Roman Inscriptions from Scotland: Some Additions and Corrections to RIB I L J F Keppie*

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Roman Inscriptions from Scotland: Some Additions and Corrections to RIB I L J F Keppie* Proc Antigc So Scot, (1983)3 11 , 391-404 Roman inscriptions from Scotland: some additions and corrections to RIB I L J F Keppie* Nearl year0 y2 s have elapsed sinc completioe th e WrighP R firse f wory th o tn tb n ko volum Romane Th f eo Inscriptions f Britain,o which provide detaileda d descriptio drawd nan - more in f eacth go f eho than 2000 inscribed stones foun Britai n di 195o t p 4nu (Collingwoo d & Wright 1965). Of these about 125 derived from Scotland. Since then a further 19 stones (some complete, others fragmentary) have come to light within Scotland's modern political boundaries. Most have already received definitiv t leasa r eto preliminary publicatio varieta n i y of journals, but it may be of use, since the appearance of supplements to RIB remains a distant prospect havo t , e these collecte singla n i d e place additionn I . numbea , f improveo r d read- ings to published inscriptions have followed upon the cleaning of stones in the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, Edinburgh (hereafter NMAS), and the Hunterian Museum, Universit f Glasgoyo w (hereafter HM) preparation i , re-displayr nfo mord an , e recently during preparatory work for the Scottish Fascicule of the Corpus of Roman Sculpture (Keppie & Arnold 1984). The following report is divided into three sections: I, improvements to the readings of inscriptions already publishe RIB;description da i , II stonef no s lont g helbu , NMAy db HM r So only recently perceive inscribede b o dt ; III resumdiscoveriea ,w ne f eo s made since 1954. I: IMPROVEMENTS TO THE READINGS OF STONES ALREADY PUBLISHED IN RIB 2111B RI ,1 Birrens, Dumfriesshire; fragment commemorativf so e slab) b (fi g& 1a ; 6 p2 i single Th e fragment publishe 211B RI 1 s , showd(Fragmena 1) g segmenfi sa n o tC lauref o t l wreath, together with a small part of the die on which the letter M was read by Richard Wright (RIB, foe)d a bette A . r readin (pN i A OOa)gs i . Also preserve NMAdn i secona Ss i d fragmene th f o t same wreat died whicn han ,o uppee hth r serif singla f so e letter mad,e perhapb n e ca out , sM , along with part of the outer moulding of the slab (Fragment D on fig 1). On Roman sculpture, a laurel wreat s frequentlhi y supporte flankiny db g figures, most often personification f Victoryo s , with wings, holding a palm frond and with one foot resting upon a globe, the symbol of her dominion. Birrens has yielded several fragments of Victory-figures, from at least two different slabs (Keppie & Arnold 1984, nos 26 & 27). Two of these fragments, found W of the headquarters building during excavatio fort-site th f n o 1895n ei , seem likely, fro mconsideratioa stylf no carvingf eo , scald ean type of sandstone, to belong with this wreath. Fig 1 offers a reconstruction based on the surviving fragments. The slab, when complete, must have been c 2-06 m long and 0-77 m high. The inscription restoree b n ca shoo dt wdedicatioa honou nn emperoi e th f o r r Antoninus Pius: [i]m[p(eratori) C(aesari)IT(ito) Ael(io) Hadriano\IAn[tonino Aug(ustci)/Pio p(atri) p(atriae) pont(ifici) max(imd)] ..., ie 'For the emperor Caesar Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius, father of his * Hunterian Museum, The University, Glasgow 39 | 2SOCIET Y OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 ^AEL-HADRIANo TON1NOAVO PIOP-P-PONPMAX FI G1 Fragment commemorativf so e slab from Birrens texe tTh . placed withi wreate nth 2110 B basehs i RI .n do Scale 1:12 country, Chief Priest...'. A further four or fives lines seem lost. Space is available for the name of the military unit responsible for the erection of the slab, perhaps the Second Cohort of Tungri, as on RIB 2110 and many other stones from Birrens. The slab would thus date to the beginning of the Antonine II phase of occupation of the site (ie AD 158 onwards). However, the surviving left hand edg f Fragmeneo s neatli B t y re-usdressedr fo f i e s withia , Romae nth n period mors i t i ; e likely therefore that the slab testifies to building work at the beginning of the Antonine I phase, about AD 142. 