dissent in, 463; finances of, 441; 75–76, 77–78; Spanish, 84–88, 96, 97, Communes: counterculture and, 915 after Gettysburg, 460; population 112–113, 113 (map); statehood and, Communication(s), see Media; and economic resources of, 178–180; Swedish, 78, 79; urban Transportation; specific forms 443–444; society in, 460–468; war areas in, 102–104; after World War I, Communism: in Asia, 853; in mobilization by, 439–443. See also 703. See also Immigrants and Cambodia, 921; Cold War and, 816; Civil War (U.S.); Reconstruction; immigration; Parliament (England); containment of, 872; at Oneida Union (Civil War); specific issues specific colonies community, 314; Red Scare and, 706; Conference for Progressive Political Colorado, 258, 385, 399, 528 in Russia, 689, 704; Smith Act and, Action (CPPA), 719 Colored Orphan Asylum, 463 848; in Third World, 880; Truman “Confessions”: of Turner, Nat, 346 Index I-13

Confiscation Acts (1861 and 1862), 943–944; in 1990s-2000s, 988–989; Contract with America, 976 453, 454, 455, 470 Bush, George W., 1007–1012; Clinton Contras, 968; Reagan and, 956–957. Conflict: in Europe, 28; regional, 160; and, 975–978, 996–997; McCarthyism See also Iran-contra scandal in white South, 356. See also Wars and, 848; in New Deal, 764; Nixon Converse, Frederick, 731 and warfare; specific battles and and, 918–919, 926; Reagan and, 952; Conversion: of blacks, 371; by conflicts southern Democrats as, 491; on Franciscans, 204; by French Conformity: in 1950s, 860–865, 873 Supreme Court, 972; after World War missionaries, 82; in Great Conglomerates, 856 II, 830. See also Right wing Awakening, 118; Half-Way Covenant Congo River region, 25 Consolidation: business, 647, 714, and, 61–62; of Indians, 62; Puritans Congregationalists, 91, 119, 120, 300, 856–857; labor, 858 and, 33; by Shakers, 303 301 Conspicuous consumption, 644 Conversos, 25; Teresa of Avila as, 32 Congress: under Articles of Constitution(s): Articles of Convict laborers, 100 Confederation, 180; under Confederation as, 160; in Carolina, Convict-lease system, 621 (illus.), 622 Constitution, 187, 188; Continental, 77; Confederate, 442; in Missouri, Cook, James, 204, 808 163; Contract with America and, 251; Reconstruction and, 483; rights Cooke, Jay, 441, 502 976; Eightieth, 830–831; Eighty-first, in, 178 Coolidge, Calvin, 707, 716–719, 745 834; Eighty-ninth, 884–885; election Constitution (ship), 239, 243, 243 Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 77 of 1952 and, 840; election of 1992 (illus.) Cooper, James Fenimore, 256, 334, and, 973; election of 1994 and, 976; Constitution (U.S.): approval of, 335, 536 ex-Confederates in, 481; Johnson, 187–188; courts in, 197; creation of, Cooperatives: farmer, 617, 618, 619 Andrew and, 481–482; New Deal 185–189; interpretation of, 249; Copland, Aaron, 731, 774 and, 758; powers of, 249; Seventy- ratification of, 160, 189–191; Copley, John Singleton, 143 (illus.), ninth, 819; special electoral Reconstruction and, 503; role of 194 (illus.) commission of (1877), 506. See also government under, 248; on slavery, Copperheads, 463, 469–470 Continental Congress 188; strict constructionism of, Coral Sea, Battle of, 797 Congress: provincial, 152 233–234 Corbett, “Gentleman Jim,” 594 (illus.), Congressional Reconstruction, Constitutional Convention, 186–187 598 483–485, 485 (map), 488, 490–491, Constitutional crisis: in British CORE, see Congress of Racial Equality 508–509; black suffrage, Fifteenth Empire, 124 Corn: cotton production and, 348. See Amendment, and, 486–488 Constitutional Union party, 428 also Maize (corn) Congressional Union, 658 Construction industry, 746 Corne, Michael Felice, 243 (illus.) Congress of Industrial Organizations Construction of a Dam (Gropper), 757 Cornelius Low House, 108, 108 (illus.) (CIO), 767, 830. See also AFL-CIO (illus.) Cornell University, 585, 586 Congress of Racial Equality, 802, 887, Consumer price index, 819 Cornwallis, Charles, 171 (map), 172 892 Consumers, 872–873; in 1920s, 545, Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 44 Conkling, Roscoe, 614–615 745; in 1990s, 987–988; culture of, Corporations: bankruptcies and fraud Connecticut, 91, 119, 147 658; department stores and, 584; in, 1020–1021; CEO earnings and, Connecticut Compromise, 187 electronics for, 937; after World War 1021; dominance by, 714; gender Connecticut Gazette, 154 II, 819 and labor in, 644 (illus.); Hoover Connecticut River Valley region: Consumers’ League of New York, 589 and, 739; labor unions and, 716; Pequot War and, 56 Contagion theory of disease, 328 multinational, 856; in 1990s, 1002; Connor, Eugene “Bull,” 879 (illus.), 888 Containment doctrine, 821, 830, 872 organization of, 549–551; rise of, Conquistadors, 8, 40–41 Continental Army, 152, 160, 162 544–551; Supreme Court on, Conroy, Jack, 748–749 (illus.), 163–164, 166 248–249; unionization and, Conscience Whigs, 400, 417 Continental Association, 152 767–768; workers and growth of, Conscientious objectors (COs), 696 Continental Congress, 163, 180; First, 647–649. See also Business Consciousness-raising: women’s 151–152; Second, 152, 153 Corpus Christi, 395 liberation and, 895 Continentals (currency), 180 Corregidor, 788 Conscription, see Draft (military) Continental System, 239 Corruption (political), 649; civil Conscription Act (1862), 440 Contraband: slaves as, 453, 454–455 service reform and, 614–615; in Conservation, 834; of energy, 951; Contraceptives, 660, 913. See also Grant administration, 500–501; in environmental, 722, 879; Roosevelt, Birth control Reconstruction governments, 490; Theodore, and, 664–666; in West, Contracts: for freedmen, 497; for Tweed Ring and, 500 (illus.) 537–539 indentured servants, 70 (illus.); Cortés, Hernán, 41, 41 (illus.) Conservatives and conservatism: in Supreme Court on, 248–249; “yellow Cortina, Juan, 529 1950s, 860; in 1960s, 884; in 1970s, dog,” 569 Cosby, William, 116 I-14 Index

Cosby Show, 945 Coxey’s army, 625, 626, 626 (illus.) Crow Dog, Mary, 893 Cosmetics industry, 715 CPI, see Committee on Public Crow Indians, 15, 513, 515 Costa Rica, 956 Information (CPI) Crusades, 25 Cost of living: after World War II, 819 CPPA, see Conference for Progressive Cuba, 127; Batista in, 782; Bay of Pigs Cotopaxi (Church), 340 (illus.) Political Action (CPPA) fiasco and, 880; Castro and, 853; Cotton Club, 728, 729 Cradle Will Rock, The (Blitzstein), 756 expansionism and, 416; Mose, “Cotton diplomacy,” 452 Craft organizations, 271 Florida, residents in, 107; slaves in, Cotton gin, 224, 262, 271, 318, 319 Crafts: earnings through, 101 40–41; Spanish-American War and, Cotton industry, 217, 262, 271; child Crane, Stephen, 600 632–636, 633 (map); U.S. labor in, 561–562, 562 (illus.); in Crash, see Stock market, crash (1929) expansionism and, 632 Civil War, 462, 463; cotton-mill Crawford, William, 287, 288 Cuban missile crisis, 880–881 economy and, 559–560; exports as Creationists, 734 Cubans: immigration by, 769, 885; in percentage of U.S. exports, 348 Credit: easy money and, 502; Miami, 982, 984, 985 (illus.); extent of, 347–348; fertilizer Hamilton on, 199–200; land Cullom, Shelby M., 547 for, 322; King Cotton and, 346–351; speculation and, 263; panics and, Cultivation: in Archaic societies, 5 mills in, 270, 272–273; production 249, 264; purchases with, 715; in Cult of domesticity, 583–584, 602 and slaves (1790–1860), 348 (illus.); Reconstruction South, 498–499 Cultural diversity: citizenship and, slavery and, 223–224; strikes in, 769 Credit cards, 858 983; in Miami, 985; in middle Coughlin, Charles, 755 Crédit Mobilier scandal, 500, 610 colonies, 78, 79; between 2500 B.C.- Council of Economic Advisers, 819, Creek confederacy, 78, 162–163 1500 A.D., 5–16; in 2000, 980; in 845 Creek Indians, 44, 86, 110, 206 (illus.), Western Hemisphere, 2; World War Council of Foreign Ministers, 807 259; land cession by, 184; II and, 804–805, 809 Council of National Defense: Woman’s Oglethorpe and, 111; removal of, Culture(s): in 1920s, 720–726; in 1930s, Committee of, 697 260; Spain and, 112, 205–206 770–777; in 1950s, 862–863; after Council of Nobles: in Carolina, 77 Creel, George, 693 1960s, 936, 937–962; in 1990s-2000s, Council of Trent, 32 Creoles, 98–99, 599 978–989; African-American, 369–373, Councils: in states, 178. See also Cressy, Josiah P., 403 656; Andean, 7 (map); business Assemblies; Legislature Crick, Francis, 1010 values and, 715; comparison of, 16; Counterculture, 906, 910–913; in Crime, 975; decline in, 979; against conflict in, 596–605; of Eastern Haight Ashbury, 912, 914–915, 915 gays, 988 (illus.); in Miami, 985; Woodlands, 10–14; European, (illus.). See also Youth movement prison reform and, 311–312; rights 28–30; of free blacks, 367; Indian, Counter-Reformation, 32 of criminals and, 886, 887; teenage, 177–178, 513–514, 518, 520–521; of Country of the Pointed Firs, The 870. See also Organized crime; Mesoamerica and South America, (Jewett), 600 Shootings 5–8; Mexican-American in Country party (England), 138 Crimean War, 464 Southwest, 529–530; middle-class, Coups: in Iran, 852 Crittenden, John J., 432, 433 583–586; nonfarming, 14–16; of Coureurs de bois, 84 CROATOAN, 47 Northwest Coast, 14 (illus.); Paleo- Course of Empire, The (Cole), 340 Croatoan Indians, 47 Indian, 4; popular, 694–695, 802; Courthouse, 115 (illus.) Crocker, Charles, 565 public education and, 307; slave, “Court-packing” scheme, 762–763 Crockett, Davy, 388 105 (illus.); of Southwest, 8–10; of Court party (England), 138 Croly, Herbert, 644–645, 667, 696 television, 864–865; Victorians and, Court system, 197–198; establishing, Cromwell, Oliver, 61 597–600. See also Popular culture; 197–198; in New England, 59; Cronkite, Walter, 882 (illus.), 916 Society; specific cultures progressive thought and, 645; Sugar Cronon, William, 665 Culture of Disbelief, The (Carter), 944 Act and, 133–134; in Virginia, 68. See Crop-lien system, 499–500, 618 Culture of Narcissism, The (Lasch), 937 also Judiciary; Supreme Court Crop rotation, 102, 351 Culture of poverty, 883 Covenant: of League of Nations, 704; Crops: in Archaic societies, 5; in Culture wars, 988–989 of Puritans, 61–62 Carolina, 77; Columbian exchange Cumberland Gap, 168 Covenant Chain, 110–111 and, 42; in Eastern Woodlands, 14; Cuomo, Mario, 976 Covert actions, 851–852, 956 in Georgia, 112; of Inca, 8; markets Currency: bank controversy and, 294; Cowboys: cattle frontier and, 533–535, for, 262; in Midwest, 319; Panic of California banknotes as, 386; euro 534 (illus.) 1819 and, 264; planting of, 18 (illus.); as, 1004; gold/silver coins and U.S. Cowley, Malcolm, 748 after Revolution, 181; in Southwest, Treasury notes, 613; reform of, Cox, Archibald, 930, 931 7. See also Agriculture; specific crops 670–672; sound-money vs. easy Cox, George B., 612 “Cross of Gold” speech, see Bryan, money, 502. See also Money; Specie Cox, James M., 707, 717 William Jennings Currency Act (1900), 629 Index I-15

Curry, John, 363 Davenport, James, 119 DeForest, Lee, 772 Cushing, Harvey, 732 Davis, David, 506 Deforestation, 29, 102, 1014 Custer, George Armstrong, 516 Davis, Henry Winter, 480 Deganawidah (the Peacemaker), 1–2, Custer’s last stand, 516–518 Davis, Jefferson, 427, 429, 455, 457, 50 Custom-made products, 553 469, 471, 508; cabinet of, 442; Deists, 117 Customs: Boston Massacre and, 145; dissent and, 463–466; as wartime Delany, Martin, 455 revenue act enforcement and, leader, 441, 442 Delaware, 443 143–145; in West, 257–258 Davis, John W., 719 Delaware Indians, 80, 109, 111, 126, Customs agents, 144–145 Davis, Katherine Bement, 659 132, 147, 162, 167, 183 Cuyahoga River, 926 Davis, Miles, 863 Delaware River region, 82, 164 Cuzco, 8 Dawes, William, 152 Dellinger, Gilbert, 668 (illus.) CWA, see Civil Works Administration Dawes Severalty Act (1887), 518–519, Demilitarized zone: after World War I, (CWA) 519 (map), 535–536, 762 703 Cystic fibrosis, 1011 Day care: centers for, 660, 943 Democracy, 179; Federalist fear of, 211 Czechoslovakia, 526, 704, 823; in Dayton, Ohio, 647, 647 (illus.) Democracy and Education (Dewey), World War II, 783–784, 785 Dayton Accords, 997 645 Czech Republic, 998 D-Day, 793, 795–796, 796 (illus.) Democracy and Social Ethics Czolgosz, Leon, 663 DDT, 793, 858, 879 (Addams), 645 Deadwood Dick (Wheeler), 534 Democracy in America (Tocqueville), Dabney, Thomas, 354–355 Dean, Gordon, 827 (illus.) 256, 299 Daguerreotypes, 464 Dean, James, 871, 906 Democratic Leadership Council Dairy production, 218 (illus.), Dean, John, 930, 931 (illus.) (DLC), 958 218–219, 219 (illus.) Death rates, see Casualties; Mortality Democratic National Committee: Dakotas, see North Dakota; South rate Watergate break-in and, 929 Dakota Debating societies, 281 Democratic National Convention Dakota Sioux, 449, 515 De Bow, J. D. B., 349 (1968), 918, 919 (illus.) Daley, Richard, 917 Debs, Eugene V., 570, 661–662, 662 Democratic party, 285 (illus.), 286, Dallas: Kennedy assassination in, 881, (illus.), 663, 667–670, 696, 697, 707, 400, 421, 610–611, 832–833, 833 882 (illus.) 707 (illus.), 766 (map); banking and, 297; in Civil Dalrymple, Oliver, 535 Debt: after Civil War, 502; colonial, War, 441, 442–443, 463; Dixiecrats Dams: Hetch Hetchy Valley and, 129–132; enslavement and, 34; and, 832, 833; ethnicity and, 668–669; New Deal and, 761 Hamilton and, 199; market 612–613; expansion and, 378; free Danbury Hatters case, 660 economy and, 262; of planters, 353; soilers and, 416; Fugitive Slave Act Dance: black, 372–373 Revolutionary, 173, 185. See also and, 413; immigrant affiliations Dance halls, 596, 652 National debt with, 383–384; Kansas and, 419 Danger of an Unconverted Ministry Decatur, Stephen, 230 (illus.) (illus.); leaders of, 287; Locofocus in, (Gilbert Tennent), 119 December 7, 1941, see Pearl Harbor 295; New Deal coalition of, 758–760; Daniels, Bob, 945 (illus.) Declaration of Independence, in 1920s, 717, 719; origins of, 289; Danish immigrants, 526 154–155, 168; bicentennial of, 948; political ideologies of, 611, 612; in Danvers, see Salem Village (Danvers) slavery and, 175 Reconstruction, 491, 504–505, 507; Darby, James, 981 Declaration of Purposes, 892 redemption and, 505; regional Dar-es-Salaam embassy bombing, Declaration of Sentiments, 311 strength of, 612; slavery and, 1000 Declaratory Act (1766), 137, 146 399–400; in South, 624 Darrow, Clarence: Scopes trial and, 734 Dedham, Massachusetts, 59 Democratic People’s Republic of Dartmouth College, 119 Deep South, see Lower South Korea, see North Korea Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Deere, John, 319 Democratic politics (1824–1832), 248–249 Defense: in 1950s, 854; in 1960s, 879; 287–294 Darwin, Charles, 537, 571, 644, 734 missiles for, 1009. See also Security “Democratic Vistas” (Whitman), 605 Daschle, Tom, 1022 (safety) Demographics: in Chesapeake, 70; of Das Kapital (Marx), 571–572 Defense Department, 822 immigrants to British colonies, 99; Daugherty, Harry, 717 Defense spending, 825; from 1941- West African slave trade and, 35 Daughters of Bilitis, 913 1960, 825; from 1950-1953, 830; Demonetization: of silver, 613 Daughters of Liberty, 143 World War II and, 785, 790, 817 Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Daughters of the American Revolution Deficit, 954, 970–971, 974; in New Development Act (1966), 885 (DAR), 760 Deal, 763; Reagan and, 959; Dempsey, Jack, 725 Davenport, Charles B., 654 recession and, 1012; trade, 1004 Deng Xiaoping: Carter and, 950 I-16 Index

Denmark, 786 Diggers, 915 Distribution of income: in 1990s, Dennett, Mary Ware, 660 Digital Equipment Corporation 1003–1004 Dennison, Patience, 59–60 (DEC), 940 Distribution of wealth: in New Dennis v. United States, 836 Dillard, Annie, 825 England, 63; single tax and, 571 Departments of government, see Dillinger, John, 770 Distribution systems: in 1920s, 714; of specific departments Dime novels, 534, 537 railroads, 545 Department stores, 584–585, 585 Dingley Tariff (1897), 629 District of Columbia: slavery in, 409, (illus.), 651 Diphtheria: epidemic of, 118 410 Deposit Act (1836), 295, 297 Diplomacy: Adams, John, and, District schools, 307 Deppe, Ferdinand, 385 (illus.) 215–216; Bush, George W., and, Diversification: economic, 95 Depressions: of 1830s, 324–325; of 1009; in Civil War (“cotton Diversity, see Cultural diversity 1840s, 390; of 1873, 498, 502, 527, diplomacy”), 452; Indian-British Division of labor: on southern 618–619; of 1893-1897, 624, (1764), 132 (illus.); in 1920s, plantations, 352 625–626; in Chesapeake, 72; in New 718–719; Nixon and, 923–924; Divorce, 220, 603, 643, 801, 816; in England, 185; Panic of 1837 and, Washington and, 205. See also New England, 60; sexual revolution 297; after Revolution, 181. See also Foreign policy and, 912–913 Great Depression; Panics Direct election: of presidential Dix, Dorothea, 313, 467 De Priest, Oscar, 720 electors, 287; of senators, 673 Dixiecrats, 832, 833 Deregulation, 953–954 Direct primary, 647, 648 Dixieland jazz, 599, 731 Desegregation, 849 (illus.), 867; of Disabled persons, 971, 971 (illus.) Djerassi, Carl, 896 buses, 867; Nixon and, 928–929; in Discount chains, 935–936 DNA: genetics research and, 1010 Reconstruction South, 496; of Discrimination: against African- Doctors, see Medicine; Physicians schools, 848–850. See also Civil Americans, 275–276; against Asian Doctrine of separate spheres, see rights movement children, 682; by gender, 894; Separate spheres doctrine Deseret, 377–378. See also Utah industrialization and, 565; job, 971; Documentaries: in 1930s, 770 Desert: cultures of, 14–15 resistance to, 768–769; in Dodge, Josephine, 658 Desert Land Act (1877), 526 Southwest, 529–530; wage, 715 Doeg Indians, 73 Desert Storm, see Operation Desert Disease: AIDS and, 942–943; Dole, Robert, 976, 994 Storm antebellum, 328–329; in Carolina, Dollar diplomacy, 681, 682 De Soto, Hernando, 43, 44 77; in Chesapeake, 70; in cities, 102; Domesticity, 311; in 1950s, 861–862; Despotism: Jefferson and, 230 in Civil War, 467; diphtheria women’s movement and, 894 Destroyers-for-bases swap, 787 epidemic and, 118; genetic research Domestic policy, see specific presidents Détente policy, 881, 923–924, 962 and, 1011; health movements and, Domestic sphere, 659 Detroit, 109, 132, 254 (illus.); Brant at, 326; among Indians, 54, 62, 946; Dominican Republic, 38, 232, 782; 184; growth of city, 270; racial indoor plumbing and, 555; in New intervention in, 681, 682, 683 protests in, 803, 890–891; in War of England, 60; in Philadelphia, 130; Dominion of New England, 91, 93 1812, 245 among slaves, 366; smallpox as, 234; Domino theory, 852–853 Dewey, George, 632, 633 (map), 637 in Spanish-American War, 633; Donahue brothers, 565 Dewey, John, 645, 678, 696, 697 Spanish introduction of, 41–42, 204; Donaldson, John, 595 Dewey, Thomas E., 798, 833 theories of, 328–329; treatments for, Donelson, Fort, 448 De Witt, John, 805 (illus.) 861; in urban slums, 582; in World Donnelly, Ignatius, 620, 621, 624 Dewson, Molly, 760 War I, 691. See also Epidemics Donner party, 389 Dial, The (magazine), 313 Disestablishment, 180 Dos Passos, John, 724, 748 Días, Bartolomeu, 34 Disfranchisement: of black voters, Dot-coms, 1003; recession and, 1012 Díaz, Adolfo, 681–682 621; of middle-class women, 658 Doubleday, Abner, 593 Díaz, Porfirio, 683 Disinherited, The (Conroy), 748–749 “Double V” campaign, 802, 803 (illus.) Dickinson, Anna E., 467 Disney, Walt, 773, 836; theme parks of, Douglas, Helen Gahagan, 840 Dickinson, Emily, 338 937, 987 Douglas, Stephen A., 414–415, 422, Dickinson, John, 137, 139, 141, 151, 180 Displaced Persons Act, 834 424 (illus.); Compromise of 1850 Dictatorship: in Germany, 783 Dissent: in Civil War, 463–466; legal and, 410; election of 1860 and, Diem, Ngo Dinh, 853, 880 (illus.), suppression of, 697–698; in New 428–429; Lincoln debates with, 898–899 England, 56–58; in Plymouth, 49; in 423–425 Dienbienphu, 852 World War I, 696–697. See also Douglas Aircraft Corporation, 826 Diet: antebellum, 327; in Civil War, Protest(s); Puritans and Puritanism; Douglass, Frederick, 309, 365, 413 450; health and, 329; of slaves, 366. Separatists (illus.), 453, 455, 456, 486, 507, 623; See also Food(s); Nutrition Distant Early Warning Line, 850 freedom of, 369; on slavedriver, 364 Index I-17

Doves (Vietnam War), 900–901, 902, Dutch East Indies, 788 Confederate, 443–444, 462–463; 917 Dutch Reformed Church, 118 crop-lien, 498–500; diversification Dow Chemical Company, 908 Duties, 199; Townshend, 140–141. See of, 95; in 1840s, 390; election of 1860 Dow Jones Industrial Average, 954, 1002 also Tariffs; Taxation and, 428; Embargo Act and, 240; in Downing, Andrew Jackson, 280, 352 Dwellings, see Housing Europe, 30–31; expansionism and, Draft (military), 687 (illus.); for Civil Dwight, Timothy, 299 630; globalization of, 1001, 1004; War, 440; peacetime, 787; resistance Dylan, Bob, 911, 938 growth of, 551–557, 557, 713; to, 697; Vietnam War and, 901, Dynamic conservatism, 844–845 Hamilton and, 199–200; Hoover 908–910; in World War I, 687 Dynamic Sociology (Ward), 571 and, 739; households, market Drake, Edwin L., 549 production, and, 216–217; Drake, Francis, 46 Eagleton, Thomas, 930 industrialization and, 271; Dred Scott v. Sandford, 421–422, 425, Eakins, Thomas, 601 Japanese, 825; Kennedy, John F., 482 Earl, Ralph, 153 (illus.) and, 878–879; Keynes and, 757; Dreiser, Theodore, 600–601, 730 Early, Jubal A., 469 laissez-faire and, 571, 611, 625, 626; Drive-in restaurants, 860 (illus.) Earth Day (1970), 926, 927 (illus.), 938 market, 262–270; mass Drought: in Great Plains, 620; East: Civil War in, 446 (map), 446–448, merchandising and, 935–936; of Southwest cultures and, 9–10. See 458 (map), 458–459, 469; Second Miami, 985; national bank and, also Dust bowl Great Awakening in, 300–301 200–201; nativism and, 382; in New Drugs: in 1970s, 945; in 1990s, 981; Eastern Europe: Cold War and, 816; Deal, 750, 763; “new economy” and, abuse of, 653; in Latin America, 968; Soviets and, 807, 820. See also Cold 983–987; Nixon and, 926–927; of in Miami, 985; regulation of, 664; War Pennsylvania, 82; of Plymouth youth culture and, 911, 914 (illus.). Eastern Hemisphere: peoples of, 16 colony, 49; Puritans and, 55; See also Counterculture Eastern Niantic Indians: Ninigret as, railroad boom and, 502; Reagan Dry farming, 527 65 (illus.) and, 952, 953–956; recession and, “Dual citizenship” doctrine, 503 Eastern State Penitentiary 954, 1012; in Reconstruction, 498; Du Bois, W. E. B., 582, 601, 657, 657 (Pennsylvania), 312 (illus.) after Revolution, 180–181, 185–186; (illus.), 688, 736 Eastern Woodlands region: cultures of, service sector of, 936; of South, Duels: Burr-Hamilton, 235; in South, 10–14, 15, 16 348–349, 559–560; of South 359 Easter Offensive: in Vietnam, 921 Carolina, 77; technology and, Dukakis, Michael, 967 East Florida, 171, 232, 251. See also 318–326; of Union, 443–444, Duke, James B. (“Buck”), 556 Florida 461–462; of West Africa, 27; of West Dulles, Allen, 851 East Germany, 824, 850 Indies, 75–76; World War I and, Dulles, John Foster, 850–851, 853 East India Company, 148, 149, 210 688–689, 698; World War II and, Dull Knife, 518 East Jersey, 80 790–793, 818–819. See also Duluth Imperial Flour Company, 556 Eastman, George, 465, 556 Depressions; Great Depression; (illus.) Easton, Pennsylvania: treaty at, 126 Panics; specific presidents Dunkirk, battle at, 786 Eastwood, Clint, 988 Ecosystems, 761; global warming and, Dunmore (Lord) (John Murray), Easty, Mary, 67 1014; in New England, 62. See also 149–150, 150 (illus.), 162 Easy money policy, 502 Environment Du Pont, E. I.: Erie Canal and, 266 Eaton, John H., 292 Edenton Ladies’ Tea Party, 148 (illus.) Du Pont corporation, 647 Eaton, Peggy, 291 (illus.), 292 Edison, Thomas A., 543, 552 (illus.), Duquesne, Fort, 125–126, 126 (map), Eaton, Theophilus: home of, 57 (illus.) 552–553, 694, 694 (illus.) 127 Eckford, Elizabeth, 849 (illus.) Edison Illuminating Company, 553 Durand, Asher, 340 Eclipse (steamboat), 265 Education: anticommunism and, 835; Dürer, Albrecht, 35 (illus.) Ecology, see Environment Asian immigrants and, 947; blacks During the World War (Lawrence), 699 Economic Opportunity Act (OEO, and, 496, 945; Bush, George, and, (illus.) 1964), 883–884, 885 971; Bush, George W., and, 1007; of Durkin, Martin, 845 Economic policy, 610 colonists, 116; freedmen’s on Sea Dust bowl, 536, 754, 754 (map), 763 Economic self-interest, 611 Islands, 457 (illus.); Harris and, (illus.) Economy: in 1920s, 712–716; in 1970s, 603–604; for Indians, 520–521; Dutch, 42, 47; colonies of, 49–50, 78 951; in 1990s, 987–988, 1002–1004; medical schools and, 277; in New (map); English and, 79; Iroquois affluence and, 854–860; Bush and, England, 57; in 1950s, 861, 862; and, 78, 79; New Netherland and, 970–971; Carter and, 951; Civil War opposition to, 604–605; public vs. 78; Revolutionary War and, 166; and, 473; Clinton and, 973, 974–975; private, 605; Puritans and, 56–57; West Indies colonies of, 75, 76. See colonial, 94–108, 96; reform and, 603–605; in sciences, also Netherlands commercialization of, 278; 870; in South, 350–351, 496, 558; I-18 Index

upper class and, 605; for women, 500; of 1872, 501, 503; of 1876, establishment and, 597–600; in New 221, 716. See also Schools; 505–507, 507 (map); of 1878, 613; of York, 79–80, 80 (map); politics and, Universities and colleges 1880, 609, 610, 614; of 1882, 615; of 115; Revolution and, 153; Sons of Edward VI (England), 32 1884, 615–616; of 1888, 615, Liberty and, 137; in state Edwards, Jonathan, 118, 120, 301 616–617; of 1890, 617, 620; of 1892, governments, 179; Washington as, EEOC, see Equal Employment 622, 624; of 1894, 627, 629; of 1896, 196–197. See also Class; Upper class Opportunity Commission (EEOC) 610, 627 (map), 627–629; of 1900, Elizabeth I (England), 32, 33, 46, 47 Efficiency experts, 648 629, 636; of 1904, 664; of 1908, 666; Ellington, Duke, 731, 774 Egalitarianism: among white males, of 1910, 667; of 1912, 662, 663, Ellis Island, 579, 653, 655 (illus.) 174–175 667–670, 670 (map); of 1916, 673, Ellison, Ralph, 729, 865 Egypt: Nasser and, 853; peace accord 686; of 1918, 703; of 1920, 707, 717; Ellison, Robert J., 899 (illus.) with Israel, 950 (illus.), 950–951; of 1922, 719; of 1924, 719; of 1928, Ellsberg, Daniel, 928 Suez crisis and, 853 737–739, 739 (map); of 1932, 744, Elmina, 35 Ehrlich, Paul, 926 749, 749 (map); of 1934, 755; of Elmira, battle at, 167 Ehrlichman, John, 930, 931 (illus.) 1936, 758–760; of 1938, 764; of 1940, El Paso: Mexican-American mayor in, Eighteenth Amendment, 671, 673, 786–787; of 1942, 794; of 1944, 798; 869 701, 737 of 1946, 819, 820, 830; of 1948, 819 El Salvador, 956; immigrants from, 985 Eighth Amendment, 198 (illus.), 832–833, 833 (map); of 1950, Emancipation: abolitionism and, Eight-hour workday, 567, 567 (illus.), 839; of 1952, 839–840; of 1956, 845; 308–309; in Civil War, 452–454; 569, 592, 648, 671, 672; strike for, of 1960, 877, 878 (map); of 1964, impact of, 492–500; of slaves in the 569 884, 889; of 1968, 906, 913, 917–918, Atlantic World, 470; southern Eightieth Congress, 830–831 919 (map); of 1970, 929; of 1972, sentiment about, 357 Eight-ninth Congress, 884–885 906, 929–930; of 1976, 948, 951; of “Emancipation Day” (January, 1863), Eighty-first Congress, 834 1980, 951, 953 (map); of 1982, 954; 465 (illus.) Einstein, Albert, 793 of 1984, 958; of 1988, 967; of 1992, Emancipation Proclamation, 448, 452, Eisenhower, Dwight D., 816, 843, 844, 973; of 1994, 976; of 1996, 994; of 470; final, 453–454; preliminary, 453 845 (illus.); Cold War and, 850–853; 2000, 1005–1007, 1006 (map); in Embargo: fuel, 788. See also Arab oil desegregation and, 849–850; 2002, 1021–1022; to Congress, 188; embargo (1973) election of 1952 and, 840; election in Michigan, 284 (illus.); rural, Embargo Act, 239–240, 271 of 1956 and, 845; foreign policy of, 115–116; voting by ethnic groups in, Embassies: bombings of, 1000 850–853; interstate highway system 739. See also Voting and voting Emergency Banking Act (1933), 751 and, 846–847; legacy of, 853–854; rights Emergency Committee for NATO and, 824; presidency of, Electoral college, 287; in Maryland, Employment, 747 844–850; television and, 865; in 179; Twelfth Amendment and, 213; Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 313, 334, World War II, 795, 796, 796 (illus.), in 2000, 1006–1007 335–336, 339, 340; Whitman and, 807, 810, 810 (illus.) Electoral-reform movement, 647 337 El Alamein, 795 Electorate: in Reconstruction South, Emigrants, see Immigrants and El Barrio: in New York, 868 488–490 immigration Elbe River, 807 Electors: conditions for, 115 Empereur family, 53 El Caney Hill, 632, 633 Electrical lighting, 552–553, 652 (illus.) Emperor Jones, The (O’Neill), 729 Elderly: care for, 281. See also Senior Electricity: corporate dominance in, Empires: critics of, 636; Dutch, 49; end citizens 714; environment and, 722; of French North American, 127–128; Elect: Calvin on, 31; Half-Way Franklin’s experiments with, mercantilist, 94–96; Portuguese Covenant and, 62. See also Saints 116–117; leisure activities and, 651, (1610), 39 (map); Spanish (1616), 39 Elections: of 1796, 212–213; of 1800, 652 (illus.) (map), 41; U.S. economic, 679; after 215–216, 227; of 1804, 234; of 1808, Electronics: consumer, 937; industry, World War I, 703. See also specific 240; of 1812, 246; of 1816, 247; of 854–855 countries and empires 1820, 247; of 1824, 287–288; of 1828, Elementary and Secondary Education Employment: in manufacturing, 272 289–290, 290 (map); of 1832, Act (1965), 885 (map); of married women, 765 293–294; of 1836, 296; of 1840, Eleventh Amendment, 198 Employment Act (1946), 819 297–298, 298 (illus.), 298 (map), 310, Eliot, Charles W., 586 Empresarios, 387 390; of 1842, 390; of 1844, 391–394, Eliot, John, 55, 63 Enclosure movement, 29 392 (map); of 1848, 400–401; of Elites: agrarian protest and, 622; Encomiendas, 40, 44, 84, 85 1852, 413–414; of 1856, 421; of 1860, American Revolution and, 161; Encounter (magazine), 851 427, 428–429, 429 (map); of 1862, colonial, 105–108; egalitarianism Endowments: for colleges and 443; of 1864, 469–470, 480; of 1868, and, 174–175; Hopewell, 11; literary universities, 585 Index I-19

