Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 113 (1983), 405-448

Roman foun Scotlandn di , 1971-82 Anne S Robertson*

SUMMARY The final survey by Anne S Robertson of Roman coins found in includes finds made between 1971 and 1982, and also earlier finds about which new information has recently come to light. The Roman coins came from sites on the ; from Roman sites elsewhere in Scotland; from native sites s isolatea ; d finds wit recordeo hn d association hoardsn i d san serie A . f Tableo s s brings together the recorded finds from previous surveys well as from the present survey. With the increasing quantit coif yo n materia availablew no l , particularly from recent excavations becoms ha t i , e possiblo et recognise grouping coinf so t certaisa n periods Flaviaf o examplr d ,d fo beginnine en n an th e t eth a d gan Antonine occupations of Roman sites. There is no doubt that as Roman coins continue to be found in Scotland, knowledge will be further increased about the production, distribution and use of currenc Nortn yi h Britain aboud ,an exten 'drifte s tit th f o t' into non-Roman hands.

INTRODUCTION eighte Thith s si h lis Romaf o t n coins foun Scotlanddn i firse Th t. fou Georgr r listsSi y b , e Macdonald, brough recore tth sucf do h finds dow 193no t 9 (Macdonald 1918; 1924; 1934a; 1939). Three subsequent lists, by myself, included Roman coins found in Scotland from 1940 to 50, 1951 to 60 and 1961 to 71 (Robertson 1950; 1961; 1971). The present list includes both Roman (and a few Greek and Byzantine) coins found in Scotland during the years 1971-82, and also those coins which were found earlier, but about which new information has come to light in recent years. The list is in four parts: Al Finds from Roman sites on the Antonine Wall A2 Finds from Roma Antonine th nn o site t e sno Wal l B Finds from native sites C Isolated finds with no recorded associations D Hoards The finds within each group have again been arranged according to counties, for the convenienc thosf eo e collating material fro mparticulaa r area. reference givee sar eitheo nt r Roman Imperial Coinage, I-VII, 1923-67 (RIC), or to Carson, Hill and Kent, Late Roman Bronze Coinage, , 197ed 22 (LRBC). Names use coir dfo n denominations are(silverR :A ) denariusE ;A (bronze) , (always A , s spelled wit hcapitaa avoio t l d confusion), follise Th . coins were minted at Rome unless otherwise stated. If a coin can be dated to a specific year, or years, within an emperor's reign, this is indicated by the phrase 'of AD 117-8', etc. If a coin can onl dateemperor'e n yb a o dt s reign, thi shows si 'As na D 117-138', etc. Uppe1 3 * r Glenburn Road, , 27 | SOCIET 6 40 Y OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 Coins preserve museumn di notedo s e sar , wit followine hth g abbreviations , BritisBM : h Museum, Dept of Coins and Medals; DM, Museum; DnM, Dundee Museum; FM, Museum , GlasgoGM ; w Museum , HunteriaHM ; n Museum; IM, Inverness Museum; , KilmarnocKM k Museum; KkM, Kirkcaldy Museum , ShetlanLM ; d Museum, Lerwick; NMAS National Museum of Antiquities, ; PM, Perth Museum; RSM, Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh , StirlinSM ; g Museum. This record has only been made possible by the patient co-operation of countless interested people, both insid outsidd ean e museums t onlno yo providewh , d detail circumstancee th f so f so discovery, but who also enabled me to examine and identify most of the coins myself. Particular appreciatio expresses ni excavatoro dt sanctioneo swh briee dth f report coinn so s foun thein do r excavations advancn i , detailee th f eo d publicatio excavation ni n reports. Excavators concerned ar BreezeeD Frere S Hanson S S , W , HoyHendryC , A HolmesT , M KeppieF N ,J L W , E , MacKie, Lorna Main, Valerie Maxfield, G S Maxwell, Frances Murray, F Newall, G Thomas, J J Wilkes.

LIST OF ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-82

Al FINDS FROM ROMA ANTONINE N SITETH N SO E WALL Dunbartonshire Bar Hill (Fort) Reported June 1972 by A A McDougall. Found on the site of Bar Hill fort. vera s ya corrodeM B d an d Identifie dupondiuR AS y db s 'pretty certainly second century smale Th . l apparently neat head suggests Hadrian'. The reverse is illegible. In HM. Found during excavations conducted 1979-8 Headquartere th n 0o s KeppiBuildinF J r L efo y gb (AM)D ) FairlSD (1 . y worn denariu f Hadrianso 118D A . f RICo , 39b ) Slightl(2 . y worn denariuf so , probabl A155c C DenariusD) f yo RI .147(3 p C . , possibl Faustinf yo , wifa II Marcusf eo . InHM. Bearsden (For Bath-housed an t ) Found during excavations conducted 1973-8 BreezD y 2r b efo SDD (AM). (1) , worn almost smooth, most likely a denarius of Mark Antony, c 32-1 BCWorn) (2 . , burned(?) denariu Trajanf so Ac Df o 115-6, Corroded) .(3 , burned(?) denarius, possiblf yo Trajan, AD 98-117. (4) Fairly worn dupondius of Trajan, of c AD 115-6. RIC 674. (5) Corroded As, possibly of Hadrian, AD 117-38. (6) Much corroded As, may just possibly be of Trajan, or early Hadrian. (7) Slightly worn dupondius of Antoninus Pius, of AD 154-5. RIC 933. (8) Fairly worn As of Antoninus Pius, of AD r 140-823 o Ver) 4 (9 .r 145-61 4o y68 slightlC RI . y worn dupondiu f Marcuso s A r so , Caesarf o , AD 153^1 or 154-5. (10-11) Fragments of Asses. In HM. Cray Hill (Fort) Found during excavations conducted 1977-8 by W S Hanson for SDD (AM). (1) Fairly worn denarius of , of AD 91-2. RIC 159 or 169. (2) Corroded, fairly worn denarius of Trajan, of AD 104-11. RIC 109 ff. (3) Worn sestertius of Trajan, of AD 103-11. RIC 543. (4) Bronze fragment, possibly from coi Hadrianf no . (Fortlet) Found during excavations conducted 197 ASRy 7b . Fairly worn As(?f o ) Trajan, AD 98-117. (on fort site?) Reported Sept 1972 by T Mackenzie through F Newall. Coin 'got about 1921-2 fro mlabourea HudsonR r( ) workin Antonine th n go e Wall nea Kilpatrick'd rOl . Sestertius of Antoninus Pius, Deified, of AD 161, possibly a cast (?). Cp RIC 1266. Wilderness West (Small enclosure) Found during excavations conducted 1980 by W S Hanson and G S Maxwell. Very corroded bronze coin, possibly a dupondius or As of Hadrian, AD 117-38. forn (o t site?) Reporte Cochran198y D y 0db Ma e throug BatesonD hJ . FounHM , d by D Cochrane and friend at Castlecary, NGR NS 970 782. Very worn As, possibly of Hadrian. ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUN SCOTLANDN DI , 1971-87 40 | 2

Falkirk (Hypocausted building) Found during excavations conducted 1980 by L J F Keppie and Frances Murray. Corroded, burned(?) denarius of Domitian, AD 81-96. In FM.

West Carriden (Fort site) Reported 1972 by E J Price. Found on surface of field. Corroded, worn(?) sestertiu Hadrianf so Af o ,D 119-28. Possibly RIC 386b.

A2 FINDS FROM ROMAN SITES NOT ON THE ANTONINE WALL Angus Cardean (Fort) Found during excavations conducted 1972-5 by ASR. (1-2) Slightly worn denarii of Vespasian 107d .an 7 Af (3-43 o ,D 70-C )77-8 d RI Slightl1an . y worn dupondi Vespasianf io Af o ,D2 7 77-8d an , minte753bd an 0 .t Lyons d(5-6a 74 ) C .SlightlRI y worn Asse Vespasianf so Af ,o D 77-8, minted (both)8 t Lyonsa 75 C . RI .

Dumfriesshire Birrens coin2 2 (Forte s founTh ) d during excavations conducted coin 0 1962-3 e s ASRth y 9 b d ,an found in previous excavations, and as isolated finds, have now been published in detail (Robertson 1975, 245-9). Birrenswark (Roma nativd nan ecoie sitenTh )foun excavationn di s conducted Jobe196G y 6b y islightlsa y worn denariu Domitianf so Af o ,D 87-9 (Robertson 1971,117; Jobey 1978, 85). Near Birrens Birrenswarkr o (?) Reported Jun StewarC e y 198b 1 t throug BatesonD hJ . HM , Found 'near a Roman fort near Ecclefechan'. Fairly/heavily worn dupondius of Hadrian, of AD 119-38. West Gallaberry (Camp) Reported s McPhailJulMr y y 198b 0, East Gallaberry Farm, through TruckellE A McPhais . FounMr DM , y db l gardee 'inth Easf no t Gallaberry while lifting e leeksth n o , Roman road, near the marching camp and wagon park on West Gallaberry and half a mile N of Carzield fort'. Identified by A E Truckell as a much worn As of Vespasian, AD 69-79.

Lanarkshire Bothwellhaugh (Bath-house) Found during excavations conducted 1975-6 by L J F Keppie for SDD (AM). Fairly/slightly worn As of Marcus, Caesar, of AD 159-60), or less likely AD 154-5. Cp RIC 1354c. (Keppie 1981, 80). In HM. Castledykes (Fort) Reported April 1980 by E Archer. Found near SW corner of Camp B, ie outside NW corner of fort. Fairly worn denarius of Trajan, of c AD 112-7. RIC 332. Crawford (Fort) The nine coins found during excavations conducted 1963-6 by G S Maxwell have now been publishe detain di l (Maxwell 1972, 183-5). Midlothian Cramond (For Vicusd foue tan rTh )coin s previously recorde Diocletianf do , Galerius, ConstantineI and of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I (AD 527-65), are now in Edinburgh City Museum Dept (Robertson 1971, 115-6). StevensonK B Reporte R y 197v b , 1NMASd No .mans e 'Founth f t Cramond'o ea dS . Almost unworn denariu f Severusso f ANMAS n o I ,189bD C 203RI . . . Found during excavations conducted Holmes 1975-M N Fairl) y 8b .(1 y worn denariu Titusf so f ,o AD 80. RIC 22b. (2) Burned(?) As of Domitian( ?). (3) Fairly worn denarius of Trajan, of AD 101-2. RIC 65. (4) Fairly worn denarius of Hadrian, of AD 119-28. RIC 175d. (5) Slightly worn denarius of Antoninus Pius f A o ,IliaDC 143RI . (6-7) Corroded, nearly illegible Asse f Antoninuso s Pius, AD 138-61. (8-9) Very slightly worn denarii of Faustina II, under Marcus, AD 161-76. RIC 688 and 706. (10) Fairly worn denariu f Luciuso s Verus f Ao ,D 161-2 482C .RI . (11) Fairly worn sestertiu f Lucillaso Ac Df o ,164-9 . 1779C RI . (12) Slightly worn denariu f Commodusso f Ao ,D 190-1 218C .RI . (13) Worn sestertiuf so Commodus, of AD 181. RIC 308a. (14-15) Unworn or slightly worn denarii of Severus, of late AD 198 or 199-200 ,501r minteo . 3 (16-1712 t Romda d 500r an o Laodicear ) e, o 2 Slightl12 C y.RI worn denarif io Severus Af D,o 201-10. RIC265 288d .an (18) Very slightly worn denariu Julif so a Domna, wif Severusf eo , of c AD 195/6-211. RIC 574. (19-20) Very slightly worn denarii of Plautilla, wife of Caracalla, c AD 202-5. latte363e C 369d th RI b,an r probably fro eastern ma n mint. 40 | 8SOCIET Y OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 Isolated finds reported by N M Holmes, Feb and Oct 1977: (1) 'Said to have been dug up in the Strathalmond area of Edinburgh, ie in the vicinity of Cramond Brig'. Fairly worn denarius of Severus, of lat r 199-200eo A8 D19 , minte t Romda Laodicear eo . RIC123 r 501o Edinburgn .I h City Museum Dept. (2) 'Found in garden of 2 Cramond Grove'. Fairly worn denarius of Hadrian, of AD 119-38. RIC 206a. Reported My 1979 by R Murray through N M Holmes. 'Found by a friend of his on the bank of Rivee th r Almond lai d ,weir e clos nincheha th w t onlI .o e t fe ysa belo surface.e wth ' IdentifieM N y db Holme fairla s sa y worn Alexandrian bronze coi Probusf no Af o ,D 280-1. Januarn I y Holme198M 3N s reporte discovere dth fouf yo r coins during excavations conducten di memberd an Edinburg e y th f Ho so 198C y h2b Archaeological Field Society; thre foref o coin t E site o st , and one in spoil heap from the 1975-6 bath-house excavations. (1) Fairly worn denarius of Sabina, wife of Hadrian, of AD 128-38. RIC 410. (2) Fairly worn sestertius of Lucilla, of c AD 164-9. RIC 1763. (3) Very slightly worn denarius of Severus, of AD 203. RIC 189b. (4) of Tetricus II, AD 270-273/4, minte t Cologne(?)da 254coine C RI Th . sp werC . e identifieHolmesM N coie y Tetricuf dnTh b .o I sI seem straysa likele b .o yt (Fort) In July 1974 R B K Stevenson, NMAS, reported that the denarius of Hadrian recorded in the first survey (Macdonald 1918,213) was probably the one found during the 1879 excavations Societe oth f f Antiquarieyo f Scotlandso .Stevenso K Identifie 129aB C NMASn RI I R .s y na b d , together with the sestertius of Hadrian (Macdonald 1918, 213). Found during excavations conducted 1976- (AM)ThomaD G vicu y Extremel7e ) SD b th r .(1 sn fo i y worn legionary denarius of Mark Antony, c 32-1 BC. (2) Worn denarius of Vespasian, Deified, of AD 79 or later. RIC 63. (3) Fairly worn hybrid denarius of Trajan, of AD 112-4/114-7. (4-5) Fairly worn sestertii of Trajan, of AD 103-11. RIC 564, and rev uncertain. (6) Fairly worn dupondius of Trajan, of AD 114-7. 676 C Corrode) RI .(7 d sestertiu Trajaf so Hadrianr no Fairl) .(8 y worn denariu Hadrianf so Af o ,D 134-8. 267 C Fairl) RI (9 . p yC Hadrianf woro s n A 117-138 D A , . (10) Corroded denariu Antoninuf so s Piusf o , AD 139. (11) Almost unworn dupondiu Antoninuf so s Pius Af ,o D 154-5 933C .RI . (12) Extremely corroded denarius of uncertain emperor. (13) Slightly worn antoninianus of Gallienus, AD 260-8. Cp RIC 287.(14) Bronze coi Constansf no Ac Df o ,341-6 LRBCp C . ) 800(1 . Ardoch (Fort) Reported July Dunca198F y 0b n throug D Thomson K J hJ d an , , SM the f no Bateson, HM. 'It was a surface find, made some 40/50 metres beyond the defences of the NW corner of the for t Ardoca t 1980.y 28tn ho hMa ' Identifie ThomsoK J y fairla db s na y worn sestertiu f Titusso f o , AD80-l.Cp.R/C98. Carpow (Legionary base) Found during excavations conducted WilkesJ 197J y 6b . Identifiey db R M Reece as a 'corroded rather than worn' denarius of Severus, of c AD 201-10. RIC 284. In DnM. Reported October 1978 by Lisbeth Thorns, DnM. 'Found by people using metal detectors who had unknowingly straye Carpoo t n do w Farm'. Identifie Lisbety db h Thorn 's asa denariu f Severuso Af so D vern i y1 goo20 d condition' 176C DnMn I RI . p .C . (Legionary fortress) A seventh unworn As of Domitian, minted in AD 86, was shown to ASR, July 1978, in Norwich Castle Museum, by Margaret Darling. While working on pottery from Inchtuthil she found the coin in a pill box marked 'Inchtuthil 1955. Barrack 26. Surface.' It is corroded but unworn 335C RI .. Strageath (Fort) Found during excavations conducted 1973-8 by S S Frere. (1) Very worn legion- denariuy ar f Marso k Antony Fairl) (2 32- c ,. y 318 Nero1f C worBC Fairl) o RI s (3 . Af . nA o ,D y 66 worn denarius of Vespasian, of AD 74. RIC 77. (4-5) Slightly worn dupondii of Vespasian, of AD 72/early 73, minted at Lyons. RIC 739 and 740. (6) Fairly worn As of Vespasian, of AD 71 or 72/early 73, minted at Lyons. Cp RIC 497 or 747. (7-8) Very slightly/slightly worn dupondii of Titus, under Vespasian, of AD 73 (after July) and 77-8, the latter minted at Lyons. RIC 649 and 777b. (9) Slightly worn As of Domitian, under Vespasian f Ao ,D 77-8, minte t Lyonsda 724C RI .. (10) Unwor f Domitiano s nA , probabl f Ayo D 86. Cp RIC 335. (11) Very corroded denarius, possibly of Domitian. (12) Slightly worn denarius of Hadrian, of AD 119-28. RIC 127a. (13) Fairly worn As of Hadrian, perforated, of c AD 117-28. (14) Fragment bronzf so e, probabl coin?) ( As , Hadrianf yo . Found during excavations conducted 1979-8WilkesJ FrerJ S d S ey an 2 .b Identifie Lyny db n Pitts. (15) Legionary denarius of Mark Antony, c 32-1 BC. (16-18) Denarii of Vespasian, of AD 70-2, 73, and f Titus(?) o . (19 s 43 A ) d f Ao ,Dan 77-89 3 , 69-795 , minteC RI . t Lyonsda 784C RI .. (20-1) Assef so Domitian f A o ,D201a C 85(7)RI ,p 301bC . . (22) Anonymous bronze , probabl f Domitianyo . ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-82 I 409 RIC 2. (23) Sestertius of Trajan, rev illegible, AD 98-117. (24) Denarius of Hadrian, of AD 134-8, rev un- certain. (25-6) Sesterti Hadrianf io uncertainv re ,d Aan D 0 117-38. (2797 , unidentified C )As .RI .

Renfrewshire Barochan (Fort) Found during excavations conducted Newall197F y 2b . Corrode t unwordbu n f Domitiano s A , 335probablC RI . p C Af . yo D 86 Whitemoss, Bishopton (Fort) Found during excavations conducted 1952- NewallF y 7b coinl .Al s so corroded that it is usually difficult to estimate wear. (1) Fairly worn denarius of Nero, of AD 64-8. (2) Denarius, possibl Vespasianf yo Denarius) (3 . , possibl Domitiaf yo Nerva?)r n(o . (4-5) Fairly word nan very worn sesterti Trajanf io Fairl) (6 . y worn sestertiu Hadrianf so Fairl) .(7 y worn dupondiu Hadrianf so . (8) Sestertius, possibl Hadrianf yo Fragmen) (9 . dupondiuf o t , possiblAs r s o Hadrianf yo .

