William Wallace: Braveheart Free

Braveheart is a American epic historical fiction war film directed and William Wallace: Braveheart by Mel Gibsonwho portrays William Wallacea lateth-century Scottish warrior. Despite initially declining, Gibson eventually decided to direct the film, as well as star as Wallace. Released on May 24,Braveheart received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the performances, directing, production values, battle sequences, and musical score, William Wallace: Braveheart criticized its historical inaccuracies, especially regarding Wallace's title, love interests, and attire. A spin-off sequelRobert the Brucewas released inwith Angus William Wallace: Braveheart reprising his role. Young William Wallace witnesses Longshanks' treachery, survives the deaths of his father and brother, and is taken abroad on a pilgrimage throughout Europe by his paternal uncle Argyle, where he is educated. Years later, Longshanks grants his noblemen land and privileges in Scotland, including Prima Nocte. Meanwhile, a grown Wallace returns to Scotland and falls in love with his childhood friend Murron MacClannough, and the two marry in secret. Wallace rescues Murron from being raped by English soldiers, but as she fights off their second attempt, Murron is captured and publicly executed. In retribution, Wallace leads his clan to slaughter the English garrison in his hometown and send the occupying garrison at Lanark William Wallace: Braveheart to England. Longshanks orders his son Prince Edward to stop Wallace by any means necessary. Alongside his friend Hamish, Wallace rebels against the English, and as his legend spreads, hundreds of Scots from the surrounding clans join him. Wallace leads his army to victory at the Battle of Stirling and then destroys the city of Yorkkilling Longshanks' nephew and sending his severed head to the king. Wallace seeks the assistance of Robert the Brucethe son of nobleman Robert the Elder and a contender for the William Wallace: Braveheart crown. Robert is dominated by his leper father, who wishes to secure the throne for his son by submitting to the English. Worried by the threat of the rebellion, Longshanks sends his son's wife Isabella of France to try to negotiate with Wallace as a distraction for the landing of another invasion force in Scotland. After meeting him in person, Isabella becomes enamored of Wallace. She warns him of the coming invasion, and Wallace implores the Scottish nobility to take immediate action to counter the threat and take back the country, asking Robert the Bruce to lead. Leading the English army himself, Longshanks confronts the Scots at Falkirk. During the battle, noblemen Mornay and Lochlan, having been bribed by the king, ride away with the cavalryresulting in the death of Hamish's father, Campbell. Wallace is then further betrayed when he discovers Robert the Bruce was fighting alongside Longshanks; after the battle, after seeing the damage he helped do to his countrymen, the Bruce reprimands his William Wallace: Braveheart and vows not to be on William Wallace: Braveheart wrong side again. Wallace kills Lochlan and Mornay William Wallace: Braveheart their betrayal, and wages a guerrilla war against the English while assisted by Isabella, with whom he eventually has an affair. Robert sets up a meeting with Wallace in Edinburgh, but Robert's father has conspired with other nobles to capture and hand over Wallace to the English. Learning of his treachery, Robert disowns and banishes his father. Isabella exacts revenge on the now terminally ill Longshanks, who can no longer speak, by telling him that his bloodline will be destroyed upon his death as she is now pregnant with Wallace's child. In London, Wallace is brought before an English magistrate, tried for high treason, and condemned to public torture and beheading. Even whilst being hanged, drawn William Wallace: Braveheart quarteredWallace refuses to submit to the king. The watching William Wallace: Braveheart, deeply moved by the Scotsman's valor, begin crying for mercy. The magistrate offers him one final chance, asking him only to utter the word, "Mercy", and be granted a quick death. Wallace instead shouts, "Freedom! Before being decapitated, Wallace sees a William Wallace: Braveheart of Murron in the crowd, smiling at him. InRobert, now Scotland's king, leads a Scottish army before a ceremonial line of English troops on the fields of Bannockburnwhere he is to formally accept English rule. As he begins to ride toward the English, he stops and invokes Wallace's memory, imploring his men to fight with him William Wallace: Braveheart they did with Wallace. Hamish throws Wallace's sword point-down in front William Wallace: Braveheart the English army, and he and the William Wallace: Braveheart chant Wallace's name. Robert then leads his army into battle against the stunned English, winning the Scots their freedom. Producer Alan William Wallace: Braveheart Jr. However, the thought of it kept coming back to him and he ultimately decided to take on the project. Gibson and his production company, Icon Productionshad difficulty