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Ülikoolilinn Pärnu Pärnu - the University Town Helmut Piirimäe

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Ülikoolilinn Pärnu Pärnu - the University Town Helmut Piirimäe HELMUT PIIRIMÄE ÜLIKOOLILINN PÄRNU PÄRNU - THE UNIVERSITY TOWN HELMUT PIIRIMÄE ÜLIKOOLILINN PÄRNU PÄRNU — THE UNIVERSITY TOWN HELMUT PIIRIMÄE ÜLIKOOLILINN PÄRNU PÄRNU — THE UNIVERSITY TOWN TARTU ÜLIKOOL PÄRNU KOLLEDŽ Toimetanud ja tõlkinud Editor and Translation into English Ken Kalling Retsenseerinud Reviewed by Toomas Hiio, Aldur Vunk Keeletoimetaja Language Editor Leelo Jago Tõlke korrektuur Proof-read by Gordon Leman Kaas Cover Kalle Paalits Fotod Pärnu Muuseum ja Tartu Ülikooli Raamatukogu Photos Museum of Pärnu and Tartu University Library © Helmut Piirimäe, 1999 ISBN 9985-4-0085-2 Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus Tiigi 78, Tartu 50410 Tellimus nr. 360 SISUKORD SISSEJUHATUS 9 Eesmärk 9 Allikad 11 Historiograafia 14 PÄRNU PIKK TEE ÜLIKOOLILINNAKS 21 Vana-Pärnu 21 U us-Pärnu 23 Koolihariduse algus Eestis 26 Liivimaa teel kõrgharidusele: Euroopa taust 28 Liivimaa tee oma kõrgkoolini: kas Tartu või Pärnu 31 Läbi usuvõitluste kõrgkooli poole 32 Ülikool asupaika otsimas 34 Tallinna võimalus 37 Raske valik Tartu ja Pärnu vahel 39 PÄRNUSSE KOLIMINE 41 Pärnu kui kavandatav ülikoolilinn 1668-1688 41 Ikka veel ja juba jälle Tartu 45 Murrang Pärnu kasuks 48 Ettevalmistused Pärnusse kolimiseks 50 Kolimise pidurdumine: Tartu vastuseis ja suur näljaaeg .. 53 Ülikooli ümberasumine Pärnusse 55 ÜLIKOOL PÄRNUS 59 Uus ülikoolilinn 59 Sisseseadmine 60 Avapidustused 65 Õiguslik seisund ja õppetöö korraldus 67 Argielu muredes ja askeldustes 74 Paanika Põhjasõja algul 78 Lootustega sõja seljataga 80 6 Sisukord Õppetöö algab jälle 83 Töö algus püssirohutünnide otsas 87 Ikka lootustega 92 VAIMUELU 98 Usutülid 98 Üliõpilaskond ja üliõpilaselu 101 Eesti keel ja teised kohalikud keeled 107 Luule ja trükisõna 109 LÕPP JA TRADITSIOON 113 Lõpp Põhjasõja kägistuses 113 Katsed taastada Pärnus ülikooli 117 KOKKUVÕTE 125 VIITED 255 KIRJANDUS 261 ISIKUNIMEDE REGISTER 267 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 127 Goals 127 Sources 129 Historiography 132 A LONG WAY TO BECOME A UNIVERSITY TOWN .... 140 Old-Pärnu 140 New-Pärnu 143 The first schools 145 Livonia on its way to higher education: the European background 147 Livonia on its way to the introduction of higher education: Tartu or Pärnu? 149 Through religious battles towards a University 151 The University searching for its location 153 A possibility for Tallinn 156 A difficult choice between Tartu and Pärnu 158 MOVING TO PÄRNU 161 Pärnu as a planned university town in 1668-1688 161 Tartu again and again 165 A breakthrough for Pärnu : 168 Preparations for the departure 170 Hindrances for the moving: Tartu's resistance and the Big Famine 173 Moving to Pärnu 176 UNIVERSITY IN PÄRNU 180 The new university town 180 The settlement 181 The opening festivities 187 The legal status of the University and its academic disposition 189 Pärnu — the University Town In the worry and bustle of everyday 197 Panic at the beginning of the Great Northern War 201 Hope despite the war 204 The studies start again 208 Start of the work on the gunpowder caskets 212 The hopes remain 217 MENTAL ATTITUDES 224 Religious