Enemies list: of Nixon, 930 of, 75; woman suffrage in, 658; Epidemics: antebellum, 328–329; Energy: Bush, George W., and, 1008, World War I and, 684, 685; World War diphtheria, 118; European-spread, 1014; consumption of, 948; II and, 786. See also American 44; influenza, 700–701, 701 (illus.); environment and, 722–723; sources Revolution; British Empire; Colonies smallpox, 41. See also AIDS; of, 544 and colonization; World War I; World Disease; specific diseases Energy crisis (1973), 924, 927 War II; specific colonies Equal Employment Opportunity Energy Department (DOE), 951; English immigrants: in cities, 577; Commission (EEOC), 889; sex plutonium transfer and, 1014 land promotions and, 526 discrimination and, 894; Thomas, Enforcement Acts (1870–1871), 484 , ENIAC, 793, 855 Clarence, and, 894 492, 503 Enlightenment, 90, 116–117, 137–138 Equality: class and, 276–277; Engineering: Erie Canal and, 267 Enola Gay (bomber), 811 Declaration of Independence on, England (Britain): Alabama claims Enovid, 896–897 155; in Quaker society, 81; race and, and, 501; Anglo-American crisis Enrollment Act (1863), 440, 463 275–276, 875–876; wealth and, and, 208–210; antiterrorism and, Enron Corporation, 1002, 1008, 1020, 274–275; in West, 183; for women, 1017; Atlantic world and, 46–47; 1021 660. See also Civil rights movement; Canada and, 82, 126 (map), 251; Entail, 179–180 specific groups and issues Catawba Indians and, 110; Entertainment: leisure activities and, Equal rights amendment: in 1920s, Chesapeake region and, 68–75; Civil 331–334; mass, 651–652, 723–725; in 719; in 1970s, 938 War (U.S.) diplomacy and, 452; 1950s, 862–863; in World War I, ERA, see Equal rights amendment colonies and, 47–49, 86, 113–114; 694–695, 695 (illus.). See also Era of Good Feelings (1817–1824), 228; debt of, 129; dominance of North Leisure; Movies and movie stars; end of, 287; Monroe and, 248 America, 54; exploration by, 38, 38 Radio; Television; specific forms Erenberg, Lewis, 775 (map); Florida and, 86; France and, “Entirro de un Angel” (Gentilz), 387 Erie Canal, 265, 288; building of, 266 82, 83–84, 166, 207–208; freedom for Entrepreneurs, 217; consolidation (illus.), 266–267; Great Lakes and, slaves and, 149; Georgia and, and, 711–712; railroad, 545 270; locks on, 267 (illus.) 111–112; Glorious Revolution and, Enumerated goods: export barred for, Erie Canal (Hill), 267 (illus.) 91–93; Holy Alliance and, 252; ideas 95 Erie Railroads, 324 from, 90; immigration from, 54 Environment: in 1970s, 938; in 2000s, Erosion, 102; in Great Depression, (map), 74, 378; Indians and, 77–78, 1013–1014; air pollution and, 650, 760 110–111; Ireland and, 46; Jay’s Treaty 855; Anasazi and, 9–10; Archaic Erskine, Robert, 236 and, 210; King William’s War and, 93; peoples and, 5; atomic testing and, Ervin, Sam, 930, 931, 931 (illus.) limited monarchy in, 91; loyalist 827; Bush, George, and, 971–972; Eskimos (Inuits), 3, 15 immigrants from, 161–162; Bush, George W., and, 1009, Espionage, see Spies and spying maritime trade of, 204; middle 1013–1014; Carson, Rachel, and, Espionage Act (1917), 697, 706 colonies and, 78–82; Monroe 858, 858 (illus.); Carter and, 949; Essay Concerning Human Doctrine and, 252; Mose, Florida, colonial farmers and, 102; Understanding (Locke), 117 and, 107; Napoleonic Wars and, Columbian exchange and, 36, Established church, 57 238–239; navy of, 163; New England 41–42; conservation movement in Estevanico, 43 and, 48–49, 55–68; Oregon and, 251, West and, 539; Coolidge and, 718; Estonia, 704, 967 385, 394, 394 (map); Palestine and, energy consumption and, 722–723; Ether, 329 704; peasants in, 29; Puritans in, 61; European deforestation and, 29; Ethical issues: genetic research and, Queen Anne’s War and, 93; Exxon Valdez accident and, 971, 1010–1011 Reformation in, 32–33; revenue 972, 972 (illus.); industrial growth Ethiopia: Italian invasion of, 783 measures from, 128–129; Samoan and, 557; Johnson, Lyndon B., and, Ethnic Albanians, 998 (illus.). Islands and, 630–631; seizure of U.S. 885–886; Kennedy, John F., and, 879; Ethnic cleansing, 997–998 ships by, 208; settlement to 1750, mining and, 533; Mississippian Ethnic groups: IQ testing and, 687; 113 (map); Spain and, 84, 112; culture and, 11–14; in New Deal, Mexican-Americans as, 869; in surrender at Yorktown, 172, 173 760–762; Nixon and, 926; Miami, 984 (illus.), 984–985, 985 (illus.); trade with, 181; U.S.- progressivism and, 664–666; Reagan (illus.); party affiliation and, Canadian fishing rights and, 630; and, 954 612–613; Plessy v. Ferguson and, 623; U.S. war supplies to, 787; Environmental Protection Agency in population, 980–981. See also Venezuela/British Guiana boundary (EPA), 971–972; on air pollution, specific groups dispute and, 630, 631 (map); wage 1014 Etiquette, 583; dueling and, 359 decline in, 29; War of 1812 with, Environmental superfund, 1014 EU, see European Union (EU) 242–246; Washington, D.C. captured EPA, see Environmental Protection Eugenics, 654–655 by, 248 (illus.); West Indies colonies Agency (EPA) Euro, 1004 I-20 Index

Europe: Atlantic world and Exodusters, 505, 506 (illus.), 525 Fair Deal, 833 (1440–1600), 33–42; colonies in Expansion and expansionism: under Fair Employment Practices Middle and North Atlantic (1650), 78 Articles of Confederation, 181–185; Commission (FEPC), 802–803, 832 (map); Columbus and, 24; culture into backcountry, 146–148; Bacon’s Fair Housing Act (1968), 928 and society in, 28–30; eastern North Rebellion and, 73; British in Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 764, American claims and settlements, Georgia, 111–112; challenges to 765 43 (map); economic relations with, American, 204–206; of Chesapeake Fall, Albert, 717 1004; in 1500, 26 (map); German region, 73 (map); critics of, 636; Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 209 aggression before World War II, 783 imperialism and, 639; by Japan, 784, “Fall of the House of Usher, The” (map); immigrants from southern 784 (map); in late 19th century, (Poe), 338 and eastern, 653, 654; Napoleonic 629–637, 631 (map); Louisiana Falwell, Jerry, 943, 944, 952, 975 Wars in, 235; postwar division of, Purchase and, 232–234, 233 (map); Family Assistance Plan (FAP), 926 824 (map); recovery plan for, 822 Manifest Destiny and, 392–393; by Family life, 326 (illus.); of African- (illus.), 822–823; religion in, 31–32, Nazi Germany, 783 (map), 783–784; Americans, 345 (illus.); antebellum, 33 (map); Seven Years' War and, 125; in New England, 62–63; Panama 279–281; automobiles and, 721; in victory in, 807; warfare in Canal and, 680; politics of Chesapeake, 70; city amusements (1689–1713), 93; World War I in, 673, (1840–1846), 389–394; Portugal and, and entertainment, 651; in Civil 683–686; World War II in, 786, 33–34; railroads and, 324; roots of, War, 462 (illus.), 462–463; in Europe, 795–797, 796 (map); Yalta 630; throughout trans-Appalachian 29; family authority and, 278–279; Conference and, 806. See also West, 210. See also Far West; family size and, 216, 220; of former specific countries Westward expansion slaves, 476 (illus.), 492–493; in Great Europeans: Africa and, 24–28; in Ex parte Merryman, 443, 466 Depression, 765–766; on Great Americas (1492–1541), 35–40; Ex parte Milligan, 503 Plains homestead, 527; of Hispanic attitudes toward land, 19; Indians Experimental method, 586 migrants, 868; Indian, 2; and, 15–16 Exploration: by Cook, 204; by Dutch, industrialization and, 271; “little European Union (EU), 1004 49–50; by England (Britain), 38 commonwealth” concept and, 30; of Evangelical Christians: election of (map), 38–39; by France, 38 (map); mill workers, 559–560; in New 1994 and, 976; in 1970s, 944 by Lewis and Clark, 234–238; by England, 60–61; in 1950s, 860–861, Evangelical Protestantism, 301; in Norse, 38, 38 (map); by Portugal, 38, 864 (illus.), 864–865; patriarchal, South, 359–362; temperance 38 (map); by Spain, 38, 38 (map); 281; of Plains Indians, 513; in rural movement and, 306–307 transatlantic (1000–1587), 35–40, 38 communities, 101; of slaves, 362, Evangelism: McPherson and, 734 (map). See also Expansion and 364–365; social change and, 30; Evans, George Henry, 382 expansionism; specific explorers traditional households and, 979; of Evans, Hiram Wesley, 735 and countries wage-earning families, 325–326; in Evans, Oliver, 271 Exports, 713; of cotton, 348 (illus.); of West Africa, 27; white vs. slave, 365; Evans, Walker, 742 (illus.), 771 (illus.), enumerated goods, 95; from French of workers, 648; in World War II, 774 colonies, 96; after Revolution, 181. 799–801 Evers, Medgar, 889 See also Trade Famine: in Europe, 29; in Ireland, 381 “Evil Empire”: Soviet Union as, 956 Exposés: in progressive movement, FAP, see Family Assistance Plan (FAP) Evolution: Darwin and, 537, 644; 645–646 Farber, David, 809 laissez-faire and, 571; Scopes Trial Ex post facto laws, 197 Farewell Address: of Washington, 212 and, 734 Extermination camps: Jews in, Farewell to Arms, A (Hemingway), 730 Excise tax, 199; Whiskey Rebellion 807–810 Farley, James, 750, 759 and, 202 Exxon Valdez (ship), 971, 972, 972 “Farm Aid” concerts, 945 Executive and executive branch, 188; (illus.), 1013 Farmers’ Alliance movement, 615, Articles of Confederation and, 180; 619–621, 622; election of 1890 and, under Constitution (U.S.), 188; Factions, 178, 228; French policy and, 620 departments of, 196; New Deal and, 206–208; Washington on, 212 Farmers’ Holiday Association, 748 758; of Pennsylvania government, Factorage system, 498 Farms and farming, 319–322; Alliance 82; in states, 179; in World War II, 790 Factories, 325; agricultural, 857; movement and, 619–621; in Archaic Executive Order 9981, 833 (illus.) development of, 560–561; as societies, 5; black farmers, 619, 619 Executive Orders: 8802, 802; 9066, 805; sweatshops, 318; worker protection (illus.); bonanza farms, 535; colonial 9835, 834 in, 702. See also Manufacturing; environment and, 102; dairy Executive orders: barring specific industries production and, 218–219; decline of discrimination in federal Fagot, André, 195 family farm, 944–945, 945 (illus.); employment, 833 Fairbanks, Jonathan, 58 depression of 1893-1897 and, 625; Index I-21

dry farming, 527; in Europe, 29; vs. Federal Emergency Management militant, 895; New Deal and, 760; factory workers, 382–383; family life Agency (FEMA), 957 peace movement and, 685; smoking and, 216; farm-product and Federal Emergency Relief Act, 752 and, 726. See also Women; Women’s consumer prices (1865-1913), 618; Federal Employee Loyalty Program, rights in French Canada, 83; Grange 834 FEPC, see Fair Employment Practices movement and, 617–619; in Great Federal Farm Board, 740 Commission (FEPC) Depression, 748, 748 (illus.), 751, Federal Farm Loan Act (1916), 671, Ferdinand of Aragón, 28, 38, 39 (illus.), 752, 757, 760; on Great Plains, 527, 672 40 617; by Hopewell cultures, 11; Federal government, see Government Ferguson, Don, 877 Jefferson and, 263; market economy (U.S.) Ferguson, Miriam (“Ma”), 734 and, 262; in New Deal, 764; in New Federal Highway Act (1916), 672 Fermi, Enrico, 785 England, 61; in 1920s, 714; in Old Federal Housing Administration Ferraro, Geraldine, 958 Northwest, 262; Panic of 1819 and, (FHA), 859 Fertility rate: in 1950s, 860 264; in postwar years, 857–858; Federalism, 188; Jefferson on, 228 Fertilizers, 322, 351 railroad rate discrimination and, Federalist, The, 190–191; No. 10, 191 Festival of Violence (Tolnay and Beck), 547; range wars and, 534; by rural Federalists, 287; constitutional 622 whites, 100–101; in South, 462, 622; ratification and, 189; decline of, 228; Fiction: popular, 339. See also specialization in, 558; tenant disintegration of, 250; elections of Literature farmers, 498–500, 618; unions and, 1800 and, 215; elections of 1808, “Fictive” kin: of slaves, 365 767; wage earners and, 326; in West 1812, and, 246; Hamilton and, Field, James, 620 Africa, 27; by women, 18; in World 198–199, 201; Hartford Convention Field, Marshall, 584, 650 War I, 698; in World War II, 792; of, 246–247; ideology of, 210–211; Field hands: discipline of slaves and, yeomen and, 355. See also land policy and, 262–263; 364 Agriculture; Crops; specific crops strongholds of (1787–1790), 191 Fields, W. C., 819 Farm Security Administration (FSA), (map); War of 1812 and, 242–243 Fiesinger, Gabriel, 167 (illus.) 763–764 Federal Music Project, 756 Fifteenth Amendment, 487, 621; black Farm Tenancy Act (1937), 763 Federal Radio Commission, 719 and woman suffrage and, 486–488 Farm workers: Hispanic, 769 Federal Republic of Germany, see West Fifth Amendment, 836 Farragut, David G., 449 Germany 54th Massachusetts Infantry, 455 Farrell, Frank J., 623 (illus.) Federal Reserve Act (1913), 671, 672 Filibuster (military expedition), 416 Farrell, James T., 748 Federal Reserve Board, 672, 926; in Filipinos: guerrilla warfare of, 636–637 Far West, 258–259, 385–386; Spain in, 1990s, 1002; in 2000s, 1012 Fillmore, Millard, 410, 411, 417, 421 385–386; trade in, 386 Federal Reserve System, 672; Great Finances: Civil War and, 440–441; Fascism, 785, 785 (illus.); defined, 771; Depression and, 745–747 English colonies and, 47; Hamilton opposition in 1930s, 771. See also Federal Securities Act, 753 and, 199–200; railroads and, 325; Italy; Nazi Germany Federal spending: in 1950s, 854 after Revolution, 180–181; World Fast-food chains, 722 Federal Steel, 548 War I and, 692–693, 693 (illus.) Faubus, Orval E., 849 Federal Theatre Project (FTP), Financial panics, see Panics Faulkner, William, 775, 863 756–757, 764 Financier, The (Dreiser), 645 FBI, see Federal Bureau of Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 672, Fink, Mike, 358–359 Investigation (FBI) 753 Finney, Charles G., 300 (illus.), FDIC, see Federal Deposit Insurance Federal Trade Commission Act (1914), 300–301, 309 Corporation (FDIC) 671, 672 Finney, Fort: treaty of, 183 Federal Arts Project, 756–757 Federal troops: used against strikers, Firearms, see Guns Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 569, 570 Fire companies: antebellum, 328 706, 706 (illus.); anticommunist Federal Warehouse Act (1916), 672 (illus.) crusade and, 835; Kennedy, John F., Federal Writers’ Project, 756 Fireside chats, 751 and, 882; Nixon and, 928 Feingold, Russ, 1013 First Amendment, 198, 836 Federal Children’s Bureau, 702 Feinstein, Diane, 973 First Anglo-Powhatan War, 48 Federal Clean Air Act (1990), 972 Female seminaries, 605 First Bank of the United States, Federal Communications Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), 200–201 Commission, 865 876, 894 First Continental Congress, 151–152 Federal Council of Churches, 590 Femininity: attitudes about, 602–603 First Industrial Revolution: computers Federal Deposit Insurance Feminism, 659; in 1920s, 719; of 1960s, and, 855 Corporation (FDIC), 751 894–895; in 1970s, 938–942; of First Manassas, 446–447 Federal Election Commission, 1013 Fuller, 337; Grimké sisters and, 310; First New Deal, 744, 749–756 I-22 Index

First World War, see World War I Forbes, Charles, 717 “42nd Parallel, The (Dos Passos), 748 Fish, Hamilton, 501 Forbes, Edwin, 319 (illus.) “Forty acres and a mule,” 496 Fish, Mary, 177 Force Bill, 293 “Forty-Eighters,” 383 Fishing and fishing industry, 61; Cabot Ford, Gerald R., 931, 947–948 For Whom the Bell Tolls (Hemingway), and, 39; Canada and, 172, 251, 630; Ford, Henry, 651, 787; labor and, 716 771 colonial environment and, 102; Ford Motor Company, 712, 714; Foster, Stephen, 332 French and, 45; after Revolution, 181 anticommunist campaign and, 835; Foster, Vincent, 975 Fisk, Jim, 500 unions and, 767 442nd regimental combat team, 806, Fisk University, 656 Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922), 713 810 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 726, 727, 727 Ford’s Theater: Lincoln’s assassination Four Corners region: Anasazi in, 9 (illus.) at, 472–473 Fourier, Charles, 302 (map) Fitzhugh, George, 357, 427 Foreign markets: expansionism and, Fourteen Points, 702–703 Five Civilized Tribes, 259, 513, 535 630 Fourteenth Amendment, 482–483, Five Forks, Battle of, 471 Foreign policy, 203–210; 487, 496, 622; abortion rights and, Five Nations Iroquois. See Iroquois anticommunist extremism and, 939; Slaughterhouse cases and, 503 Indians 834–835; of Carter, 949–950; of Fourth Amendment, 198 Five Points district, 275 Clinton, 997–1002; containment Fowler, Orson and Lorenzo, 330 Flapper: in 1920s, 727 doctrine and, 821, 830; Contract Fox, George, 80 Flatheads, 513 with America and, 977; Dulles and, Fox, Stephen, 669 Flood Control Act (1928), 718 850–851; Europe-first policy and, Fox Indians, see Mesquakie (Fox) Floods: in Dayton, Ohio, 647 (illus.); in 839; expansionist (1878–1901), Indians Mississippi River watershed, 718, 629–637; toward France, 206–208; France, 33; Adams and, 215–216; 720, 739 Good Neighbor policy, 782–783; of “beaver wars” and, 78–79; Canada Florida, 238; ceded to Britain, 107, Grant, 501; independent and, 82; Civil War (U.S.) diplomacy 127; French in, 45; Mose 1, 106–107; internationalism as, 718–719; and, 452; colonies and, 45–46, 82, purchase of, 232; Revolution and, Jefferson and, 232–234; Kennedy, 83–84, 86, 96; empire of, 112, 113 170; after Revolutionary War, 172; John F., and, 880–881; in Middle (map), 127–128; exploration by, 38 Spain and, 43, 78 (map), 84, 86, 112, East, 1019–1020; Monroe and, (map), 39–40; Huguenots from, 77; 232, 251; 2000 election in, 251–252; new world order and, Indians and, 108–110; Indochina 1006–1007. See also Miami; Mose, 1001–1002; of Nixon, 919–924; of and, 825, 830, 852; Jay’s Treaty and, Florida Reagan, 956–958, 959; of Roosevelt, 210; Kellogg-Briand Pact with, 718; Florida (commerce raider), 452 Theodore, 680–682; of Taft, 681–682; King William’s War and, 93; Flour City: Rochester as, 269 of Truman, 839; Truman Doctrine, Louisbourg and, 113, 114 (illus.); Flour industry: mass production and 822; Washington on, 212; before Louisiana Territory and, 232; métis marketing in, 553–556, 556 (illus.) World War I, 678–683; before World and, 42; Mississippi River region Flower children, 912 War II, 786–787. See also Cold War; and, 84; Napoleonic Wars and, Flu, see Influenza epidemic Diplomacy; specific countries and 238–239; Panama Canal and, 680; Fluorocarbons, 1014 regions; specific presidents and politics and, 206–208; Queen Anne’s Flush toilets, 554 (illus.), 554–555, 555 events War and, 93; Revolutionary War and, (illus.) Forest Service, 664, 722 170; Seven Years’ War and, 125–128; Flying Cloud (ship), 403, 403 (illus.) “Forever Free” (Lewis), 372 (illus.) U.S. recognized by, 166; West Indies Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 661 Forrest, Edwin, 332 and, 75; World War I and, 685, 689, Foch, Ferdinand, 690, 691, 703 Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 352, 455, 491 691; World War II and, 786; XYZ Affair Folk music, 911 Fortas, Abe, 886 and, 213. See also French Revolution Following the Color Line (Baker), 656 Fort Laramie Treaty (1868), 515–516 (1789); World War I; World War II Food(s): of California Indians, 14; in Fort Pillow massacre, 455, 491 Francis I (France), 39–40 early societies, 5–6; of Inca, 8; in “Fortress America,” 787 Franciscans, 44, 387; Indians and, 204; 1920s, 720; price controls on, 819; Fort Robinson massacre, 518 Pueblos and, 85 regulation of, 664. See also specific Forts: British capture of, 126; French, Franck, James, 785 crops in Ohio valley, 125. See also specific Franco, Francisco, 771 Food Administration, 688, 689 forts Franco-Americans, 128 Food chain, 4 Fort Stanwix, Treaty of, 147, 183 Frank, Barney, 942 Food impressment, 462 Fort Sumter, 431 (illus.), 433 Frankensteen, Richard, 767 (illus.) Food riots: in South, 462 Fortune, T. Thomas, 623 Franklin, Benjamin, 90, 124; Albany Fool There Was, A (movie), 651–652 Fort Wagner, 455 Plan of Union and, 125; at Football: college, 585–586 Fort Wayne, Treaty of, 242 Constitutional Convention, 186; Index I-23

Declaration of Independence and, Free states: Compromise of 1850 and, in Far West, 386; French and, 45, 154; Enlightenment and, 116, 117; 408–414; election of 1856 and, 421; 110; furs as export, 95, 96; in New on Irish immigrants, 100; on labor, Maine as, 250, 251; Missouri England, 61; in New France, 83; New 102; and Peace of Paris, 172; Compromise and, 251 Netherland and, 50, 78–79 Philadelphia sanitation and, 130; Free trade, 501 Futurama: at New York World’s Fair, social class and, 174; will of, 117–118 Freeways, see Interstate highway 776 Franklin, Rosalind, 1010 system Fransson, Martha, 939 (illus.) Frelinghuysen, Theodore, 118, 392 Gabriel’s Rebellion, 223 Franz Ferdinand (Austria), 683–684 Frémont, John C., 397, 421, 428 Gadsden, Christopher, 135 Fraternal orders: anti-Catholicism French and Indian War, see Seven Gadsden Purchase, 416 and, 382; black, 623 Years’ War Gage, Thomas, 151, 152 Fredericksburg, Battle of, 445, 448, French Canada: Quebec Act and, 151 Gag rule: in Congress, 310 458, 469 French-Canadians: in cities, 577; as Gallatin, Albert, 230, 246 Free African Society of Philadelphia, industrial labor, 562 Galloway, Joseph: at Continental 223 French Revolution (1789), 124, 203, Congress, 151–152 Free blacks, 74, 222; in Charleston, 206–207 Gálvez, Bernardo de, 204 431; in Missouri, 251; in Mose, 107; Frick, Henry Clay, 572 Gama, Vasco da, 34 in North, 275–276; occupations of, Friedan, Betty, 876, 894, 939 Gambia, 97 276; Revolution and, 175; in South, Fries Rebellion, 215 Gambling: Indians and, 981 175, 366–367; by state (1800), 223; Frobisher, Martin, 46 Gandhi, Mohandas, 802 status of, 224; voluntary Frontier: authority questioned on, Gang labor, 497 associations for, 282. See also 278; “moving,” 263–264; myths and Gangs, see Organized crime; Street African-Americans legends of, 536–537; revivalism gangs Freed, Alan, 870–871 along, 300; settlers, railroads, and Gangster movies, 770 Freedmen, 478; black codes and, 481; homesteading and, 524–527 Gang system: of slave labor, 104 in Civil War, 454–455; election of Frontiersmen, 247 Garden, Alexander, 89, 119, 120 1868 and, 500; land for, 494, 496–497; Frontier thesis (Turner), 536 Gardner, Alexander, 465 political rights of, 488; in “Front-porch” campaign, 628, 629 Garfield, James A.: assassination of, Reconstruction governments, (illus.) 609, 610, 615; election of 1880 and, 488–490; redemption and, 505; Fruitlands community, 313 614; life of, 609–610 southern counterattacks against, 491 Fruits of Philosophy (Knowlton), 281 Garland, Hamlin, 543–544, 561, 619 Freedmen’s Bureau, 455, 481, 491, 492, FSA, see Farm Security Administration Garland, Isabelle, 543–544 496, 497 (FSA) Garment Cutters of Philadelphia, 566 Freedmen’s schools, 493 (illus.) FTP, see Federal Theatre Project (FTP) Garner, John Nance, 749 Freedom(s): in Bill of Rights, 198; of Fuchs, Klaus, 838 Garner, Margaret, 412 press, 116; of religion, 162; of Fuel Administration, 688 Garrison, William Lloyd, 292, 308–309, speech, 214, 310, 836; after World Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 411–412 657; women’s rights and, 310, 311 War I, 698. See also African- Fugitive Slave Law (1793), 223, 409 Garvey, Marcus, 729, 735–736, 736 Americans; Slaves and slavery; Fugitive slaves, 364, 369 (illus.) specific rights and freedoms Fulbright, William, 891, 901 Gasoline, 855. See also Oil and oil Freedom movement, see Civil rights Fuller, Margaret, 334, 336 (illus.), industry movement 336–337 Gates, Bill, 940, 941 (illus.) Freedom rides, 887 Fulton, Robert, 264 Gates, Horatio, 166, 172 Freedom Schools, 889 Fundamental Constitutions of Gatling gun, 444 Freeman, Mary Wilkins, 603 Carolina, 77 GATT, see General Agreement on Freeman, Richard, 1003 Fundamentalism: Christian, 1001; Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Free-market economy: in Russia, 998 Islamic, 957, 961, 1001; Scopes trial Gay Liberation Front, 913 Free persons of color, 175–176 and, 733–734; vs. secularism, 1001. Gay Pride parades, 942 “Freeport doctrine”: of Douglas, 425 See also Christianity; Islam; Gays and lesbians, 943 (illus.); AIDS Free-silver monetary policy, 502, 610, Terrorism and, 942–943; conservatives and, 627 Fundamentals, The, 734 943; gay liberation and, 913; Free-soilers, 400–401; Kansas- Funerals, see Burials immigration restrictions on, 839; Nebraska Act and, 415–416, 417 Furniture: production of, 327 McCarthyism and, 839; in military, Free Speech Movement, 907, 907 Fur trade, 45 (illus.), 49, 62, 257 (illus.); 974; reaction against, 988, 988 (illus.) Astor and, 258, 275; beaver pelts (illus.); women’s movement and, Free-staters: Kansas and, 418–423 and, 65; “beaver wars” and, 78–79; 939; in World War II, 805 I-24 Index

Gaza, 961, 999, 1000 German Democratic Republic, see Global warming, 855, 972, 1009, 1013 Gazette of the United States, 214 East Germany (illus.), 1014 G-8, see Group of Eight (G-8) German mercenaries, see Hessians Glorious Revolution (1688-1689), 91–93 Gender: labor in corporations and, 644 German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact GNP, see Gross national product (GNP) (illus.); roles in Archaic societies, 5; (1939), 785 Goddard, Robert, 732 among slaves, 362; in voluntary Germany: bombardment of, 795; Godkin, E. L., 583, 597, 614, 615, 636 societies, 282; worker rights and, colonists from, 162; division of, 823; Gold, 96; in Africa, 25–27; in Black 719. See also Men; Women immigrants from, 99, 100, 378, 379, Hills, 517; discoveries of, 531; Gender barrier, 939 (illus.) 380–381, 524, 562, 577, 593; English and, 46; placer, 531; Gender discrimination, 894; World Kennedy, John F., and, 880; Portugal and, 34; Spanish and, 41; War II and, 799–800 reunification of, 965–966, 967; standard, 502, 610, 625, 626, 627. See Gender ratio: in Chesapeake, 70; in Samoan Islands and, 631; also Gold rush New England, 70; slavery and, 74–75 submarine warfare and, 684–685; Gold, Harry, 838 Gender stereotyping, 659 war debts and reparations of, Gold Coast (Africa), 25, 35 General Agreement on Tariffs and 718–719; World War I and, 683, 684, Golden Bottle, The (Donnelly), 620 Trade (GATT), 818, 1004 690–691, 703, 704; Yalta accords Goldman, Emma, 659, 706 General Court (Massachusetts), 58 and, 806. See also East Germany; Gold rush, 376 (illus.), 401 (illus.), General Electric Company (GE), 553 Hitler, Adolf; Nazi Germany; West 401–404, 532 General Federation of Women’s Clubs, Germany; World War I; World War II Goldwater, Barry, 848, 884, 899, 952 602 Gershwin, George, 729, 731, 774 Goliad massacre, 388, 395 General Managers’ Association, 570 Gesangverein (singing societies), 593 Gompers, Samuel, 568, 637, 693, 698 General Motors (GM), 647, 712, 1002; Gettysburg, Battle of, 445, 458–459, Gone with the Wind (book and movie), Futurama and, 776; labor strike 459 (illus.), 459 (map) 773, 773 (illus.), 775 against, 766–767 Ghent, Treaty of (1814), 246, 251, 259 Gonzales, Elian, 984 Genet, Edmond, 207 (illus.), 207–208 Ghettos, 581–582; violence in, 890. See Gonzales, Rodolfo “Corky,” 894 Genetic research, 1010–1011 also Inner cities; Slums Goodman, Benny, 774 Geneva Peace Accords, 852, 853 Ghost Dance movement, 519–522 Good Neighbor policy, 782–783 Geneva summit, 851 Gibbons v. Ogden, 264 Goodnight, Charles, 534 Genius of Universal Emancipation Gibbs, Jewell Taylor, 945 “ Good War”: World War II as, 781 (newspaper), 308 GI Bill of Rights (GI Bill), 815, 817–818 “Good works”: Puritans and, 57 Gentilz, Theodore, 387 (illus.) Giddings, Joshua, 411 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 959–960, 960 “Gentlemen’s agreement”: with Japan, Gideon v. Wainwright, 886 (illus.), 965, 968 682 Gila River, 416 Gordon, Thomas, 138 Gentrification, 937 Gilded Age, 501, 587, 600, 644 Gore, Al, 958, 973, 974, 994, 1005 Gentry: European, 29; evangelicals Gilded Age, The (Twain and Warner), (illus.); election of 2000 and, and, 359–362; political roles of, 115; 501 1005–1007, 1006 (map) Revolution and, 174. See also Class; Gilder, Richard Watson, 597 Gore, Tipper, 1005 (illus.) Elites Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 603, Gorgas, Josiah, 440, 460 Geography, 34; maps and, 237 659–660 Goshute Indians, 981 George III (England), 128, 129 (illus.), Gingrich, Newt, 976, 983, 994, 996 Gospel of Success, 564–565 208; on colonial rebellion, 152, 153; Ginsberg, Allen, 871, 906, 915 “Gospel of Wealth, The” (Carnegie), on Hillsborough, 141; Olive Branch Ginsberg, Ruth Bader, 974 571 Petition to, 152; Proclamation of Girdler, Tom, 767 Gould, Jay, 500, 545, 546, 546 (illus.), 1763 and, 132; Townshend and, Girl Scouts, 664 567, 582 139 Gladden, Washington, 590 Government: of ancient societies, 6, 7; George, Henry, 571, 601 Glass, Carter, 671 Articles of Confederation as, 180; Georgia: cotton in, 224; government Glass ceiling, 939 branches of, 188; of Carolina, 77; of, 179; Indians and, 184, 206, 259, Gleason, Jackie, 864 church-state separation and, 57; 260; Oglethorpe in, 111–112; Glen Canyon Dam, 761 downsizing of, 975; Jefferson on, Sherman’s march and, 468–469, Global Crossing, 1020–1021 229–230; of Maryland, 69; mistrust 470–471, 471 (illus.), 471 (map); Globalism, 708–709, 1001–1002; Bush, of, 931; in New England, 58–59; of slavery and, 112–113; Spain and, George W., and, 1009–1012; New York, 79–80; of Pennsylvania, 112; Yazoo scandal and, 238 economic, 1001, 1004; Great 82; progressivism and, 643, 645; Georgian architecture, 108, 108 (illus.) Depression and, 747; independent railroads and, 325; Reconstruction, Gephardt, Richard, 1022 internationalism and, 718–719; 480, 481, 488–492; after Revolution, German-Americans, 684, 696, 701 opposition to, 1004 178–185; role of, 248; of Virginia, Index I-25

68–69; in West Africa, 27–28; West “Great Barbecue,” 501 Greenpeace, 938 and, 259. See also Constitution Great Basin: people of, 16 Greensboro: sit-ins in, 875–876 (U.S.); Government (U.S.); National Great Britain, see England (Britain) Greenspan, Alan, 1002 government Great Depression, 743–744; causes of, Green v. County School Board of New Government (U.S.), 186–189, 926, 955 745–746; movies in, 770–771; origins Kent County, 886 (map); authority of, 202–203; of, 777; photographs of, 763 (illus.); Greenville, Treaty of, 208 (illus.), laissez-faire doctrine and, 611; land social impact of, 764–768; war- 209–210 claims and, 182 (map); reservation related production and, 800 (map). Greenwich Village, 661, 662 policy of, 515; supporters of, 201; See also New Deal Gregg, William, 349–350 western development and, 512; in Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Gregory, Thomas W., 697 World War II, 790. See also Debt Sphere, 787 Grenada: intervention in, 957 Government Printing Office, 802 Great Famine: in Ireland, 381 Grenville, George, 134, 135, 140 Governors, 91, 114, 178, 179 Great Fear, 834, 841 Griffith, D. W., 656, 656 (illus.), 734 Governor’s Council: in Virginia, 68 Great Gatsby, The (Fitzgerald), 727 Grimké, Angelina, 310, 311 Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose, Great Kentucky Revival (1800–1801), Grimké, Sarah, 310, 311 see Mose, Florida 300, 359 Groipen, Sam, 711–712, 714 Grady, Henry W., 494, 558, 622 Great Kivas, 9 Gropius, Walter, 785 Graham, Billy, 862 Great Lakes region, 252; British and Gropper, William, 757 (illus.) Graham, Charles, 560 (illus.) Indians in, 132; French in, 83; Grosshenney, Francis X., 529 (illus.) Graham, Sylvester, 329–330 warfare in, 93; after War of 1812, 246 Grossman, Pauline, 641 Grain elevators: regulation of, 618 Great Migration: by Puritans, 55 Gross national product (GNP): in Grammagraph, 321 Great Northern Railroad, 546 1920s, 712; 1929 to 1990, 818; in Grand Alliance, 798 Great Plains: alliance movement in, 1950s, 854; in World War II, 790 Grand Army of the Republic, 612, 612 620; cultures of, 15; dust bowl in, Group of Eight (G-8), 998, 1012 (illus.), 616 754; expansion into, 384, 384 (map); Group of Seven (G-7), 998, 1004 Grand Banks, 39, 45 Grange movement in, 617–619; in Groves, Leslie, 826 Grand Canyon, 538 Great Depression, 760; G-7, see Group of Seven (G-7) Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, The homesteading on, 526–527; Guadalcanal, Battle of, 797 (Moran), 538 (illus.) settlement of, 318–319. See also Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, Grand Columbian Carnival: Chicago’s Plains region 398–399, 529, 894 World’s Fair, 542 (illus.) Great powers, 241 Guadeloupe, 96 Grand Coulee Dam, 761, 826 Great Salt Lake region: Mormons in, Guale Indians, 18 (illus.), 44, 78 Grand Council, 125, 152 377–378 Guam, 633, 788 Grandfather clause: for voting, 621 Great Sioux Reserve, 516 Guanahaní, 38 Grand Settlement (1701), 93 Great Society, 884–886 Guantánamo: naval base at, 636; Grange movement, 615, 617–619 Great Sun monarch, 44 prisoners in, 1018 “Granger laws,” 618 Great Train Robbery, The (movie), 651 Guatemala: CIA and, 852 Granite Cutters’ Journal, 649 Great War, see World War I Gudlow, William, 477 Grant, Jehu, 175 Great White Fleet, 682, 682 (illus.) Guerrière (ship), 243 (illus.) Grant, Madison, 654 Great White Way, The (Thain), 731 Guerrilla warfare: by Apaches, 516; in Grant, Ulysses S., 456, 485; Black Hills (illus.) Civil War, 444; in Philippines, gold and, 517; in Civil War, 443, Greece, 252, 821–822; immigrants 636–637, 637 (illus.) 448–449, 458, 459, 460, 469; death from, 578 Guilds, 271 of, 507–508; election of 1868 and, Greeley, Horace, 332, 336 (illus.), 453, Guiteau, Charles, 609 500; election of 1872 and, 501; Lee’s 501 Gulf of Mexico: France and, 84, 232 surrender and, 472, 472 (illus.); in Green, Duff, 391 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 899–900 Mexican War, 397–398; presidency Greenback party, 502, 614 Gulf War, see Persian Gulf War of, 500–501; Reconstruction and, Greenbacks, 461, 502; for Civil War, Gullah Jack, 368 487–488, 492, 503 441; money supply and, 613; as Gullett, Gayle, 658 Grapes of Wrath, The (Steinbeck), national currency, 473 Guns: Brady and, 958; global trade in, 771–774 Greene, Nathaniel, 171 (map) 1009; gun culture and, 320–321; Grape workers: strike by, 769 Greenfield Village, 775 manufacture of, 318, 320–321; Grateful Dead, 915 Greenglass, David, 838 violence and, 981. See also Weapons Graupner, Gottlieb, 333 (illus.) Greenland, 15–16, 787 Guthrie, Woody, 754 Great Awakening, 117–120, 278, Green Mountain Boys, 147 Gutierrez, Jose Angel, 894 299–300 Green Party, 1005 Gutierrez, Sid, 947 (illus.) I-26 Index