raising enough money for the film. Warner Bros. Gibson eventually gained enough financing for the film, with Paramount Pictures financing a third of the budget in exchange for North American distribution rights to the film, and 20th Century Fox putting up two thirds of the budget in exchange for international distribution rights. Principal photography on the film began on June 6, To lower costs, Gibson had the same extras, up to 1, in some scenes, portray both armies. The reservists had been given permission to grow beards and swapped their military uniforms for medieval garb. Gibson had to tone down the film's battle scenes to avoid an NC rating from the MPAA ; the final version was rated R for "brutal medieval warfare ". It is Horner's second of three collaborations with Mel Gibson as director. The score has gone on to be one of the most commercially successful soundtracks of all time. Braveheart earned positive reviews; critics praised Gibson's direction and performance as Wallace, the performances of its cast, and its screenplay, production values, Horner's score, William Wallace: Braveheart the battle sequences. The site's consensus states "Distractingly violent and historically dodgy, Mel Gibson's Braveheart justifies its epic length by delivering enough sweeping action, drama, William Wallace: Braveheart romance to match its ambition. Caryn James of The New York Times praised the film, calling it "one of the most spectacular entertainments in years. Not all reviews were positive, Richard Schickel of TIME magazine William Wallace: Braveheart that "everybody knows that a non-blubbering clause is standard in all movie stars' contracts. Too bad there isn't one banning self-indulgence when they direct. The European premiere was on September 3,in Stirling. Inthe year after the film was released, the annual three-day "Braveheart Conference" at Stirling Castle attracted fans of Braveheartincreasing the conference's attendance tofrom 66, in the previous year. The film generated huge interest in Scotland and in Scottish historynot only around the world, but also in Scotland itself. Lin Andersonauthor of Braveheart: From Hollywood To HolyroodWilliam Wallace: Braveheart the film with playing a significant role in affecting the Scottish political landscape in the mid-to-late s. Ina foot 3. The statue, which was the William Wallace: Braveheart of Tom Church, a monumental mason from Brechin[42] included the word 'Braveheart' on Wallace's shield. The installation became the cause of much controversy; one local resident stated that it was wrong to "desecrate the main memorial to Wallace with a lump of crap". After repairs were made, the statue was encased in a cage every night to prevent further vandalism. The William Wallace: Braveheart was described as "among the most loathed pieces of public art in Scotland". I don't know. I know that it spoke to my heart and that's what matters to me, that it spoke to my heart. Wallace's affair with Princess Isabella. Elizabeth Ewan describes Braveheart as a film that "almost totally sacrifices historical accuracy for epic adventure". Sharon Krossa noted William Wallace: Braveheart the film contains numerous historical inaccuracies, beginning with the wearing of belted plaid by Wallace and his men. In that period "no Scots [ She compares the inaccuracy to "a film about Colonial America showing the colonial men wearing 20th century business suits, but with the jackets worn back-to-front instead of the right way around. Inthe film was second on a William Wallace: Braveheart of "most historically inaccurate movies" in The Times. In the DVD audio commentary of BraveheartMel Gibson acknowledges many of the historical inaccuracies but defends his choices as director, noting that the way events were portrayed in the film was much more "cinematically compelling" than the historical fact or conventional mythos. Edward LongshanksKing of England, is shown invoking Jus primae noctisallowing the lord of a medieval estate to take the virginity of his serfs' maiden daughters on their wedding nights. Critical medieval scholarship regards this supposed right as a myth: "the simple reason why we are dealing with a myth here rests in the surprising fact that practically all writers who make any such claims have never been able or willing to cite any trustworthy source, if they have any. The film suggests Scotland had been under English occupation for some time, at least during Wallace's childhood, and in the run-up to the Battle of Falkirk Wallace says to the younger Bruce, "[W]e'll have what none of us have ever had before, a country of our own. At one point, Wallace's uncle refers to a piper as "playing outlawed tunes on outlawed pipes. Further, the widely-held belief that bagpipes were banned by the Act of Proscription years later is erroneous. Bagpipes were never specifically outlawed in Scotland. As John Shelton Lawrence and Robert Jewett writes, "Because [William] Wallace is one of Scotland's most important national heroes and because William Wallace: Braveheart lived in the very distant past, much that is believed about him is probably