The Role of the Baltic Knighthoods1 to 1920 Keynote address by Ernst Dietrich Baron von Mirbach on the occasion of a Members’ Retreat organised by the Association of Baltic Knighthoods (Verband der Baltischen Ritterschaften) at Höhnscheid in 2016 If we make “Politics and Responsibility” our theme at this Retreat for Knighthood Members and the roles and functions of our Baltic Knighthoods up to and including 1920 are to be our context, then we must begin by establishing what we mean when we talk about politics. No question, politics has many facets. We usually think of politics as the mechanism we use in communities to arrive at decisions that bind all its members. But, as Arnold Bergstraesser tells us, politics is also “the art of leading groups of people towards well-ordered outcomes”. We could then say we use politics to give shape and direction to the goals we set and the outcomes we want, both in the public and in the private spheres. Possibly the pithiest description of politics in current literature is Thilo Sarrazin’s formulation in his 2016 book, “Wishful Thinking”. He sees: “politics as the rules we follow to get along with one another within a framework of society and state, once we have moved past the good manners and the etiquette we usually reserve for our one-on-one relationships.” Beyond that, politics also serves as a vehicle for addressing our immediate environment and how to shape it. At a gathering for our Knighthood Youth in Riederau as far back as 1960, Hans Joachim Schoeps put it this way: “not only must you have command of your subJect matter, you must also be able to lead people.” Our four Baltic Knighthoods2 would have seen their role and function over the span of many centuries in much the same way. It was a challenge they mastered very successfully. Despite a range of local differences that once mattered more than they do today, each of the four Knighthoods had much the same role and functions. With differences at best so slight, much the best way in former times to tell members of each Knighthood apart was in how they spoke and expressed themselves. Thus, a Livland 3 Knighthood member [a Livländer] speaking would always sound quite different from an Estland Knighthood member [an Estländer], and a Kurland Knighthood member [a Kurländer] would never sound like an Oesel Knighthood member [an Öselaner]. Such differences as there once were have now all but completely disappeared. In a document dated 30 September 1252, King Christopher I of Denmark addressed his vassals in Estonia with the words: “We acknowledge you all come together as one (universitate vestrae) and wish to inform you that…” These words serve as a first acknowledgement of corporate identity and make the Estland Knighthood the oldest documented representative assembly among the quartet of Baltic Knighthoods and, for that matter, within Europe as a whole. Not long afterwards, in 1259, ‘Estland’s vassals all come together as one’ (universitas vasallorum suorum per Estoniam consititua) 1 Translator’s Note (TN) – The terms ‘Knighthood’ and ‘noble corporation’ may be used interchangeably. 2 TN -The four Knighthoods are those of Livonia (Livland), Estonia (Estland), Kurland (sometimes also written in English as ‘Courland’) and Ösel. To avoid confusion, we will call them Livland, Estland, Kurland and Ösel. 3 TN – For all intents and purposes, the territorial boundaries of the former Knighthoods match those of the former Provinces of the Russian Empire as well as the boundaries of the principalities and duchies formed after the dissolution of the Teutonic Order in 1561. In broad terms, the old Estland boundary corresponded to the upper half of today’s Estonia, Livland comprised the bottom half of today’s Estonia and the top half of today’s Latvia, Kurland the bottom half of today’s Latvia below the city of Riga, and Ösel is the Island of Saaremaa. asked their monarch to confirm an agreement they had earlier reached with the Bishop of Reval (Tallinn). The lords of Harjumaa [Harrien], Virumaa [Wierland], Järvamaa [Jerwen] and Läänemaa [Wiek]4, were formally joined together into a corporation within the Principality of Esthonia [Ehsten], as it was then called, on 25 August 1584. In the Duchy of Livland, corporate status was not achieved by the Knighthood until 1641. Ösel had a rather different history. Its bishop had become a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1228 and its vassal families fused into a corporate body at around much the same time, mirroring the developments in Estland. The Island of Ösel [Saaremaa] was only absorbed into modern Estonia in 1920 and had previously always been part of what was known as Livland or Livonia. To remove any possibility for confusion, let us remember that the entire territory of what constitutes Estonia and Latvia