2125B 2RI , Newstead, Roxburghshire; altar (fi; p2 ig 26c) The front face of the altar shaft is badly worn, so that only a few letters of the last four lines can be rea : .....das . C-A./.... .IN. ./7 L..... ./VSL. must I . likele b t y thaaltaerectee s th t wa r d centurioe byth . ArriunC s Domitianus serveTwentieto e th ,wh n di h Legio t Newsteadna , probably in the first Antonine period of occupation, and who erected altars there to Diana Regina, to Jupiter, family's hi d an s safetyn ow 'fod s ' hi ran (RIB 2122-4) name .Th namer god(see o th f whoso o )t m this altar (RIB dedicates 2125wa ) totalle dar lase yth t lost t fou bu ,rea e r b s ...line da n . sca C(aius) A[r/rius Domit]iah[us]/l l[eg(ionis) XX V(aleriae) V(ictricis)]/v(otum) s(olvft) l(aetus) [l(ibens) m(erito)]; ie 'Gaius Arrius Domitianus, centurion of the Twentieth Valiant and Victorious Legion, gladly, willingly and deservedly fulfilled his vow'. The splitting of the nomen Arrius between two lines of the inscription is unusual, but RIB 2124 provides a convenient parallel. Hillr 2165B Ba 3RI ,, Dunbartonshire; altar (fip; i3 g 26d) quived an w r showbo alta e e sidee th relien th ni Th r f so n shaf o f t mak reasonablt ei y certain that the dedication was to Apollo, the archer god, as proposed by Hiibner (1873, 1061), but almost nothing of the god's name can now be made out. The inscription, in five lines, reads:........ .I/N. CO. ./I........ ./C.........1. S.. M. We may restore the dedication [Apolf]i/n[i] in lines 1-2, identifd an formule yth a [v(otum)] s(olvit) [l(aeta) l(ibens)} m(erito) t seemlinn I i . e5 s clear thae tth dedicatio s mada cohort wa ny b d eattentio an , s immediateli n y directed toward e knowth s n garrisonAntonine r th Hil n Ba i l f o se period Firse th , t Cohor Firse f Hamiith o t t d Cohoran f to Baetasii (Robertso alt ne 1975,24-7) name .Th eithef eo r coul made db fito et , give uncertainte nth y over the first letter in line 3, which is crucial. The restoration BAETASI/ORVM C R neatly fills the available space in lines 3-4, but a dedication to Apollo might seem more appropriate to the Hamii, specialisa t archer cohort. KEPPIE: ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS FROM SCOTLAND 393 FIG 2 Altar from Newstead (RIB 2125). Scale 1 : 8 4 RIB 2166, Bar Hill, Dunbartonshire; altar (fig 4) This altar Maro ,t s Camulus badls ,wa y burn antiquityn ti ; recent cleanin liftes gha d away dirt and some of the staining, sufficient to improve dramatically our appreciation of the content of the inscription, which can now be read as: Deo Mar(ti)/Camulo [tri\ilites coh(ortis)[f\/Hamioru[m] . .CIV.SC. ./. .rvi. ; ie 'To the god Mars Camulus soldiers of the First Cohort of Hamii .......'. The letters of the fifth and sixth lines may conceal the name of the prefect or centurion who supervise erectioe completo daltare th n t th f bu ,no e madnamee b n e sca out . The decorative bands round the capitals of both altars - of chevrons and raised circular bosses - are distinctive, and may be matched on RIB 2168, also from Bar Hill. Chevrons are found occasion- ally elsewhere, and circular bosses (sometimes interpreted as a cable-pattern) are commonplace 394 | SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1983 t;; i-t FI G3 Altar fro Hilr mBa l (/J/S 2165). Scale 1:8 •• D ro , fl -•CftMVUO;^mrjico*^ ^HAMiORVf FIG 4 Altar from Bar Hill (RIB 2166). Scale 1:8 KEPPIE: ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS FROM SCOTLAND | 395 Closely simila altan a t Carvoras ra i Hadrian'n no 137-D A Fortun8o n t i s p Wallu t a se ,August a b FlaviuyT s Secundus, prefecFirse th f t o tCohor Hamiif o t (RIB tha e cohore b th ty 1778) ma t t I . carried forwar same dth e artistic convention postingw ne s styld it . san Perhapo et s therefore eth three altars, RIB 2165,2166,2168, should all be assigned to the First Cohort of Hamii. (Notice also the chevrons on two of the column-capitals from Bar Hill (Robertson et al 1975, 40).) 