the stuff of legend. But there is a factual strand that historians agree to", summarized from Scots scholar Matt Ewart:. Wallace was born into the gentry of Scotland; his father lived until he was 18, his mother until his 24th year; he killed the sheriff William Wallace: Braveheart Lanark when he was 27, apparently after the murder of his wife; he led a group of commoners against the English in a very successful battle at Stirling intemporarily receiving appointment as guardian ; Wallace's reputation as a military leader was ruined in the same year ofleading to his resignation as guardian; he spent several years of William Wallace: Braveheart in France before William Wallace: Braveheart captured by the English at Glasgowthis resulting in his trial for treason and his cruel execution. She finds that in Braveheart"any hint of his descent from the lowland gentry i. Colin McArthur writes that Braveheart "constructs Wallace as a kind of modern, nationalist guerrilla leader in a period half a millennium before the appearance of nationalism on the historical stage as a concept under which disparate classes and interests might be mobilised within a nation state. Isabella of France is shown having an affair with Wallace after the Battle of Falkirk. In reality, Isabella was around three years old and living in France at the time of the Battle of Falkirk, was not married to Edward II until he was already king, and Edward III was born seven years after Wallace died. However, it was only inover 20 years after Wallace's death, that Isabella, her son, and her lover Roger Mortimer William Wallace: Braveheart invade England to depose - and later murder - Edward II. Robert the Bruce did change sides between the Scots loyalists and the English more than once in the earlier stages of the Wars of Scottish Independencebut he probably did not fight on the English side at the Battle of Falkirk although this claim does appear in a few medieval sources. The actual Edward I was ruthless and temperamental, but the film exaggerates his negative aspects for effect. Edward enjoyed poetry and harp music, was a devoted and loving husband to his wife Eleanor of Castileand William Wallace: Braveheart a religious man, he gave generously to charity. The film's scene where he scoffs cynically at Isabella for distributing gold to the poor after Wallace refuses it as a bribe would have been unlikely. Furthermore, Edward died on campaign two years after Wallace's execution, not in bed at his home. The depiction William Wallace: Braveheart the future Edward II as an effeminate homosexual drew accusations of homophobia against Gibson. We cut a scene out, unfortunately But it just stopped the film in the first act so much that you thought, 'When's this story going to start? I'm just trying to respond to history. You can cite other examples— Alexander the Greatfor example, who conquered the entire world, was also a homosexual. But this story isn't about Alexander the Great. It's about Edward II. In response to Longshanks' murder of the Prince's male lover Phillip, Gibson replied: "The fact that King Edward throws this character out a window has nothing to do with him being gay He's terrible to his son, to everybody. Wallace did win an important victory at the Battle of Stirling Bridgebut the version in Braveheart is highly inaccurate, as it was filmed without a bridge and without Andrew Morayjoint commander of the Scots army, who was fatally injured in the battle. Later, Wallace did carry out a large-scale raid into the north of England, but he did not get as far south as York, nor William Wallace: Braveheart he kill Longshanks' nephew [78]. The "Irish conscripts" at the Battle of Falkirk are also unhistorical; there were no Irish troops at Falkirk although many of the English army were actually Welsh [79] and it is anachronistic to refer to conscripts in the Middle Ages although there were feudal levies. William Wallace | Biography & Facts | Britannica

In AD, Wallace wanted to go alongside his father and brother to a peaceful meeting with Edward I of England, William's father told him to stay at the farm. However, he snuck behind him and when he entered the barn, he became terrified at the sight of the hanging bodies at the peace delegation. The next morning, Malcolm and John departed from their home, telling William to stay home and William Wallace: Braveheart over the farm while they were gone. Only one day later, he William Wallace: Braveheart a group of people coming towards the farm. It was CampbellMacClannoughand some other people coming back, and it appeared that his father was coming at first. But then, William found out that his father and brother had William Wallace: Braveheart killed in battle, and saw their bodies being cleaned up for burial. At the funeral, he did not understand the priest 's words, since he was speaking in Latin. But after the priest's words, a young girl named Murron MacClannough came up to William and gave him a flower to try and be kind to him. He cried and felt strong for her. William Wallace: Braveheart after, a man on a horse William Wallace: Braveheart up