Roxburghshire Newstead (Fort site) Reported Novembe MasonD r 197W Octobed y 1an ,b r 1971-July 197y 8b J W Elliot. (1) Worn Republican denarius, of c 90 BC. (2) Fairly worn denarius of Vespasian, of AD 70. RIC 10. (3) Fairly worn denarius of Titus, of AD 80. RIC 24a. (4) Fairly worn denarius of Domitian, of AD 88-9. RIC 140. (5) Fairly worn As of Domitian, under Vespasian, of AD 73 or later. RIC 699. (6) Slightly wor , probablnAs f Domitianyo , possibl Af yo D 85-6. (7-9) Fairly worn denari Trajan,f io Af o D 98-9 and c 104-11. RIC 11 and cp 118 (2). (10-12) Fairly worn or worn sestertii of Trajan, of AD 103-11. r 515558o d 0 an , . 51 500(13C p RI )c , Sestertiu f Trajanso uncertainv re , . (14) Worf Trajano s nA f o , AD 98-9. RIC 402. (15) Fairly worn denarius of Antoninus Pius, of AD 153-4 or 154-5. RIC 231 or 233. (16) Slightly worn denarius of Faustina I, Deified, of AD 141 and later. RIC 362. (17-18) Corroded Asses, one of Faustina I, one possibly of Faustina I. (19) Slightly worn denarius of Lucius Verus, of AD 164. Cp 515C RI . (20-21) Dupondiu Asd s,an illegible. (23) Bronze coi Theodosiuf no Ac Df 383-7o , sI , mintet da Aquileia(?). Cp LRBC (2) 1092.

Stirlingshire (Northern Annexe) Found during excavations conducted 1961-3 by N McCord and TaitJ . Identifie the y vera db m s ya worn bronze coi Vespasianf no unrecognizabln a d ,an e bronze coin, both in very poor condition (McCor Taid& t 1978, 162). Camelon (South Fort) Reporte MaxwelldS 197G y 2b . Found 197SmitG y 2b h during construction of new factory premises. Fairly worn As of Hadrian, of AD 119-28. RIC 579a. Reported 1972-4 by E J Price. Found 1972-4 by E J Price and son, during construction of new factory premises. (1) Denarius, worn almost smooth, Republican(?). (2) Fairly worn denarius of Vespasian, of AD 72/early 73. RIC 42. (3) Fairly worn As of Vespasian, of AD 71. RIC 482. (4) Fairly worn As of Domitian 333,C possiblRI . (5p C ) Af . Fairlyo D 86 y worn denariu Trajanf so ) Af (6 o D,. 101-260 C RI . Worn silver drachm of Trajan, minted in Lycia, BM Catalogue of Greek Coins, Lycia, 39, nos 9-11. (7) Fairly worn denariu Hadrianf so Af ,o D 119-28 lOlaC Corrode) .RI (8 . d sestertiu Hadrianf so Af o ,D 119- 28Ver) (9 . y corroded small bronze coin, Hadriaf possiblo s A Antoninur n yo a s Pius. Camelon (North Fort) Reporte PriceJ E y .d b tripl 'InW e 1974e th ditc n i , hdenariua Nervf so a was found' (Discovery Excav Scot 1974, 64). In NMAS. Camelon (North Fort) Found during excavations conducted 1981 by Valeric Maxfield. Unworn dupondiu f Domitianso , possibl f A. yo D 86 Camelon (South Fort) Found during excavations conducted 1975- Valeriy 9b c MaxfielD SD r dfo (AM). (1) Extremely worn legionary denarius of Mark Antony, c 32-1 BC. (2) Denarius, worn smooth, probably of Mark Antony. (3) Worn denarius of Augustus, of c 2 BC-AD 4 or later. (4) Very worn As of Tiberius, minte t Lyonda s (RO AVG)MT E Fairl) A c D(5 f . o ,12-1 y14 wor r 3o n dupondius Galbaf o ) (? , AD 68-9. (6-9) Worn/very worn denarii of Vespasian, of late AD 70, 71, 72/early 73, and 78. (10) Fairly worn sestertiu f Vespasianso f A . o (11-12,D 71 ) Fairly worn dupondi f Vespasiano i f Ao ,D 69-71(?d )an lattee th , r 72 minte 7r 1o t Lyonsda . (13-17) Fairly worn/very worn Asse f Vespasianso f Ao ,D 71(2), 77-8 71-8(2)d lase an , th ,t three minte t Lyonsda . (18-19) Corroded, fairly worn Asses, possible th f yo reign of Vespasian, AD 69-79. (20-1) Very corroded Asses, possibly of Vespasian or Domitian. (22) Fairly worn sestertius of Titus, under Vespasian, of AD 77-8, minted at Lyons. (23) Very worn denarius of Domitian Af . (24-5o ,D 92 ) Slightly worn sesterti Domitianf io , possibl Af . (26yo D 86 ) Worn dupondiuf so Domitian, of AD 95-6. (27-8) Unworn Asses of Domitian, of AD 86. (29-32) Very slightly worn Asses of 410 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 Domitian, possibly of AD 86. (33-6) Asses, very corroded, possibly of Domitian. (37-8) Slightly worn denari Nervaf o i Af . (39-41o ,D 97 ) Fairly worn/worn denari f Trajano i f Ao ,D 103-11,112- 112-7d 5an . (42-50) Fairly worn sesterti Trajanf io Af Do , 103-11(7), 116- 104-17d 7an . (51) Fairly worn dupondiuf so Trajan f Ao ,D 103-11. (52) Corroded fragmen f denariuso t , possibl f Trajano y . (53-4) Fairly worn denarii of Hadrian, of AD 118 and 119-28. (55) Fairly worn sestertius of Hadrian, of AD 118. (56) Fairly worn dupondius of Hadrian, of AD 128-38. (57) Very slightly worn dupondius of Antoninus Pius, of AD 153- r 154-54o . (58) Very slightly f Antoninuworo s nA s Pius f Ao ,D 148-9. (59) Unworn Dp/As of Marcus, Caesar f Ao ,D 154-5. (60) Tiny fragment f denariuso s , illegible. (61-4) Bronze fragments, possibly from Asses.

B FINDS FROM NATIVE SITES Near Campbeltown The denarius of Trajan (RIC 211) found 'in an old fort at Balergie' c 1908, is no Campbeltowwn i n Museum (Robertson 1950, 141).

Ayrshire West Kilbride (Gourock Burn, Glenhead, double fort) Found during excavations conductey db HendryA T . Much worn sestertiu f Sabinaso , wif Hadrianf eo f Ao ,D 128-38 1025cC RI . .

Stirlingshire Buchlyvie (Fairy Knowe, broch) Found during excavations conducted 1976-7 by Lorna Main. (1) Corroded, but not very worn As of Vespasian, of AD 71-8, minted at Lyons. RIC 497, 747 or 764a. (2) Corrode f Vespasiano s dA . f Ao ,SM D n 71I . Gargunnock (Leckie, broc d dunan h ) Found during excavations conducted W 1978- E y 9b MacKie. (1) Very worn Republican denarius of Julius Caesar, of 49-48 BC, minted in Gaul. (2) Fairly worn denarius of Trajan, of AD 101-2. RIC 58. (3) Very corroded sestertius of the early years of Hadrian's reign, of c AD 117-8. Cp RIC 133.

D FINB/ D FROM NATIVE SIT HOARR EO D Ur rrecalle e ('Motb y f Urr'dma eo t thaI three ) th t e denarii Milfoune Buittlf th o lt da e before 179havy 4ema come either fro Mote mth Urrf eo fror ,o mhoara d (Macdonald 1918, 243). They werf eo Tiberius, Hadrian and Commodus.

C ISOLATED FINDS WIT RECORDEO HN D ASSOCIATIONS Aberdeenshire Near Aberdeen Reported August 1982 by C Murray. Said to have been found in the vicinity of Aberdeen. Worn bronze folli f o A c Df o 317-20 , sI , minte Cyzicust da . RIC VII,. 9 644 o n , Bridge f e Alfordbronzo Th e folli f Galeriuo s s found near Alford (Robertson 1961, 137s wa ) examined in May 1978. It is of c AD 302-3, minted at Rome( ?). Cp RIC VI, 362, no 106b. Fraserburgh Reported October 1979 by D H Caldwell, NMAS, from Coventry Museum. Said to have been beac'foune th t "Thn ha do e Muckhills" Fraserburghf o E ,N , towards Sandhaven'. Identifiey db Coventry Museum as a sestertius of Antoninus Pius, of AD 151-2 or 153-4. RIC 871a or 918.

Angus Kirriemuir Reported Februar Kans y Mr 198 e y throug2b BatesonD h J . r Foun he HM ,y db husband in Kirriemuir. Fairly worn denarius of Faustina I, Deified, of AD 141 and later. RIC 356a.

Argyll Near Loch Coil Reported March 1974 by A Locke. Found in hill-walking at site of 1949 crash of American bomber. Very worn sestertius of Hadrian, of AD 119-28. ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-82 | 411

Peninver Reporte NewtonS 197y N y 8dMa b , Branch Librarian, Campbeltown. Found 192n 5i ground just W of High Peninver Farm, NGR NR 751 255. Unworn Alexandrian bronze coin of , of AD 288-9. Ayrshire Kilmarnock Reported October 1976 by M J Bishop, KM. Found September 1976 by G Beattie in landscaping a garden in London Road, Kilmarnock. Fairly worn bronze follis of Constantine I, of c AD 310, minte t Londonda . . RIC , 133KM 122o VI n n ,I . Near Maybole (Crossbill) Reported November 1979 by J Hunter, KM, through J D Bateson, HM. Found recently in Crossbill. Fairly worn Alexandrian bronze coin of Maximian, of AD 289-90. Portencross Reported March Ker198T y 2rb throug BatesonD hJ . Foun KerT HM ,y drb when 'divin Portencrossf gof offshors f castle'o yd S 0 5 ,o . t e Fairly worn Alexandrian bronze coi f Trajano n Decius, of AD 249-50.

Berwickshire Near Duns Reported Decembe r Robertso197M y 4b n through Joanna Close-Brooks, NMAS. Robertsos FounMr y db t Raecleugna h Head, near Duns. Large bronze coi Ptolemf no Egyptf o I yI c , 285-246 BC. Oxton Reported Augus Brows t 197Mr y n2b throug StevensonK B hR , NMAS. s FounMr y db Brown when digging garde opposite th n hile n cres'oe th o l nth f vallee o t sidth Channelkirk'f o yet o . The site is not within the area of the small fort at Oxton. Worn sestertius of Trajan of AD 103-11. RIC 569. Louder ReporteCaldwellH 197D y y 9db Ma , NMAS. Foun t Carfrada eadherind 'inmu o gt farmer's boot'. Fairly worn bronze coi Valensf no Ac Df o ,364-7 , minte t Heracleada . LRBC 192) (2 r 0o 1933.

Bute Millport, Cumbrae Reported March 198 Proy 0 b Caldwel fG l throug BatesonD hJ . FounHM , d in digging at bowling green, Millport. Fairly worn Alexandrian bronze coin of Hadrian, of AD 132-3. In Cumbrae Museum, Millport.

Dumfriesshire Drumcoltran In 1880 a medieval talismanic brooch was exhibited to the Dumfriesshire and Natural History and Antiquarian Society. It was of the 14/15th centuries, and had been found wit hsilvea rRomaa rind gan n coin f Juliuo ,e saib s Caesao dt r (Trans Dumfriesshire Galloway Natur Hist Antiq Soc, 11,3 (1880), 3). In 1965 a drawing of the finds was discovered in the Society's collections. coie Th n proved actualldenariua e b o yf t Hadrian so f Ao ,D 119-28 160C RI .d (Trans Dumfriesshire Galloway Natur Hist Antiq Soc, ser 3 (1972) 9 4 , , 120-1).

Dunbartonshire Near Balloch Reported September 1971 by A Morrison and I Gill, through J G Scott, GM. Found digging for worms 'at about 9 in depth, behind rifle range on right hand side of Auchencarron Road (goin 264S N 0 g R 7808E)'NG . . Fairly worn bronze coi f Constantiuno Ac Df o 351-4 , sII , mintet da Alexandria. LRBC (2) 2837. Bearsden Reported July 1980 by P Casciani through T Cowie, NMAS. Found by P Casciani 197c 6 while diggin garden gi t Thorna n Drive, Bearsden. Fairly worn bronze folli Constantinf o s f o , eI c AD 313, minted at Ticinum. RIC VII, 361, no 8. Reported Februar JohnsoK s y 198Mr ny 2throughb BatesonD J . State ,HM hav o dt e been found somewher Bearsden ei presented Johnson's nan Mr o dt s uncle SinclairN , . Slightly worn Alexandrian bronze coi Probusf no Af ,Do 276-7Alexandriao tw e . th Thi f o sne appear bronzon e b o set coins published lase inth t survey (Robertson 1971. , HM 121) n I . Clydebank Reported November 1980 by J Hood, Central Library, Clydebank, through J D Bateson, HM. Found c 1965 'lying on the surface in a tarnished condition to the rear of Crown Avenue'. Very worn Greek imperial bronze coin of Lucius Verus, AD 161-9, minted at Corinth. Reported October 1973 by G Valentine through J G Scott, GM. Found late February 41 | 2SOCIET Y OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 Valentin197G y 5b e 'in Cumbernauld Park very near Cumbernauld surface House lyins th n wa f g o eo t .I the groun shorn di t grass'. Fairly f Trajanworo s nA Af o D, 115-6. RIC 675. Lenzie Reported October/November 197 Misy J 4Fergusob E s n through Professor Riddell, Aberdeen. Found in Miss Ferguson's garden at Victoria Road, Lenzie. Fairly worn bronze follis of Constantine I, of c AD 313, minted at London. Cp RIC VI, 140, nos 279-82. Milngavie Reported November Fisher197G y 4b . Foun t unknowda n Fisher'datG y eb s father 'while turning over garden' at Hilton Road, Milngavie. Slightly worn Alexandrian bronze coin of Claudius , oII f AD 269-70. Reported August 1980 by C J Sibbett through T Cowie, NMAS. Found in C J Sibbett's garde t Deana n Park, Longniddry t 'thderived'e b bu ,e y soima l . Fairly worn sestertiu Trajanf so Af o D, 103-11. RIC 515. Reported June 1981 by A Caven through T Cowie, NMAS. Found October 1980 by A Caven while gardening at Mayfield Place, Musselburgh. Fairly worn denarius, with black deposit on surface Trajanf o , Ac Df o ,103-11 119C RI . . Portobello Reported January Mclntyr197W y 3b e throug NewallhF . Foun- dMc 196W y 0b Intyre in vicinity of Public Library, High Street, Portobello. Identified by the BM as a bronze coin of the Indo-Scythian series, mid AD. Not likely to have been an ancient loss. Aberdour Reported 1975/6 by S Taylor through R B K Stevenson, NMAS, Found in the 1950's 'in Hawkcraig Road, Aberdour, on the site of what was very probably a tithe barn for the monastery of Inchcolm', during preparation of the ground for a new house. Slightly worn bronze coin of the Byzantine emperor Constans, AD 641-68, minte t Carthageda . Buckhaven Reported July 197 Andrey 8b a Kerr, KkM. Found 1951 playgroune 'inth Buckf do - haven Primary School, College Street, Buckhaven ... kicked up by boys playing'. NGR NT 360 983. Worn bronze 'radiate fraction' of Maximian, of AD 305, minted at Alexandria. RIC VI, 667, no 46b. Cupar Reported April 1979 by Andrea Kerr, KkM. Found 'about January 1978 in a back garden of a house in Bishopgate, Cupar'. Worn bronze coin, doublestruck or overstruck, of Ptolemy V of Egypt, 204-18c . 1BC Kirkcaldy Reported August 1977 by Andrea Kerr, KkM, through Joanna Close-Brooks, NMAS. Found June 1977 by G Howatson 'in his garden at Mellerstain Road, Kirkcaldy, a few inches deep. It was probably brought in with earth from a small wood at Torbain Farm ... This was dug one spade deep'. 9322 24 . SlightlT N R y worNG n bronze half-folli f Maxentiuso s Ac Df o ,308/9-12 , minte t Ostiada C RI . VI, 406, no 62. Reported October 1978 by Andrea Kerr, KkM. Found September 1978 'on the railway line in Kirkcaldy ... during maintenanc 9291 29 . WorT e N work' R n bronz.NG e coi Constansf no Af D,o 341-6, minte t Trierda . LRBC 140) (1 . Leven Reported Novembe PotterW r 197D ,y 9Glenrotheb s High School, throug BatesonD hJ , HM. 'Found on beach at Leven'. Greek imperial bronze coin of Nero, AD 54-68, minted at Antioch (Seleuci Pieria)d san . Rosyth Reported July 1974 by R Paterson, Inverkeithing High School, through D H Caldwell, schooy b NMASp u l pupig gardeDu .n i l t Camdena n Crescent, Rosyth. Fairly worn bronze coif no Theodosiu Ac Df o 383-92 , sI , minte t Constantinoplda Nicomediar eo . LRBC 216) (2 2388r 5o . St Andrews Reported April 1979 by Professor R Ogilvie, St Andrews. 'Found in the grounds of St Leonard's School'. Identifie Professoy b d r Ogilvi fairla s ea y worn antoninianu f Victorinusso D A , 268/9-70. RIC 71-2. Strathmiglo Annuale th n I Register, December fo r 1823, 165, ther referenca s ei discovere th o et y bronzx ofsi e bronzvessel0 4 d esan weapons, followe entrye th y d:b 'a north e littlth o e t Roma, a n urn and two Roman coins have been recently picked up. One of them of the emperor Domitian, in excellent preservation'. From the Caledonian Mercury. This coin find appears to been hitherto unnoticed, buWellfielp c t d (Macdonald 1918, 239). Inverness-shire Inverness Reported August 1976 by G Farnell, then of IM, through Helen Whitehouse, RSM. ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-82 | 413 MacdonalC y b 4 Foun43 d8 'id67 ncar a Augus H t N she R t Hiltotd a 197 NG t 6na Farm, Invernesst I . seems to have been a surface find'. Identified by Helen Whitehouse as a sestertius of Antoninus Pius, of AD 156-7. RIC 967. Reported June 1978 by G Farnell, then of IM. Found recently by D Fraser at Road, Inverness. Identifie RSy bronzdb a Ms a e coi Magnuf no s Maximus, AD 383-8, minte t Trierda LRBCp .C (2) 154.

Kirkcudbrightshire River Ken, below Dair Whit2 y81 e3 'NGmeta61 X RlN coin, forgery Faustinaf o s A . bann .I f ko Ken, below Dairy. Dumfries Museum: 78.110' (Discovery Excav Scot 1978, 5). Unlikely to be an ancient loss. Kirkcudbrightshire/ border Reported April 1977 by C Breckenridge through J G Scott, GM. Believed to have been found some years ago by C Breckenridge's uncle on his farm on the Kirkcud- brightshire/Wigtownshire border. Worn denarius, perforated, of Vespasian, of AD 70. RIC 10. Probably noancienn a t t loss.