Gutridge, Molly, 177 (illus.) Harlem Renaissance, 699, 728–729, 730 movements in, 326, 329–330; Guzman, Jacobo Arbenz, 852 Harmar, Josiah, 206 sanitation and, 130; of slaves, 366. Gymnastic clubs (Turnverein), 593 Harpers Ferry: Brown, John, and, 406 See also Medicine; Public health (illus.), 407–408, 426–427 Health, Education, and Welfare, Habeas corpus, writ of, 443, 463, 492 Harper’s Weekly, 587 Department of, 845 Hague, Frank, 759 Harrington, Michael, 866, 883 Health care, 974–975, 1009 Haida people, 4, 14 (illus.) Harris, Katherine, 1006 Health maintenance organizations Haig, Alexander, 957 Harris, Richard, 532 (illus.) (HMOs), 1009 Haight-Ashbury district, 912, 914–915, Harris, William Torrey, 603 Hearst, William Randolph, 632, 635 915 (illus.) Harrison, Benjamin, 615, 616–617, Hegemony: in Latin America and Haiti, 38, 782; immigrants from, 946, 624, 628, 664 Caribbean, 681 (map); in western 980, 985; intervention in, 682–683, Harrison, William Henry, 242, 245, Pacific, 788 999. See also Santo Domingo (Saint 616; election of 1836 and, 296; “Hell’s Kitchen” (New York City), 590 Domingue) election of 1840 and, 297–298, 298 Helms, Jesse, 976, 977, 1009 Halberstam, David, 878 (map), 390 Helper, Hinton R., 357, 358, 432 Haldeman, H. R., 930, 931 (illus.) Harrison Act (1914), 653 Hemings, Sally, 229 Half a Man (Ovington), 656 Hart, Gary, 958 Hemingway, Ernest, 692, 730, 771 Half-Breeds, 610 Harte, Bret, 530 Henderson, Fletcher, 774 Half-Way Covenant, 61–62 Hartford Convention, 246–247 Hendrick, Chief (Theyanoguin), 125 Hall, Basil, 347 Hartley, Robert M., 588 (illus.) Hall, John, 320–321 Harvard University, 57, 585, 586, 602, Hendrix, Jimi, 914 (illus.) Hamer, Fannie Lou, 890 801 Henrietta Maria, 69 Hamilton, Alexander, 199 (illus.), Harvey, William H., 627 Henrietta Mills, 559 199–201, 645; Burr and, 235; at Hatch Act (1939), 764 Henry VII (England), 38–39 Constitutional Convention, 186; Hatters, 64 Henry VIII (England), 32 Federalist and, 190; Federalist Hawaii, 204; annexation of, 637; Henry “the Navigator” (Portugal), 34 policies and, 198–202; Newburgh expansion and, 631 (map), 631–632; Henry, Fort, 448 Conspiracy and, 181; as Secretary of haoles (whites) in, 809; Japanese- Henry, Patrick, 135, 139, 146, 151, 190 Treasury, 196; Whiskey Rebellion Americans and, 578, 806, 810. See Henry Street Settlement, 656 and, 202–203, 203 (illus.) also Pearl Harbor Henson, Josiah, 369 Hamilton, Alice, 649, 659 Hawkins, John, 46 Hepburn Act (1906), 547, 664, 671 Hammond, James Henry, 364 Hawks (Vietnam War), 900–901, 902, Herald of Freedom (newspaper), 333 Hampton, Wade, 352 917 Herbicides, 858 Hancock, John, 144 (illus.), 144–145, Hawley, Ellis, 688 Heritage Foundation, 976 146, 149, 174 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 313, 334, Herland (Gilman), 660 Hancock, Winfield Scott, 614 337–338 Hernandez, Aileen, 894 Handicapped persons, see Disabled Hay, John, 630, 679, 680 Heroes, 988 persons Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty, 680 Herrán, Tomás, 680 Handler, Joel, 977 Hayden, Casey, 894–895 Hessians, 163, 164 Handsome Lake, 221 Hayes, Lucy (“Lemonade Lucy”), 613 Hetch Hetchy Valley, California, Handy, W. C., 651 Hayes, Rutherford B., 613; civil service 668–669, 669 (illus.) Hanford Engineer Works, 826 and, 614; election of 1876 and, Heth, Joice, 333 Hanford Nuclear Reservation, 1013 505–507, 507 (map); railroad strike Hewes, George Robert Twelves, Hanna, Mark, 628, 663 and, 569; reunion of South and, 507 123–124, 124 (illus.), 145, 149, 155 Hanoi, 900. See also North Vietnam; Haymarket riot, 568, 569 Heyward, Dubose and Dorothy, 729 Vietnam War Haynes, R. R., 559 Heywood, Felix, 477–478 Hanover County Courthouse Haywood, William “Big Bill,” 661 Hiawatha, 1–2, 18, 50 (Virginia), 115 (illus.) H-bomb, see Hydrogen bomb (H- Hickock Manufacturing Company, Haoles, 808, 809 bomb) 834 Harding, Warren G., 707, 716–719, 717 Head, Adam, 72 Hickok, James B. (“Wild Bill”), 534 (illus.) Headright system, 69, 72 Hicks, John D., 717 Hard money, 441. See also Specie Head Start, 884, 886 Hidatsas, 515 Hardy, Lyman, 352 “Head taxes,” 490 Hierarchies: religious, 6; Winthrop on, Hare Krishnas, 914, 915 (illus.), 944 Health: antebellum, 328–330; in New 55. See also Class Harlan, John Marshall, 623 England, 60–61; phrenology and, Hieroglyphic writing: Mayan, 7 Harlem, 768, 866 330 (illus.), 330–331; popular Higginson, Henry Lee, 585 Index I-27

Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 455 Hohokam culture, 8–9, 10, 520 commerce, 717; social thought of, Higher education, 585–586; for Holabird, William, 601 739–740; stock market crash and, African-Americans, 656; after Civil Holguin, Jose, 805 744, 745; in World War I, 688 War, 585–586; democratization of, Holland, 786. See also Dutch; Hoover, J. Edgar, 706, 706 (illus.), 835, 818; in 1950s, 862; for women, 602, Netherlands 882, 928 659, 861. See also Universities and Holland Land Company, 263 Hoover Dam, 761, 790 colleges Hollingsworth, Mary: sampler by, 60 “Hoover Valley,” 747–748 Higher Education Act (1965), 885 (illus.) Hope, James, 447 High Federalists, 215, 216, 235 Hollywood: blacklist in, 835 (illus.), Hope, John, 656 High schools, 604, 801. See also 836; economic power of, 773. See Hopedale community, 313 Schools also Movies and movie stars Hopewell culture, 10–11, 11 (illus.) High-tech industries, 987 Hollywood Ten, 836 Hopi Indians, 204, 513, 869, 892 Highway Safety Act, 886 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 469, 645, Hopkins, Harry, 754 (illus.), 754–755, Hill, Anita, 972 698, 836 756 Hill, James J., 545 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Sr., 329 Hopper, Edward, 730 Hill, John William, 267 (illus.) Holocaust, 807–810, 810 (illus.) Horbin, Sarah, 53, 76 Hillman, Sidney, 766 Holy Alliance, 252 Horizontal allegiances, 281 Hillquit, Morris, 661 “Holy experiment”: of Penn, 80 Horse racing, 594–595 Hillsborough, Lord, 141 Home(s): antebellum, 280; furnishings Horses, 16, 84 Hine, Lewis, 574 (illus.), 646 for, 101 (illus.); as refuge, 280; as Hostage crisis (Iran), 950–951, 951 Hippies, 910–911 woman’s sphere, 584 (illus.) Hirohito (emperor), 809 (illus.) Home front: in Revolutionary War, “Hot line” (Kremlin-White House), Hiroshima: atomic bombing of, 811 177, 177 (illus.); in World War I, 881 Hispanics, 733; in 1950s, 865, 867–868; 692–693; in World War II, 799–802, “House Divided” speech (Lincoln), in 1990s, 982; in California, 388, 389; 800 (map) 424–425 in Congress, 973; discrimination Home-front security, 1017 Households: composition of (2000), against, 769; jobless rate for, 1004; Homeland Security, Department of, 979; in Europe, 30; production and, in Miami, 946, 985; organization by, 1018 216–217 869; population of, 885; population Homeless: children, 635 (illus.); House Judiciary Committee, 485, 931 percentage of, 980; protests by, housing for, 646 House of Burgesses (Virginia), 68, 135, 893–894; in space program, 947 Home Owners Loan Corporation 139 (illus.); in Texas, 387 (illus.) (HOLC), 751 House of Representatives, 188; blacks Hispaniola, 37, 38, 40, 41 Homer, Winslow, 601 in, 489; election of 1800 and, 216; Hiss, Alger, 836–838, 919 Home rule: black codes and, 481; in election of 1994 and, 976. See also Historians: on atomic bombs, South, 504, 505 Congress 811–812; on Civil War, 475; on Homestead Act (1862), 461, 512, 526 House slaves, 104 Johnson, Andrew, 482; Homestead Steel Works, 561, 572; House Un-American Activities progressivism and, 644 strike at, 569–570, 624 Committee (HUAC), 834, 836, 848, History of the Standard Oil Company Home to Harlem (McKay), 716, 728 872 (Tarbell), 646 Homosexuality, see Gays and lesbians Housing: antebellum, 327; in Hitler, Adolf, 786, 788; aggression of, Honduras, 7, 416, 956 Chesapeake, 71–72; construction 783 (map), 783–784; appeasement Hone, Katherine, 70 industry and, 861; Creek, 206 of, 784; Popular Front against, 771; Hone, Philip, 274 (illus.); log cabin as, 79; of Low, reparations and, 719; Roosevelt, Honecker, Erich, 965 Cornelius, 108, 108 (illus.); low-cost, Franklin D., and, 785; suicide of, 807 Hong Kong, 788 866; low-income, 834; prairie- HIV, 943, 980. See also AIDS Honolulu, Hawaii, 808–809 school, 601; restrictive covenants, Hmong people, 983 Honor: code of, 359 833; in slums and ghettos, 581–582; HMOs, see Health maintenance Honshu, 811 suburban, 859; of Victorian organizations (HMOs) Hood, John Bell, 469, 470, 494 Americans, 584, 584 (illus.); in World Ho Chi Minh, 704, 830, 852, 853, 899 Hooker, Joseph, 458 War I, 702; in World War II, 799. See Ho Chi Minh City, 948. See also Saigon Hoover, Herbert, 750 (illus.); on also Architecture Ho Chi Minh Trail, 900, 900 (map) conservation, 722; election of 1928 Housing Act: of 1937, 764; of 1949, 866 Hodel, Donald, 669 and, 737–739, 739 (map); election of Houston, Sam, 378, 388 Hoffman, Abbie, 918 1932 and, 749, 749 (map); Great Howard, O. O., 481, 497 Hogarth, William: Wilkes by, 142 Depression and, 747; on Howard University, 656 (illus.) Prohibition, 737; as secretary of Howe, Elias, Jr., 317 I-28 Index

Howe, Julia Ward, 487 Hussein, Saddam, 1020; Persian Gulf (map); to Georgia, 112; gold rush Howe, Richard, 164 War and, 969–970; Reagan and, 957; and, 401; to Hawaii, 810; Howe, Samuel G., 313 weapons of, 1000 homesteading by, 526–527; as Howe, William, 164, 166 Huston Plan, 928 industrial labor, 562–563; Jewish Howells, William Dean, 597, 600 Hutchinson, Anne, 57–58 refugees and, 785–786; labor unions How the Other Half Lives (Riis), 635 Hutchinson, Thomas, 124, 125, 133; and, 567, 661; literacy tests for, 654; (illus.) Boston Massacre and, 145; loyalists and, 161; neighborhoods Huckleberry Finn (Twain), 601, 537600 committees of correspondence and, of, 650 (illus.); old, 578; patterns of, Huddleston, Ned (Isom Dart), 534 146; Stamp Act protests and, 136; 946–947; physical examinations and (illus.) tea cargo and, 149 tests of, 578–579, 654; to Piedmont Hudson, Henry, 49 Hutterites: in World War I, 696 region, 100; politics and, 383–384; Hudson, Port, 449 Hydraulic mining, 533 poverty among, 275; processing Hudson Bay region, 93 Hydroelectricity, 845; Muscle Shoals centers, 579–580, 655 (illus.); Hudson River school, 334, 339–341 and, 719; New Deal dams and, 761, progressivism and, 643; protests Hudson’s Bay Company, 386 761 (illus.); TVA and, 753 against, 382–384; public education Huerta, Dolores, 893 Hydrogen bomb (H-bomb), 825, 850 and, 604; railroads and, 523, 524 Huerta, Victoriano, 683 Hydropathy, 329 (illus.), 524–525; restrictions on, Huet, Henri, 904 (illus.) 653–654, 732, 769, 839; settlement- Hughes, Charles Evans, 673, 686, 717 Iberian Peninsula, 25, 28, 33 houses, 590–591; settlement Hughes, John, 308 IBM, see International Business patterns of, 379–380; to United Hughes, Langston, 728, 729, 729 Machines (IBM) States (1870–1930), 654; to Virginia (illus.) Ibuse, Masuji, 811 colony, 48; to West, 256–257. See Huguenots, 45, 77, 96 ICBM, see Intercontinental ballistic also Cities and towns; Illegal Hull, Cordell, 788 missile (ICBM) immigrants; Migration; Nativism; Hull, William, 245 ICC, see Interstate Commerce Working class; specific countries of Hull House, 590, 591, 645, 649 Commission (ICC) origin; specific groups Human Be-In, 715 Ice Age, 2 Immigration Act (1924), 655 (illus.) Human depravity doctrine, 301 Iceland, 787 Immigration Reform Act (1965), 885 Human Genome Project, 1010 Ickes, Harold, 750, 752, 755, 757, 760, Immigration Reform and Control Act Human Rights Commission (U.N.), 761, 787 (1986), 946, 959 1012 Idaho, 528, 665 Immigration Restriction League, 654 Human rights issues, 949, 1004, 1018 Ideology, 210–211; election of 1994 Impeachment: of Belknap, 501; of Humans: in North America, 2–3 and, 976; progressive, 642–646; Chase, 231, 232; of Clinton, 987, Human sacrifice: by Aztecs, 7 religion, resistance, and, 137–139 996–997, 997 (illus.); and Johnson, Humphrey, Hubert: election of 1964 “I have a dream” speech (King), Andrew, 485–486; and Nixon, 931; of and, 884; election of 1968 and, 888–889 Pickering, 231, 232 917–918, 918–919, 919 (map) Ikard, Bose, 534 Impending Crisis of the South, The Hundred Days, 751–753 Illegal immigrants, 868, 868 (illus.), (Helper), 357, 358, 432 Hungary, 823, 850, 965, 998. See also 946, 980 (illus.), 1004 Imperialism, 33; critics of, 636; vs. Austria-Hungary Illinois, 109, 242, 250, 256 expansionism, 639; Latin America Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux, 517 Illinois Central Railroad, 324 and, 782. See also Empire; Hunt, E. Howard, 930 Illinois River valley: Hopewell culture Expansion and expansionism Hunt, Richard Morris, 601 in, 10–11 Imperial presidency, 790 Hunting: in Alaska, 15; Paleo-Indians Illiteracy rate, 604. See also Literacy Imports: under Articles of Confedera- and, 4; by Plains Indians, 15 Immigrants and immigration, 110, 111 tion, 181; boycott of, 141; duties on, Huntington, Collis P., 545, 546 (illus.), 580 (illus.), 655 (illus.); in 199; taxation of, 140. See also Trade Huron Indians, 45, 50, 78 1790s, 212; in 1960s, 885; in 1990s, Impressment, 136, 208–209, 210, 239 Huron (Wyandotte) Indians, 109 872–983, 978; to British colonies, Impressment Act (1863), 440 (illus.) 96–100, 100 (map); children of, 591 Inaugurations, see specific presidents Hurston, Zora Neale, 729, 775 (illus.); in cities, 577–580; before Inca empire, 8 (illus.), 41 Husbands: antebellum, 279–281; in Civil War, 378–384; convict laborers Income: affluence and, 854; of blacks, European families, 30; in New as, 100; Democratic party and, 612; 981; in English colonies, 96; gender England, 60; women’s right to destinations of, 580; economic and, 862; of Hispanics, 982; in choose, 220. See also Family life; growth and, 557; from 1865 to 1920, 1950s, 865; power of purse and, Men 578; eugenics and, 654–655; foreign- 114–115; unequal distribution of, Hussein (Jordan), 851 born and native whites (1910), 579 1003–1004. See also Wages Index I-29

Income tax, 626, 673, 793. See also 641–642. See also Manufacturing; World War I, 697. See also Taxation specific industries Enlightenment; specific people and Indentured servants: in Carolina, 77; Industrial safety: progressivism and, movements in Chesapeake, 70–71; contracts for, 648–649 Intelligence gathering, 851 70 (illus.); costs of, 104; in New Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, Intelligence testing, see IQ tests France, 84; slaves and, 74; in Wobblies), 661, 661 (illus.), 696, 698 Interchangeable parts, 271, 320, 322 Virginia, 48 Industry, 216–217; in 1920s, 714–715; Intercollegiate Socialist Society, 662 Independence: of Mexico, 387 in 1950s, 854–855; Embargo Act and, Intercontinental ballistic missile Independence (American colonies), 240; high-tech, 987; in New Deal, (ICBM), 870 149–156; after Peace of Paris, 173. 763; in New England, 61; outworkers Interest rates, 951, 1012 See also American Revolution in, 273; after September 11, 2001, Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Independence Hall, 186 1016; in South, 349, 462, 558–559; (INF) Treaty, 959–960 Independent internationalism, technology and, 322; in World War I, Internal improvements: Jackson and, 718–719 688, 698; World War II and, 789–793, 295; Madison and, 248 Independent Treasury, 390, 399 792 (illus.), 818–819. See also Labor International Bank for Reconstruction India: commerce with, 210; unions; specific industries and Development, see World Bank immigrants from, 732, 983; Pakistan Infant mortality, 650; in Chesapeake, International Business Machines and, 1000; routes to, 26 (map), 38 70; decline in, 886; in New England, (IBM), 784, 855, 896, 940–941 Indiana, 209, 250, 256 60; in urban slums, 582 International Congress of Women, 677 Indiana Territory: Indians and, 242 Inflation: in Civil War, 461, 462; in International Court of Justice, 718 Indiana University, 817 (illus.) 1970s, 948, 951; Nixon and, 926–927; International Criminal Court, “Indian fashion,” 65 World War II and, 792, 819 1009–1012 Indian Knoll, Kentucky, 5 Influence of Sea Power upon History, International Harvester, 562–563, 647 Indian Law Resource Center, 981 The (Mahan), 630 Internationalism, see Globalism Indian Non-Intercourse Act (1790), Influenza epidemic, 691, 700–701, 701 International Ladies’ Garment 206, 221 (illus.) Workers’ Union (ILGWU), 661 Indian Ocean, 34 Inheritance, 96 International Monetary Fund, 818, Indian policy: in New Deal, 762; Initiative (electoral reform), 647 1004 reservation system, 515–516, 519 Injunction: Pullman strike and, 570 International organizations, 1001. See (map); of Washington, 206; in World Inman, S. M., 495 also specific organizations War II, 804 Inner cities, 981; blacks in, 945; International Telephone and Indian Removal Act (1830), 260, 291 Hispanics in, 982; in 1990s, 978; Telegraph (ITT), 857 Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 762 slums in, 865–866 Internet, 986 Indians, see Native Americans Inner Light: of Quakers, 80–81 Interracial relationships, 42, 809, 983 Indians Claims Commission, 946 In re Debs, 570 Interstate commerce, 264, 547 Indian Self-Determination Act (1974), Insane asylums: reform of, 312 Interstate Commerce Act (1887), 547, 946 Insecticides, 793, 858 611, 618 Indian Springs, Treaty of, 259 Insider trading, 954 Interstate Commerce Commission Indian Territory, 513. See also Installment buying, 318, 858 (ICC), 547, 562, 618, 664, 666 Oklahoma Territory Institutional church movement, 590 Interstate highway system, 845, 846 Indian wars: in Civil War, 449 Insull, Samuel, 714 (illus.), 846–847, 847 (illus.) Indigo: as export, 95 Insurgents, 666–667 Intervention: in Dominican Republic, Individualism, 278, 512 Integration: in armed forces, 803; in 681, 682, 683; in Grenada, 957; in Indochina, 787, 788, 825, 830, public schools, 308; of sports, 831, Haiti, 682–683, 999; vs. isolationism, 852–853. See also Cambodia; Laos; 832 (illus.). See also Desegregation; 785 (illus.); in Lebanon, 853, 957; in Vietnam Segregation Nicaragua, 681–682; in Somalia, Indonesia, 1004 Intel, 940 998; in Vietnam, 852–853. See also Indoor plumbing, 554–555 Intellectual thought: Enlightenment Latin America Indulgences, 31 and, 90, 116–117; Harlem Intolerable Acts, 150–151 Industrial accidents, 561 Renaissance and, 728–729; Jefferson Intrepid (ship), 230 (illus.) Industrial design, 776 and, 228–229; Marxist, 571–572; in Inuits, see Eskimos (Inuits) Industrial hygiene, 649 1920s, 726–732; political writing Inventions: at Chicago World’s Fair, Industrialization, 217, 270–274, and, 137–139; progressives and, 543; farm machinery, 527; by 542–572; Civil War and, 473; politics 644–646; in Renaissance, 28; social, Jefferson, 228–229; in late 19th of, 608 (illus.); progressivism and, 571, 626; transcendentalists and, century, 551–553. See also specific 643–644; in South, 350; toll from, 313; utopian, 571; Victorian, 584; on inventors and inventions I-30 Index

Investment: in Canada, 96; corporate in West Africa, 27–28. See also at Versailles peace conference, 703, fraud and, 1021; firms, 325; foreign, Muslims; Terrorism; specific 704; before World War II, 784, 784 in U.S., 1004; in joint-stock countries (map). See also World War II companies, 30; in 1980s, 954; Island-hopping, 798 Japanese-Americans: in armed forces, overseas, 713, 719 Isolationism: vs. interventionism, 785 806; compensation for, 806; in Invisible hand (Smith), 571 (illus.); NATO and, 824; in 1920s, Hawaii, 810–811; internment of, Invisible Man (Ellison), 729, 865 718; World War II and, 784–785, 787 805–806; land ownership by, 732 Invisible Scar, The (Bird), 764–765 Israel, 957, 961, 999 (map); Arab wars Jarvis, John Wesley, 226 (illus.) Iowa, 251 with, 924; bombings in, 1018–1019, Jaworski, Leon, 931 IQ tests: in World War I, 687 1019 (illus.); diplomatic recognition Jay, John, 151, 172, 209, 210; Federalist, Iran: CIA and, 852; hostage crisis in, of, 831; Palestine and, 999–1000; The, and, 190 947, 950–951, 951 (illus.); Soviet- peace accord with Egypt, 950–951; Jay-Gardoqui Treaty, 185 U.S. confrontation over, 821 Persian Gulf War and, 969. See also Jay’s Treaty, 210 Iran-contra scandal, 958, 959 Middle East Jazz, 599, 599 (illus.), 731–732, 774 Iran-Iraq War, 969 Issei, 805, 810 (illus.); in 1930s, 774; in 1950s, 863; Iraq: Bush, George W., and, 1020; Isthmus of Panama, 403 World War I and, 694 Clinton and, 1000; Persian Gulf War Italy: immigrants from, 578; after Jazz Age, 726–730 and, 969–970; Reagan and, 957; World War I, 704; before World War Jazz Singer, The (movie), 772 weapons of mass destruction in, II, 783. See also World War II Jefferson, Thomas, 229 (illus.); 1017 IUD (intrauterine device), 912 committees of correspondence and, Ireland: England and, 46; famine in, Iwo Jima, Battle of, 810 146; debt and, 230; Declaration of 381; self-government in, 135. See IWW, see Industrial Workers of the Independence and, 154–155; also Irish immigrants World (IWW, Wobblies) election of 1796 and, 212–213; Irish immigrants, 99, 100 (map), 275, Izaak Walton League, 722 election of 1800 and, 215–216; 296, 378, 379, 380, 381–382; election of 1804 and, 234; entails railroads and, 523, 524–525 Jackson, Andrew, 205, 247, 288–289; and, 179–180; farming and, 263; Iron, 15, 350, 549, 558 Bank of the United States and, 293, ideology of, 139; inauguration of, Ironclads, 451, 451 (illus.), 452 294, 294 (illus.); East Florida and, 227–228; Indians and, 241–242; Iron Curtain, 831, 832; speech 251; election of 1824 and, 287, 288; judiciary and, 231–232; on land, (Churchill), 821 election of 1832 and, 293–294; 202; Louisiana Purchase and, 228; Iron Molders’ International Union, 566 Indians and, 260 (illus.), 260–261; at polygraph and, 229 (illus.); Ironworks, 95 New Orleans, 246; tariff policies of, presidency of, 228–240; Quids and, Iroquoian languages, 18 292; Tennessee and, 195–196 238; republican ideology of, 211; Iroquois Confederacy, 45, 93, 110. See Jackson, Andrew (Earl), 290 (illus.) science and, 117; secession and, also League of the Iroquois Jackson, Helen Hunt, 518, 530 215; as Secretary of State, 196; on Iroquois Indians, 1–2, 50, 93, 125, 126, Jackson, James, 202 separation of church and state, 180; 162; ancestry of, 4; “beaver wars” Jackson, Jesse, 958, 967, 975 slaves and, 107, 162; social class and, 78–79; Brant and, 184; burial Jackson, Peter, 595 and, 174 practices of, 79 (illus.); Catawbas Jackson, Stonewall, 448, 458, 467 Jefferson Airplane, 915 and, 110; French and, 45, 46, 83; Jackson State College: protests at, 909, Jeffersonian, The (Watson), 697 King William’s War and, 93; land lost 921 Jeffersonianism, 228–230 by, 183; Ohio valley and, 109, 125; Jacobellis v. Ohio, 886 Jeffersonian Republicans, 211–212 Revolutionary War and, 166, Jamaica: immigrants from, 985 Jeffords, James, 1008 167–170; women’s extended families James I (England), 33, 47, 68 Jemison, Mary, 221 and, 16. See also Cayuga Iroquois James II (England), 79, 90, 91 Jencks v. United States, 848 Indians; Iroquois Confederacy; James, Frank and Jesse, 443 Jenin, 1019, 1019 (illus.) Mohawk Iroquois Indians; Oneida James, Henry, 597 Jerusalem, 999, 1000 Iroquois Indians; Onondaga James, William, 636, 644 Jesuits, 32, 83 Iroquois Indians; Seneca Iroquois Jamestown, 47–48, 68 (illus.) Jet aircraft, 793 Indians; Six Nations Iroquois Japan: atomic bombing of, 811–812, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 827 “Irreconcilables,” 705 812 (illus.); economy of, 1004; Jewett, Sarah Orne, 597 (illus.), 600 Irrigation, 8, 527 expansion by, 787–788; immigrants Jews and Judaism: Brandeis, Louis, Irving, Washington, 334, 340 from, 578, 682; Pearl Harbor and, and, 672–673; in colonies, 97; Isabella of Castile, 28, 38, 39 (illus.) 788; Russo-Japanese War and, 682; conversos and, 25, 32; Holocaust Islam: fundamentalism of, 957, 961, surrender of, 811, 812; trade deficit and, 807–810, 810 (illus.); Iberian 1001; militant attacks and, 993–994; with, 698; U.S. occupation of, 825; reconquest and, 25; immigration of, Index I-31

100 (map), 578; Klan and, 734; Jones, Mary Harris (“Mother”), 567 Kelley, Florence, 588, 591, 649, 659, 750 literature in 1950s and, 863; Jones, Paula, 975, 995–996 Kelley, Oliver H., 617 Mediterranean trade and, 24–25; in Jones, Samuel M. (“Golden Rule”), 646 Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 718 Miami Beach, 984; Nazi Germany Joplin, Janis, 914, 914 (illus.) Kennan, George F., 821 and, 783; in 1950s, 862; Palestine Joplin, Scott, 575–576, 577 (illus.), 596, Kennedy, Anthony, 972 and, 704; as refugees, 785–786. See 598 (illus.), 651 Kennedy, Edward, 978 also Israel Jornado del Muerto desert, 827 Kennedy, Jacqueline, 877, 881, 882 Jiang Jieshi, 798, 806, 825, 829, 830, Joseph (chief), see Chief Joseph Kennedy, John F., 876–882, 966; 850 Journalism: yellow, 632. See also assassination of, 881–882, 882 Jihad (holy war), 25 Media; Newspapers; Penny Press (illus.); civil rights and, 887, 888; Jim Crow, 655, 832, 848–849, 849–850, Journeymen, 277 Cuban missile crisis and, 880–881; 867 Judgeships, 231 domestic policy of, 878–879; Jingoists, 630 Judicial review, 231 election of 1960 and, 877; Job Corps, 884 Judicial system, see Court system evaluation of, 882–883; Job discrimination, 971 Judiciary, 188; Articles of inauguration of, 877, 879; Vietnam Joblessness, see Unemployment Confederation and, 180; colonial, and, 898–899 Jobs, Steven, 940 115; independence of, 188; Jefferson Kennedy, Joseph P., 876–877 John II (Portugal), 38 and, 231–232 Kennedy, Robert F., 881, 882, 901, 917; John XXIII (Pope), 862 Judiciary Act: of 1789, 197–198; of assassination of, 918 John Birch Society, 848 1801, 231, 232 Kent State: protests at, 908–909, 909 John Brown Going to His Hanging Judson, Edward (Ned Buntline), 537 (illus.), 910 (illus.), 921 (Pippin), 775 Juneau, Alaska, 532, 532 (illus.) Kentucky, 147, 167 (illus.), 256, 443, John Muir in Hetch Hetchy Valley Juneau, Joe, 532, 532 (illus.) 448; siege of Boonesborough, 168 (Dellinger), 668 (illus.) Jungle, The (Sinclair), 664 (illus.), 168–169 Johns Hopkins University, 586 Jury trials, 116 Kentucky Derby, 594–595 Johnson, Andrew, 470, 482 (illus.), 500; Justice Department: anticommunism Kentucky Resolutions, 215, 291 and Congress, 481–482; Fourteenth and, 836; antiradicalism and, 706, Kenya embassy bombing, 1000 Amendment and, 483; 928 Kerensky, Alexander, 689 impeachment and, 485–486; Juvenile delinquency, 870 Kerner Commission, 891 Lincoln’s assassination and, 473; Kerouac, Jack, 871 reconstruction under, 480–481 Kabul, see Afghanistan Kesey, Ken, 911 Johnson, Anthony and Mary, 53–54, 74 Kaczynski, Theodore, 989, 1016 Key, Francis Scott, 247 Johnson, Earvin (“Magic”), 943 Kaiser, Henry J., 790 Key, Philip Barton, 321 Johnson, Eldridge, 694 Kalakaua (Hawaii), 631 Keynes, John Maynard, 757 Johnson, Hiram, 646, 667, 705 Kalmus, Herbert, 772 Khmer Rouge, 921, 923 Johnson, Hugh, 752, 753 Kamikaze aircraft, 811 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah, 950, 969 Johnson, Jack, 652, 656 Kampsville, Illinois: community near, 5 Khrushchev, Nikita, 851 (illus.), 852 Johnson, John Marsh, 430–431 Kansas, 251, 418, 505, 506 (illus.), 528; (illus.), 880–881 Johnson, Lyndon B., 852; civil rights rival governments in, 418–419, Kickapoo Indians, 109 and, 889; election of 1964 and, 884, 422–423 Kieft’s War, 79 889; election of 1968 and, 917; Kansas Alliance, 620 Kilrain, Jake, 595 McCarthy and, 839; presidency of, “Kansas fever,” 505 Kindergartens, 646 883–886; as vice president, 877; Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 414–415, King, B. B., 803 Vietnam War and, 899–900, 917 415 (map) King, Martin Luther, Jr., 844, 867, 875, Johnson, Richard M., 241, 245, 354 Kashmir, 1000 886, 887, 889, 906; assassination of, Johnson, Tom, 594 Katzenbach v. Morgan, 886 891, 917; in Birmingham, 888; Johnson, William Tiler, 367 Kazakhstan, 968, 1000 March on Washington and, 888–889; Johnston, Albert Sidney, 448 KDKA (radio station), 723 Vietnam War and, 901 Johnston, Joseph, 469, 472 Kearny, Stephen, 396–397 King, Mary, 894–895 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 789, 822, 829 Keating-Owen Act (1916), 671, 672 King, Rodney, 971 Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Keayne, Robert, 58 King, Rufus, 234, 240 481, 482 Keeble, Mary, 70 King, William, 241 Joint-stock companies, 30, 47, 69 Kefauver, Estes, 864 King Cotton, 346–351 Jones, Absalom, 223, 224 (illus.) Keith, George, 82 King George’s War, 113, 125, 128 Jones, Charles Colcock, 371 Keith, Jeannette, 697 King Philip, see King Philip’s War; Jones, Jesse H., 752 Kelley, Abby, 311 Metacom (King Philip) I-32 Index

King Philip’s War, 63 622; eight-hour workday and, 702; La Follette, Robert (“Fighting Bob”), Kings Canyon National Park, 760 encomiendas and, 40; factory 648, 662, 666, 667, 673; election of King’s College, see Columbia system and, 561–562; of free blacks, 1924 and, 719; League of Nations University 276; gang, 497; gender and, 644 and, 705 King William’s War, 93 (illus.); in Georgia, 112–113; for gold LaGuardia, Fiorello, 800 Kinship ties: among Indians, 16–17; in rush, 401; Hoover and, 739; Laissez-faire doctrine, 571, 611, 625, slave families, 365; in West Africa, 27 households and, 216; immigrant, 626 Kiowa Indians, 384, 515, 516 380, 562–563; married women as, Lake Champlain, 245; Battle of, 45–46 Kirkland, Caroline, 257–258, 279 765; in mid-Atlantic cities, 273–274; Lake Erie, 245 Kirkland, Samuel, 163 in mills, 272–273, 559–560; nativism Lake Texcoco, 7 Kirkland, William, 279 and, 382–383; in New Deal, 757–758, Lakota Indians, 235 (illus.) Kissinger, Henry, 785, 920, 921, 764; in New England, 61; in Lakota Sioux Indians: sacred pipe, 923–924, 924, 950 Progressive Era, 647–649; 110, 513 “Kitchen debate,” 852 (illus.) Protestants vs. Catholics in, 296; Lalawéthica, see Tenskwatawa Kivas, 85 protests by, 383–384; recession and, Land: in backcountry, 146–148; black Klamath Indians, 869 1012; skilled and unskilled, 544, 661, ownership of, 74; claims to, 182 Klan, see Ku Klux Klan 714; of slaves, 76, 352, 364; in (map); colonial environment and, Knights of Labor, 566–568, 623 (illus.), Southwest, 530; for sugar industry, 102; Confederate, 455; conservation 624 36–37; for tobacco industry, 70–71; of, 665, 666; Creek sale of, 259; Knights of Pythias, 623 transcontinental railroad and, 523; expansionism and, 393; federal Knights of the White Camelia, 491 of women, 325, 563–564, 799–801; policy toward, 262–263; for Knowlton, Charles, 281 in workshop, 281; World War I and, freedmen, 496–497; Hetch Hetchy Know-Nothing (American) party, 382, 698, 701–702; World War II and, 789 Valley dam and, 668–669, 669 (illus.); 414, 417–418, 421 (illus.), 790–792. See also Child Homestead Act and, 461, 526–527; Knox, Frank, 787 labor; Contracts; Employment; Indians and, 19, 177, 206, 222 (map), Knox, Henry, 159–160, 164, 206 Indentured servants; Labor unions; 242; in Maryland, 69; Mexican- Koch, Robert, 554 Slaves and slavery; Strikes; Americans and, 530; in New England, Kodak camera, 465, 556 Unemployment; Workers; specific 59, 61; in New France, 83; in Kongo, 25, 35 groups Northwest Territory, 183; Oklahoma Korea, 682, 798, 825, 885, 947 Labor-Management Relations Act land rush, 535–536, 536 (map); Korean-Americans: in Congress, 973 (1947), see Taft-Hartley Act (1947) Ordinance of 1785 and, 262; in Korean War, 828–830, 829 (illus.), 829 Labor movement, 566–569, 611 Pennsylvania, 82, 111; for railroads, (map), 839, 850 Labor-saving devices: in 1920s, 720 461, 524, 525 (map); Reconstruction Korematsu case, 806 Labor strikes, see Strikes and, 490, 508; reform, 382–383; in Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, 167 (illus.) Labor unions, 383, 565–566, 766–768; rural areas, 101; selling to repay debt, Kosovo, 997–998, 998 (illus.) in 1920s, 716; in 1930s, 765, 199; in Southeast, 184–185; Southern Krimmel, John Lewis, 258 (illus.) 766–768; in 1990s, 1003; AFL as, 566, Homestead Act and, 497; in Spanish Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken 568–569; CIO as, 767, 830; HUAC colonies, 84; speculation in, 206, Glass), 785 and, 836; Knights of Labor as, 263–264, 620; surveying of, 236–237, Krupa, Gene, 774 (illus.) 566–568; membership in, 767; for 237 (illus.); in West, 181–184, 955 Ku Klux Klan, 491, 491 (illus.), 505 Mexican-American workers, 869; (map) (illus.), 734–735, 735 (illus.); National Labor Union as, 566; Land grants: in Carolina, 77; in New Birmingham church bombing by, organizing by, 566–569; in York, 79–80, 80 (map) 889; Mississippi Freedom Summer postindustrial society, 858; in Land mines: Clinton and, 977 Project and, 889; school Progressive Era, 660–661; Landon, Alfred, 758–759 desegregation and, 849 restrictions on, 830; trade unions Land Ordinance (1785), 182, 256–257, Ku Klux Klan Act (1871), 484 , 492, 503 and, 273–274; Truman and, 819; 259 Kurds, 970 urban workingmen’s parties, 308; in Landowners: free blacks as, 176 Kuwait, 969 World War II, 792. See also Craft Landscape architecture, 334, 342 Kyoto environmental conference, organizations; Strikes Landscape painting, 339–342 1014 La Causa, 893 Lane Theological Seminary, 309 Kyushu, 811 Lafayette, Marquis de, 165, 172, Lange, Dorothea, 763 (illus.) 285–286, 286 (illus.) Language: Cherokee, 259; creole, 98; Labor: in 1920s, 714; in 1990s, 986; in Lafayette at Yorktown (Le Paon), 172 disagreements over, 983; German, colonial cities, 102; consolidation (illus.) 381; in Miami, 985; of slaves, 370 and, 858; convict-lease system and, Lafayette Escadrille, 690 Lansing, Robert, 685 Index I-33