to him, and he revealed to be his uncle, Argyle. Argyle and William Wallace: Braveheart left Malcolm's farm and headed to his house. William Argyle taught William how to speak French and Latin, how to read, took him on a pilgrimage to Rome, but most importantly, he taught him to use his mind before he taught him to use a sword. Byafter having been with his uncle for a while, he forgot about his friend Hamish, but remembered Murron and kept her flower with him. He was reunited with his friends at a festival celebrating the marriage of Morrison and Morrison's Wife and had a contest with Hamish. He told Hamish to crush him like a worm by throwing a rock at him, but he missed, without William moving a bit. In response, William threw a stone at his head, hurting it, and he William Wallace: Braveheart the contest. He was about to talk to Murron when a friend of Murron's asked him to dance with her. They danced only briefly since the English noble Lord Bottoms took Morrison's wife to his bed as a result of the institution of Prima Noctae by the English king. Later on that day, he rode to William Wallace: Braveheart MacClannough's house in the pouring rain to see if Murron could ride with him. Despite the parents' objections, Murron ran to him and they rode off. William told her that he could speak Latin and French, and when she asked how Rome looked, he said "almost as beautiful as you" in Latin, which she did not comprehend. He returned her home, but later William Wallace: Braveheart, her father told William Wallace: Braveheart that only if he fought, he would be allowed to court Murron. That night, he took her out in secret and he arranged a marriage between the two of them, and the Priest declared them husband and wife. Shortly after, they made love to one another in the lake. William then had a brief racist period where he would attack every "darkie" on sight. This was in the original take for William Wallace: Braveheart movie but was then deleted as it was deemed too offensive for the child audience, yet the hanging scene was fine. After the William Wallace: Braveheart victories at the skirmishes, William was joined by several new recruits, including Faudron and Stephen. He immediately gained the latter's loyalty when he saved his life by killing Faudron, who was mentally ill and tried to assassinate William. After seeing William Wallace: Braveheart trees and after Campbell brought up William Wallace: Braveheart unbeaten English heavy cavalry, William ordered the construction of spears twice the size of a man to repel the English cavalry. Wallace was then joined by nobles MornayLochlana larger English army with heavy cavalry and far more infantry and bowmen, led by the Lord Talmadge and Lord Cheltham. At Stirling, the two armies met. The men, demoralized William Wallace: Braveheart of the William Wallace: Braveheart of the English army and how they were fighting for lords who would stop. Faudron and Stephen meet William. Battle of Stirling. The victory was so great that Craig and all of the nobles proclaimed him a knight, guardian, and High Protector of Scotland. He named Hamish, Campbell, and Stephen. A huge fight happened when Balliol invited him to uphold his rightful claim, and continue support of the Balliols, and he left the room because they would William Wallace: Braveheart stand together. He planned to invade England and defeat the English on their own ground. He denounced the nobles, but Robert the Bruce told them to make sure that he did not face the enemy on both borders, the nobles, and the English. Wallace invaded England and took the city of York, sending the governor 's head to King Edward, who had returned, to inform him that he had sacked the city. A few nights later, he had a dream of Murron, who told him to wake up. It was really Campbell, who was shouting for him to wake up after Princess Isabella and flags of truce appeared outside of York. She had come to offer him tons of treasure and a truce. Isabella called him the sacker of peaceful cities and the executioner of the king's nephew, her husband's own cousin. When her adviser Hamilton told her that he was a lying savage, he replied in Latin that he was not a liar but was a savage. He then told her that York was a staging point for. William was early warned by Nicolettethe escort of William Wallace: Braveheart princess, who gave him a letter, telling him of the attack. The battle was at Falkirk, near Edinburgh. Mornay William Wallace: Braveheart him that the only option was to negotiate, but Wallace told him that he required William Wallace: Braveheart soldier he could require, even the nobles and their personal escorts. He told them that he won at Stirling, and still they quibbled; at Yorkthey would not aid him, and now, during the most desperate moment, they must help him. Robert the Bruce promised him that he would unite William Wallace: Braveheart clans and aid him at Falkirk. The Irish join the Scottish at Falkirk. Sign In Don't have an account? Start a Wiki. Categories :. Cancel Save. Mel Gibson. William Wallace | Braveheart Wiki | Fandom