Lanarkshire Carmunnock Reported August 1982 by Mrs Grace Reid through J D Bateson, HM. Two coins found by Mr Reid in foundations for garage at Cathkin Braes, Carmunnock. (1) Worn bronze coin of Arcadius, of c AD 395-402, minted at Heraclea, Nicomedia or Cycicus. Cp LRBC (2) Heraclea 1992. (2) Worn bronze coin, Greek imperial, minted at Antioch (Seleucis and Pieria), possibly of Macrinus, AD 217-8. East Kilbride Reported September 197 Iy J5b Cowan throug Scott Sai. G IhJ y J db GM , Cowa n to have been foun t 'Easda t Kilbrid e- Chapeltown' . Fairly worn bronze coin, recently perforatedf o , Constantius I, Deified, of AD 307 and later, minted at London. RIC VI, 132, no 110. Probably not an ancient loss. Glasgow (Alexandra Park) Reported February 1972 by unnamed owner through J G Scott, GM. 'Sai havdo t e been foun Alexandrn di a Park'. Slightly worn antoninianu Probusf so , AD 276-82, mintet da Rome. RIC 220. Glasgow (Dumbreck) Reported November 197unnamen a y 8b d owner throug HolmesM hN , Edinburgh City Museum Dept. Dug up in a garden at Fleurs Avenue, Dumbreck, 'and was probably brought to this address in garden topsoil when the house was built'. Identified by N M Holmes as a fairly worn bronze folli Galeriusf so , Caesar Ac Df o , 299-300, minte t Antioch d, 620a 53bo VI n , C . .RI Glasgow (Mount Florida) Reported October 1972 by R Mackenzie. Dug up in garden in Norfield Drive, Mount Florida, c 2 ft (0-61 m) down. Worn bronze coin of Valentinian 1, AD 364-75, probably minted at Trier. Cp LRBC (2) 86, 96 etc. Glenboig Reported August 1973 by D G Cresswell. Found by J Kyle in digging garden in Marnoch Drive, in earth which 'may have been brought from elsewhere'. Base silver (potin) coin of Ptolemy XIII of Egypt 80-5c , 1 BC, minte t Paphoda Cyprusn si . Midlothian Balerno Reported April 198CowieT y 1b , NMAS, throug coino BatesonD Tw hsJ . founHM , d 197c DyeI purse5y d b rol 'i'an n ni 'na abandone whict beinds hu hwa g demolishe burned dan cleao dt r the site' near Harelaw Road, Balerno. Coins identified by M Sekulla as (1) antoninianus of Gallienus, of AD 267, minted at Antioch, RIC 603c. (2) antoninianus of Salonina, wife of Gallienus, of AD 260-8. RIC 24. Not likely to have been an ancient loss. Craigmillar Reporte CaldwellH 197y D y 9db Ma , NMAS. 'From Craigmillar Castle FarmS o ,t of old fish pond, beside Queen Mary's Walk... [NGR] NT 288 708'. Worn sestertius of Hadrian, of AD 119. RIC 569. Currie Reporte unnamey db d finder throug HolmesM hN , Edinburgh City Museum Deptd an , J D Bateson, HM. 'Found in a garden in Dean Park Avenue, Currie, and... shown to a friend of mine whphotographes oha me'r fo .dt i IdentifieHolmeM N y sdb fro m photograph bronza s sa e coif no Constantiu Constansr o I sI , wit 'Fallee hth n Horseman' rev,Ac Df o 353-60 , fro uncertain ma n mint. Edinburgh (Cargilfield) Reported October 1974 by R Bishop through G S Maxwell, RCAMS. Found by a schoolboy, J Dunlop, 'in the autumn of 1973 in a spoil tip produced by building operations at 414 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 Cargilfield School, Gamekeepers Road, Edinburgh' NGR NT 189 760. Bronze coin of Magnentius, with 'Fallen horseman' rev, AD 353. Edinburgh (Corstorphine) Reported Januar HolmesyM 197N y 8b , Edinburgh City Museum Dept. 'Foun gardea n di n at... Featherhill Avenue, Corstorphine'. Alexandrian bronze coi Diocletianf no f ,o AD 287-8. In Edinburgh City Museum Dept. Edinburgh (Corstorphine) Reported August 1981 by T Cowie, NMAS, through J D Bateson, HM. Foun AitkeA y db n 'in groun t Corstorphine'da . Very worn Greek imperial bronze coi Philif no p I, AD 244-9, minted at Neapolis, Judaea. Edinburgh (Dean Cemetery) Reported July 197 Mis7y b sCloJ w throug CaldwellH hD , NMAS. Sai Misy db s Clo havwo t e been Deafoune th n di Cemetery. Fairly worn bronze coi Theodosiuf no s I, oAc f D 383, minte t Cyzicusda . LRBC 2551) (2 . Edinburgh (Harrison Park) Reported April 1979 by an unnamed owner through NMAS and J D Bateson . 'Sai havo dHM ,t e been found som t eHarrisoa timo eag n Par Edinburgh'n ki . Identified from photographs as a worn sestertius of Hadrian, of AD 128-38. RIC 743d. Edinburgh (Hay Road) Reported January 1982 by R Martin through T Cowie, NMAS, and J D Bateson . Foun MartiR HM ,y d b Roadgarde y n ni Ha t n.a Fairly worn denariu f Caracallaso , under Severus, of AD 206, of light wt. RIC 83. Edinburgh (Leven Street) Reported Decembe rs Kenna 197Mr y 7b n throug StevensonK B hR , NMAS. Found c 1970 by Mrs Kennan in garden at Leven Street. Greek imperial bronze coin of Corn- modus, possibly minted at Cremna. Edinburgh (Murdoch Terr) Reporte 197 y J McKinla y d8Ma b y throug CaldwellH hD , NMAS. 'Found in the foundations of a house in recent demolition work at Murdoch Terrace Edinburgh'. Fairly worn sestertiu f Maximinusso , AD. 235-849 C RI . Edinburgh (Stockbridge) Reporte GraingeH 198y K dy 1Ma b r throug HolmesM hN , Edinburgh City Museum Dept. Found by K H Grainger when digging garden at St Bernard's Crescent, Edinburgh. IdentifieHolmeM slightla N s y sa db y worn bronze coi f Constantiuno Ac Df o 351-4 , sII , mintet da Constantinople. LRBC 2043) (2 . Edinburgh (Tynecastle) Reported December 1979 by an unnamed owner through Joanna Close- Brooks, BatesonNMASD J . 'Found an ,,HM Corporatiot da n Centre, Russell Road, Tynecastle, lying ground'e th n o . Identifie SekullM dupondiuy a d b s aa Trajanf so Af o D, 98-9 386C RI .. Edinburgh Reported January 1977 by Mrs Mairi Paterson. 'Found in a refuse dump in Edinburgh.' Fairly worn Republican As of Julius Caesar, c 45 BC. Not likely to have been an ancient loss. Leith Reported November 1980 by Mrs E Ritchie through T Cowie, NMAS, and J D Bateson, HM. 'Found by her late husband years ago near Fort Street, Leith (possibly with others which were dis- persed at the time).' Slightly worn bronze coin of Constans, of c AD 337-41, minted at Aries. LRBC (1) 421. Roslin (Bilston) Reported September 1978 by Dr A John through Helen Whitehouse, RSM; November 1979 by W Duffy through Joanna Close-Brooks, NMAS, and by J D Bateson, HM; and in 1980 by W Duffy. Found in or before 1978 by W Duffy in his garden at Castlelaw Crescent, Bilston, Roslin. Fairly worn antoninianus of Claudius II, AD 268-70. RIC 14. Cummingstown Reported April 197I Keillar y 9b , Elgin. r FounDavidsoM y db n wit hmetaa l detector 'some 5 cm below the surface in the grass above the beach sand at Cummingstown, [NGR] 693'appro5 13 . J FairlxN y worn Alexandrian bronze coi Carinusf no Af ,o D 282-3. Burghead Reported May 1976 by I Keillar, Elgin. Two coins: (1) 'Found in early April by a schoolgirl playin assaule th n go t cours Morae th School..a f eo y Se findspoe .Th t consist ancienn a f so t land surface whic bees hha n erode san y deptda b do t 119J appro f ho N 1R 6871m'x1 .NG . Identifiey db Helen Whitehouse, RSM, as an extremely worn bronze coin of Magnentius, AD 351-3, minted at Lyons. LRBC (2) 217 ff. (2) Found mid-April 1976 by R Small when digging garden in King Street, Burghead, Burgheae th f o J 110E dN N Well5R m 69180 5 .NG c . Fairly worn antoninianu f Gallienusso , AD 260-8. 230C RI . Perthshire Near Reported June 1981 to J D Bateson, HM. 'Found in March near Callander (near the drivewa Invertossoce th n yo h Estate, Loch Venacher)'. Antoninianus. ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-82 | 415 Delvine Reported February 1976 by J G Scott, GM. 'Said to have been found about 1847 in the earthen floo bothia f o r Nethet ea r Aird Delvin e Farth mn o e Estate, abou miltJ e distant from Inchtuthil.' Cast sestertius of Nero, imitation by Giovanni Cavino. Not an ancient loss. In GM. Perth Reported Octobe CaldwellrH 197D y 9b , NMAS, throug BatesonD hJ 'Foun. ,HM dlona g unfortunateld an tim o eag provenance yth onln eca y vaguel givee yb Perth.s na ' Alexandrian bronze coin f Carinuso f Ao ,D 286. Renfrewshire Paisley Reported June 1981 by D Cree through F Newall. Found June 1981 'weathering out at the side of a path N of Glenburn reservoir, Paisley' NGR NS 4762 6035. Worn Greek imperial bronze coin of Gordian III, AD 238-44, minte t Tarsuda Cilician si . Renfrewshire (?) Between 1973 and 1978 D Cunningham, Renfrew, reported several coins as found at various sites in Renfrewshire (Discovery Excav Scot 1975, 6; 1976, 74-5; 7977, 44), as follows: 197 'an I 3 ploughe d field between Houston Barochand an Cross'. Greek imperial bronze coi Gordiaf no n III, AD 238-44, minte t Viminaciuda . Danubee th HM mn n o I . 1974/ Cockles Hill, Arkleston, Renfre fairlo Tw yw worn antoninian Victorinusf io , AD 268-70, mintet da 5 Cologne(?)andTrier(?). £/C 59 and 114. InHM. 1975 Deanside, Renfrew Fairly worSeveruf o s nA s Alexander Af ,o D 229 RICp C . 577. 1976 East Arkleston Farm, Renfrew Worn dupondius minte Nervay db , AD 96-8 honoun ,i Augustusf ro , Deified. RIC 131. 1976 Old Mains Farm, Inchinnan Worn bronze coin of Valentinian 1, of AD 367-75, minted at Siscia. LRBC (2) 1386. t FillansS Church ruins, Kilmacolm Fairly worn bronz Byzantine coith f no e emperor Tiberius , AII D 574-82, minte t Nicomediada . Whitemoss, Bishopton Bronze coin. Slateford, Bishopton (1) Worn bronze coin of Gratian, of c AD 375, minted at Aries. LRBC (2) 523a. (2) Worn bronze coin, 'Theodosian', of AD 393-5, minted at Nicomedia. Cp LRBC (2) 2422 ff. Corrode) (3 d bronze coi Valensf no , AD 364-78 uncertaif o , . n mintHM n I . 1976/ Dean Park, Renfrew Fairly worn bronze follis of Maximinus II, Caesar, of c AD 308, minted at 7 Nicomedia. RIC VI, 562, no 55. Bishopton (Sand dunes) Worn bronze coin of reign of Constantine I (Constantinopolis), of c AD 337, from uncertain eastern mint. 1977 Slateford, Bishopton Fairly worn bronze coin of Arcadius, of c AD 388-92, of uncertain mint. Cockles Hill, Arkleston, Renfrew Fairly worn antoninianus of Claudius II, of AD 269. Honeybog Hill, Renfrew WorNervaf o s nA , perforated. 94 C RI Af . o ,D 97 Mains197d Ol 8 Farm, Inchinnan Very worn bronze coi f Helenano , wif f Constantiuo eD A c f o , sI 337-41, minted at Rome. LRBC (1) 616. In 1977, L J F Keppie and F Newall carried out trial trenching at Dean Park, Renfrew, 'in an area from which numerous coins and pottery fragments of the 2nd-4th centuries AD have been recovered. The result trenchine th f so g were entirely negative' (Discovery Excav Scot 1977, 31). possibilite Th y suggests itself thaRomae th t n coins rangin late h th e4t o datn t gi t e 1s fro e mth centuries AD, recorded 1973-8 from Renfrewshire, may have been brought in, perhaps in earth from elsewhere. Ross and Cromarty Portmahomack Reported June 1978 by Ms R Mackenzie, Tain and District Museum, through D H Caldwell, NMAS. 'Dug up near the church gates of Old Tarbat, Portmahomack, apparently from near the find spot of a Viking Age hoard described in Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 23 (1888-9), 314-7.' Fairly worn antoninianus of Tetricus II, AD 270-273/4, minted at Trier(?). RIC 210. Hawick Reported August 1974 by S Scott, through R B K Stevenson, NMAS. Found by S Scott 'about 1965 in the garden at Burnfoot, Maclagan Drive, Hawick'. Worn sestertius of Marcus, Caesar, of AD 155-6 1325aC RI . . 6 |41 SOCIET ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1983 Kelso n 197 I PriestleyJ 9E , Curato f Clivo r e House Museum, Shrewsbury, sene copa tth f yo following entry in the Shrewsbury Chronicle, 17 August 1804: 'A very curious and valuable antique coin was lately dug up by a labourer in the neighbourhood of Kelso. It is pure gold and in the most perfect preservation. On the one side is a beautiful head crowned with laurel, encircled wit worde hth s Nero Caesarreverse th n o e,fula l length figure crowned hane , holdinolivon n d a e othee eth th branch n gsmaln a i r o d l an ,winge d figure hurling thunder. This side is encircled with the words Augustus Germanicus. There does not, perhaps, exist another instance of so antique a coin in such entire preservation. It is in the possession of a gentleman at Kelso'. This coin, not hitherto recorded as a find from Scotland, is correctly described as an of Nero, of AD 64-8. RIC 42. Kelso( ) ? Reporte d Septembe JohnstoneH rA 197R y 2b . Coin Kelso n acquirei m hi . Slightly db y worn bronze coi Constantiuf no , CaesarsII Ac Df ,o 335-7 , minte t Trierda . . LRBC94 ) (1 Roxburghshire/Selkirkshire Reported March McLaren 198A y 0b , Melrose, throug CowiehT , BatesonNMASD J . d an ,HM , Seven coins 'imperfectly provenance findsd dol , possibly fro Melrose/Galashiele mth s area'. (1-2) Fairly worn/worn bronze coins of Constantius II, of c AD 337-41, minted at Nicomedia and Alexandria. Cp LRBC (1) 1939-1141a and 1467. (3) Fairly worn bronze coin of Constantius II, of AD 347-8, from an uncertain eastern mint Fairl) (4 . y worn bronze coi Constantiuf no s Gallus Af o ,D 351-4, minte t Conda - stantinople LRBCp C . 2040) (2 Wor) (5 . n bronze coi Valensf no , AD 364-75 f uncertaio , n mint Ver) (6 . y worn bronz eByzantine coith f no e emperor Justi , AnI D 518-27, minte t Constantinopleda Ver) .(7 y worn bronze coin, possibly Byzantine. Selkirkshire Selkirk followine Th g account Statw Ne Acen i ,(Selkirkshire 3 ) seem havo st e hitherto escaped notice: 'Some coins, apparently Roman, were found thre four eo r years agot frobu ,m their s decawa t yi impossibl mako et theit eou r dat r inscription'eo . Stirlingshire Bridge of Allan Reported February Meldru197D y 7b m throug hth e Bank, Bridgf eo Allan Davir M . y 'Found b year Meldruw o fe sag d a m whe nschoolboa poina t y Bridga n i t Allaf eo s na yet unidentified in detail.' Worn bronze coin of either Theodosius I, Arcadius or Honorius, of c AD 393-5, possibly minte t Cyzicusda LRBCp C . 2571-3) (2 . Camelon Reported Marc AndersonhM 197J y 7b , Falkirk. Found early 191 rebuildinn 4i & gR A Main Ltd's Pattern Store on south side of the town, Coins and Roman Pottery. One coin acquired by AndersoM J slightla s nwa y worn bronze folli Constantiuf so , CaesarsI Ac Df ,o 301-3 , minte t Lyonsda . RIC VI, 252, no 164a. Falkirk Reported June 1974 by A Morrison, Dept of Archaeology, Glasgow University, on behalf of a student. 'Said to have been found in a sand pit in Falkirk'. Worn, burned(?) sestertius, of Tiberius, minted at Lyons (ROM ET AVG), of AD 9-11. RIC 365. Reported October 197 Misy 6b s Marilyn Cameron cointhrougo Tw sScott . G 'foun hJ GM , n di Falkir kfrop areau mg soil,du , near field' Wor) (1 . n bronze coi Constantiuf no Ac Df o 337-41 , sII , minted at Antioch. LRBC (1) 1379-81. (2) Slightly worn bronze coin of the Byzantine emperor , AD 582- 602, minte t Antiochda .

West Lothian Broxburn Reported March Hop197D y 8b e through Helen Whitehouse, RSM. 'Foun Uphaln do l Golf Course, Broxburn, "beside a small burn'". Identified by Helen Whitehouse as an antoninianus of Gordian III, AD 238-44, RIC 301. Dalmeny The following account, in New Stat Ace, 2 (Linlithgowshire) seems to have hitherto escaped notice: 'Not far from Dundas Castle, there was found also, at a considerable depth between the parallel walls discovered under groun dRomaa n coin wit lettere distinctlhth N sIA y inscribed rese th ,t illegible'. This must have bee ncoia Trajaf no Hadrianr no . ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUN SCOTLANDN DI , 1971-87 41 | 2 Islands Skye Reporte CaldwellH 198y D d0y Ma b , NMAS, throug BatesonD hJ . Foun HM ,Skye n di . Identifie BatesoD J Byzantina y db s n a e anonymous bronze folli lltf so h century AD, probably mintet da Constantinople. Western hles( Benbecula) Februarn I y 198 Burnett0A , sent behalPriestleyJ n ,BM o E f fo , Cura- f Clivo r eto House Museum followine copa , th f yo g Shrewsburyentre th n yi Chronicle, Augus2 1 t 1808: 'About three weeks Islan e agoth Benbeculan f di ,o , South Uist, ther founs bana e wa n di sandf k o , deeply interred huma,a n skeleton higa n ,hi stat preservationf eo sittina n i s g posturewa t .I , holding righs init t han handle dth sworda f eo digginn .O glittla e deeper, there were discovere fragmente dth s oRomaa f n urn piece,w wit fe silvef hso a r coinage, bearin gstrona g resemblanc e thoso et th f eo emperor Sevius (presumably one of the Severus emperors)... Those who are acquainted with the qualities of pure sand, unmixed with any particles of earth, for powerfully resisting corrosion, will not dispute the possibility of this skeleton to be that of some distinguished Roman hero. But how it should happe interree b quartea o nt n di remoto s r e whithe Romae th r n eagle never penetrated, according to common opinion, is not so easily accounted for: though the belief that the Romans never crosse Grampiae dth n Hill considerabls si y weakened regulaa y ,b r Roman encampmentw ,no visibldistrice th n eBudenbeki f to , Invernesshire'. The discovery of silver coins of the Severan period in Benbecula is not beyond the bounds of possibility, and the description of the discovery has an intrinsic, engaging claim to attention. () The following account, in Old Stat Ace, 17, no xvi, Island and Parish of Shapinsay, Orkney, seem havo st e hitherto escaped notice: 'On the west shore, opposite to the rock or skerry of Vasa, we meet with a place known by the name of Grucul Agricolr ao a ... Roman coin saie havso ar dt e been foun d latFle r f hereth aeM o y b , Clestion'. (Gulberwick) Reported June 1981 by A Williamson, LM, through J D Bateson, HM. Cast forgery of very rare silver seven-denarius piece of Hadrian. Found by B Williamson: 'Apparently while discharging a load of rubbish on the local dump he happened to notice an old handbag "kicking around" as he describes it. Idly he picked it up and opened it and found this coin in the torn entrails of the handbag. He was unable to trace the previous owner of the handbag'. This is obviously not an ancient loss, but it places almost as much strain on credibility as a modern loss. Shetland (Northmavine) Reported June 1976 by T Henderson, LM. Three coins 'came from an old cottage in Northmavine, but how they got there is a mystery'. (1) Fairly worn sestertius, or As on large flan Augustusf o , 23-1c f o , 9 BC, minte Easte th Wor) n .di (2 RIC . n 53 bronz e folli Galeriusf so Ac Df o , 305-6, minted at Heraclea. RIC VI, 533, no 24b. (3) Worn bronze coin of the Byzantine emperor Michael IV, AD 1034-41, minted at Constantinople. Uncertain locality Seen May 1978 in Perth Museum two coins 'found in Scotland'. (1) Fairly worn sestertius of Antoninus Pius f Ao ,D 145-61 776C Fairl) RI . .(2 y worn sestertiu f Marcusso , Caesar Af o ,D 153-4(7).