5 RIB 2179, Auchendavy, Dunbartonshire; commemorative slab (fig 5). Now lost texte t withiTh se , nlaurea l wreath recentls ha , y bee DavienW studie R lat e sr eth (1976 D y db , 103)deduce o tombstona t wh , no dedicatioRIB), a n ds i t thas wa bu e (a t i t Maro n t Victory d san , erected jointly by soldiers of the Second Legion Augusta and an ala of auxiliary cavalry. The text reads: ........ ./NO.... ./MART MAL/VICTO MILLE.. ./AVG T ALAEEX... ./VLERNIS. Dr Davies is to be congratulated for bringing such an enigmatic inscription to the attention of scholars doubtee , b thoug y ma d ht i whethe counte e restoratione b t th l ye satisfactory ral s d s a a n sca .
Recommended publications
  • DOWNFIELD GOLF CLUB Competition Result Senior Mens Open 2021 (03/06/2021)
    DOWNFIELD GOLF CLUB Competition Result Senior Mens Open 2021 (03/06/2021) Score Type: Stableford Course/Tee: Downfield GC (Yellow) Division 1 Pos Name Home Club Hcp Points Comments 1 Harry Keith 20 42 Best Nett score - £180 2 Jim Miller Bathgate Golf Club 18 40 2nd Nett Score - £160 3 Colin Miller Westerwood Golf 17 38 3rd Nett Score - Club £140 4 Don Stark 12 37 4th Nett Score - £120 5 Stewart Clark Hirsel Golf Club 11 37 5th Nett Score - £100 6 John Shields 19 36 6th Nett Score - £80 7 Stewart Gray 15 36 7th Nett Score - £60 8 Gary Brady 18 36 8th Nett Score - £40 9 Graeme Squire 17 36 9th Nett Score - £20 10 David Halkerston New Golf Club St 10 36 Andrews 11 James Duncan Ladybank Golf Club 2 36 Best Scratch - £180 12 Dave McKay Dullatur Golf Club 21 36 13 Steve Herron Scotscraig Golf 12 36 Club 14 Andy Patrick 14 36 15 Jeremy Murphy Craigmillar Park 17 36 Golf Club 16 GORDON BLACK Bishopbriggs Golf 11 35 Club 17 Robert Patrick Glenbervie Golf 12 35 Club 18 David DOIG Swanston Golf Club 10 35 Ltd 19 Fraser Stewart Deeside Golf Club 14 35 20 Ed White Leven Golfing 6 35 Society 21 Ian Cunningham 18 35 22 Paul Johnson Dunfermline Golf 21 35 Club 23 Graeme Brown Scotscraig Golf 16 35 Club 24 Eric Richardson Alva Golf Club 7 35 Register with HowDidiDo.com to view all your golfing statistics and competition results. It's FREE and over 500,000 golfers like you have done so already! 1 ClubV1 - Printed on 03/06/2021 Score Type: Stableford Course/Tee: Downfield GC (Yellow) Division 1 Pos Name Home Club Hcp Points Comments 25 William Barclay 4 34 26 Ramsay Howarth Dumbarton Golf 21 34 Club 27 James Murray Cowdenbeath Golf 10 34 Club 28 David Eardley Broomieknowe Golf 10 34 Club 29 George McNairney Falkirk Tryst Golf 5 34 Club 30 Ian J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Antonine Wall, the Roman Frontier in Scotland, Was the Most and Northerly Frontier of the Roman Empire for a Generation from AD 142
    Breeze The Antonine Wall, the Roman frontier in Scotland, was the most and northerly frontier of the Roman Empire for a generation from AD 142. Hanson It is a World Heritage Site and Scotland’s largest ancient monument. The Antonine Wall Today, it cuts across the densely populated central belt between Forth (eds) and Clyde. In The Antonine Wall: Papers in Honour of Professor Lawrence Keppie, Papers in honour of nearly 40 archaeologists, historians and heritage managers present their researches on the Antonine Wall in recognition of the work Professor Lawrence Keppie of Lawrence Keppie, formerly Professor of Roman History and Wall Antonine The Archaeology at the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, who spent edited by much of his academic career recording and studying the Wall. The 32 papers cover a wide variety of aspects, embracing the environmental and prehistoric background to the Wall, its structure, planning and David J. Breeze and William S. Hanson construction, military deployment on its line, associated artefacts and inscriptions, the logistics of its supply, as well as new insights into the study of its history. Due attention is paid to the people of the Wall, not just the ofcers and soldiers, but their womenfolk and children. Important aspects of the book are new developments in the recording, interpretation and presentation of the Antonine Wall to today’s visitors. Considerable use is also made of modern scientifc techniques, from pollen, soil and spectrographic analysis to geophysical survey and airborne laser scanning. In short, the papers embody present- day cutting edge research on, and summarise the most up-to-date understanding of, Rome’s shortest-lived frontier.
