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Dogs, Cats and Horses in the Scottish Medieval Town Catherine Smith*

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Dogs, Cats and Horses in the Scottish Medieval Town Catherine Smith* Proc Antiqc So Scot, (1998)8 12 , 859-885 Dogs, cats and horses in the Scottish medieval town Catherine Smith* ABSTRACT Scottish medieval urban sites excavated over lastdecadesthe two have provided abundant evidence animalsofthe which were exploited humanby populations. This paper concernedis with three domesticated reviews horse and speciesdog,and naturethe — the cat — of their relationships with town dwellers. The majority of the excavations reviewed here were funded either wholly or in part by Historic Scotland, in conjunction with the Manpower Services Commission, and research for this paper alsowas funded Historicby Scotland. INTRODUCTION Ove o decadese lasth tw rt , many town site n Scotlani s d have bee e subjecth n f rescuo t e excavations advancn i , buildinf eo g developments. Such excavations have produce wealtda f ho evidence relating to the development of urban centres in the medieval period. Where waterlogging s occurredha r examplfo , n Perthi e , whic s stili h l periodically affecte y locab d l flooding, preservation of organic remains can be particularly good (see, for example, Bowler, Cox & Smith 1995). These remains botf o , h anima pland an l t origin providn ca , ricea h sourc informatiof eo n as to the diet and living conditions of the medieval urban population. Analysis of animal bone assemblage revean sca onlt lno y evidence abou beaste th t s themselves alst ,bu o abou humane th t s who exploite lived an dd alongside them. Hodgson (1983 s revieweha ) summarized dan e dth evidenc domestir efo c animal eastere t siteth sa n so n Scottish seaboard; this paper focused an , son updates, the evidence for, dogs, cats and horses, three species long associated with man, and their Scottise placth n ei h medieval town. THE SITES sitee Th s which have produce mose dth t well-preserve fruitfud dan l faunal assemblages dateo t , , generalle ar y locate Scotland'n di s more easterly burghs, suc Perths ha , Dundee t AndrewsS , , Aberdeen, Elgin and Inverness, although, in the west, Ayr has also been the subject of archaeological investigation (illus 1). The character of the sites includes prestige frontage properties (eg 75-77 High Street in Perth, excavated in 1975-7 and hereafter referred to as PHSE), industrial backlands (Meal Venne Perth)n i l monastid an , c foundations (Carmelite friarief so Aberdee Perth)d nan singlA . e castle site, Ladyhill enclose w modere no ,th y db n tow Elginf no , also deserves inclusion in this study, since its location places it close to, if not within, the medieval * Scottish Urban Archaeological Trust Ltd (SUAT), 55 South Methven Street, Perth PHI 5NX 860 I SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND, 1998 iiiii %x 0 ILLU S1 Locatio Scotlandf o p nma , showing burghs where principal excavation medievaf so l sites have taken place. (Based on the Ordnance Survey map © Crown copyright) SMITH: DOGS, CATS AND HORSES IN THE SCOTTISH MEDIEVAL TOWN | 861 burgh. Because Ladyhill provides evidenc medievaf eo l huntin alss i t gousefui a l contrase th o t burgh sites where remain gamf so e animal seldoe sar m seen. The sites and appropriate references are listed in Table 1. Dates chosen for this review fall withi 12te nth 16to ht h centuries; site phases whic latee har r tha e 16tnth h century have been omitted. SPECIES IDENTIFICATION It would be easy to assume that all the canine bones come from domesticated species, but of course possibilitthere th s ei confusinf yo g post-cranial bone wolvef so s with thos largf eo e dogs. Wolves (Canis lupus) were driven to extinction in northern Scotland by the mid 18th century (Perry 1978, 55-6) t werbu , e certainly found throughou e countrth t y before that times a , numerous documentary records and evidence of place-names show. Aybes & Yalden (1995, 212-13) list 69 Scottish place-names with a 'wolf element, both Gaelic and English, from the Borders to the Highlands. Gracile dog bones may also be confused with those of fox (Vulpes vulpes). However, no fox skulls, which are diagnostic of the species, have been found at any of the sites. Long bones which were identified in the original site reports as 'dog/fox' have therefore been omitted here. Similarly, one cannot always be sure that all feline bones found in towns are from domestic cats, since wild cat skins with the feet attached may have been imported into the burghs. The native Scottish wil t (Felisdca silvestris), while generally larger tha s domestinit c relative (Felis catus), is probably morphologically indistinguishable from it, at least as regards the skeleton (S