Laos, 825, 880, 882, 921, 922, 983 Lecompton government, 418–419 Lewis, Flora, 1008 La Raza, 982 Lectures on the Science of Human Life Lewis, John L., 766, 792 Larkin, Thomas O., 395 (Graham), 330 Lewis, Mary Edmonia, 372 (illus.) Larsen, Nella, 728–729 Ledbeter, Hudie (Leadbelly), 731 Lewis, Meriwether, 234–235 La Salle, Sieur de, 84 Le Duc Tho, 921 Lewis, Sinclair, 730 Lasch, Christopher, 937 Lee, Jason, 388 Lewis and Clark expedition, 233 Laser, 793 Lee, “Mother” Ann, 303, 304 (map), 234–238, 236 (map), 237, 258 Las Gorras Blancas (White Caps), 530 Lee, Richard Henry, 146, 151, 154 Lexington, Kentucky, 269, 270 Lasker, Albert, 715 Lee, Robert E., 440, 448, 457, 458, 459, Lexington, Mass., battle at, 124, 152 Last of the Mohicans, The (Cooper), 469; Brown, John, and, 408; in Leyte Gulf, Battle of, 798 256 Mexican War, 397; surrender at Liberalism: civil rights movement and, Lathrop, Jane, 585 Appomattox, 472, 472 (illus.) 875–876; Johnson, Lyndon B., and, Lathrop, Julia, 702 Left (political), 755–756, 834, 906–907 883–886; Kennedy, John F., and, Latin America: Carter and, 949–950; Legal Tender Act (1862), 441 879–880, 882; Vietnam and, 898–902 diplomacy and, 630; drug trade and, Legends: of frontier, 536–537 Liberal Republicans, 501–502, 503 968; Good Neighbor policy and, Legislation: in Hundred Days, Liberator, The (newspaper), 292, 782–783; immigrants from, 733; 751–753; under Johnson, Lyndon B., 308–309, 311 Nixon in, 853; Panama Canal and, 884–886; in later New Deal, 756; of Liberia, 308 680; Roosevelt, Theodore, and, Progressive Era, 671, 672; Liberties: in Constitution (U.S.), 190; 680–682; Spain and, 96; Taft and, Reconstruction, 484. See also New protection of, 215. See also 680–682; United States and, 956 Deal; specific legislation Freedom(s); Rights (map); U.S. and, 681 (map); Wilson Legislative branch, 188 Liberty (sloop), 144 and, 679 (illus.), 682–683. See also Legislature: bicameral, 188; colonial, Liberty Loans, 692 Iran-contra scandal; Monroe 114; division of seats in, 178; in Liberty party, 310, 392, 418 Doctrine (1823) states, 178; unicameral, 179. See also Libya, 961 Latinos/Latinas, see Hispanics; Congress; specific states Liddy, G. Gordon, 930 specific groups Leisler’s Rebellion, 91–92 Lieberman, Joseph, 958, 1005 Latvia, 704, 967 Leisure: antebellum, 331–334; in Life expectancy: in 1950s, 861; in Law(s): dissent suppressed by, 1950s, 862–863; of working class, 1990s, 979; in Chesapeake, 70; in 697–698; wives protected by, 60. See 591–596. See also specific types cities, 102; in New England, 60; of also Constitution (U.S.); Legislation; Lemlich, Clara, 661 slaves, 98, 366; World War II specific acts Lend-lease program, 787 innovations and, 793 Law and order theme, 887, 927–928 L’Enfant, Charles, 649 Life magazine, 763–764 Law courts, 116. See also Court Lenin, Vladimir, 689, 704 Lifestyle: in Cahokia, 12–13; of Civil system; Supreme Court Lennon, John, 912 War soldiers, 449–451; of colonial Lawrence, Amos A., 412 Leopard (ship), 239 elites, 108, 108 (illus.); conveniences Lawrence, Ernest O., 732 Leopold, Aldo, 722, 760 in, 327–328; of cowboys, 533–534; of Lawrence, Jacob, 699 (illus.) Le Paon, Jean-Baptiste, 172 (illus.) former slaves, 477–478; of Indians Lawrence-Livermore National Lerner, Gerda, 895 before European contact, 16–19; Laboratory, 827 Lesbians, see Gays and lesbians industrialization and, 270–271; of Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, 827 “Letter from the Birmingham Jail” mill workers, 559–560; in 1990s, Lawson, John, 111 (illus.) (King), 888 987–988; of Paleo-Indians, 4; of Lay, Kenneth, 1008 Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Plains Indians, 15, 514; of planters, League of Nations, 702, 704–705, 705 (Dickinson), 141 352–354; post-World War II, 818; of (illus.), 707 Letters on the Condition of Women and Progressive Era African-Americans, League of the Iroquois, 2. See also the Equality of the Sexes (Sarah 655–656; quality of life and, Iroquois Confederacy Grimké), 310 326–331; of rural whites, 100–101; of League of United Latin American Letters to Catharine E. Beecher slaves, 104, 362–369; of small Citizens (LULAC), 733, 805, 868 (Angelina Grimké), 310 tobacco farmers, 72; tea and, 95–96; League of Women Voters, 719 Letters to Mothers (Sigourney), in textile towns, 272; Tocqueville on, Leary, Timothy, 911, 915 279–280 256; urban, 576–583; World War II Lease, Mary E., 620 Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (Agee), and, 799, 831 (illus.) “Leatherstocking” (character), 335 771 (illus.), 774 Light bulb, 552 Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 337 Levi’s, 381 Lightning rod, 117 Lebanon, 853, 957 Levittowns, 859 Lilienthal, David, 753 Lecompton constitution, 421, 422–423 Lewinsky, Monica, 995–996 Liliuokalani (Hawaii), 631 I-34 Index

Limbaugh, Rush, 975, 975 (illus.), 976 Lloyd George, David, 703 Lowell, Josephine Shaw, 589 Limited monarchy: in England, 91 Lobbyists, 670, 1013 Lower South, 346, 349, 368. See also Limited war, 829 Lochner v. New York, 671 South Lincoln, Abraham, 424 (illus.), 439, Locke, Alain, 729 Loyalists, 160–161; class structure and, 469, 471–472; assassination of, Locke, John, 77, 117, 138 174; Indian support for, 162–163; in 472–473, 480; in Civil War, 447, 448, Lockerbie, Scotland: Pan Am flight 103 New Jersey, 164–165; recruitment 458; debates with Douglas, 423–425; and, 961 by, 161 (illus.); Revolution and, 163, dissent and, 463–466; election of Lockheed, 827 173; in South, 171–172 1860 and, 427, 428–429; election of Locofocus, 295 Loyalists (Spain), 771 1864 and, 469–470; emancipation Lodge, Henry Cabot, 630, 654, 704, Loyal Nine, 135 policy and, 452–454; Emancipation 705, 707 Loyalty: anticommunism and, Proclamation and, 448, 453–454; Loewy, Raymond, 776 834–835; state programs, 835–836; habeas corpus and, 443; Log cabin, 79 testing after World War II, 835 Reconstruction and, 479–480; London, 29 Loyalty Boards, 835 secession of South and, 429–432; as Lonely Crowd, The (Riesman), 857 Loyola, Ignatius, 32 wartime leader, 441–442 Long, Crawford, 329 LSD, 911 Lincoln-Douglas debates, 423–425 Long, Huey, 755–756 Luce, Henry, 763 Lincoln homestead, 108 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 280 Lucent Technologies, 1020 Lindbergh, Charles, 725–726, 787 Looking Backward (Bellamy), 571 Ludlow, Louis, 784 Lindneux, Robert, 261 (illus.) Loose constructionism, 249 Ludlow Amendment (1938), 784 Lippmann, Walter, 696 Lord Dunmore’s War, 147 Luftwaffe (German air force), 786 Liquor, see Alcohol Lorraine, 704 LULAC, see League of United Latin Literacy, 116; among blacks, 367; of Los Alamos, 794, 826; National American Citizens (LULAC) Civil War armies, 450; 1880-1890, Laboratory, 826 Lumber industry, 61 604; in South, 351, 496 Los Angeles: gangs in, 945; King, Lunar landing, see Moon landing Literacy tests: for immigrants, 654; for Rodney, riots and, 971; Mexicans in, Lundy, Benjamin, 308 voting, 621 769, 868–869; migration to, 859–860; Lundy’s Lane, battle at, 245 Literature: in 1920s, 726; in 1930s, 775; water management and, 666; Watts Lusitania (ship), 685 in 1950s, 863; alienated writers and, riot in, 890 Luther, Martin, 31 730; American Renaissance in, Lost Bird (Marguerite Colby), 522, 523 Lutheranism, 32 334–339; democratization of, 335; (illus.) Luxembourg, 786 dime novels, 534, 537; frontier “Lost colony,” see Roanoke colony Luzon, 637 legends in, 536–537; Harlem Louis XIV (France), 83, 84, 90, 93 Lyceums, 339 Renaissance and, 728–729; Mayan, Louis XVI (France), 165 Lynchings, 622, 656, 768, 832; of 7; naturalist writers, 600; Louis, Joe, 785 German-Americans, 696; in New paperbacks and, 339; progressive Louisbourg, 113, 114 (illus.), 126 Deal, 759; protests against, 768 movement and, 645–646; realist and (map), 127 (illus.); after World War I, 705 regionalist writers, 600; Spanish- Louisiana, 97, 256; Acadian move to, Lynd, Robert and Helen, 715, 720, 721 Mexican culture in, 530; Victorians 128; France and, 109, 127; slavery Lyon, Matthew, 215 and, 597–600; women and, 603; and, 97, 250, 368; Spain and, 86, 203 Lyons, Jane (Hope), 656 World War II and, 802. See also Louisiana Purchase (1803), 232–234, specific writers and titles 233 (map), 259; Floridas and, 251; Mábila, 43–44, 84 Lithuania, 704, 967 mapping of, 236 (map), 237 MacArthur, Douglas, 748, 797, 811, Little Bighorn, Battle of, 517–518 Louisiana Territory, 84, 228. See also 825, 828, 829, 839 “Little Havana”: in Miami, 984, 985 Louisiana Purchase (1803) Macdonough, Thomas, 245 Little Ice Age, 29 Louisville, 269, 270 Machines: for Great Plains farming, Little Rock: desegregation in, 849, 849 Love, see Romantic love 527. See also Industrialization (illus.) Love, Nat, 533 Machine tools, 318 “Little Steel” companies, 767 Love Canal crisis, 949, 949 (illus.) MacIntosh, Ebenezer, 136 Littleton, Colorado: shootings in, 979, Lovejoy, Elijah, 309 MacLean, Annie, 601 979 (illus.) Loving v. Virginia, 886 Macon’s Bill No. 2, 241 Little Turtle (Miami Indians), 208 Low, Cornelius: home of, 108, 108 Macready, William, 332 (illus.) (illus.) Macune, Charles W., 619, 621 Livestock: in New England, 62; in Lowell: mills in, 272, 273, 318 Macy, Rowland H., 584 South, 348 Lowell, Francis Cabot, 271 Madeira Islands, 36 Livingston, Robert R., 232, 264 Lowell, James Russell, 396 Madero, Francisco, 683 Index I-35

Madison, Dolley, 245 (illus.), 245–246 Manitou, 18 69–70; counterculture and, 913; Madison, James, 149, 228; Bill of Rights Mann, Horace, 307, 313, 351, 603 delayed, 942; of freed blacks, 493; and, 198; at Constitutional Mann Act (1910), 652, 671 among Indians, 16; interracial, 983; Convention, 186–187; election of Mannahoac Indians, 19 in New England colonies, 60; slave, 1808 and, 240–241; election of 1812 Mann-Elkins Act (1906), 666, 671 362, 364; in West Africa, 27; women’s and, 246; Federalist, The, and, 190; on Manners, Victorian, 583 roles and, 220; World War II and, government, 189; on national debt, Man Nobody Knows, The (Barton), 715 801. See also Divorce 200; presidency of, 241; republican Manorial system: in Maryland, 69 Marsh, Peyton C., 687 ideology of, 211; on slavery, 175, 188; Manors: in New York, 79–80, 80 (map) Marshall, George C., 821, 839 War of 1812 and, 242–243 Mansfield, William, 149 Marshall, John, 227, 249 (illus.); Burr Mad magazine, 871 Manson, Charles, 912 and, 238; Georgia Indians and, 260; Madrinas, 530 Manteno, Illinois, 324 on interstate commerce, 264; Magazines, 597–600; anticommunist, Manufacturing: in 1950s, 855; in Marbury v. Madison and, 231; 835; mass-circulation, 723; 1990s, 986; American System of, Supreme Court under, 248–249 photoengraving and, 635 322; in cities, 273–274; employment Marshall, Robert, 760 Magellan, Ferdinand, 39 in, 272 (map); growth of, 217, 544; Marshall, Thomas R., 705 Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (Crane), 600 interchangeable parts and, 320, 322; Marshall, Thurgood, 848, 886 Magsaysay, Ramon, 852 machine tools and, 318; mergers in Marshall Plan, 822–823, 824 Mailer, Norman, 878 (1895–1910), 550. See also Industry; Martha Washington societies, 307 Maine, 47; as free state, 250, 251; Technology Martí, José, 632 Shakers in, 304–305, 305 (illus.); Manumission: in North Carolina, 175 Martin, Bradley, 625 statehood for, 256 Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), 825, 852, Martin, Henry Byam, 365 (illus.) Maine (battleship), 632 923, 950 Martinique, 96 Main Street (Lewis), 730 “Maple Leaf Rag” (Joplin), 575, 651 Marx, Karl, 571–572, 661 Main-Travelled Roads (Garland), 619 Maps, 34; of America, 39, 236 (map), Marxism, 571–572 Maize (corn), 5, 7, 14 236–237, 237 (illus.) Mary I (England), 32 Majority rule: Madison on, 191 Marbury, William, 231 Mary II (England), 91, 93 Making Salmon:.... (Taylor), 761 Marbury v. Madison, 231 Maryland, 68, 69, 92, 443, 448; Malacate, Antonio, 85 March Against Death, 908, 908 (illus.) government of, 179; western, 126 Malamud, Bernard, 863 Marching bands, 598 (illus.), 598–599 Mascoutens Indians, 109 Malaria, 77, 366, 793 March on Washington: in 1941, 802, MASH, see Mobile Auxiliary Surgical Malaya, 788 888; in 1963, 888–889 Hospital Malcolm X, 891 Marcos, Ferdinand, 924 Mashantucket Pequots, 981 Male (term): in Constitution, 483, 486 “Margin” buying, 744–745 Mason, Charlotte, 729 Mali, 25 (illus.), 25–27 Marietta, 184 Mason, George, 190 Malintzin (Malinche, Doña Marina), Marijuana, 911 Mason, James, 452 41, 41 (illus.) Marines: in Korean War, 829 (illus.); in Mason, Priscilla, 221 Mallon, Mary, 650 World War II, 810. See also Armed Mason, Stevens, 284 (illus.) Management: in 1920s, 716; railroads forces; Intervention Masons: Anti-Masonry crusade and, and, 546 Maritime trade, 34, 204 296 Man and Nature (Perkins), 539 Market(s): agricultural, 261–262; for Massachusett Indians, 55 Manassas, battles at, see Bull Run books, 335; colonies as, 95; Massachusetts: backcountry and, 147; Manchester Union-Leader, 960 Embargo Act and, 240; overseas, Bay colony, 55; circular letter in, Manchu Ch’ing empire, 679 630. See also Transportation 141; education in, 56–57; Embargo Manchuria, 682, 784, 784 (map), 798, Market economy, 262–270, 276–277; in Act and, 240; Glorious Revolution 825 New England colonies, 58; in West in, 91; legislature in, 58–59; mills in, Mandan Indians, 14, 234 (illus.) Africa, 27; Whig party and, 296 272; Plymouth colony and, 49; Mandela, Nelson, 968, 998–999 Marketing, 553–556, 556 (illus.); by politics in, 58–59; public schools in, Mangum, W. P., 296 railroads, 545 307; as royal colony, 90, 91; split in, Manhattan Island, 50 (illus.) Market production, 216–217 57–58; voting rights in, 179; Manhattan Project, 793–794, 811, 826, Mark I calculator, 793, 855 Williams, Roger, and, 57 838 Marne: battles of, 689, 690–691 Massachusetts Bay Colony. See Manifest Destiny, 378, 392–393, Marne, The (Wharton), 693 Massachusetts 416–417. See also Mexican- Marriage, 280 (illus.), 603; age of, in Massachusetts Bay Company, 55 American War; Westward expansion New England, 61; antebellum, 279; Massachusetts Government Act, 150 Manila Bay: Dewey in, 632, 633 (map) in birth order, 279; in Chesapeake, “Massacre of St. George’s Fields,” 142 I-36 Index

Massasoit, 49, 62–63 McKay, Donald, 403, 403 (illus.) Mencken, Henry L., 730 Mass audience: for television, 864 McKinley, William F., 610, 632; Mendel, Gregor, 1010 Mass culture: in 1920s, 720–726; assassination of, 610, 663; election Menéndez, Francisco, 106–107 sexual revolution and, 912 of 1896 and, 627, 627 (map), Menlo Park, Edison and, 552, 552 Masses, The (periodical), 662, 662 628–629; Philippines and, 636–637; (illus.), 553 (illus.), 697 Spanish-American War and, 632 Menominee Indians, 869 Mass marketing: discount chains and, McKinley Tariff (1890), 617, 624, 625, Mentally ill: treatment of, 313 935–936 628, 631 Mercantilism, 83, 94–96 Mass media, see Media McLaughlin, James, 522 Mercenaries, see Hessians Mass production, 551–553, 714, McNamara, Robert, 881, 899, 901–902 Merchants, 58, 103 944–945 McNary-Haugen bill, 718, 752 Merchants of death, 784 Maternal societies, 281 McNeil, Joseph, 875 Meredith, James, 887 Mathematics: of Maya, 7 McPherson, Aimee Semple, 734 Mergers, 954; in 1990s, 1002. See also Mather, Cotton, 60, 63, 90 McVeigh, Timothy, 988 Business; Corporations Mather, Increase, 67 Mead, Larkin, 345 (illus.) Merrick, John, 623 Mayagüez incident, 948 Meade, George G., 458, 459 Merrill Lynch, 1021 Maya people, 7, 16 Meat Inspection Act (1906), 664, 671 Merrimac (Virginia), 451, 451 (illus.) Mayflower (barge), 184 Meatpacking industry, 549, 551 Mesa Verde: Anasazi in, 9 Mayflower (ship), 49 Mechanization: of agriculture, 319, Mesoamerica, 5–8, 6 (map) McAdoo, William G., 685, 689, 702, 857. See also Technology Mesquakie (Fox) Indians, 110 707, 719 Media: Berlin Wall and, 966. See also Mestizos, 42 McCain, Franklin, 875, 876 specific media Metacom (King Philip), 62–63 McCain, John, 995, 1005, 1013 Medicaid, 885, 943 Methodism, 120, 300, 359; blacks and, McCardle, Eliza, 480 Medical Care Act (1965), 885 223, 276, 370–371; colleges founded McCarran Internal Security Act (1950), Medical schools, 277 by, 362; in North and South, 371 839 Medicare, 885, 1008 Métis, 42, 109 McCarran-Walter Immigration and Medication: patent, 653 (illus.); Meuse River, 692 Nationality Act (1952), 839 regulation of, 664 Mexica, 7 McCarthy, Eugene, 913, 916, 917, 918 Medicine: anesthesia and, 329; in Civil Mexican-Americans, 769, 769 (illus.), McCarthy, James, 520 War, 466–467; doctor’s education 946; in 1950s, 865, 868; in 1990s, McCarthy, Joseph, and McCarthyism, and, 586; genetic research and, 982; in armed forces, 804–805; in 816, 838–839, 844, 845–848, 864 1010–1011; in 1920s, 732; women in, Civil War, 449; discrimination and, McCarthyism and the Hollywood 715; World War II and, 793 529–530; immigration by, 733, 980; Witch Hunts (Cleland), 814 (illus.) Medicine Lodge Treaty (1867), 515 at Phoenix Indian School, 520; McClellan, George B., 447–448, 453, Medicine men and women, 19 protests by, 893 (illus.), 893–894; as 470 Mediterranean region, 24–25, 231, 821 railroad laborers, 523; in Southwest, McClure’s magazine, 645 Meehan, Martin, 1013 529–530; traditions of, 725; woman McCord, James, 930, 931 (illus.) Meese, Edwin, 959 suffrage and, 658; in World War II, McCormick, Cyrus, 319, 322 (illus.), 461 Megafauna, 2, 4 804–805 McCormick, Katharine, 896 “Me Generation,” 937 Mexican-American War, 394–400, 397 McCormick Harvester plant, 569 Melish, John, 237 (illus.), 398 (illus.), 464 McCoy, Joseph G., 533 Mellon, Andrew W., 717, 718, 745 Mexican Revolution, 683 McCulloch, Hugh, 502 Melting Pot, The (Zangwill), 983 Mexicans: as cowboys, 533; in McCulloch v. Maryland, 249 “Melting pot” concept, 983 Southwest, 529. See also Mexican- McDonald’s, 831 (illus.) Melville family: Alan, 276–277; Americans McDowell, Irvin, 446 Herman, 276–277, 334, 337, 338, 339 Mexico: agriculture in, 5; cultures of, McElroy, Neil, 854 Memminger, Christopher G., 430, 441 7–8; economy of, 1004; Far West McGee, Frank, 916 Memphis, 209, 449 trade and, 386; independence of, McGillivray, Alexander, 184, 205–206 Men: in Archaic societies, 5; 385; NAFTA and, 974; McGovern, George, 901, 929–930 egalitarianism among white, nationalization by, 782–783; in McGuffey readers, 307 174–175; in European families, 30; 1920s, 719; oil from, 722; silver and, McGuire, Thomas B., 565 extended families of, 16; as 386; Spanish in, 43, 204; Texas and, McHenry, Fort, 247 immigrants, 70–71, 578; leisure and, 386–387; westward expansion and, McIntosh, Fort: treaty of, 183 592; in New England, 60–61; Paleo- 378. See also Aztecs; Mesoamerica; McIntosh, William, 259 Indian, 4; relations with women, Mexican-American War; Spain McKay, Claude, 716, 728 220; separate spheres and, 583 Mexico City, 6, 41, 397–398 Index I-37

Miami, 946, 982, 984 (illus.), 984–985, (1610–1660), 54 (map); to North Minnesota, 251 985 (illus.) America, 53–54; in Reconstruction, Minorities: affirmative action and, Miami, Fort, 209 489; to suburbs, 859; to West, 256, 945–946; discrimination against, Miami Beach, 984 389, 511; in World War II, 799, 803, 768–769; in Great Depression, 765; Miami Indians, 208 (illus.) 804 in 1990s, 978; in Southwest, Miantonomi (Narragansett sachem), Milborne, Jacob, 92 529–530. See also specific groups 62 Militants: Chicanos as, 893; civil rights Minor v. Happersett, 487 Miasma theory of disease, 328–329, and, 889, 890–891; Indians as, Minstrel shows, 332–333 467 892–893; Nixon and, 927–928; Miranda v. Arizona, 886, 887 Miccosukee Indians, 984 Puerto Ricans as, 894. See also Missile crisis: in Cuba, 880–881 Michigan, 257, 284 (illus.) Protest(s) Missiles: antiballistic, 924; arms Mickey Mouse Club, 864 (illus.) Military: in American Revolution, 163; control and, 960; Bush, George W., Micro Instrumentation Telemetry in Balkan fighting, 997–998; buildup and, 1009; in 1950s, 854; Reagan Systems (MITS), 940 of, 957–958; colonial, 129; and and, 957; space exploration and, Microphone, 553 Constitution (U.S.), 187–188; 870, 870 (illus.). See also specific Microsoft, 940 homosexuals in, 974; in types Mid-Atlantic states, 181, 218–219 Reconstruction, 488; reduction in, Missions and missionaries: in Civil Middle class: in 1860s, 316 (illus.); in 968; in Seven Years’ War, 127; in War, 457 (illus.); Franciscan, 85, 204; 1950s, 873; in 1970s, 944; blacks in, Somalia, 998; spending on, 854; Indians and, 44, 78; Jesuit, 32; in 945; in cities, 103, 582; consumption Washington Naval Arms Conference Massachusetts, 55; in New England, and, 584–585; counterculture and, and, 718; in World War I, 685. See 62; in New France, 82, 83; New 911; cult of domesticity and, also Armed forces; specific Light, 119; Shaker, 303; among 583–584; higher education and, presidents; specific wars slaves, 371; Spanish, 44, 78, 85, 387 585–586; lifestyle of, 326, 326 (illus.); Military courts: in Reconstruction, 503 Mission San Gabriel (Depper), (illus.) manners and morals of, 583; new, Military districts: in Reconstruction, Mississippi, 250, 256, 259, 262, 887 642; progressivism and, 643; 483, 485 (map) Mississippian culture, 11–14, 110 separate spheres doctrine and, 279; Military draft, see Draft (military) Mississippi Freedom Democratic urban, 643; white-collar, 643 Military-industrial complex, 790, 853 Party (MFDF), 889 Middle colonies, 78 (map), 78–82, 154 Militia, 163; right-wing, 988–989; in Mississippi Freedom Summer Project Middle East: Carter and, 950–951; Second Amendment, 198 (1964), 889 Clinton and, 974, 999–1000; crises Milk, Harvey, 942, 943 Mississippi-Ohio River system: in, 999 (map), 1018–1020; Milkin, Michael, 1020 steamboats in, 264–265 Eisenhower and, 853; immigrants in Mill economy: southern, 559–560 “Mississippi plan,” 505 U.S., 1018; Nixon and, 924; Reagan Miller, William, 297 Mississippi River region: access to, and, 957, 961; September 11, 2001, Mills, see Cotton industry; Textile 210; Britain and, 170; Canadian bombings, and, 1016; Suez crisis in, industry settlements in, 97; Civil War and, 853. See also Arabs; Muslims Milosevic, Slobodan, 997, 998, 998 445–446, 449; cultures of, 11–14; Middletown (Lynd), 715, 720 (illus.) Eastern Woodlands people and, 10; Middling classes, 33, 276–277, 351 Milwaukee, 270 France and, 109; La Salle and, 84; Midnight appointments: by Adams, Milwaukee Leader (newspaper), 697 after Revolutionary War, 172; Spain 231 Mimeograph machine, 553 and, 184–185. See also Louisiana Midway, Battle of, 793, 797 Mine Owners’ Protective Association, Purchase (1803) Midwest, 258–259, 318–319; Grange 569 Missouri, 250, 256, 276, 443, 448; and, 617–619; railroads and, 324; Minerals: in Eastern Woodlands Kansas and, 415, 419 Republican party in, 612. See also region, 10. See also Gold; Gold rush; Missouri (battleship), 811 Great Plains Mines and mining; Silver; specific Missouri Compromise, 249–251, 250 Mier y Téran, Manual, 387 minerals (map), 399–400, 415, 422 Migrant workers: in Great Depression, Mines and mining, 401; in Antarctica, Missouri River region, 234–236 753, 757; Hispanic, 769; Mexican- 972; Coeur d’Alene River strike, 569; Mitchell, George, 1019 American, 733 IWW strikes against, 661; mergers in Mitchell, John, 929 Migration: of Africans, 53–54; black, (1895–1910), 550; UMW strike and, Mitchell, Margaret, 775 276, 505, 558–559, 623–624, 663, 792, 819; in West, 531 (map), Mithelstadt, Jakob, and family, 580 655–656, 698–699, 768; to California, 531–533. See also Gold; Gold rush; (illus.) 388; chain migration, 580; to cities, Silver Miwok Indians, 46 577–580; from dust bowl, 754, 757; Mingo Indians, 126, 147, 162 Mob, see Organized crime emancipation and, 492; English Minimum wage, 764, 830, 834, 845 Mobile, 84 I-38 Index

Mobile Auxiliary Surgical Hospital, Montgomery, Bernard, 795 “Mountain men,” 257 (illus.), 258 793 Montiano, Manuel De, 107 Mount Auburn Cemetery, 342 Mobilization: for Civil War, 439–443; Montreal, 40, 93, 166, 245 Mount Holyoke, 602 for World War II, 785, 789–795 Moon, Sun Myung, 944 Moussaoui, Zacarias, 1018 Mobilizing Woman-Power (Blatch), Moon landing, 925 (illus.) Movement, see Youth movement 696–697 Moore, Clement, 280 Movies and movie stars: in 1920s, 724; “Mobocracy,” 203 Moore, Gordon, 940 in 1930s, 770–771; in 1950s, Moby-Dick (Melville), 337, 338, 339 Morality: culture wars and, 988–989; 843–844, 861, 863; in 1970s, 937, Moctezuma II (Aztecs), 41 progressivism and urban, 651–652; 938; in 1990s, 987; anticommunism “Model of Christian Charity, A,” 55 Victorian, 583 and, 835 (illus.), 836; drug culture Model T, 651 Moral Majority, 944, 952 and, 912; early, 651–652, 724 (illus.), Moderators, 491 Moral-reform activity: societies, 282; 772 (illus.), 772–773; Indians Modernism: in arts, 601 World War I and, 701–702 depicted in, 946; as propaganda, Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, 323 Moran, Thomas, 538 (illus.) 794; racism in, 656, 656 (illus.); (illus.) “Moratorium”: in Vietnam War, 908 religious extravaganzas and, 862; Mohawk Iroquois Indians, 49, 83, 184; (illus.) World War I and, 693; World War II Dutch and, 50; French and, 45, 46; Morehouse College, 495, 656 and, 802 Hendrick of, 125 (illus.); King Philip’s Morgan, J. Pierpont, 547, 548, 553, “Movietone,” 772 War and, 63; King William’s War and, 590, 626, 628, 647, 663–664, 667, 685 Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de 93; Revolutionary War and, 167 Morgan, Thomas, 520 Aztlan, El (MEChA), 893 Mohegan Indians, 56, 64 Morgan, William, 296 “Moving frontier,” 263–264 Molasses, 37, 96 Morgan v. Virginia, 833 Ms. magazine, 938 Molasses Act (1733), 94, 133 Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 750 Muck, Karl, 696 Molotov, V. M., 807 Mormons, 301–303, 302 (map), Muckraking, 645, 667 Mondale, Walter, 948, 958 377–378, 528 Mugwumps, 615, 616, 636 Monetarist school, 745–746 Morocco, 24–25, 25, 34 Muir, John, 539, 664, 666, 668, 668 Monetary policy, 610, 613, 627 Morrill Land Grant Act (1862), 461, (illus.), 669 Money, 180, 187, 502. See also 586 Muirhead, James F., 582 Currency; Paper money; Specie Morris, Lewis, 116 Mulattos, 42, 364; in Charleston, 430; Money supply, 611, 613 Morris, Robert, 180–181 passing as white, 369; on “Monied men”: Hamilton and, 201 Morrison, Jim, 914 (illus.) plantations, 354 Monitor (ironclad), 451, 451 (illus.) Morrison, Toni, 729 Muller v. Oregon, 671, 672 Monk, Maria, 382 Morristown: Washington in, 164 Multiculturalism, 809, 910, 983 Monk’s Mound, Cahokia, 12 Morrow, Dwight, 719 Multiethnic society, 981–983 Monmouth Court House, battle at, Morse, Samuel F. B., 322, 382 Multinational corporations, 856 165 (map), 166–167 Mortality rate: in Chesapeake, 70; Multiple-use land management, 665, Monopolies, 264, 383, 546 (illus.), 551, decline in, 861; from influenza and 666 663–664 pneumonia, 700–701; of slaves, Mumford, Lewis, 730, 785 Monroe, James, 228; election of 1816 365–366; in Virginia, 48. See also Muncie, Indiana: Middletown and, and, 247; election of 1820 and, 247; Infant mortality; Life expectancy 715, 720, 721 Era of Good Feelings and, 248; Mortgages: for farms, 101 Munich Pact (1938), 784, 785 foreign policy of, 251–252; Morton, Ferdinand (Jelly Roll), 728 Municipal government: railroads and, Louisiana Purchase and, 232; on (illus.), 731–732 325. See also Cities and towns ratification, 190 Morton, William T. G., 329 Munitions: in Civil War, 440 Monroe Doctrine (1823), 252, 630, Moscone, George, 943 Munn v. Illinois, 618 822; Roosevelt Corollary to, 681 Mose, Florida, 105, 106 (illus.), Murder Act, see Administration of Montagnais Indians, 45 106–107, 107 (illus.) Justice Act Montana, 528 Moses, Anna “Grandma,” 775, 775 Murrah federal building: bombing of, Montcalm, Joseph, 127 (illus.) 988, 989 (illus.), 1016 Monte Albán, 6 Mother Earth, 659 Murray, Judith Sargent, 220–221 Monterrey, Mexico: capture of, 396 Motion-picture camera and movie, Murrow, Edward R., 807, 864 Monte Verde (Chile), 2 553 Muscle Shoals, Alabama: Montgomery, 446; bus boycott in, 867, Motor Vehicle Safety Act (1966), 885 hydroelectric facility at, 719 875; freedom riders in, 887; Selma- Motown, 912 Museum of Modern Art, 862 Montgomery march and, 874 Mott, Lucretia, 311, 311 (illus.) Museums: Barnum’s American (illus.), 889 Mound-building cultures, 10–13; 44 Museum as, 333–334 Index I-39

