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The Provision of Fort-Annexes on the Antonine Wall Geoff B Bailey*

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The Provision of Fort-Annexes on the Antonine Wall Geoff B Bailey* Proc SocAntiq Scot, 124 (1994), 299-314 The provision of fort-annexes on the Antonine Wall Geoff B Bailey* ABSTRACT This paper suggests that temporary bathhouses were provided Antoninethe in Wall forts until such time as a planned Vallum could be completed behind the Wall. The protracted construction period caused many theseof bathhouses modifiedbe to provideto utilitiesthe required during this prolonged interval. The Wall had been built to Bearsden before the concept of a Vallum was abandoned and consequently annexes were attached to each fort. At this stage it was then possible to demolish the internal bathhouses and to build larger bathing complexes in these enclosures. INTRODUCTION This papeattempn a s i r provido t explanatioea severaf no l perplexing phenomena connected with Antonine th e Wall: Antonine Wall fort extremele sar y unusua westere th n li n Empir possessinn ei g internal bathhouses (Johnson 1983, 194); they have annexes rather than a Vallum like that of Hadrian's Wall (Salway 1965, 158); most of them apparently had their defences 'slighted' c AD 155 (Steer 1964); and they have different ways of attaching the annexes according to their location along the Wall (Breeze 1984, 61). THE BUILDING SEQUENCE ON THE WALL Antonine forte th f Th o s e Wall vary considerabl individuan ow s it sizeacn d yi s elan h ha interna l layout. Yet, ther significana s i e t degre f consistenco e y in their planning, enoug indicato ht a e unified scheme. Of the 16 known forts all appear to face north with the exception of Cadder (which faces east owing to the local topography) and the two terminal forts which both face away from the Wall. The principal buildings of these forts - the principia, granaries and commanding centrae officer'th n i l y rangs la housl eal (excepe- t Bearsdena t mosn i d t an case )ston d ha s e foundations. The location of the granaries within this central range is particularly regular, with one on each side of the principia when there were two, or at one side of it when only a single granary was provided (see note 1). This situation is typical of the Antonine occupation of Scotland and may alsforte seee th oNewsteaf b s o n n i Higd dan h Rochester. Thisharn i s si p contras forte th so t of the Flavian period when the granaries were usually paired together and placed near to one of the principal gateways (eg Elginhaugh, Fendoch, Pen Llystyn). In the interval between these periods their locations had been quite varied (Gentry 1976). It is this variety which is displayed on Hadrian's Wall but is lacking on that of Antoninus Pius (cf Breeze & Dobson 1970). ' 412 Bank Street, Slamannan, Falkirk FK1 3EZ 300 SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1994 This Antonine arrangement of granaries within the fort is also known in Germany (Gentry 1976). Wha s evei t n more unusual abou Antonine th t e Wal le coheren fortth s i s t provisiof no internal bathhouses (illus 1; Johnson 1983, 194). In most cases these lay between the intervallum road and the rampart, the result probably of shortage of space, although at Cadder, where space seem havo st e been plentiful bathhouse th , e occupie angle dth e betwee norte easnd th han t rampart streets e bathhouseTh . s were built afte e rampartsth r evern i t ybu , case where they have been examined the believee yar contemporare b o dt y wit othee hth r fort buildings. Elsewher Roman ei n Britain internal bathhouse e onlar s y foun secondarn i d y contexts, normall lata f eyo periode Th . elaborate bathhouse complex in the fort of Haltonchesters, for example, was a fourth-century imposition (Daniels 1978, 86), and similarly, the internal bathhouses at the Welsh forts of Brecon Gaer and Caernarfon were not original features (Jarrett 1969, 51, 169). An unusual local example is provided by Strageath where a second-century bathhouse occupied a position next to the rampart simila Antonine thoso th t r n eo e Wall. Here buildine th , s clearlgwa insertion ya a t liei t s a na strange rampare anglth o streetd et an t , partly blockin e lattegth r (Frer Wilkee& s 1989, 98). Normally bathhouses were built outsid fortse eth , annexoften a Gelligaet n a ni s ea r (Ward 1909). The known internal bathhouses on the Antonine Wall all began life as very simple structures, essentially consisting of three rooms in a row, representing the changing