struggles 224 Student body and student life 229 Estonian and other local languages 234 Poetry and printed words 235 THE ENDING AND THE TRADITION 239 The end of the University in the aftermath of the Great Northern War 239 Attempts to restore the University in Pärnu 244 CONCLUSION 252 REFERENCES 255 LITERATURE 261 INDEX 267 SISSEJUHATUS Eesmärk 1999. aasta augustis möödub 300 aastat Tartu ülikooli kolimisest Pärnusse. Ülikooli pidulik avamine uues asukohas toimus 28. augus­ til (7. septembril) 1699. aastal.* Esialgu oli ülikooli nimi endiselt Academia Dorpatensis, kõnekeeles võis kasutada nimetust Aca- demia Gustavo-Carolina. Alles 1700. a. juunis ilmus ülikooli pitsa­ tile nimetus Academia Pernoviensis. Seega oli eelkõige läheneva Põhjasõja eest Pärnusse varjule läinud, aga ka muidu paremaid arengutingimusi otsinud Tartu ülikoolist saanud Pärnu ülikool. Pär­ nus töötas ülikool kuni 1710. aastani. Üle saanud esialgsetest kolimisraskustest, oleks ta võinud Pärnust teha Liivimaa uue üli­ koolilinna, kuid Vene vägede vallutused ja katk tegid arengule lõpu. Hilisemad katsed ülikooli Pärnus avada ei andnud tulemusi ja nii jäi Pärnu kui ülikoolilinna peamiseks tähtsuseks see, et seal oli võimalik jätkata kõrghariduse andmist ka Põhjasõja ülirasketel aastatel, kui maad laastasid Vene feldmarssali Boris Seremetevi "parteid" ning senine ülikoolilinn Tartu hävitati Peeter I käsul viimse majani. Tegelikult ei piirdunud Pärnu osa kohalikus akadeemilises elus ainult Põhjasõja aastatega. Konkurents Tartuga algas juba 16. sajandi alguses ja kestis 18. sajandi lõpuni. Tänapäeva jaoks teeb selle aktuaalseks asjaolu, et 1996. a. avati Pärnus Tartu Ülikooli Pärnu Kolledž. Nii on Tartu ja Pärnu asunud varasema konkureerimise asemel koostööle. Pärnu Kolledži uue hoone valmides peame meenutama ka Nõukogude okupatsioonivõimu * Käesolevas raamatus on kuupäevad esitatud omaaegse kalendri järgi, milles hiljem kehtestatud nn. uue kalendriga võrreldes oli vahe 17. sajan­ dil kümme, 18. sajandil 11 päeva. 10 Ülikoolilinn Pärnu kohalike esindajate ülimalt barbaarset akti: hävitati täielikult Pärnu ordulossi — rootsiaegse ülikooli hoone — müürid, mis olid osaliselt säilinud veel pärast Teise maailmasõja lõppu. Samuti lõhuti Nikolai kirik, kus Pärnu ülikooli pidulikul avamisel 1699. a. oli peetud jumalateenistus. Et kõik ülikooliga seotud silmale nähtav on Pärnus hävitatud, on meil seda enam põhjust meenutada olnut. Käesoleva väikese raamatu eesmärgiks on anda lugejale üle­ vaade Pärnu pikast teest ülikoolilinnaks ja ülikooli tööst Pärnus, samuti ülikooli taastamise püüetest linnas ajal, kui Eesti- ja Liivi­ maa olid saanud Vene impeeriumi osaks. Raamat on mõeldud laiale lugejaskonnale. Seetõttu on tekstis loobutud viidetest alli­ katele ja kirjandusele ning pole süüvitud teadusharude arengu spetsiifilistesse probleemidesse. Teisalt ei ole eesmärgiks omaette ka pelk loetavus, raamatu kirjutamisel on silmas peetud eelkõige haritud lugejaskonda. Raamatu autor kasutab siinkohal meeldivat võimalust tänada kõiki asutusi ja isikuid, kelle kaasabil see väljaanne teoks sai. Eel­ kõige tahaksin taastada need tänuavaldused, mis kustutas Nõu­ kogude tsensuur 1982. a. "Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo" I köite ilmumi­ sel. Need on tänuavaldused Rootsi Instituudile, kelle 2000 Root­ si krooni suurune