Music: in 1920s, 725, 731; in 1930s, Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 853 National government, 186, 287; in 774; black, 372–373; call-and- Nast, Thomas, 482 (illus.), 500 (illus.); Constitution (U.S.), 188; Hamilton response singing, 599; of Tweed ring and, 587 (illus.), 587–588 on, 198–199; role of, 287. See also counterculture, 911–912; German- Natchez, 449 Federal government; Government Americans and, 696; Harlem Natchez Indians, 44, 110 (U.S.) Renaissance and, 728; home life in, Natick, 55 National Guard: at Kent State, 909, 909 280; marching bands and, 598 Nation, The (magazine), 583, 597, 614, (illus.); in World War I, 686–687 (illus.), 598–599; in minstrel shows, 705 National Industrial Recovery Act 332; in New Orleans, 598–599, 599 National Advisory Commission on (NIRA), 752, 757 (illus.); popular, 651; religion and, Civil Disorders, see Kerner Nationalism, 247–248; in arts, 862; rhythm-and-blues, 871; swing, Commission 334–342; of constitutional 774–775; World War I and, 694–695; National Aeronautics and Space delegates, 186; economic, 713; World War II and, 802. See also Jazz; Administration (NASA), 870 Paine on, 154; paternalism and, 637; Music; Ragtime music; Rock-and- National American Woman Suffrage World War I and, 683–684 roll; Spirituals (songs) Association (NAWSA), 658, 697 Nationalist Chinese, 825 Musical movies, 770, 773 National Association for the Nationality Act (1790), 732 Music halls, 651 Advancement of Colored People National Labor Reform party, 566 Musket production, 271 (NAACP), 656, 657, 699, 759, 768, National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), Muslims: in Balkans, 997–998; 802, 831–832 see Wagner Act (1935) Christians and, 24–25; in Russia, National Association of National Labor Relations Board, 758 998; after September 11, 2001, 1016; Manufacturers, 666 National Labor Union (NLU), 566 trans-Saharan trade and, 25; in West National bank, 200–201, 248 National League (baseball), 594 Africa, 27–28. See also Islam; Shiite National Bank Act (1863), 441 National Liberation Front, see Muslims; Terrorism National banking system, 441, 461, Vietcong Mussolini, Benito, 771, 783, 785, 788 473 National Organization for Women, Mutual-aid societies: for free blacks, National Basketball Association, 831 894, 938 276 National Birth Control League, 660 National Origins Act (1924), 732 Mutual-defense pacts, 824, 830, 851 National Broadcasting Company National parks, 538–539, 666, 668, 760 My First Days in the White House (NBC), 723 National Park Service, 666 (Long), 756 National Child Labor Committee, 643, National Reclamation Act (1902), 665, “My Grandfather’s Clock” (Work), 591 646 671 My Lai massacre, 920 (illus.), 920–921 National Colored Farmers’ Alliance, National Recovery Administration Myrdal, Gunnar, 804 619 (NRA), 752, 752 (illus.), 753 Mystic, Connecticut: Pequot War and, National Conference on Outdoor National Reform Association, 382–383 56, 56 (illus.) Recreation, 722 National Republicans, 289 National Congress of American National Resources Planning Board, NAACP, see National Association for Indians, 804, 869 761–762 the Advancement of Colored People National Consumers’ League, 643, 649 National Review, 848, 884, 927 (NAACP) National Council of Negro Women, National Rifle Association (NRA), 976 Nader, Ralph, 886, 1005 760 National Road, 259 Nagasaki: atomic bombing of, 811 National debt, 230; of Britain, 129; National Science Foundation (NSF), Nairobi embassy bombing, 1000 federal funding of, 199; in 1950s, 1014 Napalm, 901, 908, 916 (illus.) 858; permanent, 199–200, 201. See National security, 213, 826–827 Napoleon I (Bonaparte), 203, 229, 232, also Debt National Security Act (1947), 822 245 National Defense Education Act National Security Agency (NSA), 838, Napoleon III, 452 (1958), 870 927 Napoleonic Wars, 235, 238–239, 251 National Endowments for the Arts and National Security Council (NSC), 822, Naranjo, Domingo, 85 the Humanities (1965), 885 825, 959 Narcotics, see Drugs National Farmers’ Alliance and National Security League, 685 Narcotics Act (1914), 653, 671 Industrial Union, 619, 620 National self-determination: Eastern Narragansett Indians, 56, 57, 62, 64 National forests, 666 Europe and, 820 NASA, see National Aeronautics and National Front for the Liberation of National Textile Workers Union, 716 Space Administration (NASA) Vietnam (NLF), 853 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle NASDAQ composite index, 1002 National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, Safety Act, 886 Nashville convention, 409, 410 942, 943 (illus.) National Union of Social Justice, 755 Nassau, Fort, 50 National Gazette, 211 National Union party, 470, 480, 483 I-40 Index

National War Labor Board (NWLB), 111; Plymouth and, 49; protests by, before World War II, 783 (map), 789, 792 892–893; relocations of, 110; 783–784, 785. See also Hitler, Adolf; National Wilderness Preservation Act removal of, 255, 259–261, 261 World War II (1964), 885 (map); reservations of, 515–516, 519 NBC, see National Broadcasting National Wildlife Federation, 761 (map); resistance by, 515–518, 516 Company (NBC) National Woman’s party, 719 (map); Revolution and, 173, Nebraska, 251, 414–415, 528 National Woman Suffrage Association, 177–178; in Southwest, 530; Spanish Necessary and proper clause, 201 487 and, 44, 84–88, 112, 203–204; West Negro League, 656 National Women’s Alliance (NWA), 620 and, 167, 378; whites and, 515–518, “Negro rule,” 621, 622 National Women’s Political Caucus, 516 (map), 522; in World War II, 804; Neighborhoods, 587, 650 (illus.) 938 Wounded Knee massacre and, 522, Nelson, Willie, 944–945 National Youth Administration, 759 522 (illus.); Yamasee War and, 106. Neolin, 132 Nation of Islam, 891 See also specific groups, regions, Netanyahu, Benjamin, 999–1000 Nation-state: Cahokia and, 12 and treaties Netherlands, 37, 42. See also Dutch Native Alaskans, 15 Native Son (Wright), 765 Networks: radio, 723; television, 864 Native Americans, 2, 4, 16, 19, 512; in Nativism, 308, 382, 733 Neutrality: in World War I, 684–686; 1930s, 762; in 1950s, 865, 869; in NATO, see North Atlantic Treaty before World War II, 782, 785 1990s, 981–982; in Alaska, 946; Organization (NATO) Neutrality Acts (1935–1937), 784, 786, ancient, 2–4; Bacon’s Rebellion and, “Natural aristocracy”: after 787 73; beaver wars and, 78–79; bison Revolution, 174 Neutrality Proclamation: of and, 514; Britain and, 110–111, 132 Naturalist writers, 600 Washington, 208 (illus.), 185–186; Catlin’s paintings Naturalization Act, 214 Nevada, 385, 398, 528, 1013–1014 of, 341 (illus.), 342; Christianity and, Naturalization process, 222 New Amsterdam, 50 (illus.), 78 62, 204; in Civil War, 449; colonial Natural resources, see Resources New Bern: destruction of, 110, 111 wars and, 113–114; Columbian Natural rights, 155 (illus.) exchange and, 41–42; conditions of, Nature: glorification of, 339–342. See Newburgh Conspiracy, 181 221–222, 946; in Congress, 973; also Environment “New California,” 204 cultural diversity among, 5–16; Nauvoo, Illinois, 302 New Deal, 744, 819; end of, 758, Custer and, 516–518; Dawes Act Navajo Indians, 3, 84, 112, 449, 513, 762–764; environment, West, and and, 518–519; depopulation and 515, 523, 892; “code talkers” of, 804; Indian policy in, 760–762; Fair Deal movement of, 54; disease and, 62, view of Spanish colonizers, 44 and, 834; First, 744, 749–756; 204; Dutch and, 49; of Eastern (illus.) Hundred Days and, 751–753; Woodlands, 14; environment and, Naval bases: in Cuba, 636; in Hawaii, leftward turn of, 756–757; 102; European colonies and, 41; on 631 opposition to, 755–756, 763–764; eve of European contact, 16–19; in Naval stores: as export, 95 Second, 744, 756–762. See also Great fiction, 256; in Florida, 984; Navigation: as interstate commerce, Depression Franciscans and, 204; French and, 264 New Democratic Coalition, 974 45–46, 82, 83, 84, 108–110; fur trade Navigation Acts (1651, 1660, 1663), 90, New Echota, Treaty of, 260 and, 45; Ghost Dance and, 519–522; 94–95, 128, 133, 143–144 “New economy,” 983–987 government and, 259; Great Navy: in Civil War, 448, 449, 451 Newell, Frederick, 665 Awakening and, 119, 120 (illus.); in (illus.), 451–452; English, 96, 163; New England, 48–49, 55–68, 63 (map); Great Plains, 384, 513–514, 522–523; expansionism and, 630; Great White Dominion of, 91; economy in, 185; Hiawatha and, 1–2; on Hispaniola, Fleet and, 682, 682 (illus.); nuclear Embargo Act and, 240; 40; Jackson and, 260 (illus.), submarines and, 851; Spanish- environmental damage in, 102; 260–261; Jefferson and, 241–242; American War and, 632–633, 633 gender ratio in, 70; independence kinship among, 16–17; labor of, (map); two-ocean, 787; in World and, 154; officeholding in, 115; 221–222; land cessions by War II, 787, 797–798. See also Ships Republican party in, 612; after (1768–1799), 222 (map); locations of and shipping; Submarines Revolution, 181; royal centralization (1500), 17 (map); as loyalists, 162; NAWSA, see National American and, 90; secession and, 246; textile Mandan ceremony of, 234 (illus.); in Woman Suffrage Association towns in, 271–273 New England, 55–56, 62–63, 64 (NAWSA) New England Emigrant Aid Company, (illus.), 64–65; New Netherland and, Nazi Germany: final solution and, 810; 418 78, 79; nomadic lifestyle of, German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact New England Non-Resistance Society, 514–516; of Northwest Coast, 14; in and, 771, 785; Holocaust and, 310 Northwest Territory, 183; in Ohio 807–810, 810 (illus.); Jewish refugees “New England Way,” 56, 61, 91 valley, 125; Pennsylvania and, 82, from, 785–786; racism of, 804; Newer Ideals of Peace (Addams), 677 Index I-41

Newfoundland, 16, 39, 40, 45, 93, 127, Newton, Huey P., 892 Nightingale, Florence, 467 787 Newton, Isaac, 116 Nimitz, Chester, 798 New France, 45, 83–84, 93, 97, 162 New Woman, 602–603, 643 Nineteenth Amendment, 659 (map), New Freedom, 670 New World, see Americas; specific 671, 673, 700 New Frontier, 877, 878 regions Ninigret (sachem), 65 (illus.) New Hampshire, 58, 147 New world order, 1001–1002 Ninth Amendment, 198 New Harmony community, 313 New World Order, The (Robertson), 989 Nisei, 805, 810 New Haven Colony, 57 (illus.) New York (city), 699; antidraft riots in, Nixon, Richard M., 836, 838; New immigrants, 578 463; artisans and workers in, Cambodia and, 908; character of, New Jersey, 78, 79–80; Revolutionary 273–274; Five Points district in, 275; 925; “Checkers” speech of, 864; War in, 164; women’s political rights Harlem Renaissance and, 728–729; China and, 923 (illus.), 923–924; in, 217 immigrants in, 578; landscape domestic policy of, 924–929; New Jersey Plan, 187 architects in, 342; lower East Side, election of 1952 and, 840; election New Lanark, Scotland: Owen and, 313 579 (illus.); O’Keefe painting of, 721 of 1960 and, 877; election of 1968 Newlands Act (1902), 665 (illus.); poor relief in, 589; Puerto and, 906, 918–919, 919 (map); New Left, 906–907, 910, 937 Ricans in, 868; purity campaign in, election of 1972 and, 906, 929–930; New Lights, 119 589–590; railroads and, 325; Hiss and, 837; impeachment and, New Mexico, 398–399, 528, 529; September 11 and, 1014–1015; 931; Khrushchev and, 852 (illus.); in American settlements in, 388; slaves in, 105; World’s Fair of 1939 Latin America, 853; law and order annexation of, 378; atomic bomb in, 776, 776 (illus.) theme of, 887, 927–928; pardon of, and, 826; boundary of, 410, 411; New York (colony), 78, 79–80; 948; resignation of, 931; Soviet Indians of, 44–45; Mexican- Catholics in, 91; Leisler’s Rebellion Union and, 924; world affairs and, American War and, 396–397; in, 92; politics in, 116; population 919–924 popular sovereignty and, 410; of, 103; Quartering Act and, 140; Nixon Doctrine, 920 Pueblo Bonito in, 9, 9 (illus.); slave- Revolutionary War in, 164, 165 Nixonomics, 926 raiding expedition in, 112 (illus.); (map), 166 Nobel Prize winners: Addams as, 678; slavery and, 399, 409; Spain and, 43, New York (state): backcountry and, Annan as, 1023; Carter as, 950 84–86, 112, 385; Spanish-speaking 147; Erie Canal and, 265; inequality (illus.); Compton as, 732; Ochoa as, Americans in, 530; Texas and, of wealth in, 274; as port, 94 869; Roosevelt, Theodore, as, 682 408–409 New York, Treaty of, 205–206 Noble, Elaine, 942 New Nationalism, 667, 670 New York Association for Improving Noble, Thomas, 368 (illus.) New Negro, The (Locke), 729 the Condition of the Poor, 588 “Noble savages”: Indians as, 342 New Netherland, 50, 78; as New York, New York Central Railroad, 324 Nonconsumption agreements: 79 New York Herald, 331, 332, 393 women and, 143 New Orleans, 195, 205 (illus.), 269, New York Journal, 632, 635 Nonfarming societies, 14–16 270, 349 (illus.), 449, 451; American New York Knickerbockers, 594 Nonfiction, 802 commerce and, 184–185; Battle of, New York Ledger, 339 Nonimportation, 146, 151–152 246, 247; in 1890s, 598 (illus.), New York Society for the Suppression Non-Intercourse Act (1809), 241 598–599, 599 (illus.); jazz in, 731; of Vice, 589 Nonslaveholders, 351, 463 Jefferson and, 232; Spain and, 205; New York Stock Exchange, 217, 325 Nonviolence, 802, 887 War of 1812 and, 246 New York Sun, 331 Nonwhites: equality and, 174; New Republic magazine, 645, 696 New York Suspending Act, 140 limitations on, 222–224; as loyalists, New Right, 952 New York Times, 635 162; voting rights of, 115. See also “New slavery,” 34–35. See also Slaves New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 886 specific groups and slavery; Slave trade New York Tribune, 332, 396 Noriega, Manuel, 968, 968 (illus.) New South, 504, 557–560; Atlanta and, New-York Weekly Journal, 116 Normalcy: Harding and, 707 495; creed, 558 New York World, 594 Norris, Frank, 645 New Spain, 41 Nez Percés, 515, 518 Norris, George, 666, 719, 753 Newspapers: ads in, 103 (illus.); Ngai, Mae M., 732 Norse, 15–16, 38, 38 (map) African-American, 698; penny press Niagara Movement, 657 North: black migration to, 623–624, and, 331–332; photoengraving and, Nicaragua, 681–682, 956, 968, 985; 655–656, 698–699, 768, 803; Civil 635; politics and, 116; readership of, Iran-contra scandal and, 959; War and, 433, 439–443, 460–468; 212; Socialist, 662, 662 (illus.); Walker in, 416 draft in, 440; finances of, 441; free sports in, 594; yellow journalism Nichols, Terry, 988 blacks in, 275–276; French and, 632. See also Media Nicholson, Francis, 91 Revolution and, 207; McCormick New Sweden, 78 Nickelodeons, 651, 652, 724 reaper and, 319; public school I-42 Index

reform in, 308; in Reconstruction, Norton, Charles Eliot, 597 Ochs, Adolph, 635 500–507; Revolutionary War in, Norway, 786; immigrants from, 526 O’Connor, Sandra Day, 958, 972 164–167, 165 (map); slavery Nova Scotia, 39, 40, 93, 128 Octopus, The (Norris), 645 abolished in, 175; South compared Novels: serializing of, 339. See also Odets, Clifford, 755 with, 349–351. See also Civil War Literature; specific authors and Officeholders, 115, 290–291, 483, 490 (U.S.); Union (Civil War) titles Office of Censorship, 794 North, Frederick (Lord), 146, 148, NOW, see National Organization for Office of Economic Opportunity, 150–151, 172 Women 883–884 North, Oliver, 959 Noyes, John Humphrey, 302 (map), Office of Education, 835 North Africa, 24–25, 231, 788 313–314 Office of Price Administration (OPA), North America, 2–3; agriculture in, 5; NRA, see National Recovery 789, 792–793, 819 European migration to, 53–54; on Administration (NRA); National Office of Scientific Research and eve of European contact, 16–19; Rifle Association (NRA) Development (OSRD), 793, 801–802 French in, 45–46; population of NSC-68, 825–826, 830 Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 789 English mainland colonies, 86; Nuclear family: in 2000, 979 Office of War Information (OWI), 794 settlements in, 43 (map); Spanish Nuclear freeze campaign, 958 Office of War Mobilization (OWM), in, 43–45. See also specific countries Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty 789–790 North American Free Trade (1970), 1000 Officeworkers: women as, 715 Agreement (NAFTA), 974 Nuclear power, 821; commercial Oglala Sioux, 510 (illus.), 516 North American Review, 597 plants for, 851; Cuban missile crisis Oglethorpe, James, 107, 111–112, 113 North Atlantic Treaty Organization and, 880–881; H-bomb and, 850; O’Hare, Kate Richards, 697 (NATO), 824, 824 (map), 968, Iraqi weapons and, 970; protests Ohio, 209, 250, 256, 257, 265 997–998, 1003 against, 938; Reagan and, 957–958; Ohio Indians, 147, 209 North Carolina, 71, 100, 147, 196, 222. testing and, 844; thermonuclear Ohio River region: Adena culture in, See also Carolina; South Carolina weapons and, 850; waste cleanup 10; British and, 132; French and, North Carolina Agricultural and and, 1013–1014; weapons and, 851, 109; settlement of, 184; Seven Years’ Technical (A&T) College, 968, 1000–1001. See also Arms War and, 125; Virginia and, 147; Greensboro, 875 control; Atomic bomb; specific Washington and, 164, 206 North Carolina Mutual Insurance treaties and weapons Oil and oil industry: corporate Company, 623 Nuclear power plants, 854 structures in, 549–550; crisis of 1973 North Dakota, 251, 528 Nuclear umbrella, 824, 825 and, 924; crisis of 1979, 951; Northeast: households in, 216 Nueces River, 395 embargo on (1973), 924, 948; Northern Alliance: in Afghanistan, Nullification, 291–293; Virginia and environment and, 722; exploration 1017 Kentucky Resolutions and, 215 for, 972; Middle East and, 957; in Northern Confederacy: of Burr, 235 Nuremberg Laws (1935), 785 1950s, 855; Suez crisis and, 853. See Northern Pacific Railroad, 502, 517, Nurses: in Civil War, 466–467 also Alaska 546 Nutrition: in early Americas, 5–6. See Oil spills, 549, 971, 972, 972 (illus.) Northern Pump Co., 789 (illus.) also Diet; Food(s) Ojibwa Indians, 892 Northern Securities case, 671 Nye, Gerald B., 784 O’Keeffe, Georgia, 721 (illus.), 731 Northern Securities Company, Okies, 754, 769 663–664 Oahu, 788 Okinawa, 780 (illus.); Battle of, 781, North Korea, 828, 1000, 1017. See also Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 794 782, 810–811 Korean War Oath of allegiance, 479, 480 Oklahoma, 513, 528 North Vietnam, 853, 899–900 Oberlin College, 309, 329, 602 Oklahoma City: bombing in, 988, 989 Northwest: Indian land in, 261; O’Brien, Tim, 923 (illus.), 1016 Revolutionary War and, 167, 172. Obscenity, 912 Oklahoma Territory: land rush in, See also Old Northwest Occom, Samson, 119, 120 (illus.) 535–536, 536 (map) Northwest Coast cultures, 14, 14 Occupation (military): of Japan, 825; “Old Hickory,” see Jackson, Andrew (illus.) of West Germany, 823–824 Old immigrants, 578 Northwestern Alliance, 620 Occupation (work): of German Old Lights, 119 Northwestern University, 649 immigrants, 381; of Irish Old Northwest, 261, 262 Northwest Ordinance (1787), 182–183, immigrants, 382; of slaves, 364 Old South: Christianized blacks in, 251, 259, 399, 422, 665 Occupational Safety and Health 371–372; King Cotton in, 346–351; Northwest passage, 40 Administration (OSHA), 926 slave resistance in, 368–369; slavery Northwest Territory, 182, 183 (map), Ochoa, Estevan, 530 and, 345–346; violence in, 358–359. 184, 206 Ochoa, Severo: Nobel Prize and, 869 See also Slaves and slavery; South Index I-43

Old Southwest, 262 Organized labor, see Labor unions landscape, 339–342; modernism in, “Ole Miss”: integration of, 887 Organized womanhood, 658 601. See also specific artists Oligopolies, 856 Oriental: use of term, 894 Pakenham, Edward, 246, 247 Olive Branch Petition, 152, 293 Origin of Species (Darwin): Scopes Pakistan, 1000, 1017 Oliver, Andrew, 136 Trial and, 734 Palante (newspaper), 894 Olmecs, 6, 10 Orlando, Vittorio, 703 Paleo-Indians, 4 Olmsted, Frederick Law, 334, 340, 342, Orphan train, 588 (illus.) Palestine and Palestinians, 810, 999 649; on slavery, 363, 364, 369, 373 Orr, James, 489 (map); Israel and, 999–1000, Olney, Richard, 570 Orwell, George, 851 1018–1019; Reagan and, 957, 961; Olympic Games, 784, 950 Osborn, Sarah, 120, 143 after World War I, 704. See also Olympic National Park, 760 OSHA, see Occupational Safety and Middle East Omaha, Nebraska: lynching in, 705 Health Administration (OSHA) Palestine Liberation Organization Omaha Indians, 981 Osland, Birger, 578 (PLO), 924, 957, 999. See also Arafat, Omnibus Act (1868), 484 Oslo Accords, 999 Yasir Omnibus bill (1850), 409–410 Ossining (“Sing Sing”): prison at, 312 Palmer, A. Mitchell, 706, 707 Omnibus Housing Act (1965), 885 Ostend Manifesto, 416 Panama, 968; isthmus of, 39, 403 Oñate, Juan de, 44 O’Sullivan, John L., 393 Panama Canal, 680, 949–950 Oneida community, 302 (map), Oswald, Lee Harvey, 881 Pan Am flight 103, 961 313–314 Oswego, Fort, 126, 166 Panics: of 1819, 249, 264, 288, 293; of Oneida Indians, 93, 163, 167 “Other America,” 865–869 1837, 295, 296–297, 307, 382; of O’Neill, Eugene, 729 Other America, The (Harrington), 866, 1857, 428; of 1873, 502, 535, 613; of O’Neill, Paul, 1007 883 1893, 624–625; of 1907, 671 One Nation After All (Wolfe), 989 Otis, James, 133, 135, 138, 141 Papacy, 31 “One person, one vote” policy, 887 Ottawa Indians, 132, 247 (illus.) Paper: penny press and, 331 One World (Willkie), 802 Ottoman Empire, 25, 683, 703 Paperback books, 339, 802 Onondaga Iroquois Indians, 1, 163 Our Country (Strong), 630 Paper money: bank controversy and, “On the Equality of the Sexes” Our Town (Wilder), 774 294; for Civil War, 441. See also (Murray), 220–221 Out-of-wedlock childbirth, 981 Currency; Money OPEC, see Organization of Petroleum Outworkers, 273 Parents: in antebellum period, 279; Exporting Countries (OPEC) “Over There” (song), 695 care for aging, 281; in New England, Opechancanough, 48, 73 Ovington, Mary White, 656 60. See also Family life Open Door policy, 679–680, 787 Owen, Robert, 302 (map), 313 Paris: Peace of (1783), 172–173, 185; Open shop, 716 Owens, Jesse, 784 Treaty of (1773), 127, 128 (map). See “Operation Ajax,” 852 Ozawa v. U.S., 732 also Versailles peace conference Operational analysis, 793 Ozone layer, 972, 1014 (1919) Operation Desert Storm, 969–970, 970 Parishes: in Virginia, 68–69 (illus.) Pachucos, 804 Paris Peace Accords (1973), 917, 921 Operation Overlord, 796 Pacific Ocean region: Balboa and, 39; Parker, Alton B., 664, 666 Operation Rolling Thunder, 900 expansion in, 630–632, 631 (map); Parker, Ely S., 515 Operation Vittles, 823, 823 (illus.) Indians of, 14, 16; Lewis and Clark Park Forest, Illinois, 859 “Operation Wetback,” 868 in, 235; Russia and, 204; U.S. claims Parkhurst, Charles, 590 Opium, 653 to, 237; World War II in, 797 (map), Parks, Rosa, 867, 867 (illus.) Oppenheimer, Robert J., 794, 826 797–798, 810–811. See also Far West; Parliament (England): Charles II and, Oppositionists: English political specific states 90; colonies and, 114, 124, 133; writers as, 138 Pacific Railroad Act (1862), 461, 523, Glorious Revolution and, 91; Oral contraceptives, see Pill, the 524 Navigation Acts and, 94–95; protests Orders in Council (England), 239 Pacifism, 696, 785, 785 (illus.) against, 138; Wilkes and, 142. See Ordinance of 1785, 182, 262 Pago Pago, 630 also specific acts Oregon, 251, 258, 378, 393–394; Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza (Shah), 852, Parochial schools: Catholic, American settlements in, 388; 950 604–605 boundary of, 394, 394 (map); Paine, Elisha, 119 Party politics, 210–216, 610–615 Spanish cession of, 385 Paine, Thomas, 117, 153–154, 164, 180, Passing of the Great Race, The (Grant), Orenda, 18 181 654 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Painting: in 1920s, 730–731; in 1930s, Pasteur, Louis, 554 Countries (OPEC), 948 775; Ashcan School and, 646; Patent medicines, 653 (illus.) Organized crime, 737, 770, 985 Hudson River School and, 334; Paterson, William, 187 I-44 Index

Patriarchal family, 281 165 (map), 166; September 11 and, (illus.); Second Continental Patriotism: religion and, 862; after 1016; state map of, 237; western, Congress in, 152 September 11, 2001, 1016; in World 126; whiskey tax in, 202 Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, War I, 692–693 Pennsylvania Journal, 144 625 Patriots, 138 (illus.); Indian support Pennsylvania Railroad, 324, 501, 547 Philadelphia Negro, The (DuBois), 582 for, 162–163; loyalists and, 161; in Pennsylvania Society for the Philanthropy: of Carnegie, Andrew, South, 171–172; women as, 143 Encouragement of Manufactures 548 Patronage system: in South, 558 and the Useful Arts, 217 Philip II (England), 47 “Patrons of Husbandry,” see Grange Penny press, 331–332 Philip III (Spain), 47 movement Penobscot Indians, 946 Philippine Government Act (1902), Patroons, 80 Pensions, 558, 611, 615, 616, 758; after 637 Paul, Alice, 658, 719 Civil War (1866–1917), 617 Philippines, 679, 788–789, 797 (illus.), Paul, Mary, 272 Pentagon, 789, 957; September 11 797–798, 825; CIA and, 852; guerrilla Pauperism, 275 attack on, 1014, 1015. See also war in, 636–637, 637 (illus.); Pawnee Indians, 14, 384, 513 Defense; Military immigrants from, 885, 947; naval Pawtucket Indians, 55 Pentagon papers, 928 bases in, 968; Nixon and, 924; Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909), 666, 671 People of color: free, 367. See also Spanish-American War and, 632, PC, see Personal computer (PC) specific groups 633, 633 (map) Peaceable coercion, 240 People’s Party of the United States, see Philippine Sea, Battle of, 798 Peaceable kingdom: in Pennsylvania, Populist party Phillips, David Graham, 646 82 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 825, Phillips, Kevin, 927, 1021 Peace and Bread in Time of War 853, 923–924. See also China; Mao Philomathean Adelphic Union for the (Addams), 678 Zedong (Mao Tse-tung) Promotion of Literature and Peace conference: after World War I, Pepperell, William, 113 Science, 282 703–704 Pequot Indians, 64. See also Philosophy: romanticism and, 335. Peace Corps, 879 Mashantucket Pequots; Pequot War See also Transcendentalism Peace Democrats, 463, 469–470 Pequot War, 55–56, 56 (illus.) Phips, William, 67 Peaceful coexistence policy, 851 Perfectionism, 301 Phoenix, 520, 665 “Peace in our time,” 784, 785 Perkins, Frances, 757, 758, 765 Phoenix Indian School, 520–521 Peace movement, 677–678, 685 Perot, H. Ross, 973, 994 Phoenix Society, 282 Peace of Amiens, 231 Perry, Oliver H., 245 Phonograph, 552, 694–695 Peace of Paris (1783), 172–173, 185 Pershing, John J., 683, 689–690, 691, 692 Photoengraving, 634 (illus.), 634–635 Peale, Norman Vincent, 862 Persian Gulf War, 968–969 Photography: in Civil War, 464 (illus.), Peale, Raphael, 224 (illus.) Personal computer (PC), 940–941, 986 464–465, 465 (illus.); Eastman Pearl Harbor: Japanese attack on, 788, Personal Justice Denied, 806 Kodak and, 556; progressive 810; naval base at, 631 Personal liberties: in amendments, movement and, 646 Pearl Harbor (movie), 988 198; slavery and, 412 Photogravure process, 634 (illus.) Peasants: in Europe, 28–29, 30 Peru, 42, 43, 853 Phrenology, 330 (illus.), 330–331 Peculiar institution: slavery as, 274, Perutz, Max, 1010 Physicians, 277; in Civil War, 467; 365 (illus.) Pesticides, 858, 1014 criticism of, 278; health issues and, Peiss, Kathy, 715 Petersburg: siege of, 471, 472 (map) 329–330. see also Medicine Peleliu: Battle of, 781, 782 Petition: right of, 310 Physics: atomic bomb and, 793–794 Pelosi, Nancy, 1022 Petroleum, see Oil and oil industry Pickens, Francis Wilkinson, 360 (illus.) Pembroke, 602 Pfizer (company), 1002 Pickering, John, 231, 232 Pendergast, “Big Jim,” 612 Philadelphia, 94; artisans and workers Pickering, Timothy, 235 Pendleton, George, 615 in, 273–274; city directory in (1796), Pickett’s charge, 458–459, 459 (map) Pendleton Civil Service Act, 615 217 (illus.); as City of Brotherly Love, Pidgin languages, 370 Peninsula Campaign, 447–448, 453 81; Constitutional Convention in, Piedmont region, 100, 206, 352, 559; Penitentiaries, 311–312, 979 186–187; Dock (waterway) in, yeomen in, 355 Penn, William, 80, 81, 82, 111 130–131, 131 (illus.); First Pierce, Franklin, 411–412, 413–414, Pennsylvania, 78, 612; backcountry Continental Congress in, 151; 416, 419 and, 147; Eastern State Penitentiary immigrants in, 99; as national Pig-iron, 558 in, 312 (illus.); election districts in, capital, 197; Penn’s map of, 81 Pig Iron Scene, Birmingham, Alabama 178; government of, 179; (illus.); population of, 103; (Graham), 560 (illus.) immigrants to, 99; Quakers in, Revolutionary War in, 165 (map), Pike, Zebulon, 258 80–82; Revolutionary War in, 164, 166; sanitation in, 130–131, 131 Pilgrims, 49 Index I-45

Pill, the, 895, 896–897, 913 PLO, see Palestine Liberation (illus.); of loyalists, 161; in New Pima people, 8 Organization (PLO) Deal, 755–756; in New England, Pinchot, Gifford, 664, 664 (illus.), 667, Plow, 527; Deere and, 319 58–59; Ordinance of 1785 and, 668 “Plumbers” unit, 930 262–263; party, 610–615; of privilege Pinckney, Charles C.: election of 1804 Pluralism: in middle colonies, 82 and exclusion, 615–624; progressive and, 234; election of 1808 and, 240 Plymouth, 49, 55; King Philip’s War reform of, 646–647; radical, Pinckney, Eliza, 101 and, 63 905–906; Reconstruction, 479–488; Pinckney, Thomas, 209, 210 Pocahontas, 47, 48 religion and, 299; after Revolution, Pinckney’s Treaty, see San Lorenzo, Pochteca (merchants), 8 174; second party system in, 286; Treaty of Pocket veto: by Lincoln, 480 television and, 864; western water Pincus, Gregory, 896, 897 Poe, Edgar Allan, 334, 337, 338, 338 and, 666; women in, 612, 938; World Pine barrens region, 355 (illus.) War I and, 703; World War II and, Pingree, Hazen, 646 Poets and poetry: in Harlem 794–795. See also Conservatives and Pinkerton agents, 569, 570 Renaissance, 728; home life in, 280; conservatism; Liberalism; Party Pioneers, 256–257, 384 (map). See also Wheatley and, 176, 176 (illus.) politics; specific individuals Westward expansion Poindexter, John, 959 Polk, James K., 378, 391 (illus.), 392; Pipeline technology, 550 Point Pleasant, battle at, 147 Independent Treasury and, 399; Pippin, Horace, 775 Point Ticonderoga, 45–46 Mexican-American War and, Pistols, see Guns Poison gas, 685, 692 395–396; Oregon and, 393–394; Pitt, William, 127, 129, 135, 137, 139, Poland, 795, 820, 998; after World War I, sectional conflicts and, 399 142 704; World War II and, 785, 786, 806 Polk, Leonidas, 620 Pittsburgh, 269, 270; fort at, 132; oil Polanski, Roman, 938 Pollock, Jackson, 863 industry in, 549 Police: firearms for, 321; limiting Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Co., Pizarro, Francisco, 41 powers of, 198 626, 673 “Placer” gold, 531 Police Gazette, 595 Poll tax, 287, 490, 621, 832 Plains Indians, 15, 110, 234 (illus.), 235 Polio, 743, 861 Pollution, 557 (illus.), 858; air, (illus.), 513–514 Political cartoons, 482 (illus.), 500 650–651; Earth Day and, 926; Plains of Abraham, 127 (illus.), 587 (illus.), 608 (illus.), 614 regulation of, 879. See also Plains region, 14–16. See also Great (illus.) Environment; specific types Plains Political ideology: of late 19th century, Polygamy, 528 Plan Espiritual de Aztlan, El, 893 611 Polygraph: of Jefferson, 229 (illus.) Plantation colonies: Georgia as, 112 Political machines, 587–588, 611; Polygyny: of Mormons, 302–303 Plantations and planters: black wage Albany regency as, 289; New Deal Pompey (African), 169 labor and, 497; Bourbon faction and, 759; progressivism and, 643; Ponce de León, Juan, 43 and, 504; in Chesapeake, 72; costs of Tammany Hall and, 295. See also “Pontiac’s Rebellion,” 132 maintaining, 353; diversification Tweed, William Marcy Pools, 547; oil industry and, 550 and, 99; food shortages and, 462; in Political parties, 178; Jefferson and, Poor Laws, 29 Hawaiian Islands, 631; in Ireland, 228; in late nineteenth century, Poor Richard’s Almanack, 116 46; lifestyle of, 352–354, 353 (illus.); 610–629; organization of, 287; in Poor whites, see Whites presidential Reconstruction and, state elections, 285 (illus.); Pope, John, 448 (illus.) 480; racial caste system of, 74; rice Washington on, 212. See also Popes, see Catholicism; specific popes and, 77; sharecropping and, Campaigns (political); Party Pope’s Day: Stamp Act protests and, 497–500, 498 (map), 499 (illus.), 499 politics; Second party system; 136 (map), 619; slavery and, 35, 76, specific parties Popé’s rebellion, 85 354–355, 362–366; sugar, 36–37; in Political writers, 137–139 Popular culture, 280, 694–695, 802, white South, 351–352 Politics: in 1890s, 624–626; in 1920s, 817 Plant life, 2, 4–5 717; in 1960s, 913–919; in 1970s, Popular Front, 771 Platt Amendment (1901), 633–636, 782 947–951; African-Americans in, 656; Popular music, see Music Plattsburgh, Battle of, 245, 246, 259 of anticommunism, 834–840; in Popular press: women’s work in, 564. Playboy magazine, 912 Civil War, 441–443; colonial, See also Newspapers; Press Playground Association of America, 114–116; democratic (1824–1832), Popular sovereignty, 410, 415, 419 643 287–294; Eisenhower and, 845; Population: of African-Americans, Plea for the West, A (Beecher), 382 election of 1896 and, 626–629; of 492, 720; of Archaic peoples, 5; of Pledge of Allegiance: “under God” in, expansion, 389–394; Great Boston, New York, and Philadelphia 862 Awakening and, 120; immigrant, (1690–1776), 103; British vs. Plessy v. Ferguson, 622–623, 848 383–384; of industrialization, 608 colonies, 163; of Carolina blacks, 77; I-46 Index

in Chesapeake, 74–75; of cities immigrants, 99, 381, 653; Johnson, Presidential Reconstruction, 488, 497 (1820 and 1860), 270 (map); of Lyndon B., and, 883; in 1950s, 844, President’s Committee on Civil Rights, Confederacy, 443; distribution of 865–866; reforms and, 312–313; 832 (1790 and 1850), 269 (map); of Second New Deal and, 757; urban, President’s Council on Recent Social English colonies, 86; of European 102–103, 588–591; wealth and, Trends, 739 cities and towns, 29; of foreign-born 274–275, 1001; of working class, 571. Presidios, 97, 204 and native whites, 579 (map); See also Wealth Presley, Elvis, 871, 871 (illus.) growth in colonies, 96–97; growth in Poverty of Welfare Reform, The Press, 116, 212, 214. See also Media; Europe, 29; of Indians, 54, 62, 63, 79, (Handler), 977 Newspapers 221, 523, 946; of Mexico, 41; of Poverty Point, Louisiana, 10, 10 Press gangs: from Royal Navy, 239 Midwest, 324; of New England, 181; (illus.), 11 Prevost, George, 245 of New France, 83–84; of New Powderly, Terence V., 566–567, 568, 623 Prices: supports for agriculture, 718, Mexico, 112; of New Netherland, 78; (illus.) 764; in World War I, 698; after World of New York, 79; of Ohio and Powell, Colin, 994, 1007 War II, 819. See also Office of Price Michigan, 257; of pre-colonization Powell, John Wesley, 538 Administration (OPA) Western Hemisphere, 16; in public Powell, Lewis, 929 Primogeniture, 180 schools, 605; by race (2000 and Power: of Congress, 249; in Europe, 28; Prince of the Road, The:... (Wheeler), 2050), 980; in 2000, 979; of Union, federal, after September 11, 2001, 534 443; urban and rural (1900–2000), 1018; of Supreme Court, 249 Princeton: battle at, 164, 165; 713; of Virginia colony, 48. See also Power drills, 649 university in, 119 Immigrants and immigration “Power of the purse,” 114–115 Principles of Scientific Management Populism: vs. progressivism, 643 Powhatan (chief), 47–48 (Taylor), 648 Populists, 610, 611, 612, 620–621, 622, Powhatan Indians, 44; and First Printed circuits, 855 624, 627, 628, 628 (illus.), 629 Anglo-Powhatan War, 48; Second Printing: penny press and, 331; Porgy (Dubose and Dorothy Anglo-Powhatan War and, 48; photoengraving and, 634–635; press Heyward), 729 Spanish and, 46; Third Anglo- (machine), 32 Porgy and Bess (Gershwin), 729, 774 Powhatan War and, 73 Prison camps: in Civil War, 467 Pork-barrel projects, 616, 625 Prager, Robert, 696 Prisoners of war (POWs): in Korea, 850 Pornography, 912 “Pragmatism” (William James), 644 Prisons, see Penitentiaries Port cities, 94, 102, 116 Prague: protests in, 908 Private academies, 605 Port Hudson, 459 Prairie-school houses, 601 Privateers, 163; English, 46; French, Port Huron Statement (1962), 906 “Praise meetings,” 493 208, 213 Portrait of a Black Man (Dürer), 35 Pratt, Richard Henry, 520 Private property: government and, (illus.) Prayer: in public schools, 886, 989 473 Port Royal, South Carolina, 451 Prayer meetings, 118, 120 Privatization: of New Netherland fur Portugal, 25; African view of, 34 Prayer of Jabez, The (Wilkinson), 987 trade, 78–79 (illus.); Brazil and, 39; empire of, 39 Praying towns, 55, 62, 63 Prizefighting, 593 (map); exploration by, 38, 38 (map); Predestination, 31, 32 Pro-choice advocates, 943 slavery and, 34–35, 54; trade and Preemption laws, 263 Proclamation line, 132 expansion by, 33–34; Treaty of Pregnancy: in antebellum family, 281 Proclamation of 1763, 132, 133 Tordesillas and, 38; West Indies Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation of Amnesty and colonies of, 75, 76 Proclamation, 453 Reconstruction (1863), 479 Post-Cold War world, see World affairs Presbyterians, 118, 359; northern and Procter and Gamble, 556 Postindustrial society, 858, 983–986 southern wings of, 371; Old and Production: industrialization and, Potatoes, 5, 42; Irish famine and, 381 New Light, 119 271; in 1920s, 714; in World War II, Potlatches, 14 Preservationism, 665, 879 790, 791 Potsdam, Germany, 807 Presidency: Constitution and, 188; Productivity: in 1990s, 1002; after Potsdam Conference, 811, 820, 823 New Deal and, 758; Truman and, World War II, 819 Pottawatomie massacre, 419 830; Washington and, 196–197. See Products: custom-made, 553 Potter, David, 854 also specific presidents Professional societies, 643. See also Potter, John, and family, 108 (illus.) Presidential Commission on the specific groups Pound, Ezra, 726 Status of Women, 894 Professions: blacks in, 981; criticism Poverty, 830, 1001; in Chesapeake, 72; Presidential debates: in 1960, 877 of, 278; women in, 715, 765, 861, 939 Clinton and, 995; evangelicals and, Presidential Medal of Freedom, 806 Profiles in Courage (Kennedy), 877 359–362; Great Depression and, 765; Presidential pardons: in Profits: corporate, 1003; in Europe, of Hispanics, 869, 982; of Reconstruction, 480 29–30; recession and, 1012 Index I-47