room (apodyterium), the warm room (tepidarium) and the hot room (caldarium). These bathhouse blocks were hypocausa characterized an d othee en entrancn t a th flue t y ra don e b (illut a e. Thei 2) s r size, locatio simplicitd nan l suggesyal t that haveacy hma e been intende temporara s da y measure, lasting perhaps only a few years. This indicates that the decision to provide internal bathhouses was made at an early stage in the building programme of the Wall. On Hadrian's Wall the fort bathhouses lay outside the forts by convenient sources of water, often some distance away. They wer t enclose eno protective th y db e shielannexen a f do t the bu ,y gaid di n securit theiy yb r emplacement withi militare nth y zone bounde norte Wale th th h o t ly db Vallue e southth th d effectmo n t I an . Vallue th , m actegiana s da t annexe extending alone gth whole length of the Wall (Salway 1965, 158). As Hadrian's Wall most probably provided the Antonine modeth r intentione fo lth s originae th Walwa musn e t i ,i whethek w l t las t no r o r scheme provido t , lattee eth r wit similaha r Vallum? Wer temporare eth y internal bathhousee b o st replace mory db e permanent external bathhouse latea t sa r date onc Valluea beed mha n dug? throwe Lighb n thesn ca nto e question bathhousee looke th on t sa f si s which replaced those insid fortse eth . These were much large mord an r e sophisticated bath suite wered san placee th n di fort-annexes. These annexe therefory sma e provid wits eu h another mean f testinso buildine gth g sequenc installatione th f eo s which for mAntonine parth f o t e Wall frontier, froe mb y whicma t hi possible to determine the place of the Vallum in the initial building programme. Were the annexes an afterthought? They almost all lie on the side of the fort which is away from, or upstream from, an adjacent burn or river. (A notable exception to this was Inveravon, where the probable annexe lies on an area of ground prone to flooding and thus unsuitable for the fort itself.) Could these locations have been a consequence of the original position chosen for the isolated forte strongesth : t location topographically ,drinkins nexit o t t g water face ?Th t thae th t Antonine Wall curtain forms the northern rampart of the annexes shows that they have to be either contemporary with the Wall or later, whereas the northern ramparts of many of the forts can be shown to be earlier than the Wall curtain. (At Cadder the annexe is usually placed to the south of the fort, but this is not certain and the location of the external bathhouse makes it unlikely.) At Mumrills, Rough Castle, Castlecar Duntoched yan annexe th r e ditches respec Wale th line f lth teo curtain, even though they sometime littla t esge close t Bearsde (illuA . 1) s eastere nth n ditches fall wel lWall e shorth f .o t Onl t Rougya h Castl t beei s neha possibl examino et junctioe eth n between BAILEY PROVISIOE TH : FORT-ANNEXEF NO ANTONINE TH N SO E WAL I 30L 1 150 ILLUS 1 Plans of the Antonine Wall forts; bathhouses are shown solid 1 Mumrills; 2 Rough Castle; 3 Castlecary; 4 Westerwood; 5 Croy Hill; 6 Bar Hill; 7 Cadder; 8 Balmuildy; 9 Duntocher; 10 Bearsden; 1 1 Old Kilpatrick; north p to e th o t s i stone th e foundatio Wale th f l no curtai annexe thath d f nan o t e rampart. Unfortunatel evidence yth e s ambiguousi . Althoug southere hth nWale kerth f l bo curtai n continued uninterrupted a 12-in, . (0.3 m) culvert placed alongside of it makes it impossible to determine whether or not the annexe rampart was contemporary with it, or later. Unfortunately the answer was not obtainable from the superstructure at this point (Christison, Buchanan & Anderson 1905). Earlier features, however, were found under the south rampart of the annexe (Macdonald 1933, 253). I SOCIET 2 30 ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1994 CADDER L? f BALMUILDY MUMRILLS BAR HILL 50 10 15 20 BEARSDEN ILLUS 2 Plans of the internal bathhouses showing their development BAILEY: THE PROVISION OF FORT-ANNEXES ON THE ANTONINE WALL 303 Fortunately relationshie th , clarifies pi examination a y db fortse th f 'no ditches. Startinn gi ease proceedind th an t g westwar looy t eackma a turne n hi dw t Mumrill A . annexe sth e ditch cuts the fort's three outer ditches (Steer 1961, 89). At Rough Castle the same sequence may be judged havo t e occurred detailo ditce n th t hf bu so , fill originae givee th ar s n ni l there reporty ar r ean no , sectional drawings at this point (Christison, Buchanan & Anderson 1905).
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