D HOARDS Since the last survey (Robertson 1971, 113-68), a detailed conspectus of hoards of Roman coins found in Scotland has been published in a study of 'The circulation of Roman coins in North Britain: the evidence of hoards and site-finds from Scotland' (Robertson 1978). A few recent additions and amendments follow:

Dumfriesshire Birrenswark date f discoverTh eo y formerly give s 'beforna ee correcte b 1726 n ca ' 'abouo dt t 1725 passaga y b 'Februar 2 ( e 3 Ant c recentl18 So , y,1 n 1726)yMi notes M : 'Mn di r Vice President Gale exhibited 5 small Roman Coins of Silver one of Caracalla found at New Carlisle Castrum Exploratorium. Two of Trajan on the reverse of one of them was a Trophy one of Nero, one of Vespasian, found in a Roman cam Annandaln pi e mad Juliuy eb s Agricol marcs hi n ai h from Mon Gloto at Bodotrid aan n ai reige th Tituf no s Vespasiafirse th t s i Roma d nan n camseee b Scotland" n i o p t . 418 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 Lanarkshire Tor foot, Strathaven, 1803 Seen November 1980 throug BatesonStewarhD C J . Found tan HM , d wit metaha l detecto t Torfooa r t Farm, Drumclog Village, 'i npastura e field often under water'. Fairly worn denarius of Antoninus Pius, of AD 139. Cp R1C 59a. This may be a stray from the 1803 hoard.

Stirlingshire Falkirk, 1933 An exhaustive study of the coins in this hoard of denarii, over 1900 in number, has suggeste possibilite dth y thahoarde th t , endin gAc D 230havy ma e, incorporate earlien da r hoarf do denarii, ending early in Domitian's reign. The composition of the Falkirk hoard does, however, still remain enigmatic (Robertson 1982).

DISCUSSION

THE FLAVIAN PERIOD The examination of coin finds from recently excavated Roman sites in Scotland has revealed two main groups of bronze coins which entered Scotland as a result of Agricola's campaigns of c AD 80-4. One group is that of brass sestertii and dupondii and copper Asses of AD 70-early 73, and 77-8, issued by Vespasian, or by his sons Titus and Domitian under Vespasian, with the mintmar buste poine globa th th f f .ko t o te Thia s mintmar regardes ki numismatisty db s sa indicatin gmina Gaun i t l (Lyons) secone Th . d grou thas pi unworf o t n dupondii morr o , e com- monly, Asse f Domitianso , minte. lat86 n di r eo A, D85

1 Sestertii (not common), dupondii Assesand 70-early 77-8,ofAD and minted73, Lyonsat The advance of Agricolan troops northwards from the River Eden at Carlisle probably resulte groulosa e f th so n pdi (no thoarda f Asseo ) f Ao sD 71-earl , 77-y73 8 foun than di t area (Robertson 1968, 63-6) t Corbridg.A eeastere tooth n ,o n route into Scotland, similar coins have been identifie recenn di t examination. Scotlandn I , four dupondi Assed 77-d an i an A f 8so D2 hav7 e been foun t Cardeanda sita , e occupie dFlaviae onlth n yi n period. Evidently such coin shande werth f Flavian ei so n troops entering Scotland. Multiperiod sites, recently excavated, which have yielded similar coins include Crawford, Strageath and Camelon. A careful scrutiny of coins or coin records from earlier excavations brough ligho t t t bronze coin f Ao sD 70-earl77-8d an , , yminte73 t Lyonsda , from Easter Happrew and Newstead. Easter Happrew was a Flavian site, and Newstead, like Crawford, Strageat r eve periodo o Camelond e ntw han on f Flavia so d ha , n occupation. This unusual grou bronzf po e reige coin th f Vespasian nf o s o , minte t Lyonda s insteaf do Rome, appears to occur in Scotland only on sites with a proven Flavian occupation. They are not, however, represente extensive th n di e coin series from Birrens, whic apparentld hha y onl ysmala l Flavian enclosure (Robertson 1975, 277). So far, undisputed examples of Vespasianic bronze coins minted at Lyons have not been recorded from Antonine Wall forts. Agricola's strengthening of the isthmus by garrisons or small forts (, De Vita lulii Agricolae, 23) may, it has now been suggested, lie on a line connecting Camelo ease th t n witn o recentl e hth y discovered, more southerly Flavian fort Mollint sa s (Hanson & Maxwell 1980, 43-8 Barochad )an n (Discovery Excav Scot 1972, 35-6). Nevertheless vien i , w comparativele ofth y restricted outloo thesf ko e three sites, contrasted wit vere hth y wide prospect afforded by sites later occupied by Antonine Wall forts, 'the possibility cannot yet be discounted that som thesf eo e sites were use somer dfo purpose year0 6 s earlie Agricolay rb ' (Robertson 1979, 20). As watch posts, or even signal posts, like those on the (Robertson 1974) they would ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-82 | 419 have serve dusefua l purpos monitorinn ei g movement frod threatenine man th o st g hills nortf ho the isthmus. There is even an As of Vespasian of AD 71-8, minted at Lyons, from a native site, the Fairy Knowe broch, Buchlyvie, whic alss hha o produced some Roman pottery, t assignablpari f o t o et late t centurth e1s (DiscoveryD yA Excav Scot 1977, 36). Amon isolatee gth d Roman coin finds from Scotland, there have now been identified a Lyons dupondius of Vespasian of AD 77-8 from Prestwick (Robertson 1961, 139) possiblo ,tw e Lyons Asses fro n uncertaima n location ni Ayrshire (ibid), Lyona f Vespasia o s sA f Ano D 72-earl fro3 y7 m , Perthshire (Robertson 1950, 147) possiblo tw , e Lyons Asse f Tituo s s under Vespasia f Ano D 77-8 from near Forres, Moray (Macdonald 1918, 248) and from Paisley (Robertson 1961, 148). This group may now be weltee th filteref isolatef o o r t dou d find contemporars a s y drift from Roman occupied sites. 2 Sestertii (not common), dupondii moreor Asses85 and oftenlate of 86 AD ofAD The significance of these bronze coins, almost all in an unworn state, has already been stressed (Robertson 1968, 61-3; 1971, 131-6; 1975a, 413-4). They appea represeno rt consignta - ment of coins straight from the mint of Rome or from an intermediate repository. They had evidentl t reacheno y d their destinatio Scotlann ni d throug normae hth l processe circulationf so . There havbeew enno identifie sucd7 h Asses from Inchtuthil fro1 , m Stracathro fro1 , m Dalginross, 2 and 1 probable from Strageath, 2 and 1 possible from Camelon, 1 from Cramond, 1 from Crawford probabl1 , e from Barochan possibl1 , e from Castledykes 8 t leas a r , o certai t3 7 d nan more possibles from Newstead Af , pluo D 87 2 sestertis 3 d , an Af beside d o D5 an i8 2 Af , o D s84 2 some dupondii/Asse Af so D 85-96 (Curie J 1911, , 405-6). The Domitianic bronze coins from Newstead are of special interest. Issues of the years AD 84-7 possibld , an lat s a Awer, s ef a Dy o 96 e evidently arriving there regularly contrasn i , e th o t issues apparently limited to the years late AD 85-86 which reached other Flavian sites in Scotland, north and south of the Forth-Clyde isthmus. Most of these other sites seem to have received their last consignment of newly minted coins in or soon after AD 86, and since the coins were virtually unworn sitee th , s must have been give shortlp nu y thereafter. Newstea differents dwa , receiving Domitianic bronze coins regularly until at least AD 87, and possibly as late as AD 96. This corre- sponds with structura othed lan r evidence suggestin evacuatioe gdatth a r efo somf no e Flavian sites in Scotland of c AD 87-90, while Newstead remained in occupation for a decade or more later. Ther apparenn a s ei t maveric lis e sitef th o twhic n n sko i h bronze issue Asc hav D6 8 e been found revealet . Cramonye t no d s structuredha sFlaviae e date whicb th n o dt h ca n periode Th . Domitianic coin of c AD 86 is not, however, the only evidence for Flavian activity in the vicinity of the known fort at Cramond (see below p 421). The only native site to which dupondii/Asses of c AD 86 can be shown to have penetrated was Traprain Law. From the 1915 excavations there came a Domitianic dupondius/As of that year (Curie 1916,137)O ,A certainlo n t .ye Thers ya authenticatee ear d isolated find thif so s group. Ther anothers ei , perhaps indefinable presenc Romae th n ei n bronze currenc Flaviae th f yo n period in Scotland, which is glimpsed in the Ist-century bronze coinage not included in the two groups described abovemiscellaneoua s i t I . s bronze coinage, rangin datn gi e from Tiberiuo st Domitian, and it is represented by a few examples from Antonine Wall fort sites, and by many examples from Flavian or multiperiod sites not on the Antonine Wall. Numismatists experienced identificatioe th n i Romaf no n bronz centuried 2n e d 1se coinan tth s f ADso varyinn i , g stagef so wea frod an rm different archaeological horizons evee ar , r conscious that these modest denomi- nations worked much harder in circulation than silver, and even more so than gold, and wore out very much more quickly. They had normally a short circulation life before being withdrawn and | SOCIET 0 42 Y OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 melted dow mako nt coinage w ene . Numismatists therefore bear alway minn si possibilite dth y tha r examplfo t e Ist-century Roman bronze coin havy sma e t centurybee1s ne losth , n i tif they were fairlyn i good condition, when lost. This possibilit creaty yma e problemse t th leas no n , o t Antonine Wall, but the possibility cannot be denied. denied e othee b t th i n rn ,o hand ca r , No that some excessively worn Ist-century bronze coins may have survived into the Antonine period, 60 or more years after being minted. Consigned meantime to a 'suspense account', the miscellaneous Ist-century bronze coins from Antonine Wall sites, from Flavian/Antonine sites elsewher Scotlandn ei , from Cramon frod dan m Trapraiw nLa may await attributio eitheo nt Flaviae Antoninre th th r no e occupation unti emergence lth w ne f eo diagnostic elements like the two groups of coins of AD 70-8, and c AD 86, described above. Recognitio thesf ngroupo o etw s inevitably raise questioe sth the whencw f no y ho werd ean e distributed, evidentl journee bulkn yi stage th n r On bothav.y eo yfo hma e been Corbridge. Beside issueearle e sth th yf s o group Ac Df ,o 70-8, Corbridg yieldes eha recenn di t examinatiot na least 40 dupondii/Asses of c AD 86. A further search for parallels elsewhere in Britain is in prospect. There now has to be considered the date at which Ist-century AD coins of gold and silver arrive Scotlandn di . Unlik Romane eth provinc Britanniaf eo , Scotlan nativo n d ed ha coinag f eo her own, and no coin-using tradition, and also unlike Britannia, had not close trading links with the rest of the , for example Gaul, as a result of which Roman coins could anticipate arrivae th Romaf o l n armies t followI . s that Roman coins foun Scotlann di siten do s knowo nt have been occupied in the Roman period were almost invariably derived from Roman military sources, with admixtur o littln r eo e from civilian source r elsewhereso . Gold coins of the 1st century AD are not known from the purely Flavian sites of, for example, Inchtuthil, Cardea Fendochd nan descriptioa t bu , Dalginrossf no , dated 1786, states that 'a Gold Medal was found here, with the impression of Titus Vespasian on one side thereof (Macdonald 1924, 326). The only Flavian/Antonine sites which have produced Ist-century Roman gold coins Birrene ar aureun s(a f Vespasianso , which was, however, stratifie Antonine th o t d period1 e , endin gAc D 155), Inveresk (wher aureun ea f Vespasiaso founs n wa 1827n di , Macdonald 1918, 213) and Newstead (which has produced two aurei of Nero, one found before 1862, and the other found about 1792 (Curie, J 1911, 385-6), and one of Titus, found in 1792 (Curie, A O 1911, 386)). Antonine Wall fort t Duntochesa Carrided ran n have each yielded isolaten a s a , d findn a , aureus of Vespasian (Macdonald 1918, 222, 226). From neither of these sites is there evidence of occupation earlier tha Antonine nth e period. firss hi t n surveI f Romayo n coins foun Scotlandn di Georgr Si , e Macdonald e listeth l dal known 1 st-century aurei from Scotland, including those from native site Biggat sa r and Teviothead, and isolated finds with no recorded associations, as well as the six or seven aurei from the Broom- holm, 1782, hoard (Macdonald 1918, 254-7) substantiae Th . Ist-centur5 2 r o l 4 tota2 f yo l aurei (out of a total of 34 aurei from Nero to Antoninus Pius) led him to the conclusion that 'the greater part of the Roman gold found in Scotland was lost, not during the Antonine period, but during the period that was inaugurated by Agricola's campaigns {ibid, 256). doubtfus i t I l whethe Georgr rSi e Macdonald would himself support this statement today, in view of the overwhelming coin hoard evidence from that aurei, of virtually indestructible metal, remained much longer in circulation than, for example, denarii of a softer alloy, and overworked bronze coins (Robertson 1974b, 16). That being so, it has to be admitted that any or all of the Ist-century aurei found in Scotland could have been lost in the Antonine period thad an ,t eve Broomholme nth , 1782 r seve,o hoarx nsi auref do Domitiao t i n might have been deposited in that period (Robertson 1978, 188-9, 197). Aure Nerf io o see mhavo t e been particularly long-lived impressive .Th e Scottish 2 tota1 f lo ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUN SCOTLANDN DI , 1971-81 42 | 2 or 13 Neronian aurei (including three or four from the Broomholm, 1782, hoard) can be countered by noting that ten such aurei, still in good condition, formed part of the famous Corbridge, 1911, reige aurei0 th hoarf Antoninu nf o 16 o f , d o deposite en e s th Pius t da Ac (Forste,1 D16 & r Knowles 1912, 154, 210-34; Macdonald 1912, 1-20). Silver denari 1se tth centurf io y AD present theiproblemn purelre ow th t y.A Flavian sitef so Cardean, Dalginross, Fendoch and Inchtuthil, bronze currency predominated to the extent that it was possible to state that bronze coins, and particularly Domitianic Asses, were almost the sole currenc milites e Romae th th f yf o o n army (Robertson 1971,137-2; 1975a, 413-4). Howevere ,th presenc denario tw f Vespasiaf eo io Cardeae th n i n coin record shows that sharesilvea d o rha n , matte smallw rho Flavia n i , n army currency adde.e Therb y ddenariua ema Galbf so a (Coinage of the Civil Wars, AD 69) found before 1837 at Fendoch (Macdonald 1939, 146, 242). On multiperiod sites it is not easy to isolate denarii there found as Flavian army currency. Republican denarii, as distinct from the debased legionary denarii of Mark Antony, are obvious candidates. 'True Republican denarii were present in Romano-British hoards in large numbers until the reign of Hadrian. Until then, the Republican denarius, of fine silver and substantial weight, evidently kept its place in the currency of Roman Britain in spite of Nero's reduction in the weighe denarius e subsequenth th f o td an , t calling-i f pre-Neroniano n denarii hoardn I . f o s denarii later than Hadrian numbee ,th Republicaf ro n denarii shran mera ko t e trickle. Thereafter, such denarii seem to have vanished almost completely from circulation' (Robertson 1974b, 18). Republicae Th n denarii from Newstea Camelod dan n take their plac Flavias ea n rather than Antonine als y worlossese oth ma ns a denariu, Juliuf so s Caesar from Lintrose (Robertson 1950, 140). Cramond should also have a Flavian source for its six Republican denarii (Macdonald 1918, 218). The native Iron Age oppidum at Traprain Law, and the broch at Leckie, Gargunnock, have each produce dRepublicaa n coin. From both sites have come other finds evincing Ist-century occupation. There is a solitary Republican denarius from a 2nd-century coin hoard, the Braco, 1842, hoar Commoduo dt s (Robertson 1978, isolate202-3)w fe e d .Th find Republicaf so n denarii come from locations which they could easily have reached from Roman army installations, although no proof of this is at present forthcoming. Roman imperial pre-Neronian denarii, as distinct from Roman Republican denarii, may also have been Flavian losses r comparativelfo , escapew yfe d Nero's melting earliee dowth f no r good silver currency in AD 64. In this group are the pre-Neronian denarii from the Flavian/ Antonine sites at Loudoun Hill, Newstead and Camelon. Cramond too has produced a denarius of Augustus (Macdonald 1918, 214), in addition to its six Republican denarii, and its As of c AD 86, to strengthen the case for Flavian activity in or near the known fort, at present regarded as Antonine/Severan (see above p 419). There are, so far as is known, no imperial pre-Neronian denarii from native sites, but the two denari Tiberiuf io s liste isolates da d findwely lsma have been Flavian losses pre-Neroniao .N n imperial denarii have been recorded either in the silver hoards of the Antonine and Severan periods, nor in the great Falkirk, 1933, hoard to Severus Alexander (Robertson 1978,213-16). The Falkirk hoard did, however, contain a Republican denarius, but this cannot be taken as evidence that the coin was in circulation as late as c AD 230, in view of the strange and thought-provoking compositio Falkire th f no k hoard (Robertson 1982). Neroniaw fe e Th n denarii dating from AD 64-8 vere denariw th , yfe f Ao iD e 68-9th d an , numerous Flavian denarii may have been lost either in the Flavian or the Antonine period. The 28 | SOCIET 2 42 Y OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 persistent longevity of Flavian silver in considerable quantity and often in very good condition is a well-known, long accepted phenomenon (Robertson 1978, 191). t mighI expectee b t d that another ingredient silvee th n ri currenc Flaviae th f yo n perion di Scotland would have been the long-lived legionary denarii of Mark Antony. However, the finds suggest that they figured mainly in Antonine and Severan currency in Scotland. The presence of such t beedenarino ns establisheha i r pureldfo y Flavian site Scotlandn i s t thebu , y have been found on several Antonine Wall sites, on several Flavian/Antonine sites elsewhere in Scotland, not the Severan sites of Carpow and Cramond, at Traprain Law, and in Antonine and Severan coin hoards f cours intriguine o th d n ei an , g Falkirk, 1933, hoar Ac Do dt 230.