Profit sharing, 646 against British, 123–124, 128–129; Public transportation: desegregation Progreso (Treviño), 935 (illus.) against customs agents, 145; in of, 833; segregation of, 496; suburbs Progress and Poverty (George), 571 depression of 1893-1897, 625, 626 and, 582 Progressive education, 862 (illus.); against globalization, 1004; Public utilities, 714 Progressive Era, 591, 640–673 by Hispanics, 893–894; by Indians, Public virtue, 138, 230 Progressive party: of 1912, 667, 673; of 892–893; by labor, 273–274, Public works: debate over, 668–669; in 1948, 832–833; La Follette and 383–384; by merchants and artisans, South, 490; WPA and, 756 (1924), 719 141–142; in 1970s, 937–942; against Public Works Administration (PWA), Progressivism, 642–646; African- Quartering Act, 139–140; against 755, 757 Americans and, 657; labor and, racial violence, 699; by slaves, 105; Publishing industry, 597–600, 634–635 660–662; moral reform and, against Stamp Act, 134 (illus.), Puddling, 267 651–652; racism and, 655–656; 135–137; student, 871; youth Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon (New Roosevelt, Theodore, and, 662–666; movement and, 907–908. See also Mexico), 9, 9 (illus.) state and local, 646–656; Taft and, Abolitionism; Anti-draft riots; Civil Pueblo Indians, 44–45, 84–85, 112, 515 666–670; Wilson and, 670–673; rights movement Pueblo Revolt, 84–85, 112 women and, 657–660; World War I Protestantism: in 1950s, 862; in 1970s, Puerperal fever, 329 and, 701–702 944; black, 119; evangelical, 301; Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans, 43, 633, Prohibition, 701, 736–737, 737 (illus.); Great Awakening and, 118–120; 946, 982; immigrants and, 769, 868; campaign, 652–653 institutional church movement in, militance and, 894; slaves in, 40–41 Prohibition and Home Protection 590; Luther and, 31; in Maryland, Pulitzer, Joseph, 546, 594, 632 Party, 612 69; in Massachusetts, 91; Pullman, George, 570 Project Head Start, see Head Start Methodists and, 300; Social Gospel Pullman Palace Car Company, 547, 570 “Pro-life” advocates, 943, 988 and, 590. See also Religion; specific Pullman strike, 570, 625, 626 Promise Keepers, 989 denominations Purchasing power, 565 Promise of American Life, The (Croly), Providence: settlements near, 57 Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 664, 645, 667 Provincial congresses, 152 671 Promontory Point, Utah, 502, 523 Psychedelics, 911 Puritans and Puritanism: Church of Propaganda: red, 835; in World War II, Psychology: problems after World War England and, 58; commerce and, 86; 794, 794 (illus.), 799–800; yellow II, 816; testing in World War I, 687 education and, 56–57; Elizabeth I peril and, 787 Ptolemy, 34 and, 33; in England, 32–33, 55; Half- Property, 115; rights to, 145, 490; Public Credit Act (1869), 502 Way Covenant and, 61–62; Indians slaves as, 35; for voting, 178, 276, Public domain, 259, 263 and, 55–56; market economy and, 287, 621; wealth and, 275; women Public education, see Education 58; on marriage partners, 279; and, 60 Public Friends, 82 Massachusetts Bay and, 55; in New Prophet, The, see Tenskwatawa Public health, 650–651; AIDS and, England, 49; in New Jersey, 80. See Prophetstown, 242 942–943; immigrants and, 654; also Separatists Proportional representation, 187 influenza epidemic and, 700–701, Purity campaign, 589–590 Proposition 13 (California), 952 701 (illus.); movements and, 329; in Purvis, James, 174 Proprietary colonies: Maryland as, 69; 1990s, 979; urban reform and, Push factors: for immigration, 578 in New York and New Jersey, 79–80 650–651; in World War I, 691; yellow Putin, Vladimir, 1009 Proslavery argument, 357–358, 358 fever and, 680. See also Health; Put-in-Bay, battle at, 245 (illus.) Medicine; Sanitation Putnam, Israel, 174 Prosperity, 1003–1004; furniture Public land: Homestead Act and, 461; Putnam, Mary, 584 ownership and, 101 (illus.); Morrill Land Grant Act and, 461; Putnam, Robert, 987 technology and, 325–326; in World Ordinance of 1785 and, 262. See also Puyallup Indians, 892, 946 War I, 698 Land Pyle, Ernie, 811 Prosser, Gabriel, 346, 368 Public Lands Committee: Hetch Pynchon, John, 62 Prostitution, 589–590, 652; in Hetchy Valley plan and, 668–669 Pyramids, 6–7, 7 (illus.) antebellum theaters, 332; in New Public opinion, 212; clergy political Orleans, 599; in World War I, 687, protests and, 139; on women’s role, El-Qadaffi, Muammar, 961 688 (illus.), 690, 701; in World War II, 861 Quaeda, Al, see Al Quaeda 809 Public schools: prayer in, 886; Quaker Oats, 556 Protective tariffs, 287, 291, 293, 390 progressive thought and, 645; in Quakers: antislavery attitudes of, 175; Protest(s): antinuclear, 958; antiwar, recession of 1990s, 971; reform of, Great Awakening and, 119; in New 900–901, 901 (illus.), 906–910; by 307–308; segregation in, 623. See Jersey, 80; in Pennsylvania, 80–82 blacks after Reconstruction, 623; also Education; Schools Quality of life, see Lifestyle I-48 Index

Quantrill, William, 443 Race riots: in Chicago (1919), 705–706; Randolph, John, 228, 238 Quantum physics, 793 against Mexican-Americans, 530; in Randolph-Macon College, 362 Quarantines, 329 Progressive Era, 656; in Range wars, 534 Quartering Act: of 1766-1767, 139–140; Reconstruction, 488; in St. Louis, Rankin, Jeannette, 696, 785 of 1774, 151 699; after World War I, 705; in World Ratification: of Articles of Quasi-War, 213 War II, 803. See also Riots Confederation, 180; of Constitution Quayle, Dan, 967, 972 Racial segregation, see Segregation (U.S.), 189–191 Quebec, 40, 45, 83, 83 (illus.), 93, 127 Racketeering: customs (1767–1768), Rationalist clergy: Old Lights as, 119 (illus.), 162 143–145 Rationing, 789, 792–793 Quechan (Yuma) Indians, 204 Radar, 793 Rauschenbusch, Walter, 590 Queen Anne’s War, 93 Radcliffe, 602 “Raven, The” (Poe), 339 Queen City Band (Sedalia, Missouri), Radicalism, 905–906; anti-radicalism Ray, James Earl, 917 598 (illus.) and, 733; in novels, 748–749; Red Raza Unida, La, 894 Queen’s College, see Rutgers Scare and, 706–707; repression of, Reader’s Digest, 723 Queenston, Battle of, 245 697–698, 702; student, 909–910. See Reagan, Ronald, 836, 848; assessment Quicksand (Larsen), 728–729 also Counterculture; Youth of, 961–962; attack on, 958; in Quids, 238 movement Berlin, 966; as California governor, Quitman, John A., 416 Radical Republicans, 442, 469, 479, 910; conservative backlash and, 946; Quotas: immigration, 732, 769; 483, 485, 486, 503; emancipation election of 1980 and, 952; election national-origin, 885; racial, 971 policy and, 453; leaders, 479 (illus.); of 1984 and, 958; foreign policy of, Reconstruction and, 480, 481 956–958, 961; second term of, Rabin, Yitzhak, 999 Radio, 723 (illus.), 723–724; in 1930s, 958–962 Race and racism: advertising and, 568 770; regulating, 719; War of the Reaganism, 958, 971 (illus.); African-American leaders Worlds and, 777; in World War II, Reaganomics, 953–954 and, 657, 657 (illus.); agrarian 802 Realist writers, 600 protest and, 622; in armed forces, Radioactive waste, 1013–1014 Reaper, 319, 322 (illus.) 633; toward Asians, 682; black Ragged Dick (Alger), 564 Reaper (ship), 239 (illus.) codes and, 481; Brownsville Rags-to-riches myth, 275 Reason: Enlightenment and, 90, 117 Incident and, 664; in Carolinas, 104; Ragtime music, 575–576, 596, 599, 599 Rebates, 547 color line and, 222–224; eugenics (illus.), 651 Rebellions: anti-Stuart, 91; in Aztec and, 654–655; expansionism and, Rahman, Omar Abdel, 993 empire, 8; Bacon’s, 72–74; in 630, 637; in Harlem, 728; Railroad Administration, 689, 702 colonies, 91; Gabriel’s, 223; by immigration and, 732; interracial Railroads, 265–269, 322–325, 323 Indians during removal, 261; marriage and, 983; IQ testing and, (illus.), 473; agriculture and, 525; in Leisler’s, 91–92; by Prosser, 346; 687; Japanese-Americans and, Atlanta, 494; boom in, 502; cattle Revolutionary War and, 152; in 805–806; Klan and, 734–735; Mexico and, 535; Civil War and, 444, 461; Florida, 86; in New Mexico, 84–85; and, 399; in Miami, 985; in military, Douglas, Stephen, and, 414–415; Stono, 105; by Turner, 292, 345–346, 688; New Deal and, 759–760; “new Grange movement and, 618; growth 368; Whiskey Rebellion, 202–203. slavery” and, 34–35; in 1950s, of, 324 (illus.), 546–547; innovations See also American Revolution; 867–869; in North, 655–656; in, 545 (illus.), 545–546; land grants Protest(s); Revolts population by race (2000 and 2050), and, 524 (illus.) 525 (map), 524–525; Recall (electoral reform), 647 980; progressivism and, 652, 653, Panic of 1893 and, 624–625; rates Recession: in 1920s, 712; in 1990s, 971, 655–656; in Reconstruction, 496; and, 547, 664; strikes against, 569, 1004; in 2000, 1012; Nixon and, resistance and, 768–769; Roosevelt, 819; trunk systems, 546. See also 926–927; Reagan and, 954; Theodore, and, 664; Southern Transcontinental railroad Roosevelt, Franklin D., and, 763 Alliance and, 620; in Southwest, Rainbow coalition, 958 Reclamation Service, 665, 666 529–530; student protests against, Rainey, Gertrude (“Ma”), 731 Reconquest: of Iberian peninsula, 908; Supreme Court and, 848–849; Rainmaking Among the Mandan 25 voluntary societies and, 282; Wilson (Catlin), 341 Reconstruction, 476–509; African- and, 672; World War I and, 697, 699, Rainsford, William S., 590 Americans after, 621–624; 705–706; World War II and, 799, Raleigh, Walter, 46 congressional, 483–485, 485 (map), 802–804, 832–833. See also Ranchos, 112, 204 488, 490–491, 508–509; Constitution Affirmative action; African- Rand, Ayn, 836 and, 503; election of 1876 and, Americans; Civil rights movement; Rand Corporation, 826 505–507; Fifteenth Amendment Desegregation; Quotas; Slaves and Randolph, A. Philip, 802, 833 (illus.), and, 486–488; Fourteenth slavery 888 Amendment and, 482–483; Index I-49

legislation of, 484; Lincoln’s plan, and, 282; in 1920s, 719; in North, Pueblo Indians, 84–85, 112; Quakers 479–480; North and, 500–507; 295–296; prison reform and, and, 80–81; Renaissance and, 28; presidential, 480–481, 488, 497; 311–312; public education, 603–605; Second Great Awakening and, women in, 493 settlement-house, 590–591; Social 299–301; of Sioux, 513–514; slavery Reconstruction Act (1867), 483–484, Gospel as, 590; Supreme Court and, and, 358; transcendentalists and, 485 (map), 486 762; of tariffs, 670; urban poor and, 313; upheavals in, 31–32; in Virginia, Reconstruction Amendments, 487 588–589; of welfare, 977–978; in 68–69; in West Africa, 27; Whitefield Reconstruction Finance Corporation World War I, 696. See also New Deal; and, 89–90. See also Churches; (RFC), 747 Progressivism; Temperance; specific Fundamentalism; Great Awakening; Reconstruction governments, 480, issues; specific movements specific religions and groups 481, 488–492 Reformation: Catholic, 32; Protestant, Religious freedom: in Canada, 162; Recording industry, 695 31–33 immigration for, 378–379; in Recreation, see Leisure Refreshings, 118 Maryland, 69; in Pennsylvania, 81; Recruitment: in Civil War, 439–440 Refrigerated railcars, 551 in Rhode Island, 57 Red Army, 795, 806, 807, 820 Refueling stations, 630 Religious Right, 975, 989; Bush, Red Arrow, Chehia, 520, 520 (illus.), Refugees: in Civil War, 462–463; from George W., and, 1007 521 Nazi Germany, 785–786 Relocation centers: Japanese- Red Bird: resistance by, 261 Regan, Donald, 959, 962 Americans in, 805–806 Red China, see China; People’s Regionalist writers, 600 Remington, Frederic, 537 Republic of China (PRC) Regions: conflicts between, 160; Removal of Indians, 255, 259–261, 261 Red Cloud, 510 (illus.), 516 Eastern Woodlands, 10–14; in (map), 513; costs of, 260; Plains Redcoats: at Lexington and Concord, English colonies, 54. See also Indians resistance to, 515 152 specific regions Remp, Raymond, 828 Red conspiracy, see Anticommunism; Regulation: of business, 647–649, 672; Renaissance, 28, 34; American, McCarthy, Joseph, and deregulation and, 953–954; of drugs, 334–342 McCarthyism 653, 653 (illus.); environment and, Reparations, 718 Red Cross, 801 1014; of food and drugs, 664; Repatriados, 769 Redeemers, 621 interstate, 264, 618; of monopolies, Report on a National Bank Redemption: Democrats in South and, 663–664; progressivism and, 591, (Hamilton), 200–201 505 646, 648; of railroad rates, 618; of Report on the Lands of the Arid Red-light districts, 652 telephone and telegraph Regions of the United States Red Menace, The (movie), 835 (illus.) companies, 666; of urban (Powell), 538 “Red Power,” 892 entertainment, 652; World War I Report on the Public Credit Red propaganda, 835 and, 689, 708–709 (Hamilton), 199–200 Red River valley: wheat boom in, 535 Regulators, 147–148, 491 Report on the Subject of Red River War, 516 Rehnquist, William, 929, 972, 996 Manufactures (Hamilton), 201 Red Scare: first, 706–707, 834; second, Reichstag, 785 Representation: under Constitution 816. See also McCarthy, Joseph, and Reid, Samuel Chester, 226 (illus.) (U.S.), 188; Constitutional McCarthyism Reiss, Winold, 729 (illus.) Convention on, 187; taxation and, “Red Shirts,” 505 Relief measures, 747, 751–753, 135 Redwood National Park, 885 756–757, 765 Representative government, 68, 146 Reed, Ralph, 989 Religion, 6; in 1950s, 862; in 1970s, Representatives: elected, 178. See also Reed, Walter, 680 944; African-American, 370–372, Congress; House of Representatives Reexport trade, 238 656; communities of, 302 (map); in Republic: France as, 206–207; white Referendum (electoral reform), 647 Elizabethan England, 33, 46; women and, 217–221 Reform and reform movements, 286, Enlightenment and, 117; in Europe Republicanism, 211; heritage of, 286; 303–314; campaign, 1013; civil (c. 1560), 33 (map); Great Jefferson on, 228; Marshall Court service, 614–615; election of 1912 Awakening and, 117–120; Half-Way and, 249; Northwest Territory and, and, 667–670; Farmers’ Alliance, Covenant and, 61–62; ideology, 183 615, 619–621; Grange, 615, 617–619; resistance, and, 137–138; in Indian Republican motherhood, 221 health care, 974–975; health cultures, 18–19; in Jersey colonies, Republican party, 289, 414, 421, movements and, 329–330; Indians 80; Mediterranean trade and, 24; 610–611; Bush, George W., and, 1008; and, 516, 518–519, 762; institutional Mississippian, 11, 13; in New in Civil War, 441–442, 461; church movement, 590; land, England 55, 56–60; in New Eisenhower and, 845; ethnicity and, 382–383; moral-purity campaign, Netherland, 78; party affiliation 612–613; factions in, 228; in former 589–590; moral-reform societies and, 612–613; politics and, 286; of Confederacy, 504; ideologies of, 611, I-50 Index

612; Insurgents of, 666–667; Kansas- Revivalism: in East, 300–301; First Right-wing militia, 988–989 Nebraska Act and, 418; McCarthyism Great Awakening and, 118–120; New Riis, Jacob, 580, 588, 635 (illus.) and, 838–839; in 1920s, 717–719; Lights and, 119; Second Great Rimmer, Robert, 915 Reconstruction and, 488–490, 489 Awakening and, 278, 299–300 Rio de Janeiro environmental (illus.), 503–504; regional strength of, Revolts: peasant, 28; Pueblo, 84–85; in conference, 972 612; in World War II, 794–795. See Richmond, Virginia, 223; on Saint Rio Grande River, 112, 395, 398 also Liberal Republicans; Radical Domingue, 223; by Toussaint Riots: in Alton, Illinois, 309; antidraft, Republicans; specific presidents L’Ouverture, 232. See also Protest(s); 463; Astor Place, 321, 332; for food Republicans, 138; after Revolution, Rebellions in South, 462; in Harlem, 768; after 174; revolutionary leaders as, 179 Revolution(s): African-American, King’s death, 917; in Los Angeles, Republicans (Jeffersonian), 211–212 887–888; of 1848, 383; in Mexico, 683; 971. See also Race riots Republic of Hawaii, 631 in Russia, 704. See also American Rivers, 262, 264–265, 268 (map), 269. Republic of Korea, see South Korea Revolution; specific countries See also specific river regions Republic of Texas, 378 Revolving pistol, 321, 321 (illus.), 322 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: terrorist Republic Steel Company: strike at, 767 Reynolds v. Sims, 886 bombing in, 994 Research and development (R&D): Rheims: in World War I, 691 Roads and highways, 268 (map); of genetic research and, 1010–1011; in Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 431 Inca, 8; interstate highway system 1950s, 854, 855 Rhineland, 783 and, 845, 846–847; legislation for, Research university, 586 Rhode Island, 57, 58, 91, 154 672; National Road and, 259; in “Reservationists,” 705 Rhodes, James, 909 (illus.) 1950s, 859 Reservations (Indian), 515, 946; Rhythm-and-blues, 871 Roanoke colony, 45, 46–47 Dawes Severalty Act and, 518–519, Rice, Condoleezza, 1007 Robards, Rachel, 289 519 (map); in New Deal, 762; for Rice, Joseph Mayer, 604 Robber barons, 546 New England Indians, 63; Rice, Sally, 279 Robertson, Pat, 944, 952, 973, 975, 989 resettlement on, 255; termination Rice industry, 77–78, 95 Robinson, Christopher, 70 of, 869 Rich, see Wealth Robinson, Jackie, 804, 831, 832 (illus.) Resettlement Administration, 757, 763 Rich, Frank, 988 Rochester, New York: revivalism in, Residential segregation, 582 Richards, Ann, 976 300–301 Resistance: to Coercive Acts, 152; to Richards, Samuel, 494 Rock, John, 896 discrimination, 768–769; to Richardson, Elliot, 930, 931 Rock-and-roll, 870–871 Quartering Act, 139–140; religion, Richmond, 350, 367 (illus.), 442, 446; Rockefeller, John D., 549–550, 557, ideology, and, 137–138; by slaves, fall of, 471–472 582, 585, 628 368–369; women and, 142–143; Richmond, David, 875 Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 652 youth movement and, 907–908. See Richthofen, Manfred von (“Red Rockets: Goddard and, 732. See also also Protest(s); Rebellions; Revolts; Baron”), 690 Space exploration specific acts Rickenbacker, Edward, 703 Rockingham, Marquis de, 137, 139 Resources: New Deal planning for, Rickover, Hyman, 851 Rockwell, Norman, 723, 842 (illus.) 761–762 Ridge, Tom, 1018 Rocky Mountains, 15, 237 Restoration (England, 1660), 61, 90 Riesman, David, 857 Rococo furniture, 327 Restoration colonies, 77, 79 Rifle, 444–445 Roe v. Wade, 912, 938–939, 943, 972 Restraint of trade: trusts and, 551 “Rifle Clubs,” 505 Roghman, Geertruyd, 28 (illus.) Retailing: chain stores in, 711–712; Rigas, John J., 1021 Rolfe, Mary, 59 department stores and, 584–585, Right, the, see Conservatives and Rolling Stones, 912 585 (illus.), 652; discount stores and, conservatism; Right wing Roman Catholic Church, see 935–936 Rights: of African-Americans, 223; of Catholicism Retirees: recession and, 1012 enemy citizens, 213–214; of Romania, 795, 820 Reuben James (ship), 787 Englishmen, 133; of Indians, 946; of Romanticism, 335 Reuf, Abe, 646 preemption, 263; in state Romantic love, 279 Reuther, Walter, 766, 767, 767 (illus.), constitutions, 178; Warren Court Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, 786 768 and, 886. See also Reform and Rommel, Erwin, 795 Revels, Hiram, 489 reform movements; specific rights Romona (Jackson), 530 Revenue acts, 128–129; of 1767, “Right to Life” movement, 943 Roosevelt, Eleanor, 743, 744, 750, 750 140–141; of 1942, 793. See also Right wing: Dulles and, 850; (illus.), 757, 759, 765 Wealth Tax Act; specific acts Goldwater and, 884; in Great Roosevelt, Franklin D., 670, 743, 750 Revenue tariff, 390 Depression, 755–756; militant (illus.), 782; African-Americans and, Revere, Paul, 122 (illus.), 152 blacks and, 891 802–803; criticism of, 755–756; death Index I-51

of, 807; election of 1920 and, 707; as, 83; New Jersey as, 80; New York St. Clair, Arthur, 206 election of 1932 and, 744, 749, 749 as, 79; Virginia as, 48 Saint Domingue, see Santo Domingo (map); election of 1936 and, Royal Navy, 208, 210, 239 (Saint Domingue) 758–760; election of 1940 and, Royal Society (London), 117 St. George’s Fields: Wilkes and, 142 786–787; election of 1944 and, 798; Rubber, 790 St. Lawrence River region, 40, 78–79; environment, West, and Indian Ruede, Howard, 526 French in, 45, 84 policy under, 760–762; evaluation of, Ruffin, Edmund, 351, 431 St. Lawrence Seaway, 845 777–778; fireside chats and, 751; Rules Committee, 667 St. Leger, Barry, 166 foreign policy of, 786–787; Japanese- Rum, 37, 61 St. Louis, 269; race riot in, 699 Americans and, 805; Jewish refugees Rumsfeld, Donald, 1007 St. Louis (ship), 786 and, 786; labor and, 767–768; Latin Runaway slaves, 369. See also Fugitive “St. Louis Blues” (Handy), 651 America and, 782–783; mobilization slaves St. Mary’s, Maryland, 72 for war by, 785; New Deal and, Rural areas, 325; in Chesapeake, 71; St. Mihiel salient, 691 749–764; Pearl Harbor and, 788; decline of, 944–945, 945 (illus.); “Saints”: in Anglican Church, 33; in Supreme Court and, 760, 762–763; housing in, 327; industrialization New England, 58–60, 62. See also World War II and, 786; at Yalta, 806, and, 271; in 1940-1960, 859; in Elect 807 (illus.). See also Great South, 349; voting in, 115–116; Saint Teresa of Avila, 32 (illus.) Depression; New Deal; World War II whites in, 100–101. See also Farms Salem, Mass., 55, 66–67 Roosevelt, Theodore, 645, 662–666; and farming Salem Town, see Salem, Mass. election of 1904 and, 664; election Rural Electrification Administration, Salem Village (Danvers), 66 of 1912 and, 667–670; election of 757 Salients (holes): in World War I, 691 1916 and, 673, 686; expansionism Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817), 21 Salk vaccine, 861 and, 630; Hetch Hetchy Valley plan Rusk, Dean, 881, 899 Saloons, 592, 592 (illus.), 593 and, 668; labor and, 663; Latin Russia: Alaska and, 204; Allied SALT treaties, see Strategic Arms America and, 680–682; New invasion of, 704; Balkans and, 998; Limitation Talks Nationalism of, 667, 670; Panama Bolsheviks in, 689, 698; immigrants Salvation: good works and, 57; Great Canal and, 680; Pinchot and, 665 from, 525; Japanese war with, 682; Awakening and, 118, 120; (illus.); preservationism, Manchuria and, 682; Oregon and, Hutchinson on, 57; Luther on, 31; conservationism, and, 665–666; 385; Pacific coast trade of, 204; by predestination, 32; Puritan presidency of, 663–666; race and, revolutions in, 704; World War I and, “saints” and, 58 664; regulation and, 664; Russo- 689, 704. See also Communism; Salvation Army, 589 Japanese War and, 682; Spanish- Soviet Union; World War I Samoan Islands, 630–631 American War and, 632; Russo-Japanese War (1904), 682, 806 Samoset, 49 trustbusting and, 663–664; West Rutgers, 119 Sampson (slave), 104 and, 537; World War I and, 678 Ruth, Babe, 725 Sampson, Deborah, 176 Roosevelt Corollary, 681 Rwanda, 998 San Antonio, 112; battle in, 388 Roosevelt Dam, 665 Sand Creek massacre, 515 Root, John Wellborn, 601 Sabine River, 251 Sandinistas, 956 Rosebud Reservation, 804 Sabine vaccine, 861 San Fernando, Fort, 209 Rosecrans, William S., 459 Sacajawea, 235 San Francisco, 401; Hetch Hetchy Rosenberg, Julius and Ethel, 837 Sac and Fox Indians, 261 Valley and, 668–669, 669 (illus.); (illus.), 838 Sacco-Vanzetti case, 733 Japanese immigrants in, 682 Rosie the Riveter, 801 (illus.) Sachem (chief), 62; Ninigret as, 65 Sanger, Margaret, 660, 661, 896 Ross, Edward A., 654 (illus.) San Ildefonso, Treaty of, 127 Ross, John, 260 Sacrifice, see Human sacrifice Sanitary agenda, 650 Rotation principle, 290 Sadat, Anwar, 950, 950 (illus.) Sanitary Commission, 473 ROTC, 910 Safety: workplace, 648–649 Sanitation, 328; Civil War and, 466, Roth, Philip, 863, 912 Safety bicycles, 602–603 467; flush toilets and, 554, 555; in Roughing It (Twain), 532 Sagadahoc: settlement at, 47 Philadelphia, 130–131, 131 (illus.); “Rough Riders,” 632 Sagebrush Rebellion, 954 urban reform and, 650–651 Rouse, Andrew, 53 Sahara Desert, see Trans-Saharan trade San Juan Hill, 632, 633, 636 (illus.) Rowlandson, Mary, 65 Sahl, Mort, 906 San Lorenzo, Treaty of, 210 Royal African Company, 74 Saigon, 900; evacuation from, 948. See San Salvador, 23–24 Royal Air Force (England), 795 also South Vietnam; Vietnam War Santa Anna, Antonio López de, Royal colony: Maryland as, 92; St. Augustine, 42, 43 (map), 44, 93, 106 387–388, 398 Massachusetts as, 91; New France (illus.), 113 Santa Fe: Pueblo Revolt and, 85 I-52 Index

Santa Fe Plaza, New Mexico in the Science and the Modern World Second World War, see World War II 1880s (Grosshenney), 529 (illus.) (Whitehead), 732 Secret ballot, 647 Santa Fe Railroad, 525 Scientific farming, 102 Sectionalism: election of 1824 and, Santa Fe Trail, 386 SCLC, see Southern Christian 289; election of 1828 and, 290; Santo Domingo (Saint Domingue), 96, Leadership Conference (SCLC) Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 414–415; 207, 501, 682. See also Dominican Scopes trial, 733–734 after Mexican-American War, 399; Republic; Haiti Scotland: immigrants from, 100 slavery and, 250. See also States’ Saratoga, battle at, 166, 166 (illus.) (map), 378, 577 rights; specific sections Saroyan, William, 774 Scots-Irish, 99 Secularism: vs. fundamentalism, 1001 Satanta (Kiowa chief), 516? Scott, Dred, 422 Securities, see Credit; Stock market Satellites: of Soviet Union, 821 Scott, Thomas, 205 Securities and Exchange Commission Saturday Evening Post, 693, 723 Scott, Tom, 547 (SEC), 753, 1021 Saturday Night Fever (movie), 937 Scott, Walter, 335, 339 Security (safety): anticommunism “Saturday Night Massacre,” 931 Scott, Winfield, 396, 397–398, 413–414, and, 834–835; home-front, 1018 Saudi Arabia: terrorist bombings in, 445 Sedan-Mezières: in World War I, 692 993–994 Scottsboro Boys, 768 Sedition: imprisonment for, 215–216 Sauer, Inez, 801 Scrip: for mill workers, 559 Sedition Act, 214 Saurez, Xavier, 984 SDI, see Strategic Defense Initiative Sedition Amendment (1918), 697 Savannah, 111, 171 (map) (SDI, Star Wars) Seeger, Alan, 693–696 Save the Whales campaign, 938 SDS, see Students for a Democratic Segregation: in armed forces, 803; of Savings-and-loan (S&L) industry, Society (SDS) Asian children, 682; black codes 970 Seabury, John, 53 and, 481; in cities, 582; interstate Savio, Mario, 907 Sea dogs (England), 46 transportation and, 833; Jim Crow Scalawags, 488–489, 504 Sea Islands, 456, 457 (illus.), 457 and, 655; in North, 276, 656; racial, Scalia, Antonin, 972 (map), 496 622; in Reconstruction, 496; Scandals, see Corruption (political); Seale, Bobby, 892 residential, 582; separate but equal specific scandals Searle, G. D.: birth control pill and, facilities and, 622–623; in southern Scandinavians, 378, 577 896–897 industries, 558–559. See also Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne), 337, Seasonal workers, 277 African-Americans; Desegregation 338, 339 SEATO, see Southeast Asia Treaty Seigneuries, 83 Schenck v. United States, 698 Organization (SEATO) Sekaquaptewa, Helen, 520 Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 879–880 Seattle: WTO conference in, 1004 Selective Service Act (1917), 687 Schmeling, Max, 785 SEC, see Securities and Exchange Selective Service and Training Act Schools: black, 495, 496; Catholic Commission (SEC) (1940), 787 parochial, 604–605; desegregation Secession, 432 (map); Alien and Self-determination, 704 of, 848–850, 849 (illus.); freedmen’s, Sedition Acts and, 215; compromise Self-government: rights of, 135 493 (illus.); land for, 182; in 1950s, and, 432–433; New England and, Self-help organizations: African- 862; prayer in, 886, 989; reform of, 246; by South, 427, 429–432, 432 American, 223 307–308; shootings in, 979; urban (map); South Carolina and, 431 Self-interest: in Massachusetts, 58 public elementary, 604 (illus.); (illus.) Self-reliance, 512 World War II and, 801. See also Second Amendment, 198 Selma: protests in, 889 Education; Public schools; Second Anglo-Powhatan War, 48 Selma-Montgomery march, 874 Universities and colleges; specific Second Bank of the United States, 248, (illus.), 889 schools 249 Seminole Indians, 259, 260 Schudson, Michael, 331 Second Continental Congress, 152, Seminole Wars, 984 Schulman, Bruce, 937 153 Senate, 188; election of 1994 and, 976; Schurz, Carl, 428, 614, 615, 636 Second front: in World War II, 795–796 election of 2000 and, 1007; League Schwab, Charles, 548 Second Great Awakening, 278, of Nations and, 704, 705; McCarthy Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, 969 299–301 and, 848; women in, 973; World War Science: in 1920s, 732; in 1950s, 854; Second Industrial Revolution: I and, 784 education in, 586, 870; computers and, 855–856 Senate (Maryland), 179 Enlightenment and, 116–117; Second Manassas, 448, 453 Senators: direct election of, 673 national security and, 826–827; Second New Deal, 744, 756–762 Seneca Falls Declaration (1848), 311 progressivism and, 644; World War Second party system, 286, 299; Seneca Iroquois Indians, 109, 167, II and, 793–794 collapse of (1853–1856), 414–421 184, 221, 222 Science Advisory Committee, 870 Second Stage, The (Friedan), 939 Senegambia, 25, 77, 97 Index I-53