today used to be called Livland before the final collapse of the Teutonic Order5. The feudal arrangements in Ösel, and the corporate character of its vassal families, are, as already remarked, as old as the bishopric itself. Records show that, upon taking office, the first bishop was already making feudal grants of land to his vassals and that the Danish kings who succeeded the bishops as rulers confirmed those same feudal privileges on several occasions in the period that followed. While the Kurland Knighthood is not as ancient as the Estland Knighthood, it is both remarkable and distinguished for having the oldest known register of member families [the so-called Matrikel], which dates back to 16206. The duchy of Kurland lasted for a full 234 years. All four of these Knighthood corporations continued as fully functioning, autonomous, governing entities until they were disbanded by the new states of Estonia and Latvia in 1920. In his book, Das Alte Kurland [the Kurland of Yesteryear], that is still well worth reading, Kurland’s Baron Hamilkar von Foelkersam, – not to be confused with his Livland cousin and namesake – wrote that “The Baltic nobility in Kurland invariably achieved the outcomes it wanted because of the power it exercised, even if it was never ruler of the land it inhabited in any legal sense. It was able to lead because of its role administering the land.” The Kurland Knighthood ranks as one of the most enduring of political institutions, lasting from 1562 until 1920. This would suggest that politics, as a medium for shaping attitudes and events, is something distinct and separate from the context in which it operates. That should give us comfort, especially in the older generation, where the business of running a large estate is no longer our role and the most we can aspire to in most cases is to simply leading small teams of people in the less demanding and more ordinary workaday lives most of us now live. In that quite remarkably structured social and administrative milieu that was once the Baltic Provinces of Russia, those in the very highest circles of power in St Petersburg always knew that the Baltic nobility lived by its own special code of nobility that would not allow it to ignore the demands of local administration, and that it would always do the job of administering the provinces to a very high standard because that was what its code demanded [der Adel zum Handeln verpflichtet war, und der Adel verpflichtete sich]. Under their system of government, members of the nobility filled every office and discharged every role and function on a purely honorary, ie on an unpaid, basis. Peer recognition and respect, not financial gain, were the only rewards where so many jobs needed to be done. As Schoeps put it in a different 4 TN – These four districts comprised the former Principality/Province of Estland. Their German names in brackets and italics appear after the Estonian names in use today. 5 TN – ie in 1561. 6 TN - The register was the Kurland Knighthood’s own listing of all its noble land-owning families and expressed its corporate character. Only the noble families in this register, to the exclusion of all others, had a voice in the affairs of the newly created Polish duchy of Kurland and the right to fill all its significant government and administrative positions. NB - the nobility of other parts of the Polish kingdom enjoyed similar provisions. 2 context: “You were never chosen for what you might become, but for what you had already achieved.” The nobility’s right of assembly was set down in Provincial Law [das Provinzialrecht] and para 227 of that Law provided that: “The Diet [Landtag] may consider and resolve all matters pertaining to the rights, interests and institutions of the Knighthood, as well as everything that affects the well-being of the province as a whole.” And who were these people with such a political role in shaping the future of the Provinces? They were the male members of all the families registered in the respective Province’s Knighthood rolls, who also owned manors in their respective Province. It was only these persons who were entitled to attend and vote in the provincial Diets conducted at least every three years. The voting rights attached to the manor and only the manor owner of the day was entitled to exercise them. It was up to the Diet to determine who would fill each honorary office and what functions would need to be performed. As already stated, all work was performed on an honorary basis. Only the top elected official in each Knighthood, specifically, the Landmarschall in Livland, the Ritterschaftshauptmann in Estland and the Landesbevollmächtigte in each of Kurland and Ösel, had access to a modest allowance to defray the costs of their many representational roles and responsibilities.