    [Show full text]
  • Antonine Wall - Castlecary Fort
    Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC170 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90009) Taken into State care: 1961 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2005 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ANTONINE WALL - CASTLECARY FORT We continually revise our Statements of Significance, so they may vary in length, format and level of detail. While every effort is made to keep them up to date, they should not be considered a definitive or final assessment of our properties. Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH ANTONINE WALL – CASTLECARY FORT BRIEF DESCRIPTION The property is part of the Antonine Wall and contains the remains of a Roman fort and annexe with a stretch of Antonine Wall to the north-east of the fort. The Edinburgh-Glasgow railway cuts across the south section of the fort while modern buildings disturb the north-east corner of the fort and ditch. The Antonine Wall is a linear Roman frontier system of wall and ditch accompanied at stages by forts and fortlets, linked by a road system, stretching for 60km from Bo’ness on the Forth to Old Kilpatrick on the Clyde. It is one of only three linear barriers along the 2000km European frontier of the Roman Empire. These systems are unique to Britain and Germany. CHARACTER OF THE MONUMENT Historical Overview Archaeological finds indicate the site was used during the Flavian period (AD 79- 87/88). Antonine Wall construction initiated by Emperor Antoninus Pius (AD 138-161) after a successful campaign in AD 139/142 by the Governor of Britain, Lollius Urbicus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Antonine Wall: Rome's Final Frontier Teachers' Resource Pack
    The Antonine Wall: Rome’s Final Frontier Teachers’ Resource Pack Compiled by Grace Hepworth, MSC Museum Studies, 2012 Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................... 2 About this pack ........................................................................................................................... 3 Curriculum for Excellence ............................................................................................................ 4 What to expect at the museum .................................................................................................. 6 Pre-visit discussion points ...................................................................................... 7 Visit activities ......................................................................................................... 9 Teacher-led tour ......................................................................................................................... 9 Worksheets ............................................................................................................................... 24 Supplementary worksheet ........................................................................................................ 31 Post-visit activities ............................................................................................... 33 Useful Online Resources ...................................................................................... 40 Suggested
    [Show full text]
  • Antonine Wall Rough Castle Statement of Significance
    Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC175 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90013) Taken into State care: 1953 (Guardianship) Last Reviewed: 2019 STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ANTONINE WALL – ROUGH CASTLE We continually revise our Statements of Significance, so they may vary in length, format and level of detail. While every effort is made to keep them up to date, they should not be considered a definitive or final assessment of our properties. Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH © Historic Environment Scotland 2019 You may re-use this information (excluding logos and images) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit http://nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open- government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected] Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this document should be sent to us at: Historic Environment Scotland Longmore House Salisbury Place Edinburgh EH9 1SH +44 (0) 131 668 8600 www.historicenvironment.scot Historic Environment Scotland – Scottish Charity No. SC045925 Principal Office: Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE ANTONINE WALL – ROUGH CASTLE CONTENTS
    [Show full text]
  • The Antonine Wall in the Context of Spatial Analysis
    STUDIA HERCYNIA XX/2, 40–66 To See and to be Seen – the Antonine Wall in the Context of Spatial Analysis Michal Dyčka ABSTRACT How did frontiers actually work? This essential question has been discussed over the last centuries through and through and the presented paper tries to offer a new perspective – this time by means of a landscape study and gaining an understanding of the positioning of individual forts on one of the short­‑lived Roman frontiers, the Antonine Wall. In the spotlight of this study is the spatial positioning of individual forts and fortlets on the above­‑mentioned frontier in terms of what could have been seen from them (visibility to the landscape and intervisibility with other Roman military installations) and how unique their locations were in terms of general accessibility (could they serve as natural blocking points?). A new approach is presented by using the Viewshed and Cost path analyses of the digital elevation model of the broader area around the Antonine Wall. KEYWORDS Antonine Wall; Viewshed analysis; Cost path analysis. INTRODUCTION Whenever we study the theme of Roman frontiers, we should always try to answer the fun- damental question: how did Roman frontiers actually work? This paper offers some new ideas about this subject, primarily on the basis of evidence collected by the use of the spatial analyses performed in the programs ArcGIS 10.3 and QGIS 1.8.0 Lisboa of one particular part of the Roman frontier system, the Antonine Wall. Two major issues are discussed in this paper: the visibility and intervisibility on the limes and questions concerning the accessibility of individual sites on the Antonine Wall.
    [Show full text]
  • Further Information
    Further Information www.alapp.eu www.antoninewall.org www.deutsche-limeskommission.de @RomanLimesApps C D DV Centre for Digital D ocumentation and Visualisation Below: Wine Barrel, 3D model Crown Copyright HES Below: Scanning at Rough Castle Fort © Crown Copyright HES Below Left: Oriental mask, Eining © Archaeological State Collection Munich; Manfred Eberlein Below Right: Statue of Mars, Eining-Weinberg © Archaeological State Collection Munich; Manfred Eberlein Creating digital resources for the Frontiers of the Roman Empire World Heritage Site. The Sites The Antonine Wall and the German Limes are part of the Europe wide ‘Frontiers of the Roman Empire World Heritage Site’ (FREWHS). Above: Digital reconstruction Above: App testing of Bar Hill Fort © CDDV © Crown Copyright HES This represents the limits of the Roman Empire in the second century AD. A network of frontiers stretched This project will use digital models, 3D scans, The Partnership from the Atlantic coast in the west, to the Black Sea augmented reality and traditional interpretation, in the east; from central Scotland in the north, to the such as video and text, to create an engaging and ALApp brings together an experienced group of fringes of the Sahara Desert in