He was appointed Guardian of Scotland and served until his defeat at the Battle of Falkirk in July In AugustWallace was captured in Robroystonnear Glasgowand handed over to King Edward I of Englandwho had him hanged, drawn and quartered for high treason and crimes against English civilians. Since his death, Wallace has obtained an iconic status far beyond his homeland. William Wallace was a member of the lesser nobility, but little is definitely known of his family history or even his parentage. There is no contemporary evidence linking him with either location, although both areas had connections with the wider Wallace family. Wallace's brothers Malcolm and John are William Wallace: Braveheart from other sources. The origins of the Wallace surname and its association with southwest Scotland are also far from certain, other William Wallace: Braveheart the name's being derived from the William Wallace: Braveheart English wylisc pronounced "wullish"meaning "foreigner" or "Welshman". His reign had seen a period of peace and economic stability. On 19 Marchhowever, Alexander died after falling from his horse. The heir to the throne was Alexander's granddaughter, Margaret, Maid of Norway. As she was still a child and in Norway, the Scottish lords set up a government of guardians. Margaret fell ill on the voyage to Scotland and died in Orkney in late September The most credible claims were John Balliol and Robert Brucegrandfather of future king. With Scotland threatening to descend into civil war, King Edward I of England was invited in by the Scottish nobility to arbitrate. Before the process could begin, he insisted that all of the contenders recognise him as Lord Paramount of Scotland. In early Novemberat a great feudal William Wallace: Braveheart held in the castle at Berwick-upon-Tweedjudgment was given in favour of John Balliol having the strongest claim in law based on being senior in genealogical primogeniture even though not in proximity of blood. Edward proceeded to take steps to progressively undermine John's authority, treating Scotland as a feudal vassal state, demanding homage be paid towards himself and military support in his war against France — even summoning King John Balliol to stand before the English court as a common plaintiff. The Scots soon tired of their deeply compromised king, and the direction of affairs was allegedly taken out of his hands by the leading men of the kingdom, who appointed a Council of Twelve—in practice, a new panel of Guardians—at Stirling in July They went on to conclude a treaty of mutual assistance with France—known in later years as the Auld Alliance. Some historians believe Wallace must have had some earlier military experience William Wallace: Braveheart order to lead a successful military campaign in Campaigns like Edward I of England's wars in Wales might have provided a good opportunity for a younger son of a landholder to become a mercenary soldier. Walter Bower states that Wallace was "a tall man with the body of a giant The first William Wallace: Braveheart definitely known to have been carried out by Wallace was his murder of William de Heselrig, the English High Sheriff of Lanarkin May This was one of several rebellions taking place across Scotland, including those of several Scottish nobles and Andrew Moray in the north. The uprising suffered William Wallace: Braveheart blow when the William Wallace: Braveheart submitted to the English at Irvine in July. Wallace and Moray were not involved, and continued their rebellions. Wallace used the Ettrick Forest as a base for raiding, and attacked Wishart 's William Wallace: Braveheart at Ancrum. Wallace and Moray met and joined their forces, possibly at the siege of Dundee in early September. Although vastly outnumbered, the Scottish army routed the English army. John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey 's feudal army of 3, cavalry and 8, to 10, infantry met disaster as they crossed over to the north side of the river. The narrowness of the bridge prevented many soldiers from crossing together possibly William Wallace: Braveheart few as three men abreastWilliam Wallace: Braveheart, while the English soldiers crossed, the Scots held back until half of them had passed and then killed the English as quickly as they could cross. The Scots' schiltron formations forced the William Wallace: Braveheart back William Wallace: Braveheart the advancing cavalry. A pivotal charge, led by one of Wallace's captains, caused some of the English soldiers to retreat as others pushed forward, and under the overwhelming weight, the bridge collapsed and many English soldiers drowned. Thus, the Scots won a significant victory, boosting the confidence of their army. Hugh CressinghamEdward's treasurer in Scotland, died in the fighting and it is reputed that his body was subsequently flayed and the skin cut into small pieces as tokens of the victory. The Lanercost Chronicle records that Wallace had "a broad strip [of Cressingham's skin] Moray died of William Wallace: Braveheart suffered on the battlefield sometime in late The type of engagement conducted by Wallace was characterised by opportunistic