THE ANTONINE PERIOD Of the 40 or so Roman gold coins now known from Scotland, either from hoards, from Roma nativr no e isolates sitesa r o ,hav 5 d2 efindsr o bee 4 2 ,n show havo nt e been mintee th n di centurt 1s y AD, although som thef r eveo eo l mnal may have bee circulatio n centuri d 2n e yth n i AD (see above p 420). Only 14 were issued in the reigns of Trajan, Hadrian and Antoninus. Of these two came from the Antonine Wall, six from other Roman sites in Scotland and six were isolated isolatex findssi l Al d. finds came from locations withi Romae nth n spher occupationf eo r wero , e vicinitfoune th n di Romaf yo n temporary camps. 'The Roman arm evidentls ywa source yth f eo aurei discovered in Scotland, some of which found their way by legitimate or illegitimate means into non-Roman hands' (Robertson 1978, 189). recenA t stud 'Thf yo e circulatio Romaf no n coin Nortn si h Britain evidence :th hoardf eo s sitd ean finds from Scotland' (Robertson 1978, 186-96 s demonstrateha ) d thadenarie th t - in i corporate hoard n dreigni e th Antoninuf f sso o sparallelee Piu b Marcu d l sal an n Roman dso ca n military sites. The hoarded denarii, like the 14 aurei of Trajan, Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, probably all came from Roman military sources, either from an army on the spot, or from military payments. The study also showed that 2nd-century denarii from native sites or recorded as isolated finds, reflect faithfully the silver currency in use on Roman occupied sites in Scotland (Robertson 1978, 192). generaln I , 2nd-century denarii foun Scotlann highea di n i e r dar proportio contemo nt - porary bronze than was the case in the Flavian period. Increase in the Roman soldier's basic pay since Domitian's increas wely Alma c accounDf 4 eo 8 r thisfo t . There are, however, enough 2nd-century Roman bronze coins from Scotland to allow the detection of at least one group or cluster, ie of the Asses of Antoninus Pius of AD 154-5, with the reverse legend BRITANNI , accompanie IIIS C IS A CO reverse th y db e typ Britannif eo a seated lefrockn o t , head supporte righn do t hand ,restin lefm ar t rockn go fronn .I herf o t , ther larga s ei e round spiked shield, with behind it a transverse vexillum projecting upwards to left. Britannia Asses, formerly or recently identified, come from the Antonine Wall fort at , from Birrens (two possibly assignable to the end of the Antonine I occupation: Robertson 1975, 248) and Camelon. Significantly, the native site at Traprain Law also acquired a Britannia As of Antoninus Pius, undoubtedly from a Roman military source. The Britannia Asses of AD 154-5 have long inspired speculation that they may actually have been produced in Britain from dies imported from Rome, instead of the coins themselves being minted in quantity at Rome, and transported in bulk to Britain (Todd 1966, 147-53). There is no doubt that the Britannia Asses of Antoninus Pius are found widespread in Britain, but not appar- ently elsewher westere th n ei n Roman Empiremean o thef n o y l msomd b s al t seean , ebu m rather rough in appearance. A recent examination of the coins found at Corbridge brought to light many ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-82 | 423 Britannie oth f a Asse st see whicno m d overlhdi y roug manufacture n hBritannii e th e ar r a No . Asses from Scotland of too irregular an appearance to have been minted at Rome. That Roman coins were at times transported in bulk to Britain has now been shown by the newly minted Flavian bronze coin f Aso D 70-8 Af , froo D 86 r mo , Gau Romd an l e respectively. Thi furthes si r supporte statemene th y db Cassiun ti (77o s,Di 11, 1-2 )campaigns hi tha r tfo n si Britain the emperor Severus 'took with him a great deal of money'. If absolute proof is required of the origin of Britannia Asses in the mint of Rome, rather than elsewhere, this may have to await the discovery of die identities between the obverse dies used for Britannia Asses and the obverse dies use other dfo r Asses minte yeae th rn d i A D 154-5, with different reverse types froe mth Britannia Asses, eg with the reverse type Felicitas. Britannie Th a Asse Antoninuf so s Pius, minte Adn i D 154-5, for occasionamn a 'specialr lo ' issue, interruptin floe gsubstantivef th w o , 'non-committal' reverse generaa f so l repetitive nature which formed the bulk of a Roman emperor's currency (Robertson 1979, 135). A Britannia reverse typ firss etwa use Hadriay db Assen no Af sDo 119-22, wit reverse hth e legend BRITANNIA S C, and was repeated on sestertii, dupondii and Asses of the great provincial series of Hadrianic bronze, minted c AD 134-8. A similar reverse type, with the legend IMPERATOR II BRITAN features wa , Antoninuy C d b S s Piu sestertin so Af io D 143-4 reverse .Th e legen repeates dwa n do aure sestertin o isamd e Asse d (withouth an an i f e, s o year C) t wit S treverse bu , hth e typf eo Victory. Less closely dated sestertii of AD 140-4 have the reverse legend BRITANNIA S C, and Britannia seated left, holding standard, left elbow resting on round shield (Robertson 1975a, 369). The association between the sestertii of Antoninus Pius of AD 143-4 and a victorious campaign in North Britain is proved by the use of the acclamation IMPERATOR II on the Britanni Victore th a y coinsb y d reversan , e typ aurein eo , sesterti e samAssed th an if eso year. These coins provid illustratione eth statemene th 'Life o st f th Antoninu o en i t s Pius' that 'He conquere Britone dth s through Lollius Urbicus legatee th ,afte d an , r driving bac barbariane kth s built another wall, this time of turf' (SHA Vita Antonini Pit, 5, 4). Although there is no known literary evidence for victorious activity by the Romans on the northern frontier of Britain c AD 154-5, the reappearance of Britannia on coins suggests to numismatists familiar with the significance of Roman coin types that the troublesome North Britons on the northern frontier had once again given the Romans cause for concern and reaction. t doe I neet additioe sno d th acclamatio n a f no IMPERATOs na perceivRo t Romaea n victorr yo success ove crouchede rth , mournful figur Britannif eo Assee th Af n sao Do 154-5. Britannie th r Fo a Asse Antoninuf so s Piu Af so D 154-5 wer t simpleno y mechanical repeti- tions of earlier issues of Hadrian, or even of Antoninus Pius himself, c AD 143-4. Instead of sitting proudly upright nearlr o , y upright, holdin gspeara standara r o , speard drestind an an ,lef r gthe arm on a round shield, the Britannia on Asses of AD 154-5 is seated, bent forward, on a rock, with in front of her a shield, behind which is a vexillum, not a standard. She is not simply an anti- quarian reminiscence of previous issues, but a new meaningful manifestation (for the interpretation of Roman coin types, see for example 1959). firse Th t Antonine occupatio f Scotlanno d probably lasted fro mAc D Ac 142/ Do t 1553 . Som Antoninee fortth n so Antonine e th Wal othern d o lan t e sno Wal l were evacuated somn ,i e cases after demolition, and were later reoccupied. At Birrens reoccupation is dated by an in- scriptio (RIBAno 8 t D 15 2110 Robertsop .C n 1975b, 97,283) t abou.A same tth e tim Ac e( D 155-9), reinforcements for the three legions stationed in Britain reached the North Tyne from Germany (RIB 1322; Macdonald t seem1934bI . , P1) Is 10 , waywar attempo dt excludo t Britannie eth a Asses of AD 154-5 from the assemblage of evidence for Roman military activity on the northern frontie Britaif o r Anc D Keppi 155-g (e 8 e 1982, 108). 424 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 bronze Th e currenc hande th Romaf n yi so n troop Nortn si h Britai includeAnc 5 D15 t dno only Britannia Asses t als highee bu ,o th r bronze denominations, sesterti dupondiid an i , almost monopolized by the reverse type LIBERTAS, Freedom. Examples have recently been detected from Bearsden and probably on the Antonine Wall, and from Inveresk, Camelon and Newstead. There are, too, contemporary silver denarii from Newstead. A second group or cluster of 2nd-century coins found in Scotland is made up of denarii and bronze coins minte Antoninuy db s Piu sreigns earlhi n yi , AD 139-41 f Faustino r o , , DeifiedaI , c AD 141, or of Marcus, Caesar, of c AD 140-4. Examples of this group, mainly bronze, have now been recognized at the Antonine Wall forts at Balmuildy and Mumrills, and at forts not on the Antonine Wal t Birrensa l , Cramond, Inveresk, Cappuc Newsteadd kan . Ther eves ei denariuna s of Antoninus Pius of AD 140-3 from Traprain Law. These coins do not form so homogeneous a groubronze th s pa e AsseFlaviao tw Af so De nth 154-5 s groupa r o , bronzf so e issue Af so D 70-8, noticeabls wa t i t ebu A c , tha Dd 86 t an earle somth yf e o Antonin e bronze coins wer vern ei y good or even unworn condition and might have been lost after very recent mintage. There remain thorne sth y questio lighe th tf nfinae throwo date th lth f eabandonmeno n no t of the Antonine system in Scotland by the coin finds, or at least by the closely datable coin finds later tha reige n th Antoninu f no s Pius, AD 138-61 latese .Th t datable denarius fro Antonine mth e Wal fairla s i l y worn coi f Lucillano , wif f Luciuo e s Verus f Ao ,D 164-9, froKilpatrickd mOl . There is also a fairly worn As of Marcus, of AD 173-4, found probably in or thereabout the Sandy Loan, which divide Antonine dth e Wall for t Mumrilla t s fro annexes m it Mumrille th f e I .b s sA set aside as not found in an archaeological horizon, the meagre numismatic evidence - of only c 160 coins - from the Antonine Wall carries its life, or the life of one of its forts down to at least AD 164. latese Th t denarius fro mRoma a Antonine th n no t site eno Wal l (excludin Severae gth n sites of Cramond and Carpow) is a denarius of Crispina, wife of Commodus, of AD 180-3, from Newstead. There are no pre-Severan denarii later than this from a native site, nor even from the corpu f isolateo s there dfroy ar finds ean r m No 2nd-centur. y coin hoards foun Scotlandn i d , except from the Briglands hoard. Briglande Th s hoar composes dwa t leasa f do t 180 denarii rangin datn i g e from Nero t Commodus, and ending with seven coins of the reign of Commodus datable to the years AD 180-7. attempn a n I eliminato t possibilite eth y that this might have bee truncatena d Severan hoarda , compariso mads nwa e betwee compositioe th n e Briglandth f no s hoarfoue th thad rf dan o t certain Severan hoards of denarii found in Scotland. The conclusion was that there was not enough correspondence between the carefully collected denarii in the Briglands hoard and the four Severan hoard alloo st transfee wBriglande th th f o r s hoard fro 2nd-centure mth y recoro dt Severae th n period (Robertson 1978,191-2). Tha tlates e beinth , tg denariuso s fro mpre-Severaa n hoard, derived fro ma Roma n military source t necessarilno , e Antoninth y ef o Wall s wa , AD 186-7. The latest 2nd-century bronze coins from Roman sites in Scotland not on the Antonine Wall fairla e yar worn sestertiu dupondius/Aa d san Lucillaf so Af o ,D 164-9wora d nan , sestertiuf so Commodus of AD 181 from Cramond, and an As of Lucius Verus, of AD 166-7, and a dupondius/ As of Faustina II, Deified, of AD 176 and later, from Newstead. There may be an inclination to Commodue usheth t rou s sestertius from Cramond grounde th n o , s that Cramon Severana d dha , as well as an Antonine occupation, and the coin might have been lost in the Severan period. The evidence from Carpo frod wan m Severan hoards foun Scotlann di d does, however, show thae tth Roman arm mainls ywa y supplied with silver denarii, rather than bronze coins currencys it s a , e .Th soldier'reached ha y dheighsa pa t which made paymen silven ti r more convenien VitaA SH p t(C ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-82 | 425 Severi 12, 2 and 16, 9). The possibility remains that the Cramond sestertius of Commodus was a 2nd-century loss. Fro recore mth f isolatedo d finds there have been extracted bronze reige cointh f nf o so Marcus 161-80D A , , from Prestwick, Ayrshire, Auldgirth, Dumfriesshire (withi hundrew fe na d yard Barburg e t mossa th f to h Mill fortlet), Wishaw, Lanarkshire Lennoxtownd ,an , Stirlingshire. Som t leasrepreseney a ma t t contemporary coin drift from Roman sites. Antonine Th fortss Kilpatrickit d e f Wall Ol o ,t leas a e r on to , proves i ,coi s it ny d b find o st have been occupied dow Ao nt D earlieste 164th t a , . Coins fro site meon elsewhere, Newsteadd ,an perhaps a second, Cramond, would prolong their own 2nd-century life into the early years of Commodus's reign. The Briglands hoard, with its regular sequence of denarii of the years AD 180- suggest7 6/ readilsa y accessible sourc supplf eo r silveyfo r coinage durin firse gth t hal Comf o f - modus's reign. Suc sourcha e might have bee 'Walle nth whicheve- ' r wall that wa s- mentione d by Cassius Dio: greatese th 'Br yfa t (war thas )twa wage Britainn di islantribee e th .Th n sdi having crosse wale dth l that separated them from the cantonments of the Romans, wrought great havoc, and slew a Roman general with the soldiers under his command... Commodus therefore in great alarm sent Ulpius Marcellus against them ... (Marcellus) inflicted terrible punishment on the barbarians in Britain' . , 26) 1 , , 8 (Cassiu , 77 o sDi 'terrible Th e punishment', interprete reappearanc e victora Romanse th s th da o t y yb d le , f eo Britanni sestertin ao Commoduf io latf so e AD 183-4 anothet ye guis n w ,i r ene - Britanni a standing left, holdin gcurvea d wreatswora d r dpateraan ho . Thifollowes swa 184-latn i D d eA y 5b sestertii with the reverse legend (VICT(oria) BRIT(annica), accompanied by Victory seated right inscribing shield, and by bronze medallions with reverse types of Britannia seated left, resting left ar shieln m o holdind dan g standar f Victorspearo d dan d an ,y seated right, inscribing shield (Robertson 1975a, 370-1). None of these sestertii or medallions of Commodus of late AD 183-5 has so far been re- corded from Scotland. However discovere th , denariua f yo Crispinaf so , wif Commodusf eo f o , AD 180-3 t Newsteaa , possible th d dan e attributio sestertiua f no f Commoduso Antonino st e Cramond suggest that Newstead, and possibly Cramond, were in occupation at about the time of the victory won by Ulpius Marcellus over the 'Barbarians'. How long their 2nd-century occupation lasted after that is still uncertain, although some of the samian pottery from Newstead appears to be late enough to encourage the suggestion that it might have been held by the Romans until about the end of the AD (Hartley 1972, 39^41). Antonine th n O e Wall onle th , y possible numismatic hint that ther Romas ewa n occupation r activit o lins it latn ei n eyo AD 183- coia 5s Commoduf i no s19td recordemi h e centurth n di y (Stuart ; Macdonal1852n 4 ,32 d 1918, 224). Althoug attributioe hth Commoduo nt s cannoe b t dismissed out of hand, since it was made by a reputable antiquary, Dr John Buchanan, it only give terminussa post quern Af o D 175 yeae ,th whic n ri h coins bega mintee b o n t Commodus' n di s name durin reige g th Marcus f no , AD 161-80 asidt accidentan coia e se s th e a n b f .I l rather than an archaeological find, then the denarius of Lucilla remains the terminus post quern for the present, ie after AD 164. It is, however, only a terminus post quern, and does not, as has sometimes been suggested, establish or even encourage a terminus ante quern for the date at which the Antonine Wall was finally abandoned (Keppie 1982, 109). The number of coins found on the Antonine Wall is still sucy smalo an h to r suggestiolfo madee b mighe o nt On wel.s a t l adduc excessive eth e scarcitf yo coins of Marcus's reign among the 6,000 or so coins from Corbridge as evidence that it was hardly occupied durin reige g th Marcusf no denr o , y Strageat Whitemossd han , Bishopton ever o ,e nth 426 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 Antonine Wall for t Castlecara t Antoniny yan e occupatio t allna , because their known coin series end with Hadrian. The coins current in the reign of any one Roman emperor almost invariably included a higher proportion of coins of his immediate predecessors than of himself. It has in fact been observed tha emperor'n ta s coins wilt stanlno t theida r highest proportio generae th n i l coinage until long afte emperor'e th r s death, yearperhap0 3 r so latemucs 0 sa 2 rs h a (Reec e 1974, 82), So . predictabl Antonine th n yi e perio Scotlandn di , coin f Trajaso Hadriad nan n forme majoda r component of the currency. There is also an unpredictable element. There has long been evident to numismatists an acute drop in the surviving Roman silver currency about the middle of the 2nd century AD, ie about the beginning of Marcus's reign (Sutherland 1937,33,39). This may have been caused by economic difficulties in Marcus's reign, which might involve demonetization of the silver currency. Denarii Marcuf o s never catc witp hu h thos Antoninuf eo s Piu hoard n sitelatn i e si r th eso f Antoninso e r Severao n periods Scotlandn i ,year 0 3 r st eveo afte no 0 ,deats n2 hi r h (Robertson 1978, 190, 192, 196; 1982). Even bronze coinag Marcus'f eo s reig comparativels ni y rar Romann eo sitest I . havy ema beeo to n melted dow alloyed nan produco dt coinw ene . comparative Th e scarcit f coinyo f Marcus'o s s generae reigth n ni l surviving coin record makes it unusually difficult, if not unwise, to suggest that numismatic evidence supports a terminus ante quern for the evacuation of any Antonine site.