stipendium võimaldas autoril töötada kaks kuud (detsembrist 1979 jaanuarini 1980) Rootsi arhiivides ja raamatukogudes; Stockholmi Ülikooli Balti Uurimiskeskusele (juhataja prof. Aleksander Loit), kes aitas kaasa stipendiumi saamisele ja toetas igati uurimistööd; Balti Instituudile, kelle antud imetore pisike tuba võimaldas ühe kuu stipendiumiga kaheks kuuks tööle pühenduda; paljudele pagulaseestlastele (Jüri Tamm, perekond Rebas jt.), kes osutasid aatelist toetust ja sõbralikku vastuvõttu. Pärnu Ülikooli käsitleva raamatu kirjutamise mõtte ütlesid välja Tartu Ülikooli Pärnu Kolledži ja Pärnu linna esindajad, silmas pidades lähenevat Pärnu ülikooli avamise 300. juubelit. Raamatu tellijaks oli kolledži direktor pr. Riina Müürsepp, tellimuse võttis vastu Tartu Ülikooli rektoraat. Pärnu linn on võtnud enda kanda väljaandmiskulud. Autor avaldab südamlikku tänu raamatu toime­ tajale magister Ken Kallingule Tartu Ülikooli ajaloo muuseumist Sissejuhatus 11 asjaliku koostöö eest ja Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastusele. Autor ja toi­ metaja rõhutavad Toomas Hiio ja Aldur Vunki asjalikke kommen­ taare ja nõuandeid. Allikad Käesolev raamat põhineb eelkõige algupärasel arhiivimaterjalil. Allikate uudsust on mõnevõrra küll vähendanud nende varasem kasutamine rootsiaegse Tartu ülikooli ajaloo kirjutamisel sama autori poolt. Tegemist on eelkõige ülikooli tegevuse tulemusel tek­ kinud dokumentidega. Kui mõelda, milliseid hävinguaastaid on Eestil tulnud üle elada, on lausa ime, et enamus kõnesolevatest dokumentidest on säilinud. Tänapäeval on need ajalooallikad laiali mitmes hoiukohas, olles kättesaadavad kõigile, kes suudavad luge­ da gooti kirjas käsikirju ja mõistavad omaaegset rootsi keelt. Tartu ülikooli 350. aastapäeva eel, kui välissõidud olid Nõukogude oku­ patsiooni oludes äärmiselt piiratud, oli juurdepääs Rootsis asuva­ tele allikatele väga raske, kuid tänu ülal mainitud isikute ja asu­ tuste toetusele sai siiski teoks. Tartu Ülikooli teadusliku raamatukogu käsikirjade ja haruldaste raamatute osakond on üheks tähtsamaks andmebaasiks kogu Tartu ülikooli ajaloo, sh. ka ülikooli ajaloo Pärnu perioodi kohta.1 Praegu Tartus säilitatavad dokumendid viidi Rootsi 1710. a., enne, kui Pärnu kapituleerus Vene vägedele, kuid kooskõlas 1721. a. Uusikaupunki rahulepingu sätetega toodi Liivimaa kindralsuper- intendent K. G. Sonntagi, Tartu ülikooli audoktori initsiatiivil 1826. a. Stockholmist ära. Tartu Ülikooli raamatukogule anti materjal üle 1848. a. Meid huvitavaist allikaist tähtsaimad on ülikooli senati ehk suure konsistooriumi protokollid. Senat oli professorite täiskogu, kus arutati ülikooli kõiki tähtsamaid probleeme, sageli ka igapäevaelu küsimusi. Ülikooli tegevuse esimesel perioodil, Academia Gusta- viana ajal, olid protokollid ladinakeelsed, need säilinud lünklikult. 12 Ülikoolilinn Pärnu Teisel perioodil (1699-1710), mil tegutses ka Pärnu ülikool, toimus asjaajamine rootsi keeles ning kõik protokollid on säilinud. Oma vormilt on kõnesolevad dokumendid osalt protokollid- resolutsioonid, s.o. üleskirjutused, milles fikseeriti ainult arutusel olnud küsimus ja vastu võetud otsus. Eriti väärtuslikud on aga protokollid-nom/ad, milles ka arutelu käik on osavõtjate sõna­ võttudena fikseeritud. Sellised protokollid pandi
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