Senior citizens: incomes of, 865. See Sewer systems, 328 Sheltowee: Boone as, 169 also Elderly Sewing machine, 273, 317–318, 323 Shenandoah National Park, 760 Seoul: U.S. Marines in, 829 (illus.) (illus.), 551 (illus.), 552, 557. See also Shepherd, Matthew, 988, 988 (illus.) Separate but equal doctrine: Singer Sewing Machine Company Sheppard-Towner Act (1921), 719, 720 desegregation and, 848–849, 867; Sex and sexuality: abstinence and, Sheridan, Philip, 469 racial segregation and, 622–623 281; conservatives and, 988; double Sheriffs: in Virginia, 68 Separate spheres doctrine, 278, standard in, 220; Graham on, 329; in Sherman, John, 502, 551 279–281 1920s, 726; at Oneida community, Sherman, William T., 448, 468–469, Separate spheres ideology, 563, 583, 314; plantation standards and, 354; 470–471, 471 (illus.), 471 (map), 494, 801 premarital sex and, 912–913. See 496, 517 Separation of church and state, 180; in also Gays and lesbians Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), 551, Puritan New England, 57; in Sex discrimination, 894 570, 611, 660, 664, 672 Virginia, 68–69; Williams, Roger, on, Sexism: in 1930s, 760 Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890), 57 Sex Side of Life, The (Dennett), 660 613, 625, 626 Separation of powers, 196; in Sexual harassment: Clinton and, 975, Shiite Muslims, 957, 970 Constitution (U.S.), 188 995–996; Thomas, Clarence, and, Shiloh, Battle of, 445, 448–449, 458 Separatists, 33, 49, 55. 977 Shipbuilding: in New England, 61 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), Ships and shipping: British and, 208; 992 (illus.), 994, 1015–1016; home- see Venereal disease in Civil War, 451 (illus.), 451–452; front security after, 1018 Sexual orientation: legal protection clipper ships and, 402 (illus.), Serbia, 997–998, 998 (illus.); World War and, 913. See also Gays and lesbians 402–403; of colonial goods, 133; I and, 683 Sexual revolution, 912–913; birth Embargo Act (1807) and, 239–240; Serkin, Rudolph, 785 control pill and, 896–897 maritime commerce and, 94 (illus.); Servants: in Chesapeake, 70–71, 72 Seymour, Horatio, 466, 500 Peace of Amiens and, 231; Portugal Servicemen’s Readjustment Act Shah of Iran, see Pahlavi, Mohammed and, 34; prefabrication and, 790; (1944), 817. See also GI Bill of Rights Reza (Shah) Spanish, 204; trade, shipbuilding, (GI Bill) Shakers, 302 (map), 303; Alfred, Maine, and, 94; World War I and, 684–685; Service sector, 858, 936, 986–987, village of, 304–305, 305 (illus.) World War II and, 787, 792 (illus.). 1003 Shakespeare, William, 28, 332 See also Navy Settlement(s): in Chesapeake, 71, 72 Shame of the Cities, The (Steffens), Shirley mansion, 108 (map); English, 55–56, 99; in New 646, 646 (illus.) Shoe industry, 273, 560–561, 563 England, 59; in North America Shandong: after World War I, 703, 704 (illus.) (1565–1625), 43 (map); in Ohio Sharecroppers, 497–500, 499 (illus.), Shootings: in Atlanta, 979; in Littleton, region, 184; in Spanish California, 499 (map), 619; in Great Colorado, 979, 979 (illus.); in 204 (map). See also Expansion and Depression, 753–754, 757; in World schools, 979 expansionism; specific regions War I, 698 Shopping centers, 722 Settlement houses, 588, 590–591, 643, “Share Our Wealth” program, 755–756 Shops: colonial, 102, 103 644 Sharon, Ariel, 957, 1000, 1019 Shuttle diplomacy, 924 Settlers: in Great Plains, 526–527; Sharpsburg, Battle of, 448 Siberia, 2, 15 railroads and, 524–525; in trans- Shasta Dam, 761 Sicily, 795 Mississippi West, 511–512 Shattuck, Joseph, 185 (illus.) Sickle-cell trait, 77 Seven Days’ Battle, 448 Shaw, Anna Howard, 697, 699 Sickles, Dan, 321 Seven Golden Cities of Cíbola, 44 Shaw, Anna Moore (Chehia Red Siegel Cooper store, 584 (illus.) Seventeenth Amendment, 671, 673 Arrow), see Red Arrow, Chehia Sierra Club, 665, 668, 722, 938, 954 “Seventh of March” speech (Webster), Shaw, Robert Gould, 455 Sierra Nevada range, 401 410 Shawnee Indians, 109, 126, 147, 162, “Significance of the Frontier in Seventy-ninth Congress, 819 167, 209, 242; at Boonesborough, American History, The” (Turner), 536 Seven Years’ War, 125–128, 126 (map), 169; land cessions by, 185; Sigourney, Lydia, 279–280 128 (map), 162 Revolution and, 168 Silent generation, 834, 872 Severalty: Indians and, 518. See also Shays, Christopher, 1013 Silent Spring (Carson), 858, 879, 938 Dawes Severalty Act (1887) Shays, Daniel, 185 (illus.) Silicon chips, 940 Sewage system, 554, 555 Shays-Meehan bill, 1013 Silicon Valley, 987, 1003, 1012 Seward, William H., 410, 417, 425, 432, Sheeler, Charles, 730 Silicosis, 649 473, 501; election of 1860 and, 428; Sheen, Fulton J., 839, 862 Silliman, Mary, 177 as secretary of state, 433 Sheldon, Asa G., 277 Silver, 42, 96, 386, 531, 558, 613; free “Seward’s Ice Box,” 501 Shelley v. Kraemer, 833 silver and, 502, 610, 627 I-54 Index

Silver Democrats, 626 (illus.); economic progress and, Slums, 581–582, 653, 865–866, 866 Silver standard, 502 104–105; emancipation policy and, (illus.), 945 Simkins, Arthur, 361 452–454; in English colonies, 86; Slush fund: election of 1952 and, 840 Simpson, Jerry, 620, 628 (illus.) evangelicals and, 359–362; in Far Small businesses: railroad rates and, Simpson, O. J., 987 West, 401–404; freedom for, 149; in 547 Sin: Finney on, 301 Georgia, 112–113; Indians as, 63, 110, Smallpox, 41–42, 78, 234 Sinclair, Upton, 664, 697–698 112 (illus.); industrialization and, Smalls, Robert, 456 Singapore, 788 350; infidelity and, 365; Jefferson Smelters, 533 Singer, Isaac M.: sewing machine of, and, 229; lifestyle of, 362–369; as Smith, Adam, 571 317–318, 323 (illus.) loyalists, 162; market economy and, Smith, Alfred E., 719, 737, 738 (illus.); Singer Sewing Machine Company, 551 262; migration and, 53–54; Missouri election of 1928 and, 738, 739 (illus.), 552. See also Sewing Compromise and, 249–251, 250 (map); in Great Depression, 755 machine (map); native-born population of, Smith, Bessie, 731 Singing societies (Gesangverein), 593 362; in New York City, 105; in North, Smith, Ed, 760 Single tax, 571 275; opposition to, 175; Pequots as, Smith, Elias, 278 Singleton, Benjamin “Pap,” 506 (illus.) 56; plantations and, 362–366; Smith, Ernest, 4 (illus.) “Sing Sing,” see Ossining (“Sing Sing”) population of, 74; proslavery Smith, Isaac, 407 Siouan languages, 18 argument and, 357–358; punishment Smith, Jedediah, 258–259 Sioux Indians, 14, 110, 384, 515, 516, and, 364; rebellions and, 346; in Smith, John, 47–49 519–522, 892, 946. See also Dakota Reconstruction, 492–493; resistance Smith, Joseph, 301–303, 377 Sioux Indians; Hunkpapa Lakota and, 368–369; Revolution and, 171, Smith, Lillian, 624 Sioux; Lakota Sioux Indians, Oglala 173; Richmond revolt and, 223; Saint Smith, Melania, 301 Sioux Domingue revolt and, 207, 223; slave Smith Act (1940), 836, 848 Sirica, John, 930 badge and, 430 (illus.); slaveholder- Smith and Wesson, 322 Sister Carrie (Dreiser), 600, 601 nonslaveholder conflicts over, Smith College, 602 Sit-down strike: at General Motors, 766 356–357; small slaveholders and, Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes Sit-ins, 875–876, 877 (illus.), 887 354–355; South and, 427, 437–438; in Act (1943), 792 Sitting Bull, 517, 517 (illus.), 518, 522 Spanish and Portuguese America, Smith v. Allwright, 802 Situation comedies: on television, 864 40–41; state authority over, 188; Smoke Prevention Association, 650 Six-Day War (1967), 924 tariffs and, 292; in territories, Smoking, see Cigarettes; Tobacco Six Nations Iroquois See Iroquois 399–400; Texas annexation and, 391, industry Indians 392; three-fifths clause and, 188; Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930), 713 Sixteenth Amendment, 671, 673 Tocqueville and Beaumont on, 256; Smuggling, 133, 148 Sketch Book (Irving), 334 Toussaint L’Ouverture and, 232; in SNCC, see Student Nonviolent Skilling, Jeffrey, 1020 (illus.) West Indies and Brazil, 98; white Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Skinner, B. F., 915 children, slave nurses, and, 352 Soap operas, 770 Skull Valley Band: of Goshute Indians, (illus.). See also Abolitionism; Social class, see Class 981 African-Americans; Free-soilers; Social contract, 138 Sky Watchers, 825 Proslavery argument; Slave states; Social control: progressivism and, 651 “Sky Woman” (Smith), 4 (illus.) Slave trade Social Darwinism, 571, 630, 644 Slash-and-burn land management, 14 Slave states: Compromise of 1850 and, Social Gospel, 590, 644, 646, 734 Slater, Samuel, 217, 270 408–414; election of 1856 and, 421; Social hierarchy, see Class; Hierarchy Slaughterhouse cases, 503 Florida as, 107; Louisiana Purchase Social institutions: of African- Slavedrivers, 364 and, 249–250; Missouri Americans, 493–496, 656. See also Slave Power, 418, 421, 422 Compromise and, 251 specific institutions Slaves and slavery: in Africa, 34–35, 97 Slave trade, 33, 74, 99; Dutch and, 37; Socialist Labor party (1877), 572 (map); in Caribbean region, 75–76; Franklin on, 100; in Indians, 78; Socialist Party of America (SPA), in Carolina, 77–78; in Charleston, SC, internal African, 34–35; internal 661–662 360–361; in Chesapeake, 74–75; U.S., 350 (map); outlawing of, 222, Socialists and socialism, 661–662; children of white masters and, 364; 362, 409; slave ships and, 98, 98 election of 1924 and, 719 Civil War and, 454 (illus.), 454–455, (illus.); sugar industry and, 36–37. Social policy, 610 456–458, 473; codification of, 74; See also Slaves and slavery Social protocol, 583 Compromise of 1850 and, 408–414; Slavic immigrants, 578 Social security, 834 as contraband, 453, 454–455; cotton Sledge, E. B., 781, 812 Social Security Act (1935), 758 and, 348 (illus.); cultures of, 105 Slidell, John, 395, 452 Social thought, see Intellectual (illus.), 369–373; distribution of, 347 Sloat, John D., 397 thought Index I-55

Social welfare, see Welfare Son of the Middle Border (Garland), South Alone Should Govern the South, Social work, 589, 590–591 619 The, 427 Society, 277–278; in 1920s, 720–726, Sons of Liberty, 136, 137, 141, 147 South America, 5–8, 39; Monroe 732–737; in 1930s, 764–769; in Sooners, 535 Doctrine and, 252; recession in, 1004 1950s, 843–844, 860–865; 1960s and, Soto, Hernando de, see De Soto, South Carolina, 45, 77, 103, 224; 936, 937–962; in 1990s, 978–989; Hernando Cherokees and, 167; Regulators in, affluent, 854–860; antebellum, Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois), 657, 148; Sherman in, 471, 471 (illus.), 274–277; archaic, 4–5; of Cahokia, 657 (illus.) 471 (map); slaves in, 149; Stono 12–13; Chesapeake, 68–75; in Civil Sound-money policy, 502 Rebellion in, 105. See also Carolinas; War, 460–468; colonial, 94–108; Sousa, John Philip, 694 Charleston (Charles Town); North European, 28–30; Great Awakening Souter, David, 972 Carolina and, 119; Indian, 16–19; middle- South: Amnesty Act and, 501; South Carolina Exposition and class, 583–586; multiethnic, “bayonet rule” in, 501; black Protest, 292 981–983; in New England, 55–68; migration from, 768; Civil War and, South Dakota, 251, 528 nonfarming, 14–16; Puritan, 59; 433, 438, 452, 460–468, 473, 478 Southeast, 112, 184–185 Quaker, 81; relationship changes in, (illus.); code of honor and dueling Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 277–282; after Revolution, 173–178; in, 359; Compromise of 1850 and, (SEATO), 853 in South Carolina, 77; of southern 411; Democratic party in, 612; Southern Alliance, see National whites, 351–355, 356–362; space desegregation and, 849; economic Farmers’ Alliance and Industrial exploration and, 869–870; tea development in, 558; emancipation Union drinking and, 95–96; in West, and, 492–500; evangelicals and, Southern Christian Leadership 257–258; white supremacists and, 359–362; expansionism and, Conference (SCLC), 867 621–622, 623; World War I and, 416–417; Farmers’ Alliance and, Southern Conference for Human 698–702; World War II and, 798–806; 619–621; food riots in, 462; French Welfare, 760 youth culture and, 870–872. See also Revolution and, 207; Hamilton’s Southern Homestead Act (1866), 497 Culture(s) plans and, 201; independence and, Southern Manifesto, 849 Society for the Encouragement of 154; industrial lag in, 560; industry Southern Pacific Railroad, 546 Useful Manufactures, 217 in, 270; Jackson and, 291; Ku Klux Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union, 754 Society of Friends, see Quakers Klan in, 491; Lower and Upper, 346; South Korea, 828. See also Korean War Society of the Supporters of the Bill of lynchings in, 622; migration to, 489, South Vietnam, 853, 948. See also Rights (England), 142 860; military districts in, 483, 485 Vietnam; Vietnam War Sociology, 601 (map); Nixon and, 928–929; North Southwest: cultures of, 8–10, 16; Soft money contributions, 1013 compared with, 349–351; Mexican labor in, 868; settlement Soft-money position, 295 population of, 979; in Progressive of, 529–530; Spanish in, 112. See also Software, 940 Era, 655; public schools in, 496; Old Southwest Soil, 62, 102 rebuilding of, 490; Reconstruction Southwestern Asia: in 1500, 26 (map) Soil Conservation Service, 760 and, 488–492, 621–624; redemption Soviet Union: Arab world and, 924; Soldiers: blacks in Union army, in, 504–505; Republican rule in, 504; atomic bomb of, 824, 825; collapse 455–457; British, in colonies, 145; in reunion and, 507–508; of, 965–966, 967–968; Cuban missile Civil War, 436 (illus.), 449–451, 450 Revolutionary War and, 170–172, crisis and, 880–881; Eastern Europe (illus.); GI Bill and, 817–818; in 171 (map), 181; secession and, 215, and, 820; expansionism of, 821; Mexican-American War, 397 (illus.); 427; Sherman’s march through, German nonaggression pact with, and post-Revolution egalitarianism, 470–471, 471 (illus.), 471 (map); 771, 785; Korean War and, 829 174; in Revolution, 163; in World slavery in, 54, 175–176, 351; “solid,” (illus.); nuclear arsenal of, 968, 1000; War I, 690, 690 (illus.), 692; World 624; tariffs and, 291–292; two-party production in, 714; recognition of, War II and, 780 (illus.), 781–782, system in, 624; vigilantism in, 704; space exploration by, 869; U.S. 798–799, 815. See also Armed forces; 491–492, 504–505; violence against war supplies to, 787; World War II in, Military; Quartering Act blacks in, 832; on war debts, 200; 795; Yalta accords and, 806. See also “Solid South,” 739 white society in, 351–355, 356–362; Cold War; Russia; World War II; Somalia, 974, 998 in World War II, 790; Yorktown in, specific presidents Somers, Richard, 230 (illus.) 164. See also Civil War (U.S.); Space exploration: Kennedy, John F., Somerset, James, 149 Confederate States of America; New and, 879; moon landing and, 925 Somme, battle at, 690 South; Old South; Reconstruction; (illus.); in 1950s, 869–870; Sputnik Somoza, Anastasio, 956 Secession; Slaves and slavery and, 851 (illus.), 869 Songhai, 25 South Africa: end of apartheid in, 969, Space industry, 854 “Song of Myself” (Whitman), 337 998–999 Spain, 33; Armada of, 47; Britain and, I-56 Index

170; California and, 204 (map); Speed limit, 948 Standardization: of railroads, 546 Carolina and, 93; colonial wars and Spellman, Francis, 839 Standard of living: in late 19th (1739–1748), 113–114; colonies of, Spelman College, 656 century, 565 96, 97; conquistadors and, 8, 40–41; Spheres of influence: Soviet, 820, 823, Standard Oil Co. v. U.S., 671 Cuba and, 632; empire of, 39 (map), 825; World War II and, 798, 807 Standard Oil Company, 501, 550, 557, 113 (map); exploration by, 38, 38 Spies and spying: contrabands and, 647, 664 (map); in Far West, 385–386; 455; Hiss and, 836–838; Rosenbergs Standish, Miles, 49 Ferdinand and Isabella in, 28; and, 837 (illus.), 838; after World Stanford, Leland, 567, 585 Floridas and, 78 (map), 84, 86, 107, War II, 834. See also Spy plane crisis Stanford University, 585 127, 251; France and, 207–208; Spinning, 28 (illus.) Stanton, Edwin, 456 Georgia and, 111; mestizos and, 42; Spinning bees: colonial resistance Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 311, 467–468, Monroe Doctrine and, 252; Mose, and, 143 486, 487 (illus.), 566, 689 Florida, and, 106–107; New Mexico Spinning frame, 270 Stanton, Henry, 452, 485 and, 84–86; North America and, Spinning mill, 217 Starr, Kenneth, 996, 996 (illus.), 997 43–45, 232; population from, 86; Spirit of St. Louis, The (airplane), 725, “Star-Spangled Banner, The” (Key), 247 Revolutionary War and, 166, 170, 725 (illus.) START II, see Strategic Arms Reduction 172–173; St. Augustine and, 43 Spirituality: in Indian cultures, 18–19. Treaty (START II) (map), 44; settlements of, 112–113; See also Religion Starving time: Maryland and, 69 Seven Years’ War and, 127; Spirituals (songs), 371–372, 373 Star Wars, see Strategic Defense Southeast and, 184; southern Spock, Benjamin, 861, 901 Initiative (SDI, Star Wars) boundary and, 210; Southwest and, “Spoilsmen,” 501 State(s), 256–257; abolition laws in, 234; sugar trade and, 37; Tennessee Spoils system, 290, 614 175; under Articles of and, 195; Texas and, 251, 386–387; Sponslor, Mary Ann, 317 Confederation, 181; banks in, 295; Treaty of Tordesillas and, 38; U.S. Sports, 602; blacks in, 656; celebrities under Constitution (U.S.), 187; territorial claims and, 205 (map); and, 725; at Indian boarding Dartmouth College case and, western claims of, 128, 203–204, schools, 522; integration of, 831; 248–249; “dual citizenship” 209; West Indies colonies of, 75. See professional, 593 (illus.), 593–595, doctrine and, 503; established also Spanish Civil War 594 (illus.); at universities and churches in, 180; governments of, Spanish-American War, 632–636, 633 colleges, 585–586 178–180; Indian rights in, 259, 260; (map), 636 (illus.) Spotted Tail, 516 land claims of, 182 (map); Spanish Civil War, 771 Springfield, Illinois, 473 McCulloch v. Maryland and, 249; Spanish-speaking Americans, see Springfield, Massachusetts: Indian- militias of, 163; powers of, 198; Hispanics; specific groups English trade at, 62; race riot in revenue distribution to, 292; after Speakeasies, 737, 737 (illus.) (1965), 890 Revolution, 173; statehood in West, Special Committee on Presidential Springfield College, 602 528; war debts of, 199, 200; welfare Campaign Activities, 930 Spring Mobilization to End the War in reform and, 978. See also specific Special congressional electoral Vietnam, 908 states commission (1877), 506 Springsteen, Bruce, 938 State constitutions: Reconstruction Special interests: Jackson and, Sputnik, 851 (illus.), 869 and, 483, 490; Revolutionary, 290–291; Madison and, 191; of Spy plane crisis: in China (2001), 1012; 178–180 organized labor, 830; Washington U-2, 853, 881 State conventions: Reconstruction and, 196 Squanto, 49 and, 480 Specialization, 527, 553, 558 Square deal: of Roosevelt, Theodore, Statehood, see specific states Specie, 264, 297 664 State legislatures, 611 Specie Circular (1836), 297 Squatters, 263–264 States’ rights, 215; Calhoun and, 291; Specie Resumption Act (1875), 502 Squatter sovereignty: doctrine of, 400 doctrine of, 473; Hamilton and, Specter, Arlen, 973 Staats Zeitung, 594 198–199; Hartford Convention and, Speculation: bonanza farms and, 535; Stagflation, 926, 951 247; Tyler and, 390 in Civil War, 461; Embargo Act and, Stalin, Joseph, 795, 798, 806, 807 States’ Rights Democratic party, 832 240; Homestead Act and, 526–527; (illus.), 820, 823; death of, 850; State universities: Morrill Land Grant in land, 206, 263–264, 620; in 1980s, Popular Front and, 771 Act and, 586 954; Panic of 1819 and, 264; railroad Stalingrad, Battle of, 795, 796 (map) State University of New York, 817 boom and, 502; reservation lands Stalwarts, 610, 614 Status: colonial elite, 105–108; of and, 518–519; stock market crash Stamp Act (1765), 134 (illus.), 134–137, Europeans, 28. See also Class and, 745 138, 140 Statute for Religious Freedom Speech: freedom of, 214, 310, 836 Stamp Act Congress (1765), 136–137 (Jefferson), 180 Index I-57

Steamboats and steam ships, 255, Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty and, 631; slavery and, 35, 41, 54, 76; 264–265, 265 (illus.) (START II), 1000 in West Indies, 96. See also Rum Steam-powered trains, 582 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI, Star Sugar trust, 551 Steel industry, 547–549, 558, 647; labor Wars), 958 Suharto (Indonesia), 1004 unions and, 766 Strauss, Levi, 381 Suicide rate: in Great Depression, Steel plow, 527 “Streaking”: on college campuses, 910 747–748 Steenbock, Harry, 732 Streamlining: in 1930s, 775–776 Sullivan, John, 167, 170 (map) Steffens, Lincoln, 645–646, 646 (illus.) Street gangs: in Los Angeles, 945 Sullivan, John L. (boxer), 594 (illus.), Steinbeck, John, 771–774 Street railway, 582 595, 598 Steinem, Gloria, 938 Strict constructionism, 201, 233–234, Sullivan, Louis, 601 Steinway, Henry, 380–381 249 Summit meetings: in Geneva, 851 Stella, Joseph, 730–731 Strikebreakers: Pullman strike and, 570 Sumner, Charles, 361, 420, 420 (illus.), Stellungen, 692 Strikes, 274, 716 (illus.), 767 (illus.); 442, 479, 479 (illus.), 496, 501, 503 Stem-cell research, 1011 antiwar, 909; Coeur d’Alene silver Sumner, William Graham, 571 Stephens, Alexander, 442, 463, 480 miners, 569, 624; of foundry Sun Also Rises, The (Hemingway), 730 Stephens, Uriah H., 566 workers, 566; at General Motors, Sunbelt, 790; migration to, 859, 860 Stephenson, David, 735 766; at Homestead Steel Works, Sun Dance, 18, 513 Stepparents: in Chesapeake, 70 569–570, 624; by Knights of Labor, Sunday (Hopper), 730 Stereotypes: in movies, 770; on 567; in late 19th century, 569–570; Sunday, Billy, 696, 736, 862 television, 864 by migrant workers, 769; by miners, Sunkist, 535, 733, 769 Sterilization, 329, 654 661; by needle trades, 661; Powderly Sun Pyramid, 6–7, 7 (illus.) Steuben, Friedrich von, 166 and, 567; Pullman, 570, 625, 626; at Superfund: environmental, 1014 Stevens, Judith Sargent, 194 (illus.) Republic Steel, 767; by UMW, 663; Supermarkets, 711, 721 Stevens, Thaddeus, 442, 479, 479 violence and, 569–570; after World Superpowers: nuclear weapons and, (illus.), 481, 482 (illus.), 483–484, War I, 706; World War II and, 792, 850. See also Soviet Union 503 819. See also Collective action; Supplementary Freedmen’s Bureau Stevenson, Adlai, 839–840, 845, 865 Labor; Labor unions Act (1866), 482, 484, 503 Stieglitz, Alfred, 731 Strong, Josiah, 601, 630 Supplementary Reconstruction Acts Still, William Grant, 728 Strong, Thomas W., 400 (illus.) (1867–1868), 484 Stimson, Henry, 787, 788, 790 Strontium 90, 844 Supreme Court: anticommunism and, Stock: railroads issuance of, 545 Stuart, Gilbert, 184 (illus.), 245 (illus.) 836; antitrust issues and, 551, Stockbridge Indians, 162 (illus.) Stuart dynasty, 33, 61 663–664; birth control and, 660; on Stock exchange: in Great Depression, Student Nonviolent Coordinating black voting rights, 802; on 753; in New York, 325; after Committee (SNCC), 887, 892 censorship boards, 652; Civil Rights September 11, 1016 Student protests, 906–910, 909 (illus.) Cases and, 496, 622; Constitution Stock market: crash (1929), 744–747; Students for a Democratic Society on, 197, 198; election of 2000 and, and Great Depression, 746; (SDS), 905–906, 907, 908 1006–1007; injunctions and, 570; international economy and, 1004; Subarctic region: people of, 16 interstate commerce and, 547; on in 1990s, 1002 (illus.), 1002–1003; Submarines, 444; in Civil War, 451; Japanese-American internment, prices in 1920s, 745; Reagan and, nuclear, 851; in World War I, 806; labor unions and, 660; under 954; recession and, 1012; rising 684–685; in World War II, 787 Marshall, 248–249; in 1960s, prices in, 712 Substitution: in Civil War, 439, 440 886–887; in Progressive Era, 671, Stock-quotation printer, 552 Suburbs, 582, 722, 846, 858–860, 859 672–673; progressive thought and, Stockton, David, 397 Sudan: chemical weapons in, 1001 645; racial segregation and, Stone, Lucy, 311, 487 Sudbury, Massachusetts, 59 (map) 622–623; on railroad rates, 618; Stone, William, 69 Sudetenland, 783–784 Reconstruction and, 503; on Stonewall riot, 913, 942 Suez Canal, 788, 795, 853 segregation, 833; women on, 958, Stono Rebellion, 105 Suffolk Resolves, 151 974. See also specific cases; specific Storage battery, 553 Suffrage: black, 479, 482–483, 486–488; presidents Story, Sydney, 599 universal manhood, 490; woman, Surgery: anesthesia and, 329 Storyville, 599, 701 468, 483, 486–488, 612. See also Surveying, 182, 236–237, 237 (illus.), 259 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 335, 412 Voting and voting rights Susquehannock Indians, 73, 110 (illus.), 412–413 Sugar Act (1764), 133–134 Sussex (ship), 685 Straits of Magellan, 39 Sugar and sugar industry, 36; in Swaggart, Jimmy, 944 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks: SALT Americas, 36–37; in Caribbean, 76; Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg I, 924, 960; SALT II, 950 consumption of, 37 (illus.); Hawaii Board of Education, 929 I-58 Index

Sweatshops, 318, 553, 557 War, 441, 461; Contract with Telegraph, 322, 546, 552; companies, Sweden, 78, 78 (map), 526 America and, 976; Dickinson on, 666 Swift, Gustavus, 549, 551 141; energy and, 951; excise, 199; Telephone, 552, 564; companies, 666 Swing music, 774–775 income, 626, 718, 793; Jefferson on, Television, 864 (illus.), 865; in 1950s, “Swing” states, 213 230–231; Johnson, Lyndon B., and, 861, 863–864; in 1970s, 937; in Switzerland: immigrants from, 110, 883; Kennedy, John F., and, 879; in 1990s, 987; culture of, 864–865; 111 (illus.), 378 New Deal, 764; Reagan and, 953, desegregation and, 850; election of Sylvis, William H., 566 954, 959; representation and, 135; 1960 and, 877; evangelists on, 944; Szilard, Leo, 785 Revolution and, 180; Social Security McCarthy hearings and, 848; Act and, 758; in South, 490; Stamp stereotypes on, 864 Taft, Robert A., 787, 824, 830, 833, 839 Act and, 134–137; Sugar Act and, Teller Amendment (1898), 632, 633 Taft, William Howard, 663, 667 (illus.); 133–134; Whiskey Rebellion and, Temperance, 296, 306–307, 567, 602, election of 1908 and, 666; election 202–203. See also Tariffs; specific 652–653 of 1912 and, 667–670; Latin acts Temples: Aztec, 7 American policy and, 680–682; Tax Reduction Act (1964), 885 “10 percent plan,” 479–480 presidency of, 666–667; on Supreme Tax Reform Act (1986), 976 Tenant farmers, 72, 147, 498–500, 618, Court, 718 Taylor, Frederick W., 648 753–754, 757 Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 819 (illus.), Taylor, John, 201 Tenements, 327, 582 830, 834 Taylor, Joseph E., 761 Tennent, Gilbert, 119, 120 Taíno Indians, 37 Taylor, Maxwell, 899 Tennent, William, 118 Taiwan, 798, 830, 1004 Taylor, Susie King, 456 Tennessee, 195–196, 256, 448 Talbot, Marion, 659 Taylor, Zachary, 395, 396, 400–401, Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 753 Taliban, 1017 409, 410 Tenochtitlan, 7, 41 “Talkies,” see Movies and movie stars Taylor Grazing Act (1934), 760 Tenskwatawa, 242 Talleyrand, Charles de, 213, 232, 233 Tchow-ee-put-o-kaw (Catlin), 341 Tenth Amendment, 198 Tamaulipas, 5 (illus.) Tenure of Office Act (1867), 484, 485, Tammany Hall, 295, 501, 587, 615, 646, Tea, 95–96, 140–141, 143, 146, 148 486 648–649 (illus.) Teosinte, 5 Taney, Roger B., 422, 443 Tea Act (1773), 148–149 Teotihuacán, 6–7, 7 (illus.) Tanks, 795 Teaching, 308, 817 Teresa of Avila (Saint), 32, 32 (illus.) Taos Pueblo, 85, 892 Teach-ins, 900–901 Termination policy, 869, 892 Tappan, Arthur and Lewis, 309, 310 Teapot Dome scandal, 717, 722 Territories, 259, 399–400, 528; disputes Tarbell, Ida, 646 Technicolor movies, 772–773 over, 205 (map); Louisiana Purchase Tarheels, 77 Technology, 318, 544; basket and and, 228. See also specific territories Tariff of Abominations, see Tariffs, of textile making and, 64–65; Bessemer Terrorism: Bush, George W., and, 1009; 1828 production, 547; consumer Clinton and, 1000–1001; December Tariffs, 207, 291–292, 608 (illus.), 610, electronics and, 937; entertainment 7, 1941, and, 1022; in former Soviet 611, 615; of 1828, 292; of 1832, 292; and, 331; environment and, Union, 1000; Kaczynski and, 1016; of 1833, 293, 390; of 1846, 399; in 722–723; Erie Canal and, 266–267; by Ku Klux Klan, 491; Middle East Civil War, 461; Dingley, 629; industrial, 217, 271, 322; large-scale and, 961; overseas networks of, expansionism and, 393; Fordney- manufacturing and, 544; maritime, 1016–1017; in Riyadh, 993–994; of McCumber, 713; McKinley, 617, 624, 34; movies and, 772–773; in 1950s, September 11, 992 (illus.), 993–994, 625, 631; on molasses, 133; Payne- 854–856; PCs and, 940–941; 1015–1016 Aldrich, 666, 671; protective, 287, pipeline, 550; prosperity from, Tertium quid, see Quids 390; reform of, 670; revenue, 390; 325–326; slavery and, 223–224; Tet Offensive (1968), 913–917, 916 Smoot-Hawley, 713; South and, 558; Sputnik and, 869–870; triumph of, (map) Underwood-Simmons, 670, 671; 551–553; World War II and, 793–794. Texas: American settlement of, Wilson-Gorman, 626. See also See also Inventions 386–387; annexation of, 378, Taxation; specific presidents Tecumseh, 210, 241 (illus.), 242, 245 389–390, 390–391, 395; boundary of, Task division of labor, 104, 270 Teenagers, 801, 871–872 410, 411; cession by Mexico, 398; Task Force on National Health-Care “Teetotalism,” 307. See also Hispanics in, 529, 869, 982; Reform, 974–975 Temperance independence of, 388; Republic of, Tatum, Lawrie, 516 Tehran, 798 378; slavery and, 399, 408–409; Taxation: in 1920s, 718; in 2000s, 1012; Tehuacan people, 5 Spain and, 43, 86, 112, 251, 385 Aztec, 8; Bush, George, and, 971; Tejanos, 387 Texas Revolution, 388, 388 (map) Bush, George W., and, 1007; in Civil Tejas, see Texas Texas v.White, 503 Index I-59

Textbooks: evolution in, 734 Timber industry: strikes against, 661 mercantilism and, 83; Textile industry, 29, 270, 271–273, 325, Timbuktu, 25 Mississippian, 11, 12, 13; NAFTA 350; horizontal relationships in, Time-and-motion studies, 648 and, 974; Navigation Acts and, 94; in 281; Irish workers in, 381; labor Time of Your Life, The (Saroyan), 774 Ohio Valley, 109; Open Door policy unions and, 767; mill girls in, 273 Time-Warner, 1002 and, 679–680; after Revolution, (illus.); in New South, 559–560, 562 Time zones: railroads and, 323, 547 180–181; Russian, 204; in slaves, 74; (illus.); sewing machine and, Timucua Indians, 44, 78 Spanish, 96; suppression of, 317–318; technology for, 271; wages Tin Pan Alley, 651 238–239; trans-Saharan, 25; urban in, 714. See also Cotton industry Tippecanoe, battle at, 242, 297 areas and, 102; with West Indies, Thain, Howard, 731 (illus.) Tito, Josip Broz, 795 133. See also Commerce; Embargo Thanksgiving, 49, 209 (illus.) Tituba (African slave woman), 66 (1807); Slave trade; specific acts and Theater, 332–333 Tobacco industry, 71–72, 75–76, 346, products Their Eyes Were Watching God 994 (illus.), 995; exports and, 95; Trademarks, 556 (Hurston), 775 gang system in, 104; labor for, Trade unions, 273–274, 568. See also Theology: of Quakers, 80–81 70–71; prices in, 71 (illus.); after Labor unions Theory of the Leisure Class, The Revolution, 181; tobacco label and, Trading posts: at Mobile, 84 (Veblen), 601, 644, 645 71 (illus.); in Virginia, 68 (illus.) Trafalgar, Battle of, 239 Thermonuclear weapons, 825, 850 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 255–256, 274, Trail of Tears, 260–261, 261 (map) Thieu (Vietnam), 921 275, 282, 299, 338, 356 Trail of Tears (Lindneux), 261 (illus.) Third Amendment, 198 “Togetherness”: in 1950s, 860–861 Trails: overland, 388–389, 389 (illus.); Third Anglo-Powhatan War, 73 Tohono O’odham people, 8 Santa Fe Trail, 386; to West (1840), Third party: Perot and, 973. See also Toilets, 328, 554 (illus.), 554–555, 555 384 (map) specific parties (illus.) Training: in World War I, 687, 688 Third Reich, 806 Tojo, Hideki, 788 (illus.) Third World, 851, 853, 879–880, 920 Tokyo: bombing of, 811 Trans-Appalachian region, 168–169, Thirteenth Amendment, 470, 480, 481, Toleration, 989 204–206, 209–210, 256, 352 487 Toleration act: in Maryland, 69 Transatlantic explorations Thirty-eighth parallel, 828, 829 (map) Tolnay, Stewart E., 622 (1000–1587), 35–40, 38 (map) This Side of Paradise (Fitzgerald), 727 Tompkins, Sally, 467 Transatlantic migration: to North Thomas, Clarence, 972 Tools, 15 America, 53–54, 54 (map) Thomas, Gertrude and Jefferson, Toomer, Jean, 728 Trans-Atlantic slave trade, 33. See also 437–438 Topeka government, 419 Slaves and slavery; Slave trade Thomas, Lorenzo, 485 Tordesillas, Treaty of, 38 Transcendentalism, 313, 335, 336–337 Thomas, Norman, 697, 739, 759 Tories, 152, 160, 161, 171 Transcontinental railroad, 414, 416, Thompson, Tommy, 976 To Secure These Rights, 832 461, 502, 512, 523–524, 525 (map) Thompson Literary and Debating Tourgee, Albion, 489 Transcontinental Treaty, see Adams- Society, 282 Toussaint L’Ouverture, 232 Onís Treaty (1819) Thomson, James A., 1010 (illus.), 1011 Town meeting: in New England, 59 Transistors, 855 Thomson, Samuel, 278 Townsend, Francis, 755 Trans-Mississippi West, 511–540; Thoreau, Henry David, 334, 336, Townshend, Charles, 139, 141, Indians and, 513–523; settlement of, 338–339, 340 143–144 524 (illus.) 525 (map), 524–525, 528 Thorne, Florence, 699 Townshend duties, 140–141, 142, 148 (map). See also West Thorpe, Jim, 521 Townships, 182 Transportation: cities and, 277; Three-fifths clause, 188 Trade, 5–6, 241; in 1920s, 713; in desegregation of, 833; epidemics Three Mile Island, 938, 1013 1990s, 1004; Aztec, 8; after Cold War, and, 328; farmers and, 527; Thumb, Tom, 333–334 , 334 (illus.) 968; Dutch, 49–50; elites and, 108; in highways, roads, and, 268 (map), Thurmond, Strom, 832, 833, 976 Far West, 386; in Florida, 112; 845, 846–847; interstate, 618; Tiananmen Square: riots in, 968 France, Britain, and, 207; free, 501; National Road and, 259; revolution Ticonderoga: recapture of, 166 in French Canada, 83, 84; GATT in, 264–269; rivers for, 262; Tighe, Maria, 765 and, 818; globalization and, 1001; segregation and, 496, 887. See also Tijerina, Reies Lopez, 894 Hopewell, 11; Indians and, 45, 62, Automobiles and automobile Tilden, Samuel J., 505–507, 507 (map) 84, 206, 514; in Indian slaves, 110; industry; Canals; Railroads; specific Tillman, Ben (“Pitchfork Ben”), 622, industrialization and, 271; Jay’s types 626, 656 Treaty and, 210; in Louisiana Trans-Saharan trade, 25 Timber and Stone Act (1878), 526 colony, 109; maritime, 204; in Trappers, 257 (illus.), 386. See also Fur Timber Culture Act (1873), 526 Mediterranean region, 24; trade I-60 Index

