Durham E-Theses The Scottish campaign of Edward I, 1303-4 Haskell, Michael Alexander How to cite: Haskell, Michael Alexander (1991) The Scottish campaign of Edward I, 1303-4, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6101/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Michael Alexander HASKELL MA (1991) The Scottish campaign of Edward I, 1303-4. Abstract. The campaign of 1303-4 was the longest expedition led by Edward I, and involved the longest siege of his reign. Previously, however, its part in bringing about the Guardians' surrender,early in 1304, has been understated. Based on an in-depth examination of a wide range of surviving documents, the importance of the military element in conquering Scotland has been re-evaluated. Crown strategy was planned with great care and executed with rigour. In gaining access to Scotland north of the Forth, by use of the pre-fabricated bridge built at Lynn in the early part of 1303, Edward proceeded to occupy the eastern ports, effectively placing a barrier between the Guardians and the continent. This proved to be the turning point of the campaign. Because so many cavalry served unpaid, and do not figure largely in the evidence, exact numbers are impossible to ascertain. However, by using the varied sources, reasonable estimates have been put forward for numbers throughout the fifteen months. As regards the infantry, by using the payrolls, it has been argued that more were present for longer than had previously been thought. The efforts to obtain and transport supplies, whether victuals, arms or monies, has also been examined in great detail. The evidence for purveyance suggests that it was not the poor who were burdened, but those of some status in local society. Altogether, the evidence suggests that, in England, many may have benefited from the war by the employment of their skills or the purchase of their goods. Many, however, would also have suffered, especially with regard to shipping. Lowland Scotland and northern England were the worst affected areas because they were the main theatre of operations. The Scottish campaign of Edward I, 1303-4. Michael Alexander HASKELL MA (University of Durham) Department of History, 1991. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. 8 SEP 1992 Contents. List of Diagrams. 3 Acknowledgements. 5 Abbreviated references. 6 .^ote on money and the regnal year. 8 Introduction. 9 Part I. Chapter 1. The Campaign of 1303-4. 19 Part II. The Army. 49 Chapter 2. The Cavalry. 50 Chapter 3. The Infantry, 92 Part III. Tlie Auxiliaries. 117 Chapter 4. Tiie Navy. 118 Chapter 5. Logistics. 140 Chapter b. Skilled Labour. 170 Conclusion. 200 Appendix A. The army's itinerary. 214 Bibliography. 216 List of Diagrams. Map 1.1. The Scottish campaign, 1303-4. Figure 2.1. Prests paid to knights, regnal year 31. Figure 2.2. Horse values. Figure 2,3. Fate of lost horses. May 1303 to August 1304. Table 2.4. Victuals received by various magnates, regnal years 31 and 32. Table 3. 1. Infantry summons , 1303, Figure 3. 2. Infantry numbers , May 1303 to June 1304, Figure 3. 3. Infantry numbers from Yorkshire, May 1303 to April 1304. Figure 3. 4, Infantry numbers f rom Northumberland, May 1303 to April 1304, Figure 3. 5, Infantry numbers from Cumberland, May 1303 to March 1304, Figure 3. 6. Infantry numbers from Derbyshire, May 1303 to March 1304, Figure 3. 7. Infantry numbers from Lancashire, May 1303 to March 1304, Figure 3. 8. Infantry numbers from Nottinghamshire, May to November 1303. Figure 3. 9. Infantry numbers from Westmoreland, May to November 1303. Figure 3. 10. Infantry numbers from the lands of the earl of Angus, May to August 1303, Figure 3, 11. Infantry numbers from various counties. May 1303 to April 1304, Figure 3. 12. Infantry numbers from Berwick garrison, May 1303 to June 1304. Table 3. 13. Infantry victuals. Table 4. 