the south. interactive experience for visitors across the Frontiers digital and heritage specialists: of the Roman Empire World Heritage Site. The FREWHS includes the remains of the ditches, • Historic Environment Scotland is the lead public banks, forts, watchtowers and military roads, body set up to investigate, care for and promote amongst other elements, required to keep the Roman The Project Scotland’s historic environment. Empire secure. The Advanced Limes Applications (ALApp) project • The Bavarian Museum Service is a department In Scotland, work will focus on the sites at Duntocher, brings together Scottish, German and Austrian of the Bavarian State Office for Monument Bearsden, Croy Hill, Watling Lodge, Kinneil and partners to create a mobile app platform and exciting Protection, Government of Bavaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Bar Hill: Fort, Military Way, Wall, and Temporary Camps
    BAR HILL: FORT, MILITARY WAY, WALL, AND TEMPORARY CAMPS The fort at Bar Hill lies at the highest altitude of all Antonine Wall forts, with spectacular views in all directions. The fort platform, east gate, and the exposed remains of the fort’s headquarters building (principia) and bath-house are visible on the ground. The fort is not directly connected to the line of the Wall, but is set back about 30m to the south of the Wall’s Rampart, with the Military Way running between the fort and the Antonine Wall Rampart. This situation offers a good comparison to the relationship between the fort and Wall at Rough Castle. Within the fort are traces of an earlier enclosure that is now considered to have been a small temporary camp occupied during the construction of the Antonine Wall. A second probable temporary camp has also been located outside the fort’s south-west corner. Parts of the earlier enclosure can still be traced within the fort’s interior, but nothing of the external camp is visible on the ground today. Also of interest at Bar Hill is the presence of an Iron Age fort (called “Castle Hill”) located immediately north-east of the Roman fort and south of the Antonine Wall Rampart. HISTORY OF DISCOVERY AND EXCAVATION: The fort at Bar Hill is one of the earliest to be Antonine Wall fort to be excavated, following described by antiquarian writers, having been those at Castlecary and Rough Castle, which noted as early as the seventeenth century. had been excavated a few years earlier by In the early 1890s, Alexander Park cut seven the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
    [Show full text]
  • To Download Pupil Brochure
    A SENSE OF PLACE THE ROMAN PRESENCE IN CUMBERNAULD This brochure was created by pupils at Greenfaulds High School! 1 The Antonine Wall is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It once helped to define the limits of the Roman Empire, which included much of Europe, north Africa and Asia. It was a visual symbol of the power and authority of the Romans. The Romans came from Rome in Italy. They spoke and wrote in Lat- in. When they came to Britain in 55 The ramparts of the Antonine Wall were BC they brought their culture, lan- mostly made of turf set upon a stone guage and laws with them. foundation. They stood three metres high and a defensive ditch, five metres deep in UNESCO means that it is places, ran to the north of the wall. a protected heritage site. The Antonine Wall is a very important place! The wall was roughly thirty-seven miles long and there were seventeen forts as well as additional smaller ‘fortlets’ along the length of the wall, which stretched across Scotland from coast to coast, from the River Clyde to the River Forth. Around six to seven thousand Roman soldiers were garrisoned along the Antonine Wall. 2 A road or military way was constructed to the south of Salve! Greetings! the wall. It allowed the Roman soldiers to move quickly and helped to convey supplies, commands and news. The soldiers travelled by foot and a standard day’s march was fourteen miles. Heavy items were transport- ed in carts pulled by oxen or carried by pack mules.