THE SEVERAN PERIOD Two Roman sites in Scotland, not on the Antonine Wall, have provided evidence through their coin finds of occupation during the North British campaigns of Septimius Severus, in AD 209-11 .for e Thesth t e (anear d port Cramonf )o legionar e Forthe th th d n do ,an y bas Carpof eo w on the Tay. Carpow was a purely Severan site, its known coin series being made up mainly of Severan denarii (eight), wit a hsmal l admixtur f threo e e pre-Severan denari f Vespasiano i , Faustin Lucillad t leasbronza o an ad I tw t an ,e coin Hadriaf so Faustind nan , DeifiedaII e Th . latest precisely dated Severan coi denariua s ni Ac Df so 207-9. Cramon multiperioa s dwa d site, certainly occupie Antonine th n di Severad ean n periods. cois It n series also make threefolsa d numismatic clai mconsideratioo t evidencs na Flaviar efo n activit vicinite th n yi y (see abov Severae 421)eth p o T .n occupation there certainly belon thl gal e post-Antonine coins (after Crispina), amounting to two aurei, at least 24 denarii and apparently no bronz thae b e ty coins somma t e.I survivors fro 2nd-centure mth y bronzee serieth n i se werus n ei Severan period. The majority, however, were probably Antonine losses, as were no doubt many of pre-Severae th n denarii. The Severan aurei and denarii from Cramond span the years late AD 193-211, a terminus post quern for the Severan occupation. The aureus of Geta was minted in the years AD 200-2, that of Caracall undateds awa . There wer denari2 e1 f Severuo i s himself, fiv f Julieo a Domna wifes hi , , two of Caracalla, under Severus, three of Plautilla, wife of Caracalla, and two of Geta, under Severus. Thre thesf eo e denarii possibly came fro eastern ma n mint. Severae Th n campaign occupatioe th d san Carpof no Cramondd wan , dating from AD 209- 11, brough influn ta coinsf xo , mainly denarii into Scotland. Severan coins reached native sitet sa , East Lothian, and Kaimes, West Lothian, presumably from Cramond, but apparently missed Traprain Law, where there seems to have been a long gap in occupation after the Antonine period. sestertiuA Getf sfouno s nativa awa n do e sit t Hurlea y Hawkin, Angus, within fairly easy reach of Carpow. As previously observed, a denarius, said to be of Pertinax, AD 193, found at ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-87 42 | 2 Auchterderran, Fife, may actually have been one of Severus's issues, giving him the title PERT AVG (Robertson 1971, 134). Among the isolated finds, there are two denarii of Severus, and one of Caracalla, under Severus, from EdinburghGetf o o a frotw d man , Ancrum, Roxburghshire, which might have been contemporary losses dupondius/Ae Th . Julif so a Domna, from Glasgow less . i , sso likele b o yt Amon coine gth s foun t Newsteada d , wel number,n li ove0 30 r therexamplo n s ei f eo Severus' coinage. In view of the large numbers of Severan coins found elsewhere in Scotland, the absenc f Severaeo n coins fro extensive mth e coin serie t Newsteasa d suggest havy s thama e t i t been bypasse Severae th n di n campaign spitn s (i suggestion f eo contrarye th o st Hartleg e , y 1972, 40, 53-4). foue rTh Severan hoard denarif so i from Scotlan facn i te confinedar eastere th o dt n counties Forthnorte th f ho . Their findspots wer t Leucharsea , Fife (1808), Cowie Moss, near Stonehaven, (1843), Megray, near Stonehaven (1852 Portmoakd )an , -shire (1858)A . recent re-examinatio survivine th f no g coins from these four hoards revealed tha latese tth t datable coiextanw nno t from these hoard denariua s si f Severus o s202-210 D A f o , , fro Megrae mth y hoard (Robertson 1978, 192, 204-6). hoarde havTh y sma e bee n'greae th par f to t dea f moneyo l ' which Severus brougho t t Britai f the, i 1-2)n2 t y, (Cassiu bu ,belonge77 armyo e th Di s o dt , their los puzzlings si n A . alternative explanatio thae b ty thenma y belonge Norto dt h Britons. Cassiu recordo sDi s (75) ,5 that Virius Lupus, governor of Britain in the early part of Severus's reign, from c AD 197-200, 'was compelled to buy peace from the Maeatae for a great sum'. The territory of the Maeatae lay north of the Forth. If this is to be taken literally, these coin hoards may represent part of the purchase price. The denarii from these four Severan hoards range from Nero to Severus, and also include one of Mark Antony. This suggests that some old money as well as recently minted Severan denarii entered Scotland as a result of Severus's campaigns, and perhaps also as a result of buying peace similaA . r conclusio bees nha n reache course th recena n f di eo t re-scrutin Falkirke th f yo , 1933, hoard, ending c AD 230. The major component of the hoard, about 1800 denarii out of more than 1900, close Ac Dn di 211 havy .ema Thi formeo sto dpurchase parth f o t e pricee paith o dt Maeatae coinen i f I . d money price th , e must have swep immensn a t e quantityd ,ol somt i f eo coinage, out of Roman banks (Robertson 1982).

THE MONEY OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN THE FLAVIAN, ANTONINE AND SEVERAN PERIOD SCOTLANN SI D Eve simplo ns diagraea needaccompaniee 1 b g o s fi thamt s a n e numismatii t th y db c equivalent of a government health warning - in this case a warning against distortion of the evidence. So many Roman emperors minted coins during their own reigns in the name of younger colleague lateo swh r became emperors that record coinf so s liste namy db emperof eo r only, eg Marcus, in old reports, and no longer available for detailed examination, may obscure the fact that they were minte t undedno Marcug e r s emperosa 161-60D A rt undebu , r Antoninus Pius, AD 144-61. Recent efforts have been mad re-examino et e coin preservew sno museumn di orden si o rt place correce theth mn i t possiblf reigni d an ,dat o et e the mspecifio t c year than si t reign- re A . scrutin previouf yo s record alss sha o been undertake orden i extraco rt t from such detaily ma s sa have existed in earlier records a correct attribution to an emperor's reign. The results are in- corporated in fig 1. I SOCIET 8 42 ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1983

From Non- Roman Sites

FIG 1 Tabl Romaf eo n coins foun Scotlandn di . reigCoine on nf s(includino g thos empressef eo othed san r imperial personages) have been brought together under the name of the reigning emperor

There is, however, still distortion. It has become evident that Roman coins of different metals, gold, silver and bronze, had a different history of production, distribution, circulation and survival rate illustrato .T e diagrathia n si m would have been extremely complicated t impossibleno f ,i t ,bu the material is preserved in the Lists of Roman Coins found on Roman Sites, etc (Tables 1 & 2). ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUN SCOTLANDDN I , 1971-89 42 | 2 Coin statistics are only too easy to compile since coins are so easily countable. At their best they suggest avenues of further inquiry. At their very worst, it has to be regretfully confessed, they may only prove the numeracy of their author. fruitfue On l lin inquirf eo bees emergencye ha nth groupingf eo clusteringr so coinf so s in both the Flavian and the Antonine periods. The Severan period, c AD 209-11, was too brief to exhibit Flaviao tw thise n.Th groups bronzf ,o e coin eithef so r AD 70- Amar, c D r beginnin886 e o kth d gan Flaviae th f o ne periodon f o Scotlandd n si en e th . First came arrival, with Lyons-minted currency, followe constructioy db n work. Later came evacuation, precede accompanier do supplw ne ya y db of bronze currency. In the Antonine period, too, there was a clustering of currency in the early years of cam- paignin constructiond gan 142-4secona D d A c an ,d influ f currencyxo 155D A , c ,apparentl y coincident with an evacuation. It is difficult to avoid the impression that Roman currency did not always flounifora t wa m rate int remote oth e military are Flaviaf ao Antonind nan e Scotland from official source awayr s fa rathe t ,bu recentlr ro thaw tne y minted coins cam intervalst ea , sometimes in bulk. Either that, or else in times of the extreme physical activity involved in construction and orderly evacuation, more coins fell out of Roman army pockets. Other groupings of coins may emerge as the numbers of coins found on Roman sites in Scotland increases. Thi indees sha d beelase case th t n th decaden e i rapiresule a s th ,a df t o increas e archaeologican i l excavation. Meanwhile notee b y d thama t i ,t although most Roman military currenc Flaviane th n yi , Antonine and Severan periods in Scotland is predictable, or at least explicable, yet there are included some unexpected presences. For example, there was found at Strageath in 1979 an anonymous bronze quadrans, probabl reige th Domitianf nf o y o quarter-Asa e i , farthing-lika , e coin. Quadrantes normally circulated mainly in Italy. The fort at Camelon and the Falkirk, 1933, hoard have each produce dsilvea r drach Trajanf mo , minte Lycian di planned an , d mainlr yfo circulation in the eastern Roman empire. These drachms were of the same size as a denarius, and were probably accepte denariis da quadrane drachme Th . th d san s probably cam Scotlano et n di Roman pockets or purses.

POST-SEVERAN COINS FOUN SCOTLANDN I D Afte present Aa c r Ds i 211s a t r known, fa ther nots s permanena y ,e wa ,an t Roman garrison force in Scotland. The post-Severan coins found unstratified on Roman sites do not of themselves prove a Roman reoccupation of these sites. The coins may have been lost by post-Roman squatters visitorsr o , seeking shelter ever ,o n enlightenment, within earlier building defencesr so . They should perhap addeliste e s b Roma f th s o do t n coin finds from native sites isolated ,an d finds. coie nTh finds from non-Roman sites have been show reflecno t somo t e degre currence eth y Romae ofth n Flaviane armth f yo , Antonin Severad ean n periods (Robertson 1971,134-5). There was undoubtedly some contemporary coin drift fro Romae mth n arm Scotlann yi d into native hands. There are no comparable incontrovertible criteria for establishing the credentials of post- Severan Roman coin genuins sa e ancient losses. Some can of course be excluded at once, like the two 3rd-century antoniniani found 'in an old purse' at Balerno, Midlothian. Others can be included without question, for example the coin series from Traprian Law, as well as the post-Severan coin hoards ranging in date from Severus Alexander to Gratian and Honorius (Robertson 1978, 207-11). They came here by trade, or loot, or through payments. The majority, however, of post-Severan coin finds from Scotland remain an enigma and a 430 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 challenge. Som havy ema e been los Roman i t r ancienno t times, other havy sma e been brought bac Scotlano kt modery db n traveller foreigo t s n lattee landsth n rI .wer casy mano ewh s y subsequently lost, when they had presumably been acquired out of interest. It is often just as difficul explaio t t modere nth nancienn a los f explaio t o s s ti anciens coint i nit s a , t losse Th . strangest example so far is the forgery of a very rare seven-denarius piece of Hadrian found on a rubbish dump in Shetland in a handbag.

GREEK IMPERIAL, ALEXANDRIAN AND BYZANTINE COINS The records now include almost 20 autonomous Greek coins, about 20 Greek imperial coins ranging from Augustus to Gordian III, about 60 coins minted at Alexandria in Egypt for the Roman emperors from Claudius to Galerius, and almost a dozen Byzantine coins (Table 4). The distribution of such coins, and parallels from elsewhere in Britain have already been discussed briefly (Robertson 1971, 136-7). Their losses are often just as inexplicable in modern times as in ancient times. Even the Byzantine coins may have to keep their place as ancient losses. They would not be the only arrivals in Scotland from the Mediterranean during the 'Dark Ages'. Further studies of the various groups of exotic coins found in Scotland are clearly required. Even if they were not lost in Roman times, they have something to say about post-Roman periods, apart from their intrinsic interest, as coins, to the numismatist.

ENVOI A backward glance over decades of keeping records of Roman (and other ancient) coins foun Scotlann di observes dha d with satisfactio immensn na e increas quantite th n ei materiaf yo l available alss oha t reveale.I dchangea developmenta , interpretatioe th n i , materiale th f no , from dependenc beguiline th n o e g persuasivenes f mero s e number growina o t s g understandind gan appreciatio knowbackgroune w f whath no no f s n o i tcoinse th o dt , their periodic production, distribution and use. Best of all, there is continuing hope for still further enlightenment. 'Even, therefore, in the life time of a living worker in whatever field .. . there is an archaeology. For the worker himself his past execution is as much beyond his capacity to repeat, as if it had belonged to another. He may have outgrown it, or he may have fallen behind it, but the later work will be different fro earliee mth r- simpl influencess it tim y d yb ean ' (Ferguson 1896,413). TABLE 1 Finds from Roman sites on the Antonine Wall

C/5 03 O C * .C CO i-T v> £ ££ 0 C3 £ -1 = |g§ II » S a^ "s>ocCdA stto o5 3c II ll i-a ^a *t SS 0 1H s| C cfl •§! O « en -t_» CS'S M'MS §0) «F-J £ H •H§ «1 1115 u5 2-i tS OT PH!« IB § 3| 4 "Q ^ OQ 2(5 ^Q n P i20 O ^ &

Mark Antony 151 1? JR. 151 lyR 251 im. 6+ Nero 1« 1/E 2 Nero (?) UE 1 Galba i* 2 l^E

Vitellius 151 IJR 2

Vespasian l^V 1AT 251 1/R 151 IJR \JE 8

Domitian IJR \JR. lyR 251 151 1 2>E 1JE 10 Domitian (?) IJE 1 Nerva IJR 1

Trajan IN lor 9JR 2JR. 1JR. 1+51 1+51 m l/R 251 2JR 1/E 2JE \JE 2.E 35i \JE 4JE us, 35 + Hadrian lAf 351 IJR m IJR IJR 1JE 45i 4/E \JE 6JB \JB 25 Hadrian (?) \JE 2JB \J£ IJB \JB 1JE 7 Sabina 1JE 2JB 3 Aelius 151 1 Antoninus Pius IJR 151 srn 2/E 2.E 153 ^K. l^i 3JE 1 1 19

Faustina I 1JR 151 \JE 3 Marcus m \JE \s. 1^ 1JE 5 Faustina II (?) IJR 1 Lucilla 151 1 Commodus 1 1 Constantine I \JB 1 2

Justinian I ? 1JE 1 Uncertain SIR. IJR 4JE 2+JE 25S 2^ 4JE 20+

TOTAL I 33 15 + 4 9+ 7 18 + i 15 6 1 7 2 37 2 2 c!60

NOTES knownf i coinmeta, e e in th bees Th t f f notsha I .lo numbe n e pu ,th coinf ro s onl bees yha n given, withou , JR.ff t or JE after it. If it was uncertain whether one or more coins of a particular emperor were found, one only has been listed. t bee no coi ny s Iidentifiean nfha d with absolute certaint bees ha nt y i entere d under 'Uncertain'. Icoi a fbees nha n identifie 'Faustina's da bees ha n t i ,entere d under 'Faustina I'. Al indicates an Alexandrian coin, that is a coin of a Roman emperor, minted at Alexandria for circulation among the Greek-speaking people of Egypt.

[facing 430]p. Antoninu s Piu Hadria n Domitia n Tiberiu s Augustu s s: S» 3 H 2! S ri Vespasia n Vitelliu s O Claudiu s o S •BH ^ 0 £ e f 8 1 1 5' »' p P§. g f ? w ™ G 3 1 »= a ! IT to KH ! § 1 3 I

4^ K) Cardean, c3 ^ Angus i—t Stracathro, g Bs Angus § Loudoun Hill, ^ S Ayrshire (7\ W I—* K> N) )»» i_i -j Birrens, a feS fe£ fefc fe33 39 eft ^ BB %: s 33 Dumfriesshire 3

1— * h-i Birrenswark, fe 5 Sa SB Dumfriesshire S Broomholm, •>5 Dumfriesshire I—* Carronbridge, fa Dumfriesshire s Carzield, •*5 •-J Dumfriesshire Milton, S Dumfriesshire

1——* Glenlochar, 33 5 Kirkcudbrights. •-* Bothwellhaugh, B3 Lanarkshire i— » i— * Castledykes, I—1 )— » feSs B S ~ S 6 SB - Lanarkshke |__4. Crawford 5 g s fe£ Bs S Lanarkshire

1— * u» t— i *> *.^- l-> 00 i— * 2* Cramond, 5 ^59 ^CBJB*; ja "Bass "feU MS "Eft ^ «B -5 -s ^S 3a Midlothian Crichton, & s Midlothian

X^ to u> ?w- t— (O i—* t—L Inveresk, Ba feS fe33 £** c9 ^ *fej 33 Midlothian Easter Happrew, S Peeblesshire Lyne, & 3e Peeblesshire

H- » >—i i—' UJ Ardoch, js - BfSB- •-••5 - - --5 S - SB s Perthshire ^^ Carpow, M5 s ?a Perthshire K~l Lintrose, Coupar 33 Angus, Perths. *— •• hM Dalginross, 6s *; Perthshire i—* Fendoch, 5a Perthshire Grassy Walls, Perthshire -j t-* Inchtuthil, BB fe Perthshire w to L/I i— u OJ *. N- * Strageath, ffl !« 5 fe5e fa fefc fe g Perthshire Barochan, fe Renfrewshire to I—* Whitemoss, -t- h«4 g S 5a 33 Bishopton, fa ^o Renfrewshire i— i — to u> N M Cappuck, 3a Bsfc Ba * fti &3S3 Roxburghshire Eildon Hil, lN. 8a Roxburghshire Ul N> KJ >— 00 Ov vo oo ~a ~ ££ *-* OJ ^S puj — to f!^10 to 1— * 00 Newstead, fe° 33^; fe53 s fefe*; s S SB fei5a%; 53 feSa fe5a g fe33 l& ^ §§ 53 33 5 Roxburghshire Oakwood, 5a Selkirkshire k-* h-4 VO 1 Ui *•* U) Y ^ N> oo >•-• Z + t— t + 5 Camelon, § Is *; ^ § Bs JS S S S 5 Stirlingshire £S fcfc £* 33 •>3 io- Lochlands (Camp), I' 33 Stirlingshire >a »M >-* K> U) to h- ^ 1>J NJ oo OJ O UJ 8 - N> - ^s B 0 « M <3\ <>j u> 1—f c i>> wi i— i vo TOTAL + + + + 1 1 + TABL E 2 Find s fro m Roma n si t Faustin a I Luciu s Veru Commodu s Uncertai n Justinia n I Crispin a Severu s Honoriu s Aeli a Flaccill Theodosiu s I Diocletia n Juli a Domn Constan s Galeriu s Constantiu s I Victorinu s Constantin e I Constantin e I Carausiu s Numeria n Tetricu s I , Plautill a Caracall a Maxentiu s Gallienu s I Severu s Alexande r s £ 6 5"

Cardean, % ON Angus t3 Stracathro, - Angus § Loudoun Hill, cr « Ayrshire

•J O\ Birrens, p to fr s ^ s g Dumfriesshire oa Birrenswark, o u, Dumfriesshire o Broomholm, e. to s Dumfriesshire Carronbridge, f - Dumfriesshire Carzield, - g Dumfriesshire & Milton, - Dumfriesshire Glenlochar, K> Kirkcudbrights. Bothwellhaugh, H-t Lanarkshire Castledykes, 5 s Lanarkshire Crawford vo s Lanarkshire to Ul Cramond, tO H* I? )— * - M Midlothian ^J 88 g s s g s s S£ ^ 33*; "33 § S£ s 33 33 + Midlothian ••>a Inveresk, NJ VO Si s > s Midlothian Easter Happrew, H-i Peeblesshire Lyne, M Peeblesshire

H-l Ardoch, 1*5 Perthshire Carpow, - 5 S5 % % £ 5 Perthshire Lintrose, Coupar <• S s 5 g > Angus, Perths. Dalginross, u> g Perthshire Fendoch, - Perthshire Grassy Walls, - - Perthshire Inchtuthil, CO Perthshire Strageath, a g Perthshire Barochan, - Renfrewshire Whitemoss, « to Bishopton, to Renfrewshire Cappuck, w Roxburghshire Eildon Hill N., ~ Roxburghshire o u> Ul 1—' Newstead, 88 s g fe fe s s S' 5 55 £5 Roxburghshire Oakwood, - Selkirkshire o o Camelon, i S Stirlingshire Lochlands (Camp), - Stirlingshire o i—» o TOTAL 8 o Domitia n Vespasia n Claudiu s Mar k Anton y Caracall a Antoninu s Piu Severu s Pertina x Faustin a I Marcu s H $ ?