1. Ships requested by the crown, November 1302, Table 5.1. Victuals requested and received, regnal year 31. Figure 5.2. Breakdown of wheat purveyance in Somerset and Dorset, regnal year 31. Figure 5.3. Breakdown of oat purveyance in Somerset and Dorset, regnal year 31. Figure 5.4. Breakdown of beans purveyance in Somerset and Dorset, regnal year 31. Table 5.5. Victuals requested, collected and delivered, regnal year 32. Map 5.6. Vills where corn and oats were purveyed, Northumberland, regnal year 32. Figure 5.7. Breakdown of wheat purveyance in Northumberland, regnal year 32. Figure 5.8. Breakdown of oat purveyance in Northumberland, regnal year 32. Figure 5.9. Breakdown of wheat purveyance in Lincolnshire, regnal year 32. Figure 5.10. Breakdown of oat purveyance in Lincolnshire, regnal year 32. Figure 5.11. Breakdown of beans and peas purveyance in Lincolnshire, regnal year 32. Map 5.12. Identifiable locations given in the Lincolnshire purveyance lists, regnal year 32, for wheat. Map 5.13. Identifiable locations given in the Lincolnshire purveyance lists, regnal year 32, for oats. Map 5.14. Identifiable locations given in the Lincolnshire purveyance lists, regnal year 32, for beans and peas. Figure 5.15. Breakdown of wheat and malt purveyance at Kingston-on-Hull, regnal year 32. Table 5.16. Details of Ralph de Dalton's purveyances in Yorkshire, regnal year 32. Figure 5.17 Breakdown of the cost of pork purchased by Master John de Weston and Robert Heroun. Table 5.18. Cost of grain, 1303-4. Table 6.1. Various items purchased for the pre-fabricated bridge. Figure 6.2. Carpenters and smiths employed on the pre-fabricated bridge, February to June 1303. Figure 6.3. Skilled workers employed by the crown, May 1303 to July 1304. Figure 6.4. Breakdown of skilled workers employed by the crown, May 1303 to July 1304. Figure 6.5. People employed making nails. May to July 1304. I would like to thank Michael Prestwich for all his guidance in my work; my grandmother, for making this thesis possible; and my wife, for all her support. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Abbreviated references. Barrow Bruce G W S Barrow Robert Bruce and the community of the realm of Scotland (Edinburgh,1965 (Third edn,1988)). BIHR Bulletin of the Institute of Historical research. CCR Calendar of Close Rolls (1892-). CDS Calendar of Documents relating to Scotland, i - iv ed. J Bain (1881-8); V eds. G G Simpson and J D Galbraith (Edinburgh,1986). CFR Calendar of Fine Rolls (1911-). CPR Calendar of Patent Rolls (1891-). Docs. Hist. Scots ed.Palgrave Documents and Records Illustrating the History of Scotland i ed. F Palgrave (1837). Documents ed.Stevenson Documents Illustrative of the History of Scotland 1286 - 1306 ii ed. J Stevenson (Edinburgh,1870). EcHR Economic History Review. EHR English Historical Review. F lores Flores Historium iii ed. H R Luard (Rolls series,1890). Guisborough The Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough ed. H Rothwell (Camden society, Third series 89(1957)). The History of the King's Works i, ii The Middle Ages eds. R A Brown, H M Colvin and A J Taylor (1963). Langtoft The Chronicle of Pierre de Langtoft ii ed. T Wright (Rolls series,1886). Lydon 'Edward I, Ireland' J F Lydon 'Edward I, Ireland and the war in Scotland 1303-4' in ed, J F Lydon England and Ireland in the later Middle Ages (Dublin,1981), Prestwich l^ar, Politics M C Prestwich Var, Politics and Finance under Edward I (London,1972). Prestwich Edward I M C Prestwich Edward I (London, 1988). PW Parliamentary Writs and Writs of Military Summons ed. F Palgrave 2 vols in 4 (Record commission, 1827-34). Rishanger Willelmi Rishanger, Chronica et Annales ed. H T Riley (Rolls series,1865). ScHR Scottish Historical Review. TRHS Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Note on money and the regnal year. The accounts not only use the standard £ s d (twelve pennies to the shilling and twenty shillings to the pound) but also the mark; this was worth 13s 4d or two-thirds of a pound. The regnal year was the period on which wardrobe accounts were based. During Edward I's reign, it ran from 20 November to 19 November (Henry III having died on 16 November 1272), Thus regnal year 31 began on 20 November 1302 and regnal year 32 on 20 November 1303, Introduction. On 25 August 1304, Edward I left Scotland after a successful campaign that had begun fifteen months previously; it would be the last time the king was to set foot in Scotland, although not the last expedition he initiated north of the border. Between 1296 and 1306, six campaigns were launched against the Scots (as well as hostilities against tlie French, which only formally ended in 1303).'^ This thesis concentrates on the campaign of 1303-4, from which two themes are drawn out.