    [Show full text]
  • The Provision of Fort-Annexes on the Antonine Wall Geoff B Bailey*
    Proc SocAntiq Scot, 124 (1994), 299-314 The provision of fort-annexes on the Antonine Wall Geoff B Bailey* ABSTRACT This paper suggests that temporary bathhouses were provided Antoninethe in Wall forts until such time as a planned Vallum could be completed behind the Wall. The protracted construction period caused many theseof bathhouses modifiedbe to provideto utilitiesthe required during this prolonged interval. The Wall had been built to Bearsden before the concept of a Vallum was abandoned and consequently annexes were attached to each fort. At this stage it was then possible to demolish the internal bathhouses and to build larger bathing complexes in these enclosures. INTRODUCTION This papeattempn a s i r provido t explanatioea severaf no l perplexing phenomena connected with Antonine th e Wall: Antonine Wall fort extremele sar y unusua westere th n li n Empir possessinn ei g internal bathhouses (Johnson 1983, 194); they have annexes rather than a Vallum like that of Hadrian's Wall (Salway 1965, 158); most of them apparently had their defences 'slighted' c AD 155 (Steer 1964); and they have different ways of attaching the annexes according to their location along the Wall (Breeze 1984, 61). THE BUILDING SEQUENCE ON THE WALL Antonine forte th f Th o s e Wall vary considerabl individuan ow s it sizeacn d yi s elan h ha interna l layout. Yet, ther significana s i e t degre f consistenco e y in their planning, enoug indicato ht a e unified scheme. Of the 16 known forts all appear to face north with the exception of Cadder (which faces east owing to the local topography) and the two terminal forts which both face away from the Wall.
    [Show full text]
  • The Antonine Wall in the Context of Spatial Analysis
    STUDIA HERCYNIA XX/2, 40–66 To See and to be Seen – the Antonine Wall in the Context of Spatial Analysis Michal Dyčka ABSTRACT How did frontiers actually work? This essential question has been discussed over the last centuries through and through and the presented paper tries to offer a new perspective – this time by means of a landscape study and gaining an understanding of the positioning of individual forts on one of the short­‑lived Roman frontiers, the Antonine Wall. In the spotlight of this study is the spatial positioning of individual forts and fortlets on the above­‑mentioned frontier in terms of what could have been seen from them (visibility to the landscape and intervisibility with other Roman military installations) and how unique their locations were in terms of general accessibility (could they serve as natural blocking points?). A new approach is presented by using the Viewshed and Cost path analyses of the digital elevation model of the broader area around the Antonine Wall. KEYWORDS Antonine Wall; Viewshed analysis; Cost path analysis. INTRODUCTION Whenever we study the theme of Roman frontiers, we should always try to answer the fun- damental question: how did Roman frontiers actually work? This paper offers some new ideas about this subject, primarily on the basis of evidence collected by the use of the spatial analyses performed in the programs ArcGIS 10.3 and QGIS 1.8.0 Lisboa of one particular part of the Roman frontier system, the Antonine Wall. Two major issues are discussed in this paper: the visibility and intervisibility on the limes and questions concerning the accessibility of individual sites on the Antonine Wall.
    [Show full text]
  • The Antonine Wall, the Roman Frontier in Scotland, Was the Most and Northerly Frontier of the Roman Empire for a Generation from AD 142
    Breeze The Antonine Wall, the Roman frontier in Scotland, was the most and northerly frontier of the Roman Empire for a generation from AD 142. Hanson It is a World Heritage Site and Scotland’s largest ancient monument. The Antonine Wall Today, it cuts across the densely populated central belt between Forth (eds) and Clyde. In The Antonine Wall: Papers in Honour of Professor Lawrence Keppie, Papers in honour of nearly 40 archaeologists, historians and heritage managers present their researches on the Antonine Wall in recognition of the work Professor Lawrence Keppie of Lawrence Keppie, formerly Professor of Roman History and Wall Antonine The Archaeology at the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University, who spent edited by much of his academic career recording and studying the Wall. The 32 papers cover a wide variety of aspects, embracing the environmental and prehistoric background to the Wall, its structure, planning and David J. Breeze and William S. Hanson construction, military deployment on its line, associated artefacts and inscriptions, the logistics of its supply, as well as new insights into the study of its history. Due attention is paid to the people of the Wall, not just the ofcers and soldiers, but their womenfolk and children. Important aspects of the book are new developments in the recording, interpretation and presentation of the Antonine Wall to today’s visitors. Considerable use is also made of modern scientifc techniques, from pollen, soil and spectrographic analysis to geophysical survey and airborne laser scanning. In short, the papers embody present- day cutting edge research on, and summarise the most up-to-date understanding of, Rome’s shortest-lived frontier.
    [Show full text]