Castle Newe (souterrain), s Aberdeenshire Hurly Hawkin (broch and souterrain), Angus Balergie (fort), 5 Campbeltown, Argyll to Aitnock (fort) & 5 59 Dairy, Ayrshire West Kilbride, Gourock Burn s (double fort), Ayrshire Stevenston (settlement), 5 Ayrshire i—' North Berwick (native site?) 53 East Lothian (kitchen midden) East Lothian Humbie or (fort), - East Lothian

IO 10 »— K> L»J *- N) bo Traprain Law (oppidum), £& tB y} fo53 ss s fe5a tft fe53 S s 5 East Lothian Auchterderran (enclosure), 59 Fife Nome's Law (native site?) S Largo, Fife Wellfield (native site?) 5 Fife Fordoun (fort), S Kincardineshire Biggar (native site?) £ Lanarkshire Yorkhill (fort), Glasgow, s Lanarkshire i— i Castlehill (fort), Lanark, 59 Lanarkshire — — -- - - -Kaims (fortified settlement), "5t~ Midlothian Culbin Sands, (near native s 5 site), Morayshire Blairgowrie (native site?) s Perthshire Edgerston (forsettled an t - % ment), Roxburghshire Eildon Hills (fort and s settlement), Roxburghshire Wauchope Rig (fort), Hobkirk, Roxburghshire t—I Ruberslaw (forts), 8s Roxburghshire ^ 5 Teviotdale (fort), •-3 Roxburghshire Torwoodlee (broch), 53 Selkirkshire K> Buchlyvie, Fairy Knowe Ba (broch), Stirlingshire (—I 1— * Gargunnock, Leckie (broch fe s 5s and dun), Stirlingshire Queensferry (or Dalmeny), 53 West Lothian

^M Lingrow (broch), to B 5a S Orkney North Uist (fort?) r> Garry lochdrach (wheel- I' house), North Uist 'JS t— k - - 1-^ W 1 *. \D - O ~J K> Os N> o « H-t - N> TOTAL •^3 + TABLE S Find s fro m nativ e sit Uncertai n Byzantin e Arcadiu s (? ) Theodosiu s I Valentinia n I Valentinia n I Constantinopoli s Constantin e I Allectu s Magnentiu s Constantiu s I Gallienu s Galeriu s Numeria n 1 1$ Carausiu s | Pi W

HH

Castle Newe (souterrain), H-fc Aberdeenshire f Hurly Hawkin (broch and *•* 5 souterrain), Angus Balergie (fort), &! H— Campbeltown, Argyll Aitnock (fort) -U Dairy, Ayrshire West Kilbride, Gourock Burn N- * (double fort), Ayrshire Stevenston (settlement), N* Ayrshire North Berwick (native site?) h«* East Lothian Gullane (kitchen midden) H— s East Lothian Humbi r Ormistoeo n (fort), - East Lothian o\ o w Traprain Law (oppidum), Ul + e en + o\ s s s s s s s to Ba s s fe s g East Lothian Auchterderran (enclosure), - Fife

^ Nome's Law (native site?) \»£^ s •-o is Largo, Fife Wellfield (native site?) H- * Fife Fordoun (fort), NA Kincardineshire Biggar (native site?) *^ Lanarkshire Yorkhill (fort), Glasgow, - Lanarkshire to Castlehill (fort), Lanark, + + •>3 Lanarkshire Kaims (fortified settlement), - Midlothian Culbin Sands, (near native to site), Morayshire Blairgowrie (native site?) - Perthshire Edgerston (fort and settle- - ment), Roxburghshire Eildon Hills (ford an t « settlement), Roxburghshire 1 Wauchop (fort)g eRi , 1 "O ^C Hobkirk, Roxburghshire Ruberslaw (forts), - Roxburghshire M Teviotdale (fort), 3 Roxburghshire Torwoodlee (broch), - Selkirkshire Buchlyvie, Fairy Knowe K) (broch), Stirlingshire Gargunnock, Leckie (broch <*» dun)d an , Stirlingshire Queensferry (or Dalmeny), ? West Lothian Lingrow (broch), os Orkney North Uist M-» £ (fort?) Carry lochdrach (wheel- h^ s house), North Uist H— w 0\ - 10 to - - - N> w 1—» LO - - u> - - to (— ^ TOTAL +o + + ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-82 | 431

TABLE 4 Isolated finds wit recordeo hn d associations: Emperors Metal Emperors, etc N JR ? JE Provenance TOTAL Greek 1 Tarbert, Loch Fyne, Argyll 1 Lanark, Lanarks 1 , Kincardines 1 Maybole, Ayrs 1 Near Duns, Berwicks 1 Cupar, Fife 1 Douglas, Lanarks 1 Glasgow (Alexandra Park), Lanarks 1 Glasgow (Cambuslang), Lanarks 1 Glenboig, Lanarks 1 Shotts, Lanarks 1 Portobello, East Lothian 1 Monklaw, Roxburghs 1 , 14 Republic 1 Edinburgh, Midlothian Fillanst S , Perths 1 1 Bridge of Allan, Stirlings 3 Augustus 1 ? Dumfries, Dumfries (Greek1 ) Westerton, Dunbartons 1 , East Lothian 2 Edinburgh, Midlothian 1 Perth, Perths 1 (Greek) Erskine, Renfrews 1 (Greek) Galashiels, Selkirks 1 9 r Northmavineo 8 , Shetland Augustus, Divus 1 Dumbarton, near, Dunbartons 1 Fortrose, Ross and Cromarty 2 Roma and Augustus 1 Edinburgh (Corstorphine), Midlothian 1 Falkirk, Stirlingshire 2 Tiberius 1 Urr, Kirkcudbrights 1 Perth, Perths 1 Renfrew, Renfrews 4 1 Stirling, Stirlings Drusus 1 Glasgow (Queen's Park), Lanarks 1 , Wigtowns 3 (Greek1 ) Harris Agrippa 1 1 Dornoch, Sutherland Gaius (Caligula) 1 (Greek) North Berwick1 , East Lothian Claudius 1 (Al) Garelochhead, Dunbartons 1 Inveruglas, Dunbartons 1 Westerton, Dunbartons 1 Coatbridge, Lanarks 1 Glasgow (Balornock)5 , Lanarks Antonia (Copy1 ) 1 North Yell, Shetland Nero 1 Eccles, Berwicks 1 , Dumfriess 1 , East Lothian 1 Carluke, Lanarks 1 Glasgow, Lanarks 1 Callander, Perths 1 Kelso, Roxburghs 1 , Stirlings 1 Uncertain locality 1 Ayr, Ayrs (Greek1 ) Leven, Fife ? Glasgow (Hillhead), Lanarks 1 Glasgow (Milton), Lanarks 432 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 TABLE 4 Isolated finds wit recordeo hn d associations: Emperors (continued) Metal Emperors c et , N 18. ? JB Provenance TOTAL 1 Salsburgh, Lanarks 1 (Greek) Burghead, Moray 1 Callander, Perths 1 Greenock, Renfrews 1 Langbank, Renfrews 1 Fortrose, Ros Cromartd san y 1 Stirling, Stirlings 19+ ? Edinburgh, Midlothian Galba 1 1 Dunrossness, Shetland Otho 1 Wauchope Bridge, Dumfriess 1 Carluke, Lanarks 1 Laurencekirk3 , Kincardines Vitellius 1 Penicuik, Midlothian 1 Vespasian 1 Port Elphinstone, Aberdeens 1 Galston, Ayrs 1 Dryburgh, Berwicks 1 , Kirkcudbrights 1 Prestwick, Ayrs 2 Ayrs 1 Dumbarton, Dunbartons 1 Blantyre, Lanarks 1 Glasgow (Partick), Lanarks 1 Edinburgh, Midlothian 1 Heriot Water, Midlothian 1 , Perths 1 Doune, Perths 1 or 2 Dunrossness, Shetland 7 1 r o 6 1 1 Crawford, Lanarks Titus 1 Abernethy, Perths Coldingham, Berwicks Cumbernauld, Dunbartons 4 Forres, Moray Titus(?) 1 Paisley, Renfrews Julia Titi Falkirk, Stirlings 1 Domitian Aberdeen, Aberdeens (Greek1 ) Glasgow (), Lanarks 1 Paisley, Renfrews 1 Strathmiglo, Fife 1 Glasgow (Canon Lane), Lanarks 5 1 1 FlaviaAirdrien, Lanarks Nerva 1 Glasgow (Knightswood), Lanarks 1 1 Trajan Dumfries, Dumfries 1 Drymen, Stirlings 1 Uncertain locality 1 Musselburgh, East Lothian 1 , Perths 1 Baldernock, Stirlings 1 Falkirk, Stirlings 1 Skye 1 Dunrossness, Shetland 1 Leslie (or Premnay), Aberdeens 1 Oxton, Berwicks 1 Cumbernauld, Dunbartons 1 , Dunbartons 1 Haddington, East Lothian 1 Longniddry, East Lothian ? Glasgow (Kinning Park), Lanarks ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-82 | 433 TABLE 4 Isolated finds with recordeo n d associations: Emperors (continued) Metal

Emperors, etc AT S. Provenance TOTAL 1 Edinburgh (Tynecastle), Midlothian 1 Musselburgh, East Lothian 1 Chapel on Leader, Roxburghs 1 Newton Stewart, Wigtowns 1 ? , Perths t NiniansS 1 , Stirlings 21 + Trajan or Hadrian Ballantrae, Ayrs Fordoun, Kincardines 1 Dalmeny, West Lothian Marciana , Perths Hadrian Glenisla, Angus Drumcoltran, Dumfriess Gullane, East Lothian Urr, Kirkcudbrights Campsie Glen, Stirlings Glenorchy, Argyll 1 Near Loch Goil, Argyll KA1) Millport, Cumbrae, Bute 1 Annan, Dumfriess Kirkintilloch, Dunbartons Cowdenbeath, Fife Glasgow (Knightswood), Lanarks Bonnyrigg, Midlothian Craigmillar, Midlothian Edinburgh (Corstorphine), Midlothian Edinburgh (Harrison Park) Midlothian Edinburgh, Midlothian Leith, Midlothian Musselburgh, East Lothian Fechney, Perths Perth, Perths Perths Selkirk, Selkirks , Wigtowns North Yell, Shetland , Shetland? 1 Renton, Berwicks No ? Glasgow (Cathedral), Lanarks 27+ Sabina Kirkwall, Orkney Elgin, Moray 2 Antoninus Pius Kinnell, Angus Leslie (or Premnay), Aberdeens Irvine, Ayrs Eskdale, Dunfriess Near Longniddry, East Lothian Burntisland, Fife Laurencekirk, Kincardines Midcalder, Midlothian Paisley, Renfrews Laurieston, Stirlings 1 Fraserburgh, Aberdeens 1 Peterhead, Aberdeens 1 Colmonell, Ayrs 1 Girvan, Ayrs KA1) Dumfries, Dumfriess 1 North Berwick, East Lothian , East Lothian j SOCIET 4 43 ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1983

TABLE 4 Isolated finds with no recorded associations: Emperors (continued) Metal

Emperorsc et , N JR. JB Provenance TOTAL 1 Cowdenbeath, Fife 1 Kirkcaldy, Fife 1 Inverness, Inverness-s 1 Glasgow (King's Park), Lanarks 1 Glasgow (Carmyle), Lanarks 1 Elgin, Moray 1 Manor, Peebless 1 Stirling, Stirlings 1 Torrance, Stirlings 1 Uncertain locality 27 Faustina 1 Kirriemuir, Angus 1 Irvine, Ayrs 1 Haddington, East Lothian Glasgow (Kingston), Lanarks Glasgow (Tollcross Park), Lanarks Elgin, Moray Crieif, Perths Eckford, Roxburghs , Wigtowns Faustina I (?) Carluke, Lanarks Marcus Montrose, Angus Crawfordjohn, Lanarks Shotts, Lanarks Edinburgh, Midlothian 1 (Greek) Dundee, Angus 1 Prestwick, Ayrs 1 Mortlach, Banff's 1 (or Verus) Mortlach, Banffs 1 Auldgirth, Dumfriess 1 Shotts, Lanarks 1 Wishaw, Lanarks 1 Hawick, Roxburghs 1 Lennoxtown, Stirlings 1 Skye 1 Uncertain locality 15 FaustinI aI Cumnock, Ayrs Cramond, near, Midlothian Laurieston, Stirlings 1 Glasgow (Bridgeton Cross), Lanarks 1 Uncertain locality Lucius Verus Kirkcaldy, Fife 1 (Greek) Clydebank, Dunbartons Lucilla Ancrum, Roxburghs Commodus Urr, Kirkcudbrights 1 (Greek) (Glen Tarsan), Argyll 1 Carluke, Lanarks 1 Glasgow (Alexandra Park), Lanarks 1 (Al.) Glasgow (Gilshochill), Lanarks 1 Glasgow (King's Park), Lanarks 1 (Greek) Edinburgh (Leven St), Midlothian 7 Crispina No? Glasgow (Petershill), Lanarks No? Albinus 1 Milngavie, Dunbartons 1 Severus 2 Edinburgh, Midlothian 2 + a few? Benbecula, S Uist Severus (forgery) Edinburgh, Midlothian 1 Julia Domna 1 Glasgow (King's Park), Lanarks 1 (Greek) Whithorn, Wigtowns ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUN SCOTLANDN DI , 1971-85 43 | 2 TABLE 4 Isolated finds with no recorded associations: Emperors (continued) Metal Emperors, etc N JR ? JE Provenance TOTAL Caracalla (Severus) 1 Edinburgh (Hay Rd), Midlothian 1 Caracalla or Elagabalus 1 (Greek) Shotts, Lanarks 1 Geta 2 Ancrum, Roxburghs 2 Macrinus 1 Granton, Midlothian 1 (Greek) Carmunnock, Lanarkshire Elagabalus (Greek1 ) Glasgow, Lanarks 1 (Greek) Penicuik, Midlothian (Al1 ) Inverkeithing, Fife Severus Alexander 1 Renfrew, Renfrews Julia Mamaea 1 Kirkintilloch, Dunbartons 1 Elgin, Moray Maximinus 1 Mortlach, Banffs 1 Kirkintilloch, Dunbartons (Maximinus I or II?) 2 Rulewater, Roxburghs Gordian m 1 Chapelton, Lanarks 1 Glasgow (Possilpark), Lanarks 1 Broxburn, West Lothian 1 (Greek) St. Fillans, Perths (Greek1 ) Paisley, Renfrews 1 Stranraer, Wigtowns Philip I ? Coatbridge(?), Lanarks 1 Glasgow (Cathcart), Lanarks 1 Wishaw, Lanarks 1 (Greek) Edinburgh (Corstorphine), Midlothian 1 Lerwick, Shetland 4 + Trajan Decius 1 (Al) Portencross, Ayrs 1 Stenhousemuir, Stirlings 2 Trebonianus Callus 1 Edinburgh, Midlothian 1 Leith, Midlothian 2 Valerian 1 Edinburgh, Midlothian 1 Gallienus r MontroseN , Angus Cowal (Ormidale), Argyll Irvine, Ayrs , Kirkcudbrights Bothwell, Lanarks Glasgow (King's Park), Lanarks (Al1 ) Glasgow (Yorkhill), Lanarks 2 Balerno, Midlothian 1 Burghead, Moray . (Al1 ) Rhinns, Wigtowns 1 Whithorn, Wigtowns 1 Lerwick, Shetland 13 Postumus 1 Kirkcaldy, Fife 1 Victorinus 1 Troon, Ayrs t AndrewsS , Fife 1 1 Lochmaddy, North Uist Claudius II 1 Cullen, Banffs 1 (Al) Dumfries, near(7), Dumfriess (Al1 ) Milngavie, Dunbartons 1 (Al) Glasgow, Lanarks r PenicuikN (Al1 , Midlothia) n 1 Roslin, Midlothian 1 Whithorn, Wigtowns Tetrici 1 Minnigaff, Kirkcudbrights 1 Portmahomack, Ross and Cromarty 1 Whithorn, Wigtowns Aurelian 1 (Al) Keith, Banffs 436 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 TABLE4 Isolated finds with no recorded associations: Emperors (continued) Metal

Emperors, etc JR Provenance TOTAL Laurencekirk, Kincardines Glasgow (Gilshochill), Lanarks 2(A1) Edinburgh, Midlothian Bishopton(?), Renfrews Melrose, Roxburghs Tacitus Prestwick, Ayrs Duddingston, Midlothian Probus KA1) Lumsden, Aberdeens 1(A Kirkpatrick-Fleming, Dumfriess 1 Lochside, Dumfriess Bearsden, Dunbartons KA1) Airdrie, Lanarks 1 Glasgow (Alexandra Park), Lanarks 1 Glasgow (Bishopbriggs), Lanarks Edinburgh (), Midlothian Inverkip, Renfrews Cams KA1) Stevenson, Ayrs Carinus Edinburgh, Midlothian Cummingstown, Moray KA1) Perth, Perths Numerian 1 Bearsden, Dunbartons 1 Kirkcudbright, Kirkcudbrights 1 Gometra, Mull, Argyll Bearsden, Dunbartons Milngavie, Dunbartons North Berwick, East Lothian Gullane, East Lothian Drumlithie, Kincardines Laurencekirk, Kincardines 2(A1) Carluke, Lanarks 1 Glasgow (London Road), Lanarks KA1) Glasgow (Govan), Lanarks 1 Shotts, Lanarks 1(A1) Edinburgh (Corstorphine), Midlothian KA1) Gourock, Renfrews Fin Laggan Loch, 15 Diocletian(?) Currie, Midlothian 1 Maximian Broughty Ferry, Angus Edzell, Angus KA1)? Kingoodie, Angus Peninver, Argyll Ardrossan, Ayrs Near Maybole, Ayrs 1 Buckhaven, Fife Musselburgh, East Lothian KA1) Clarkston, Renfrews KA1) Eaglesham, Renfrews KA1) Jedburgh, Roxburghs 1 Uncertain locality 12 Maximian (?) Bonnybridge, Stirlings 1 Mortlach, Banffs 1 Constantius I Craigie, Ayrs East Kilbride, Lanarks Edinburgh, Midlothian Granton, Midlothian Camelon, Stirlings Constantius I (?) Leochel-Cushnie, Aberdeens ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-82 I 437 TABLE4 Isolated finds wit recordeo hn d associations: Emperors (continued) Metal Emperorsc et , S. Provenance TOTAL Galerius 1 Alford, Aberdeens 1 Glasgow (Dumbreck), Lanarks 1 Glasgow (Knightswood), Lanarks KA1) Elgin, Moray 1 Northmavine, Shetland Valeria 1 Paisley, Renfrews MaximinusII , Angus Glasgow, Lanarks Kirkcaldy, Fife Glasgow, Lanarks Licinius I Near Aberdeen, Aberdeens Methil, Fife Glasgow (Greenfield), Lanarks Dryburgh St. Boswells, Roxburghs Kelso district, Roxburghs Licinius II Fife Constantine I Aberdeen (Windmill Brae), Aberdeens Ardrossan, Ayrs Irvine, Ayrs Kerse, Ayrs Kilmarnock, Ayrs Ayrs Tweedmouth, just outside Berwicks Westerkirk, Dumfriess Bearsden, Dunbartons Helensburgh, Dunbartons Kirkintilloch, Dunbartons Lenzie, Dunbartons North Berwick, East Lothian Haddington, East Lothian Kirkcaldy, Fife Fife Rutherglen, Lanarks Edinburgh, Midlothian Brookfield, Renfrews Hawkhead, Renfrews Paisley, Renfrews , Shetland Aberdeen? 23+ ConstantinI eI Dumbarton, Dunbartons Kirkcaldy, Fife 2 Crispus Dundee, Angus , Kirkcudbrights Glasgow (Firhill Park,) Lanarks Constantinopolis Forres, Moray Urbs Roma Glasgow (Tollcross Park), Lanarks Falkirk, Stirlings Constans Aberdeen (Windmill Brae), Aberdeens Invergowrie, Angus Auchinleck, Ayrs Irvine, Ayrs Kirkcaldy, Fife Leith, Midlothian ConstantiuI sI Glasgow (Clyde), Lanarks Lochside, Dumfriess Thornhill, Dumfriess Balloch, Dunbartons 29 438 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983