Travel industry: after September 11, Trustbusting, 663–664 Undocumented immigrants, see 1016 Trusts, 550–551 Illegal immigrants Travis, Joseph, 345 Truth, Sojourner, 309 Unemployment: in 1970s, 948; in Treason: by Burr, 235–238 Truth in Packaging Act (1966), 885 1990s, 1002; of African-Americans, Treason of the Senate (Phillips), 646 Tubman, Harriet, 369 759; benefits, 845; in depression of Treasury: Independent, 297, 390; silver Tucson, Arizona: Mexican-Americans 1893-1897, 625; in Europe, 29; Great coinage and, 613 in, 530 Depression and, 746, 747–748, 755, Treaties: arms control, 960; under Tudor dynasty, see specific monarchs 763, 764–765; of Hispanics, 982; of Constitution (U.S.), 187; at Easton, Tuesday Club (Annapolis), 117 (illus.) Indians, 869, 946; insurance for, 758; Pennsylvania, 126; with Indians, Tugwell, Rexford G., 749, 750, 757 in New Deal, 763; recession and, 111, 167, 183, 981; after Tunney, Gene, 725 1012 Revolutionary War, 172–173; after Tuolumne River, 668, 669 (illus.) Unicameral legislature, 82, 179 Seven Years’ War, 127, 128 (map); for Tupatú, Luis, 85 Unification church, 944 Texas annexation, 391. See also Turkey, 821–822, 881 Union (Civil War), 443–444; armed specific treaties Turner, Frederick Jackson, 536 forces of, 439; society in, 460–468. Treatise on Domestic Economy Turner, Henry M., 623 See also Civil War (U.S.); North (Beecher), 328 Turner, Nat, 292, 345–346, 368, 371 Union (federal): collapse of Tredegar Iron Works, 350, 440, 471 Turnpikes, 265 (1860–1861), 427–433; crisis of Trenchard, John, 138 Turnverein (gymnastic clubs), 593 (1857–1860), 421–427; Jackson on, Trench warfare: in Civil War, 444–445; Tuscarora Indians, 110, 111 (illus.), 293; Marshall on, 249 in World War I, 685, 689, 692 163, 167 Union Iron Works, 565 Trent affair, 452 Tuskegee Institute, 520, 623 Union Pacific Railroad, 500, 502, 514, Trenton, battle at, 164 Tutu, Desmond, 968 523–524, 546 Treviño, Jesse, 935 (illus.) TVA, see Tennessee Valley Authority Union party: election of 1936 and, 759 Treviño, Juan Francisco, 85 (TVA) Unions, see Labor Unions Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire, TV Guide, 864 “Union” woodcut (Strong), 400 (illus.) 641–642, 649, 661 Twain, Mark, 501, 532, 533, 594, 597 Unitarians, 301 “Trickle-down” theory, 718 (illus.), 600–601, 636, 637 United Automobile Workers (UAW), Tripartite Pact, 787 Tweed, William Marcy, 500 (illus.), 501, 767 Tripoli: Intrepid and, 230 (illus.) 587 (illus.), 587–588 United Farm Workers (UFW), 893 Tripolitan pirates, 231 Twelfth Amendment, 213, 234 United Fruit Company, 852 Tripp, Linda, 996 Twenties, 711 (illus.), 712–740 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Trip to Bountiful, The (movie), 944 20-Negro exemption, 440, 463 Ireland, 93. See also England Trolley cars, 582 Twenty-fifth Amendment, 705 (Britain) Troops, see Armed forces; Military; Twenty Years at Hull House (Addams), United Mine Workers (UMW), 663, Soldiers 645 792, 819, 877 Trotsky, Leon, 689 Two-party system: Van Buren and, 289 United Nations (U.N.), 806, 807, 837; Trotter, William Monroe, 657 Tyler, John, 297–298, 390–391 Annan and, 1023; atomic-energy Trucking industry: interstate highways Typewriter, 564 control plan and, 821; Balkans and, and, 847 “Typhoid Mary,” 650 997–998; Bush, George W., and, Truman, Harry S., 807, 816; Tyranny: protests against, 138 1009–1012; Charter of, 807; China anticommunism and, 836; atomic and, 825; George W. Bush and, 1020; bombs and, 811, 812; Cold War and, U-boats, 787, 788. See also Human Rights Commission, 1012; 820–821; domestic program of, Submarines Iraq and, 1000, 1020; Korean War 819–820; election of 1944 and, 798; UFW, see United Farm Workers (UFW) and, 828–830; Rio conference and, election of 1948 and, 819 (illus.), Ukraine, 795, 968, 1000 972; role of, 1001 832–833, 833 (map); election of 1952 Ulster, 46 United States: creation of, 154, 160; and, 839; Fair Deal of, 833; foreign UMW, see United Mine Workers (UMW) mapping of, 236 (map) , 236–237, policy of, 839; Indochina and, 852; U.N., see United Nations (U.N.) 237 (illus.). See also American Korean War and, 828–830; Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 335, 412 Revolution MacArthur and, 829, 839; after (illus.), 412–413 United States Housing Corporation, World War I, 703 Unconditional surrender, 798 702 Truman Doctrine, 822, 834 Underclass, 356, 945 United States Military Railroads Trumbull, John, 158 (illus.), 199 (illus.) Underground Railroad, 369 (USMRR), 461 Trumbull, Lyman, 481 Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913), United States Sanitary Commission, Trump, Donald, 954 670 466 Index I-61

U.S. Steel, 548, 647, 663, 766 Utah, 385, 399, 408, 528; defense Veteran’s Benevolent Association, United States v. E. C. Knight Company, industry in, 854; Mormons in, 805 551 377–378; popular sovereignty and, Veterans’ pensions, 558, 611, 615, 616, U.S. v. Cruikshank, 503 410; slavery and, 409 617, 625 U.S. v. Reese, 503 Ute Indians, 112 Veterans’ Village, 817 United Textile Workers, 767 Utopianism, 571; communities and, Vetoes, 654; of Cleveland, 616; of Universal manhood suffrage, 490 302 (map), 313–314 Johnson, Andrew, 481–482; of Universal Negro Improvement Utrecht, Treaty of, 93 Truman, 830, 839 Association, 736, 736 (illus.) U-2 spy missions, 853, 881 Viacom, 1002 Universe: Indian perception of, 2 Vicksburg, battle at, 458, 459, 460 Universities and colleges, 585–586; Vaccines: for polio, 861 (illus.), 460 (map) African-Americans and, 495, 656, Vaid, Urvashi, 943 (illus.) Victorian morality, 583, 597–600 945; anticommunism and, 835; Vallandigham, Clement L466. Victory gardens, 793 Great Awakening and, 119; Valley Forge, 166 Victrola, 694–695 Methodist and Baptist, 362; Morrill Values: in 1920s, 727–730; of southern Vidal, Gore, 912 Land Grant Act and, 461, 586; in whites, 359–362 Vietcong, 898, 899, 913 New England, 57; in 1950s, 862, 870; Van Buren, Martin, 287, 288, 289, 297; Vietminh, 852 research and, 586; silent generation Bank of the United States and, 294 Vietnam, 704, 825, 852–853, 904 in, 834; socialism and, 662; in South, (illus.); election of 1836 and, 296; (illus.); Buddhist protesters in, 880 350; women and, 602, 716, 818; election of 1840 and, 298, 298 (illus.); division of, 852; immigrants World War II and, 801–802, 817 (illus.), 298 (map); election of 1844 from, 947; Kennedy, John F., and, (illus.), 817–818. See also Higher and, 391–392; Free-Soil party and, 882. See also Indochina; North education; specific schools 400; Texas annexation and, 391 Vietnam; South Vietnam University of California, 801; Vance, Cyrus, 949, 950–951 Vietnamization policy, 898, 908, Lawrence Radiation Laboratory at, Vance, Zebulon, 463 920–921 827. See also Berkeley Free Speech Vancouver Island, 394 Vietnam Veterans Against the War, 908 Movement Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 546 (illus.) Vietnam War, 781, 916 (illus.); University of Chicago, 585, 645, 659, Vanguard missiles, 870, 870 (illus.) chronology of, 922; civil rights 793, 817 Van Vechten, Carl, 729 movement and, 891; compared to University of Michigan, 585 Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, see Sacco- Philippine warfare, 637; end of, University of Wisconsin, 586, 910 Vanzetti case 921–923; escalation of, 899–900; Unskilled labor, 561, 565. See also Vardaman, James K., 656 Johnson and, 886, 901 (illus.); Labor Vargas, Diego de, 85, 85 (illus.) Kennedy, John F., and, 898–899; to Updike, John, 863 Varnum, James, 166 1968, 900 (map); Nixon and, Up From Slavery (Booker T. Vassar, 602 920–921; Tet Offensive and, Washington), 623 Vaudeville, 595, 651 913–917, 916 (illus.). See also Upper class, 582–583, 605, 644. See Vaux, Calvert, 342 Protest(s) also Class; Elites; Wealth VCRs (videocassette recorders), 937 Vigilance committees: Fugitive Slave Upper South, 346, 349. See also South Veblen, Thorstein, 585, 601, 644, 645 Act and, 412 Uranium-235, 794, 827 V-E Day, 807 Vigilantes and vigilantism, 152, 491, Urban areas, 6; in 1940-1960, 859; in Vellosa, Gonzalo de, 37 735; in New Mexico, 530; southern 1950s, 865–866; in colonies, Venereal disease, 652, 687, 701, 942 voting and, 504–505 102–104; election of 1936 and, 759; Venezuela, 630, 631 (map), 681, 853 Villa, Pancho, 683 growth of, 269–270; markets in, Venona Intercepts, 838 Villages: European, 29; of Northwest 216–217; Mississippian, 11; political Vera Cruz: attack on, 396–397, 398 Coast Indians, 14. See also Cities life in, 116; poverty in, 102–103; (illus.) and towns prosperity in, 325; slaves in, 105; Verdun, battle at, 685, 692 Villard, Oswald Garrison, 657 violence in, 981; waterworks in, Vermont, 147, 256 Vincennes, battle at, 167, 170 (map) 327; wealth in, 274. See also Cities Verrazano, Giovanni da, 40 Vindication of the Rights of Woman and towns; Suburbs; specific Versailles peace conference (1919), (Wollstonecraft), 220 locations 703–704 Vinland, 16 Urbanization, 269–270, 720; Versailles Treaty, 783 Violence: in civil rights movement, agriculture and, 262 Vertical integration, 548 (illus.) 888, 889; dueling and, 359; in inner Urban professionals, 642 Vesey, Denmark, 368, 371 cities, 981; after King’s death, 917; Ursuline nuns: in New France, 83 Vespucci, Amerigo, 39 labor and, 716, 767, 769; social, USA-Patriot Act (2001), 1018 Veterans: in Great Depression, 748 988–989; in South, 358–359; by I-62 Index

Spanish in New Mexico, 85–86; in Voucher system: for schools, 1007 War bonds, 441, 692–693, 793 summer of 1966, 890; on television, Voyageurs, 84 War crimes: Milosevic and, 998 864; on university campuses, Ward, Lester Frank, 571, 601, 644 908–909, 909 (illus.). See also Crime; Wabash Railroad, 567 War debts, 199, 200, 201, 718 Riots; Terrorism Wabash v. Illinois, 618 War Democrats, 463 Virginia, 68; backcountry and, 147; Waco, Texas: Branch Davidians in, 988 War Department: in World War I, English in, 47; House of Burgesses Wade, Benjamin, 480, 486 686–687 in, 135, 139; Ohio valley and, 125; Wade-Davis bill (1864), 480 War hawks, 241, 242, 291 primogeniture and, 180; public Wage laborers: in Chesapeake, 72 Wari (Andes), 6 officials in, 115; settlement pattern Wages, 561; business modernization War Industries Board (WIB), 688, 752 in, 72 (map); slavery and, 74, 223; and, 714; cuts in, 747; English, 29; Waring, George E.., Jr., 554 western, 126 gender and, 862; for Mexican War Labor Board (WLB), 700, 701–702 Virginia (Merrimac), 451, 451 (illus.) workers, 869; in 1990s, 1002, 1003; War Manpower Commission (WMC), Virginia City, Nevada, 532 prosperity and, 325; for women, 789 Virginia Company of London, 47, 48, 715, 765, 939; World War II and, 790, Warner, Charles Dudley, 501 49, 69 791, 819. See also Income; Warner, Luna, 511–512, 512 (illus.) Virginia Company of Plymouth, 47 Minimum wage Warner, Susan, 339 “Virginia Dynasty,” 228 Wage slaves: factory workers as, 357, Warner Brothers studio: in 1930s, 770 Virginian, The (Wister), 537 382 Warner-Lambert, 1002 Virginia Plan, 187 Wagner, Robert F., 648–649, 752, 757, War of 1812, 242–246, 244 (map); Virginia Resolutions, 215, 291 765 consequences of, 247–248; Indians Virtual representation, 135, 142 Wagner Act (1935), 758, 763, 766, 830 after, 259 Virtue, 138, 174, 230 Wagon trains, 389, 389 (illus.) War of Jenkins’ Ear, 113 Vision quest: among Indians, 18 Waiting for Lefty (Odets), 755 War of the Austrian Succession, see VISTA (Volunteers in Service to Wakan, 18 King George’s War America), 884 Wake Forest College, 362 War of the League of Augsburg, see Vitaphone, 772, 772 (illus.) Wake Island, 788 King Williams’ War V-J Day, 793 Wakeman, Sarah Rosetta (Lyons War of the Spanish Succession, see Volstead Act (1919), 736 Wakeman), 450 Queen Anne’s War Voluntary associations, 281–282 Wald, Lillian, 656 War of the Worlds (radio program), 777 Voluntary cooperation, 789 (illus.) Walden (Thoreau), 336, 339 War on Poverty, 884, 886, 892 Voluntary Parenthood League, 660 Wales: immigrants from, 378 War Powers Act, 789 Voluntary Relocation Program: for Walker, Alice, 729 War Production Board (WPB), 789 Indians, 869 Walker, David, 308 War Refugee Board, 810 Volunteers: in Civil War, 438, 440 Walker, William, 416 Warren, Joseph, 138 Von Graffenried, Christopher von, 111 Walking Elk, Mitch, 521 Warren, Livinia, 334 (illus.) (illus.) Walking Purchase, 111 Warren, Mercy Otis, 143 (illus.), 145, Voting and voting rights: for African- Wallace, DeWitt and Lila, 723 174, 189–190, 221 Americans, 217, 222, 275–276, 656, Wallace, George, 848, 884, 887, 889, Warren Court, 844, 848–849, 886–887 802; civil rights movement and, 889; 890; election of 1968 and, 918, 919 Wars and warfare: Anglo-Indian, in colonies, 115; in election of 1840, (map); election of 1972 and, 929 62–63; Aztec, 8; colonial, 93; 299; electoral-reform movement and, Wallace, Henry A., 786, 798, 832–833, English-Spanish, 93; Indians and, 647; for Indians, 762; in Maryland, 69; 836; as agriculture secretary, 750 16–17, 73–74, 79, 449, 515–518, 516 in Massachusetts, 91; methods of, Wallace, Henry C.: as agriculture (map); limited war, 829; from 1739 287; Mexican-Americans and, 869; in secretary, 717 to 1748, 113–114; tank battles and, New England, 59; participation rates Waller, Fats, 731 795; total war concept, 812. See also and, 647; poll taxes and, 287; Wall Street, see Economy; Stock American Revolution; specific Reconstruction and, 483; registration market battles and wars and, 832, 890 (map); in South, Wal-Mart, 935, 1002 Warsaw Pact, 824, 824 (map) 504–505, 621; in states, 178; turnout Walsh, Thomas J., 717 Washburn, Henry D., 538 and, 216, 611; for women, 217, 311, Waltham: textile mills in, 272, 273 Washington (state), 528 699–700. See also Elections; Suffrage; Walton, Sam, 935–936, 936 (illus.) Washington, Booker T., 520, 623, 657, specific groups Wampanoag Indians, 49, 62–63, 64, 657 (illus.), 664 Voting Rights Act (1965), 885, 889–890, 892 Washington, D.C.: Banneker and, 176; 928 Wampum, 1, 50, 64 (illus.) British capture of (1814), 248 (illus.); Voting rights bill, 850 Wanamaker, John, 584 in Civil War, 443; Coxey’s army in, Index I-63

625, 626 (illus.); Jefferson War, 444–445; Iran-contra and, 959; War in, 167–170, 170 (map); settling inauguration in, 227 in Iraq, 1000; of mass destruction, of, 523–528, 528 (map); society in, Washington, George, 158 (illus.); as 812, 1017; Reagan and, 957; 257–258, 527–528; Spain and, army general, 164; at Boston, reduction of, 968; supplied by U.S., 203–205; statehood in, 528; trans- 159–160; British and, 209; at 924; thermonuclear, 850; in World Appalachian, 168–169, 204–206, Constitutional Convention, 186; War I, 685, 708; in World War II, 790. 209–210, 256; trans-Mississippi, Continental Army and, 152, 160; at See also Atomic bomb; Nuclear 511–540; urbanization in, 269; water Continental Congress, 151; power; specific weapons management in, 665–666; in World diplomacy of, 205; Farewell Address Weary Blues (Hughes), 728 War II, 790. See also Backcountry; of, 212; as Federalist, 211–212; Weaver, James B., 614, 620, 624 Far West; Louisiana Purchase inauguration of, 196, 197 (illus.); Weaver, Robert, 885 (1803); Midwest Indians and, 206; in Ohio valley, Weaving: by California Indians, 15 West Africa, 24, 25–28; slave trade and, 125; presidency and, 196–197; on (illus.) 34–35, 97. See also Africa western lands, 147; western policy Web pages, 964 (illus.). See also West Bank, 961, 999–1000, 1018–1019 of, 206; Whiskey Rebellion and, 202, Computers; Internet West Coast: Japanese-Americans and, 203 (illus.) Webster, Daniel, 291, 296, 391, 409; 805–806. See also Pacific Ocean Washington, Martha: slaves and, 224 “Seventh of March” speech by, 410 region Washington Naval Arms Conference Wehrmacht (German Army), 795 Western Federation of Miners, 661 (1922), 718 Welch, Joseph, 848 Western Front: in World War I, 691 Washington Post: Watergate and, 930 Weld, Theodore Dwight, 309, 310 (map) Washington Temperance Societies, 307 Welfare: agencies for urban poor, Western Hemisphere: cultural Waste: radioactive, 1013 588–589; cutbacks in, 971; in Great diversity in, 2; English objectives in, Wastemanship, 644 Depression, 747; percent of 46; peoples of, 2–3, 3 (map), 16; Water: in Eastern Woodlands, 10; population on, 977; under Reagan, population of, 16. See also Hetch Hetchy Valley and, 668–669; 954; reform of, 975, 977–978; Social Americas; specific countries urban systems, 327–328; in West, Security Act and, 758 Western Railroad, 265 538, 665–666 Welfare capitalism, 716 West Florida, 170, 232, 251. See also “Water cure,” see Hydropathy Welfare to work programs, 977 (illus.) Florida Water-Cure Journal, 330 Welles, Orson, 777, 836 West Germany: occupation of, Watergate crisis, 929–930, 937 Wellesley College, 602, 660 (illus.) 823–824 Watkins v. U.S., 886 Wells-Barnett, Ida, 657, 657 (illus.), West Indies: African slaves and, 98; Watson, James D., 1010 659 Carolina outposts of, 77; European Watson, Tom, 620, 622, 624, 697 Welsh immigrants: in cities, 577 migration to, 54 (map); French in, Watt, James, 954, 959 Welty, Eudora, 863 96, 127; Indian slaves in, 78; South Watterson, Henry, 558 Wesberry v. Sanders, 886 Carolina society and, 77; sugar and, Watts riot, 890 West: under Articles of Confederation, 36, 36 (illus.), 75–76; trade with, 133, Waverley (Scott), 335 181–185; atomic bomb 181, 241; white migration to Wayne, Anthony (“Mad Anthony”), development in, 826–827, 827 mainland and, 76. See also 208 (illus.), 209, 210 (illus.); bonanza farms in, 535; Caribbean region WEAF (radio station), 723, 724 British control of, 132; cattle Westinghouse, 543, 553 Wealth, 96, 1003; in Carolina, 77; in ranching in, 531 (map), 533–535; West Jersey, 80 Chesapeake, 72; in cities, 104, 582; challenges to U.S. authority in, 209; Weston, Thomas, 49 division among heirs, 179–180; Civil War in, 448–449, 449 (map), West Virginia, 443 economic benefits of Civil War, 461; 459–460, 460 (map); conservation Westward expansion, 256–262, of elites, 115; housing and, 108; and, 537–539; cowboy myths of, 384–389; into Far West, 385–386; inequality of, 274–275; in 1990s, 534; defense industry in, 854; Homestead Act and, 461; Kansas- 987; of planters, 352–353; single tax farming in, 527; federal government Nebraska Act and, 414–415; Lewis and distribution of, 571; tax cuts and, 259; in Great Depression, and Clark expedition and, 234–238; and, 718; Tocqueville on, 256. See 761–762; Hamilton’s plans and, 201; Manifest Destiny and, 392–393; also Affluence; Poverty; Taxation Indians and, 513–523, 516 (map); Mormons and, 377–378; overland Wealth and Democracy (Phillips), 1021 land ownership in, 955 (map); trails and, 388–389, 389 (illus.); into Wealth gap: worldwide, 1001 legends of, 536–537; markets in, Texas, 386–388; trails to West (1840), Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 571 527; mining in, 531 (map), 531–533; 384 (map). See also Expansion and Wealth Tax Act, 758 Oklahoma and, 535–536, 536 (map); expansionism; West Weapons: bow and arrow as, 15; cash- population of, 979; railroads and, “Wetbacks,” 868 and-carry policy and, 786; of Civil 523–525, 525 (map); Revolutionary Wetlands, 722 I-64 Index

Weyler, Valeriano, 632 White slavery, 652 Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894), 626 Wharton, Edith, 693 White supremacy, 621–622, 623 Windmills, 527 “What Becomes of Rosie the Riveter?”, Whitewater Development Company, Winnebago Indians, 261 817 975, 997 Winning of the West, The (Theodore What Social Classes Owe to Each Other Whitman, Walt, 334, 337, 392–393, Roosevelt), 537 (Sumner), 571 571, 605 Winning Plan of NAWSA, 658 Wheat, 181, 319 Whitney, Eli, 224, 262, 271, 318, 319; Winter Gardens (Manhattan), 380 Wheatley, Phillis, 176, 176 (illus.) gun manufacture and, 320, 322 (illus.) Wheel: in Americas, 16 Whittier, John Greenleaf, 310, 411 Winthrop, John, 55, 57, 58, 60 Wheeler, Edward L., 534 WIB, see War Industries Board (WIB) Wisconsin, 242, 251 Whete, Thomas E., 1007 Wide,Wide World, The (Warner), 339 “Wisconsin Idea,” 648 Whig party, 285 (illus.), 286, 295, 296, Widows: in Chesapeake, 70 Wister, Owen, 537 414, 416; antislavery, 399; in Civil Wigfall, Louis, 361 Witchcraft, 31, 66 (illus.), 66–67, 67 War, 442–443; election of 1840 and, Wiggins, Ella May, 716 (map) 297–298, 390; Fugitive Slave Act Wild and Scenic River System, 949 Witch hunt: anticommunism and, 835 and, 413; leaders of, 287; Mexican- Wildcat strikes, 792 With the Old Breed (Sledge), 781 American War and, 396; opposition Wilder, Thornton, 774 Wives, 30, 30 (illus.), 60, 279–281, 354. by, 295–296; Tories and, 160, 161; Wilderness, 537–539, 722, 760–761, See also Family life; Women Wilmot Proviso and, 400 954 Wizard (male witch), 66 “Whip Inflation Now” (WIN) program, Wilderness, Battle of the, 469 Wizard of Oz, The (movie), 773 948 Wilderness act (1891), 664 WLB, see War Labor Board (WLB) Whiskey Rebellion (1794), 202–203 Wilderness Society, 760, 954 Wobblies, see Industrial Workers of the “Whiskey ring,” 500 Wild West show: of Joseph McCoy, 533. World (IWW, Wobblies) White, Andrew D., 585, 586 See also Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show Wolfe, Alan, 989 White, Canvass, 267 Wiley, Harvey W., 664 Wolfe, James, 127 White, Dan, 943 Wilhelm II (Germany), 683, 703 Wolfe, Tom, 937 White, Hugh Lawson, 296 Wilkes, John, 142, 142 (illus.) Wolf packs (U-boats), see Submarines White, Walter, 831–832 Wilkins, Maurice, 1010 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 220 (illus.) White, William Allen, 755 Wilkinson, Bruce, 987 Woman in the Nineteenth Century “White backlash”: election of 1960 Wilkinson, James, 205, 238 (Fuller), 337 and, 884 Willamette valley, 388 Woman Rebel, The, 660 White Citizens Councils, 849 Willard, Frances, 602, 612 Woman’s Christian Temperance White-collar workers, 642, 643, 858 William and Mary (England), 91, 93 Union, 602, 612, 613, 652, 653 Whitefield, George, 89–90, 118 (illus.), William Henry, Fort, 126 Woman’s National Loyal League, 468 118–119, 120 William of Orange, see William and Woman’s party, 656 White flight, 983 Mary (England) Woman’s Peace party, 677, 685 Whitehall (house), 108 Williams, Roger, 18, 57, 61 Woman Spinning, The (Roghman), 28 Whitehead, Alfred North, 732 Willkie, Wendell, 786, 802 (illus.) White House conservation Wilmot Proviso, 399–400 Woman suffrage, 468, 656, 659 (illus.); conference, 666 Wilson, Charles, 854 Fifteenth Amendment and, “White League,” 504, 505 (illus.) Wilson, Edith Galt, 704–705 486–488; Fourteenth Amendment Whiteman, Paul, 731 Wilson, Henry, 501 and, 483; movement, 657–659, 658 Whiteness concept: immigrants and, Wilson, Sarah, 364 (illus.); Nineteenth Amendment 563, 581 Wilson, Teddy, 774 and, 659 (map), 673; Populists and, Whites: equality and, 174; fear of Wilson, Woodrow, 629, 656 (illus.), 612; World War I and, 699 blacks by, 346; foreign-born and 663, 667 (illus.), 699; banking and, Women: in 1920s, 715–716, 719–720, native in population, 579 (map); 670–672; business and, 672; election 726, 727 (illus.); in 1950s, 861, immigration of, 99; in 1970s, 944; of 1912 and, 667–670; election of 864–865; abolitionist, 310; Nixon and, 928–929; in pine barrens 1916 and, 673; Fourteen Points of, antebellum, 328; in Archaic region, 355; rural, 100–101; slave 702–703; inauguration of, 667 societies, 5; in armed forces, 801; nurses and, 352 (illus.); slave revolts (illus.); Latin America and, 679 automobiles and, 721, 722 (illus.); and, 223; in South, 351–355, (illus.), 682–683; neutrality policy of, bicycling and, 603; birth control 356–362; status of, 74; in West 684–686; New Freedom of, 670; on and, 660; black women in Indies, 76; women’s roles and, 124, pacifism, 696; presidency of, workforce, 655, 803; in Chesapeake, 143, 176–177, 217–221; as yeomen, 670–673; stroke of, 704–705. See also 70–71; childbearing by, 97; in Civil 355 World War I War, 450 (illus.), 461, 462–463, 466, Index I-65

467–468; in Clinton administration, as writers, 335. See also Feminism; Workforce: women in, 699, 861–862, 974; clubs of, 602; collective action Women’s rights 939. See also Labor by, 282; college and, 602, 660 (illus.); Women and Economics (Gilman), 659 Work gangs: on plantations, 353 colonial resistance by, 124, 142–143; Women Appointed for Volunteer Workhouses, 312 in colonies, 101, 103 (illus.), 104; in Emergency Service (WAVES), 801 Working class: in 1870s depression, Congress, 973; cult of domesticity Women’s Airforce Service Pilots 545; leisure of urban, 591–596; and, 583–584; divorce and, 603; (WASPs), 801 married women in, 563–564; education for, 221; employment of Women’s Army Corps (WACs), 801 politics and, 586–587; poverty and, married, 765; equality for, 81, Women’s clubs, 643 571, 588–591; progressivism and, 220–221, 281; in European families, Women’s Emergency Brigade, 766–767 643; single women and factory 30; evangelicals and, 359–362; Women’s International League for work, 564; woman suffrage and, 658 extended families of, 16; Farmers’ Peace and Freedom, 678 Workingmen’s parties, 295, 308 Alliance and, 620; Friedan and, 876; Women’s Joint Congressional Workmen’s Compensation Act (1916), frontier life and, 527; General Committee, 719 671, 672 Motors strike and, 766–767; in Great Women’s liberation, 895–897, 910 Work songs: of blacks, 373. See also Awakening, 119–120; as immigrants, Women’s movement, 643; of 1960s, Music 578; Indians and, 18, 64; as 894–896; in 1970s, 938–942; Works Progress Administration (WPA), industrial workers, 563–564; Irish splintering of, 719; in World War I, 756 immigrant, 381; labor and, 566, 567, 696–697 World, 632 569, 661; legislation protecting, 719; Women’s National Indian Rights World affairs: new world order and, leisure of, 592, 595–596; limited Association, 518 1001–1002; U.S. role in (1902–1914), workday for, 648, 649; marriage and, Women’s rights: in 1792, 220 (illus.); 678–683. See also Foreign policy 279; Mexican-American, 530; in 1830s, 310–311; black suffrage World Bank, 818 middle-class, 103–104, 643; and, 486–488; Civil War and, WorldCom, 1021 migration to cities by, 577; in 467–468; demonstration in 1970, World Court, see International Court movies of 1930s, 771; New Deal and, 895; Stevens, Judith Sargent, and, of Justice 760; in New England, 58, 60–61; as 194 “World of Tomorrow, The,” 776 New Woman, 602–603, 643; as Women’s Strike for Equality, 895 World’s Anti-Slavery Convention nurses, 466–467; Paleo-Indian, 4; on Wood, Leonard, 633 (1840), 311 plantations, 353–354, 363 (illus.); in Woodman, Charles T., 307 World’s Fair: in 1939, 776, 776 (illus.); political process, 612; progressive Woods, Tiger, 983 Columbian Exposition, 542 (illus.), reforms by, 659–660; prostitution Woodstock festival (1969), 912 543–544, 634 (illus.) and, 589–590, 652; public speaking Woodward, Bob, 930 World Trade Center: bombing of and, 339; Puritans and, 59, 60, 62; Wool, John F., 397 (illus.) (1993), 993–994; September 11, Quaker, 81; railroad land Woolworth’s sit-ins, 875–876 2001, attack on, 994, 1015 (illus.), promotions and, 524; in Work: manufacturing and, 544; 1015–1016 Reconstruction, 493; reform patterns of, 986; in Progressive Era, World Trade Organization (WTO), organizations and, 642; relations 648–649; social value of, 583. See 1004, 1012 with men, 220; republic and, also Labor; Workers World War I, 676 (illus.), 677–678, 217–221; Revolution and, 174, Work, Henry Clay, 591 702–707, 784; armistice in, 702–703; 176–177; roles of, 216; in Second Workday, 363–364, 383, 561, 567, 567 casualties in, 708; economy in, Great Awakening, 301; in Senate, (illus.), 702 688–689, 698; in Europe, 683–686; 1007; separate spheres for, 278, Worker compensation, 702 morale in, 694–695; music from, 678 279–281, 583; settlement houses Worker-protection laws, 702 (illus.), 684 (illus.); neutrality policy and, 590–591; on Supreme Court, Workers: benefits for, 562; black, 655; in, 684–686; opposition to, 696–697; 958, 974; as teachers, 308; in textile in Civil War, 461–462; economic progressivism and, 701–702; mills, 273, 273 (illus.); treaty growth and, 557; industrial promotion of, 692–696; society in, banning discrimination against, accidents and, 561–562; laws to 698–702; United States in, 686–692; 1009; Victorian constraints on, 602; protect, 672, 702; McCarthyism and, Western Front in, 691 (map) in voluntary societies, 282; voting 839; in mid-Atlantic cities, 273–274; World War II, 781–812, 786; Atlantic rights for, 115, 217, 673; on wagon in New Deal, 755, 757–758; in 1920s, region in, 788; Berlin-Rome-Tokyo trains, 389; in West, 257; in white- 714; NIRA and, 752; protests by, 274; Axis and, 787–788; brutality of, 799; collar jobs, 643; work and, 222, 325, temperance and, 307; as wage demobilization after, 816–817; 564 (illus.), 603, 715, 765, 939; World slaves, 357; wages of, 647–648; economy in, 790–793; in Europe War I and, 699–700; World War II women as, 861–862. See also Labor; and Africa, 795–797, 796 (map); and, 799–802, 801 (illus.), 817, 818; Labor unions; specific groups foreign policy before, 784–787; I-66 Index

Grand Alliance and, 798; “Greatest Wyatt, Francis, 48 Yippies (Youth International Party), Generation” in, 781; heroism of, 988; Wyckoff, Walter, 601 918 Holocaust in, 807–810; home front, Wyman, David, 810 Yom Kippur War (1973), 924 799–802, 800 (map); Japan and, 784, Wyoming, 385, 399, 528; woman Yorktown, battle at, 164, 171 (map) 784 (map); Japanese-Americans in, suffrage in territory, 487 Yosemite, 538, 539, 665, 668 805–806; mobilization for, 785, Young, Brigham, 377, 378 789–795; in Pacific region, 797 (map), XYZ Affair, 213 Young Americans for Freedom, 884, 797–798; Pearl Harbor and, 788, 810; 906 propaganda and politics in, 794–795; YAF, see Young Americans for Freedom Young Lonigan (Farrell), 748 science, technology, and, 793–794; Yale University, 585–586, 835 Young Lords, 894 society and, 798–806; U.S. entry into, Yalta Conference, 806, 807 (illus.), 820 Young Man’s Guide, The (Alcott), 279 788–789; victory in Europe, 807; Yalu River, 828 Young Men’s Christian Association victory over Japan, 810–812; women Yamasee Indians, 78, 110 (YMCA), 589 in, 799–802, 801 (illus.) Yamasee War, 106 Young people: independence of, 279 Wounded Knee: Indian occupation at, Yates v. United States, 848 Young Women’s Christian Association 946; massacre at, 522, 522 (illus.) Yazoo land scandal, 238 (YWCA), 589 Wovoka (Sioux prophet), 519 Yazoo Tract, 206 Youth culture, 870–872, 871 Wozniak, Stephen, 940 “Year of the Woman” (1992), 973 Youth Marches for Integrated Schools, WPA, see Works Progress “Yellow dog” contracts, 569 872 Administration (WPA) Yellow fever, 77, 328, 329, 366, 398, Youth movement: of 1960s and 1970s, Wright, Frank Lloyd, 601 680 906–910. See also Counterculture Wright, Orville and Wilbur, 651 Yellow journalism, 632 Yugoslavia, 704, 795, 997, 998 Wright, Richard, 729, 765, 768 Yellow peril, 682; propaganda about, Yuppies, 937, 937 (illus.) Writers, see Literature 787, 805 Writing: Aztec, 7; Cherokee, 259; Yellowstone (steamboat), 265 (illus.) Zangwill, Israel, 983 Mayan, 7 Yellowstone National Park, 539 “Zeal and Democracy” campaign, 835 Writs of Assistance (1760–1761), 133 Yellowstone River, 538, 538 (illus.) Zenger, John Peter, 116 Written ballots, 287 Yeltsin, Boris, 968, 998 Zero: Mayan concept of, 7 WTO, see World Trade Organization Yemen: Cole bombing in, 1001 Zones: in Germany and Berlin, 823 (WTO) Yeomen farmers, 29, 351, 355, 356 Zoot suit riots, 804 Wyandotte Indians, see Huron Yerba Buena: gold rush and, 401 Zuñis, 513 (Wyandotte) Indians Yerkes, Robert M., 687