tactics and the strategic use of terrain. This was in stark contrast to the contemporary views on chivalric warfare which were characterised by strength of arms and knightly combat. Around NovemberWallace led a large-scale raid into northern England, through Northumberland and Cumberland. In a ceremony, at the 'Kirk o' the Forest' Selkirktowards the end of the year, Wallace was knighted. In William Wallace: BraveheartEdward ordered a second invasion of Scotland. Two days prior to the battle 25, foot soldiers were paid. More than half of them would have been Welsh. There are no clear cut sources for the presence of cavalry, but it is safe to assume that Edward had roughly horse under his command. The English quartermasters ' failure to prepare for the expedition left morale and food supplies low, and a resulting riot within Edward's own army had to be put down by his cavalry. In July, while planning a return to Edinburgh for supplies, Edward received intelligence that the Scots were encamped nearby at Falkirk, and he moved quickly to engage them in the pitched battle he had long hoped for. Wallace arranged his spearmen in four schiltrons —circular, defensive hedgehog formations, probably surrounded by wooden stakes connected with ropes, to keep the infantry in formation. The English, however, employed Welsh longbowmenwho swung tactical superiority in their favour. The English proceeded to attack with cavalry and put the Scottish archers to flight. The Scottish cavalry withdrew as well, due to its inferiority to the William Wallace: Braveheart heavy horses. Edward's men began to attack the schiltrons, which were still able to inflict William Wallace: Braveheart casualties on the English cavalry. It remains unclear whether the infantry shooting bolts, arrows, and stones at the spearmen proved the deciding factor, although it is very likely that it was the arrows of Edward's bowmen. Gaps in the schiltrons soon appeared, and the English exploited these to crush the remaining resistance. The Scots lost many William Wallace: Braveheart, including William Wallace: Braveheart de Graham. Wallace escaped, though his military reputation suffered badly. Details of Wallace's activities after this are vague, but there is some evidence that he left on a mission to William Wallace: Braveheart court of King Philip IV of France to plead the case for assistance in the Scottish struggle for independence. There is a surviving letter from the French king dated 7 November to his envoys in Rome demanding that they should help Sir William. William Wallace: Braveheart Wallace was back in Scotland, and involved in skirmishes at Happrew and Earnside. The site is commemorated by a small monument in the form of a Celtic cross. Wallace was transported to London, lodged in the house of William de Leyrer, then taken to Westminster HallWilliam Wallace: Braveheart he was tried for treason and for atrocities against civilians in war, "sparing neither age nor sex, monk nor nun. He responded to the treason charge, "I could not be a traitor to Edward, for I was never his subject. Following the trial, on 23 AugustWallace was taken from the hall to the Tower of Londonthen stripped naked and dragged through the city at the heels of a horse to the Elms at Smithfield. It William Wallace: Braveheart later joined by the heads of the brothers, John and Simon Fraser. His limbs were displayed, separately, in NewcastleBerwickStirlingand Perth. A plaque unveiled 8 Aprilstands in a wall of St. Bartholomew's Hospital near the site of Wallace's execution at Smithfield. It includes in Latin the words "Dico tibi verum libertas optima rerum nunquam servili sub nexu vivito fili" I tell you the truth. Freedom is what is best. Sons, never live life like William Wallace: Braveheart. In the Wallace Monument was erected, very close to the site of his victory William Wallace: Braveheart Stirling William Wallace: Braveheart. The Wallace Swordwhich supposedly belonged to Wallace, although some parts were made at least years later, was held for many years in Dumbarton Castle and is now in the Wallace Monument. From Wikipedia, the free William Wallace: Braveheart. Scottish landowner and leader in the First War of Scottish Independence. For other people named William William Wallace: Braveheart, see William Wallace disambiguation. Wallace in stained glass at his monument in Stirling. Main article: Competitors for the Crown of Scotland. Main article: Battle of Stirling Bridge. Main article: Battle of Falkirk. Retrieved William Wallace: Braveheart April Documents illustrative of Sir William Wallace: his life and times. Printed for the William Wallace: Braveheart club. BBC History. Retrieved 4 April William Wallace: Braveheart Retrieved 26 November The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press. New York Public Library. The Great Courses Daily. Retrieved 23 May Scottish Queens, Tuckwell Press. The Kingship of the Scots, Succession and Independence. Edinburgh University Press. McGill—Queen's University Press. Scotland: The Story of a Nation. Grove Press. Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 21 August