TABLE 4 Isolated finds with no recorded associations: Emperors (continued) Metal

Emperorsc et , N JB Provenance TOTAL 1 Kirkintilloch, Dunbartons 1 Kirkcaldy, Fife Kirkcudbright, Kirkcudbrights Glasgow (Pollokshields), Lanarks Glasgow (Bridgeton Cross), Lanarks Motherwell, Lanarks Thankerton, Lanarks Edinburgh (Corstorphine), Midlothian Edinburgh (Stockbridge), Midlothian Bishopton (?), Renfrews Paisley, Renfrews Nigg, Ros Cromartd san y Kelso, Roxburghs Maxton, Roxburghs Roxburghs/Selkirks Falkirk, Stirlings , Wigtowns Lochmaddy, North Uist North Uist Fetlar, Shetland 26 Constans or Constantius II Currie, Midlothian 1 Magnentius Edinburgh (Cargilfield), Midlothian Burghead, Moray Luce Bay, Wigtownshire North Uist Brechin, Angus Kirkcaldy, Fife , Kirkcudbrights Roxburghs/Selkirks Valentinian I 1? Clatt, Aberdeens Lenzie, Dunbartons Glasgow (Bridgeton Cross), Lanarks Glasgow (Mount Florida) Lanarks 3 + Valens Lauder, Berwicks Roxburghs/Selki rks 2 Gratian Lochmaddy, North Uist 1 ValentiniaI nI , Dumfriess Edinburgh (Stockbridge)', Midlothian Theodosius I Rosyth, Fife Edinburgh (Dean Cemetery), Midlothian Lochwinnoch, Renfrews 3 Maximus Westerton, Dunbartons Inverness, Inverness-s 2 Arcadius Broughty Ferry, Angus Carmunnock, Lanarks 1 + Honorius Slains, Aberdeens Westerton, Dunbartons Forres, Moray Theodosius, Arcadius or Honorius Bridge of Allan, Stirlings Justin I Kirkcaldy, Fife Glasgow (Bishopbriggs), Lanarks Glasgow (Knightswood), Lanarks Roxburghs/Selkirks Justinian I Shotts, Lanarks North Yell, Shetland 2 Maurice Falkirk, Stirlings 1 ConstanI sI Banff, Banffs Aberdour, Fife . 2 ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUN SCOTLANDN DI , 1971-89 43 | 2

TABLE 4 Isolated finds wit recordeo hn d associations: Emperors (continued) Metal Emperors, etc N JR M ? Provenance TOTAL Later Byzantine 1 Roxburghs/Selkirks 1 Skye 1 3 Northmavine, Shetland Uncertain 2 ? Wauchope Bridge, Dumfriess 1 Dumfries, Dumfriess 1 Leslie, Fife 1 Westerton, Dunbartons No? Glasgow (Moray Place), Lanarks 1 Near Callander, Perths No? Largs, Ayrs ? Humbie, East Lothian 1 Strathmiglo, Fife 3 or 4 Selkirk, Selkirks No? Shapinsay, Orkney c 10 TOTAL c 450

TABLES Isolated finds wit recordeo hn d associations: Provenance Metal Provenance Emperors, etc N AR S. ? TOTAL Aberdeenshire Aberdeen Domitian 1 Constantine I •> Licinius I Aberdeen (Windmill Brae) Constantine I Constans 2 Alford Galerius 1 Clatt Valentinian I (?) 1? Fraserburgh Antoninus Pius 1 Leochel-Cushnie Constantius I (?) 1 Leslie (or Premnay) Trajan Antoninus Pius 2 Lumsden Probus 1 Peterhead Antoninus Pius 1 Port Elphinstone Vespasian 1 Slains Honorius 1 Angus Brechin Constantius Gallus 1 Broughty Ferry Maximian Arcadius Dundee Marcus 1 (Greek) Crispus 1 2 Edzell Maximian 1 Glenisla Hadrian 1 Invergowrie Maximinus II 1 Constans 1 2 Kingoodie Maximian 1 (AD? 1? Kinnell Antoninus Pius 1 Kirriemuir Faustina I 1 Montrose Marcus Gallienus 1 2 Argyll Cowal (Ormidale) Gallienus 1 1 Cowal (Glen Tarsan) Commodus 1 (Greek) 1 Glenorchy Hadrian 7 7 Near Loch Goil Hadrian 1 1 Gometra, Mull Diocletian 1 1 440 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 TABLE 5 Isolated finds wit recordeo hn d associations: Provenance (continued) Metal

Provenance Emperors, etc N iR. JE ? TOTAL Peninver Maximian KA1) 1 Tarbert, Loch Fyne Gree cenh k5t t 1 1 Ayrshire Ardrossan Maximian Constantine I 2 Auchinleck Constans 1 Ayr Nero Ballantrae Traja Hadriar no n Colmonell Antoninus Pius Craigie Constantius I Cumnock Faustina II Galston Vespasian Girvan Antoninus Pius Irvine Antoninus Pius Faustina I 1 Gallienus 1 Constantine I 1 Constans 1 Kerse Constantine I 1 Kilmarnock Constantine I 1 Largs Uncertain No? Maybole Greek 1 Maximian KA1) Portencross Trajan Decius KA1) Prestwick Vespasian 1 Marcus 1 Tacitus Stevenston Cams Troon Victorinus 1 Ayrshire Vespasian 2 Constantine I 1 Banffshire Banff ConstanI sI 1 Cullen Claudius TL 1 Keith Aurelian KA1) Mortlach Marcus 1 Marcu Verur so s 1 Maximinus 1 3rd century KA1) Coldingham Titus 1 Dryburgh Vespasian Near Duns Greek 1 Eccles Nero Lauder Valens 1 Oxton Trajan 1 Renton Hadrian Tweedmouth, just outside Berwicks Constantine I 1 Bute Millport, Cumbrae Hadrian HAD Dumfriesshire Annan Hadrian 1 Auldgirth Marcus 1 Canonbie Nero Drumcoltran Hadrian Dumfries Augustus (?) 1? Trajan 1 Antoninus Pius KA1) Uncertain 3or4 Dumfries, near (?) Claudius II KA1) 1 Eskdale Antoninus Pius 1 ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-81 44 | 2 TABLES Isolated finds with no recorded associations: Provenance (continued) Metal

Provenance Emperorsc et , N JR JB ? TOTAL Kirkmahoe ValentiniaI nI 1 1 Kirkpatrick-Fleming Probus KA1) 1 Lochside Probus 1 Constantius II 1 2 Thornhill Constantius II 1 1 Wauchope Bridge Otho 1 Uncertain 2? 3 Westerkirk Constantine I 1 1 Dunbartonshire Balloch ConstantiuI sI 1 1 Bearsden Probus KA1) Numerian 1 Diocletian KA1) Constantine I 1 4 Clydebank Lucius Verus 1 (Greek) 1 Cumbernauld Titus 1 Trajan 1 2 Dumbarton Vespasian 1 Constantine II 1 2 Dumbarton, near Augustus, Divus 1 1 Garelochhead Claudius KM) 1 Helensburgh Constantine I 1 1 Inveruglas Claudius 1 1 Kirkintilloch Trajan 1 Hadrian 1(A1) Julia Mamaea 1 Maximinus 1 Constantine I 1 Constantius n 1 6 Lenzie Constantine I 1 Valentinian I 1 2 Milngavie Albinus 1 Claudius n HA1) Diocletian KA1) 3 Westerton Augustus 1 (Greek) Claudius 1 Maximus 1 Honorius 1 Uncertain 1 5 East Lothian North Berwick Caligula 1 (Greek) Antoninus Pius 1 Diocletian 1 ConstantineI 1 4 Dirleton Augustus 1 1 Dunbar Nero 1 1 Gullane Hadrian 1 Diocletian 1(A1) 2 Haddington Trajan 1 Faustina I 1 Constantine I 1 3 Humbie Uncertain ? ? Longniddry Trajan 1 1 Nr Longniddry Antoninus Pius 1 1 Musselburgh Trajan 1 1 Hadrian 1 Maximian 3(2A1) 6 Pencaitland Antoninus Pius KA1) 1 Portobello Greek 1 1 44 | 2SOCIET Y OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 TABLES Isolated finds with no recorded associations: Provenance (continued) Metal 1 —————— ^ Provenance EmperorsN c et , &,•••••&.. ? TOTAL Fife Aberdour Constans II (Byzantine) 1 1 Buckhaven Maximian 1 1 Burntisland Antoninus Pius 1 1 Cowdenbeath Hadrian 1 Antoninus Pius 1 2 Cupar Greek 1 1 Inverkeithing Elagabalus HAD 1 Kirkcaldy Antoninus Pius 1 Lucius Verus l Postumus Maxentius Constantine I Constantine II Constans Constantius II Constantius Callus l Justin I 1 10 Leslie Uncertain 1 1 Leven Nero 1 (Greek) 1 Methil Licinius I 1 1 Rosyth Theodosiusl 1 1 St Andrews Victorinus 1 1 Strathmiglo Domitian ? 1 Fife Licinius II I Constantine I 1 2 Inverness-shire Inverness Antoninus Pius 1 Magnus Maximus 1 2 Kincardineshire Drumlithie Diocletian 1(A1) 1 Fordoun Traja Hadriar no n 1 1 Laurencekirk Otho 1 Pius and Marcus 1 Aurelian 1(A1) Diocletian 1(A1) 4 Raedykes Greek 1 1 Kirkcudbrightshire Balmaghie Constantius Gallus 1 1 Kirkcudbright Vespasian 1 Numerian ConstantiuI sI 3 Minnigaff Gallienus Tetricus 2 Twynholm Crispus 1 Urr Tiberius 1 Hadrian 1 Commodus 1 3 Lanarkshire Airdrie Flavian 1 Probus KA1) 2 Blantyre Vespasian 1 1 Bothwell Gallienus 1 1 Carluke Nero 1 Otho 1 Faustina I (?) 1 Commodus 1 Diocletian 2(A1) 6 Carmunnock Macrinus 1 (Greek) Arcadius 1 2 Chapelton Gordian III 1 1 Coatbridge Claudius 1 1 ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-82 I 443

TABLE 5 Isolated finds wit recordeo hn d associations: Provenance (continued) Metal ' — ——————————— "i Provenance Emperors, etc V & JE ? TOTAL Coatbridge (?) Philip I ? Crawford Vespasian 1 1 Crawfordjohn Marcus 1 1 Douglas Greek 1 1 East Kilbride Constantius I 1 1 Glasgow Greek 2 Drusus 1 Claudius 1 Nero Vespasian Domitian Domitian (Greek) 1 Nerva 1 Trajan 7 Hadrian 1 No? Antoninus Pius 2 Faustina I 2 Faustina II 1 Commodus 2

Crispina No? Julia Domna 1 Elagabalus 1 (Greek) Gordian in Philip I 1 Gallienus ClaudiuI sI Aurelian Probus 2 Diocletian 1 HA!) Galerius 2 Maximinus II 1 Maxentius 1 Licinius I 1 Crispus 1 Urbs Roma 1 ConstantiuI sI 2 Valentinian I 2 Justin I 2 Uncertain No? 45 + Glenboig Greek 1 1 Lanark Greek 1 Motherwell Constantius II 1 Rutherglen Constantine I 1 Salsburgh Nero 1 Shotts Greek Marcus Caracall Elagabalur ao s 1 (Greek) Diocletian 1 Justinian I 1 Thankerton Constantius II . 1 Wishaw Marcus 1 Philip I 1 Midlothian Balerno Gallienus 2 Bonnyrigg Hadrian 1 Craigmillar Hadrian 1 44 | 4SOCIET Y OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 TABLES Isolated finds wit recordeo hn d associations: Provenance (continued) Metal A Provenance EmperorsN c et , JR JE ? TOTAL Cramond, near Faustina II 1 1 Currie Diocletia) n(? 1(A1) Constans or Constantius II 1 2 Duddingston Tacitus 1 1 Edinburgh Republic 1 Augustus 2 Roma and Augustus 1 Galba ? Vespasian 1 Trajan 1 Hadrian 4 Marcus 1 Commodus 1 (Greek) Severus 2 1 (forgery) Caracalla 1 Philip I 1 (Greek) Trebonianus Callus 1 Valerian 1 Aurelian 2(A1) Probus 1(A1) Carinus 1(A1) Diocletian 1(A1) Constantine I 2 Constantius I 1 Constantius II 2 Magnentius 1 Theodosius I 1 Valentinian n 1 32 Granton Macrinus 1 Constantius I 1 2 Heriot Water Vespasian 1 1 Leith Hadrian 1 Trebonianus Callus 1 Constans 1 3 Midcalder Antoninus Pius 1 1 Penicuik Vitellius 1 Elagabalus 1 (Greek) Claudius n 1(A1) 3 Roslin Claudius n 1 1 Moray Burghead Nero 1 (Greek) Gallienus 1 Magnentius 1 3 Cummingstown Carinus 1(A1) 1 Elgin Sabina 1 Antoninus Pius 1 Faustina I 1 Julia Mamaea 1 Galerius 1(A1) 5 Forres Titus 1 Constantinopolis 1 Honorius 1 3 Peeblesshire Manor Antoninus Pius 1 1 Perthshire Abernethy Titus 1 1 Auchterarder Vespasian 1 1 Callander Nero 1 1 2 Crieff Marciana 1 Faustina I 1 2 ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-82 | 445 TABLES Isolated fiinds with no recorded associations: Provenance (continued) Metal Provenance Emperors, etc # « JB 7 TOTAL Doune Vespasian 1 1 Fechney Hadrian 1 1 Glenfarg Trajan 1 1 Logierait Trajan (?) 1 1 Perth Augustus Tiberius Hadrian Carinus Republic GordiaI nII 1 (Greek) Perthshire Hadrian 1 Renfrewshire Bishopton (?) Aurelian Constantius JQ 1 Brookfield Constantine I 1 Clarkston Maximian HA1) Eaglesham Maximian 1(A1) Erskine Augustus 1 (Greek) Gourock Diocletian Greenock Nero 1 Hawkhead ConstantineI 1 Inverkip Probus Langbank Nero 1 Lochwinnoch Theodosius I 1 Paisley Titus (?) 1 Domitian 1 Antoninus Pius Gordian in 1 (Greek) Valeria 1 Constantine I 1 Constantius II 1 Renfrew Tiberius 1 Severus Alexander 1 Ros Cromartd san y Fortrose Augustus, Divus 1 Nero 1 Nigg Constantius II 1 Portmahomack Tetrici 1 Roxburghshire Ancrum Lucilla Geta Chapel on Leader Trajan Dryburg t BoswellhS s Liciniusl Eckford Faustina I Hawick Marcus Jedburgh Maximian Kelso Nero ConstantiuI sI 1 Kelso district Licinius I 1 Maxton Constantius II 1 Melrose Aurelian Monklaw Greek 1 Rulewater Maximinu Hr o ) I s( 2 Roxburghshire/ Constantius II 3 Selkirkshire Constantius Gallus 1 Valens 1 Jus tin I 1 Later Byzantine? 1 Selkirkshire Galashiels Augustus 1 (Greek) Selkirk Hadrian 1 446 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 TABLE 5 Isolated finds with no recorded associations: Provenance (continued) Metal

Provenance EmperorsN RH. c et , JE ? TOTAL Stirlingshire Baldernock Trajan 1 1 Bonnybridge Maximian ( ?) HA1) 1 Bridge of Allan Republic 1 Theodosiu , ArcadiusI s Honoriur o s 1 2 Camelon Constantius I 1 1 Campsie Glen Hadrian 1 1 Drymen Nero 1 Trajan 1 2 Falkirk Roma and Augustus 1 Julia Titi 1 Trajan 1 Urbs Roma 1 ConstantiuI sI 1 Maurice 1 6 Laurieston 1 Antoninus Pius 1 Faustin I aI 2 Lennoxtown Marcus 1 1 t NinianS s Trajan 1 1 Stenhousemuir Trajan Decius 1 1 Stirling Greek 1 Tiberius 1 Nero 1 Antoninus Pius 1 4 Torrance Antoninus Pius 1 1 Sutherland Dornoch Agrippa 1 1 West Lothian Broxburn Gordian HI I 1 Dalmeny Traja r Hadriano n 1 1 Wigtownshire Luce Bay Magnentius 1 1 New Luce Constantius II 1 1 Newton Stewart Trajan 1 1 Rhinns Gallienus 1(A1) 1 Stranraer Drusus 1 GordiaI nII 1 2 Whithorn Faustina I 1 Julia Domna 1 (Greek) Gallienus 1 ClaudiuI sI 1 Tetricus 1 5 Wigtown Hadrian 1 1 Harris Drusus 1 (Greek) 1 Islay Laggan Fi n Loch Diocletian 1(A1) 1 Skye Trajan 1 Marcus 1 Later Byzantine? 1 3 North Uist Lochmaddy Victorinus 1 ConstantiuI sI 1 Gratian 1 3 North Uist ConstantiuI sI 1 Magnentius 1 2 Benbecula w fe a Severus ? Orkney Kirkwall Sabina 1 1 Shapinsay Uncertain ? ? Shetland Dunrossness Galba 1 Vespasian 2 r 1o Trajan 1 4 r o 3 Fetlar Constantine I 1 ROBERTSON: ROMAN COINS FOUND IN SCOTLAND, 1971-82 | 447

TABLE 5 Isolated finds wit recordeo hn d associations: Provenance (continued) Metal

Provenance Emperors, etc A^ JR JE ? TOTAL Constantius n 1 2 Lerwick Philip I 1 Gallienus 1 2 Northmavine Augustus 1 Galerius 1 Later Byzantine 1 3 North Yell Antonia (copy) 1 Hadrian 2 Justinian I 1 4 Unst (?) Hadrian Uncertain locality Nero Trajan Antoninus Pius Marcus Faustina II Maximian TOTAL c450

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