Davis, pers comm). Feature skule th ln si hav e been claime bees ha nt differo i dt note t bu ,d that 'skulls of domestic cats show great variation in form and size, and there is not a single feature in the skull of F silvestris which cannot be found in certain skulls of the Domestic Cat' (Kirk 1935). Besides, as cat skulls are relatively delicate, they do not always survive well under burial conditions. Since all the cat skulls and long bones reviewed were of a relatively small size it was decided to treat them as the domestic species (Felis catus). As for equids, while it is believed that all the specimens seen were from horses (Equus caballus), ther possibilita s ei previouf yo s archaeozoological workers having faile recognizo dt e remain donkeyf so s (Equus asinus). Perhap r thisfo s reason, report equidf so s other than horses are rare in Britain, although mules (crosses between horses and donkeys) have been reported from Roman London (Armitag Chapmae& n 1979) Romane Th . thoughe sar responsibl e b o t e for the introduction of the donkey and the mule throughout Europe (Clutton-Brock 1987, 96). A donkey tooth has been tentatively identified from Burgess Street, Leith, although this is of recent date (18th- or 19th-century date) (D Henderson, pers comm). RELATIVE ABUNDANC DOGSF EO , CAT HORSED SAN S All of the animal bone assemblages from sites considered in this review contain relatively large quantities of the bones of cattle and sheep, mainly because these were the animals on which the Scottish medieval export econom hidesf yo , woo woolfelld lan baseds swa . This heavy reliancn eo both cattle and sheep results in their predominance in medieval faunal assemblages, to the relative exclusion of other species. Thus, although the remains of dogs, cats and horses are retrieved from urban sites where bone preservede sar , almost without fail, their number fairle sar y small with respec ubiquitoue thoso t th t f eo s hidwood an e l producers a recen r fo ; t comparisoe th f no frequencies of food-forming mammals, see Smith 1995:b. 86 | 2SOCIET ANTIQUARIEF YO SCOTLANDF SO , 1998 In Table 1, the numbers of bones from dogs, cats and horses are shown alongside the 'minimum number individualsf so ' calculated fro mose mth t frequent bone from each speciest a , each site. These 'minimum numbers undoubtedle ar ' underestimaten ya t hav advantage bu , eth e of indicating relative abundance. For example, at 12-18 New Bridge Street, Ayr, 95 dog bones represented onlindividualso ytw , whil contrasty eb boneg t do PHSE a , 8 s (jus21 , t over twice eth number from Ayr) represented 17 individuals. This is because the majority of the bones at 12-18 New Bridge Street came from a single canine skeleton, while most of those from PHSE represented many single, stray bones not associated with articulated skeletons. pattere Th f distributiono n seem shoo st w tha bonee th t f dogso s were more commonly recovered than those of cats, with the notable exception of the two Perth High Street sites. This because b y ma e dogs were genuinely more numerous than cats becausr ,o bonest eca , being small, may have been missed during excavation. Bone horsesf so , however largs a those s ea ar , cattlf e o shoul d ean d therefore show less bias recovern i y than bone catf smald so san l dogs thut .I s appears that horse havy sema been relatively uncommo medievae th n ni l burghs t leasa r o t, that they rarely died there. Perhaps surprisingly, comparison with the deserted medieval burgh site of Rattray in Aberdeenshire (Hamilton-Dyer et al 1993) indicates that here, also, horses were scarce. TYPES OF DOGS: HUNDIS, MESSANS AND TOWNE TYKIS Both Harcourt (1974) and Glutton-Brock (1987), the former an authority on early domestic dogs and the latter on domesticated mammals, have cautioned against identifying the remains of animals from archaeological sites with distinct, named, modern breeds. Harcourt (1974, 173) argued tha modere th t n concep 'breedf o t ' relie sucn so h characteristic colous sa naturd ran f eo coate th , carriag earevef taid ed o temperamen e lsan an n th animalse th f notabls to i t .I e that there is a resistance within the sheepdog fraternity to following such standards of appearance, preferrin attributee gth doge th sf so whic h make them valuable working animals (Combe 1987). 'Types', based on the evidence of size and head shape provided by the bones themselves, are therefore described in archaeological literature. Where semi-complete skeletons have been preserved, shoulder height estimatee b n sca d fro lengthe mlime th th bf so bone s with reasonable accuracy furthe.A r metho alss dha o been devise whicn di bonefeet e e metapodialse hth th th ,f so , usee ar estimato dt e canine shoulder height (Clark 1995)M K , .
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