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Silurian System in Eastern Montana

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Silurian System in Eastern Montana University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1966 Silurian system in eastern Montana Frank Kendall Gibbs The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Gibbs, Frank Kendall, "Silurian system in eastern Montana" (1966). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 9265. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/9265 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SILURIAN SYSTEM IN EASTERN MONTANA by Frank Kendall Gibbs Geological Bhgineer Colorado School Of Mines, 1955 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science U niversity of Montana 1966 Approved by: 1 Chairman, Board of Examiners Deary" Graduate School J A r r c '^’^ -7_____________ Date ( i ) UMI Number: EP40067 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Dissertation PuWisNng UMI EP40067 Published by ProOuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProOuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code uest ProOuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 table of contents Page Introduction --------------------------- — — 1 General geology 3 Tectonic setting 3 Methods and procedures 5 Previous woric ——---------—————™™— .——— 7 Surface stratigraphie definition in Manitoba — — — — 7 Subsurface stratigraphie definition — -------------- -------— — 9 Summary of nomenclature development — — — — I 3 Stratigraphy ——------- - — —— 14 Interlake Formation ™—™—. 14 Subdivision and nomenclature 16 A ge ------- —— -------------- 17 Lithology of the In terlak e Formation in Montana — ---- 18 Lower beds — 19 Porosity development in the Interlake Formation —— 20 Photographic illustrations (Plates I, II, III, IF, and V) 21 (11) Page Relation of the Interlake Formation to adjacent strata — --------- 28 Lower c o n ta c t — ----------- —------------------ 28 Upper contact ---------- — ---------------- 29 D istrib u tio n of the In terlak e Formation in Montana ——- —— 30 Modem ideas concerning carbonate deposits and their classification ————— ——-— --------—- — — 32 Dolomite and dolomitization — —— — — — — 35 A process for dolomitization —— ----------------------— — —— 36 A classification of dolomites 36 Conditions o f deposition of the In terlak e Formation in Montana — 37 Bibliography —- —- — — —---------—-------- 41 Appendix A (Compilation of data used in mapping) — •— •— --------- 46 ( i i i ) ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1 — Index map of thesis area —— ————————————— vii 2 — Gamma ray neutron definition of the Interlake Formation in eastern Montana ——— — — —— I 5 3 — Sample depths o f rocks used in photographic illustrations — — 22 4 — Lithology» lower and middle beds» Interlake Formation (from cores» Murphy» et al.» East Popular # 1)—In Pocket 5 — Cross-section A—A', gamma ray log correlations of the Interlake Formation in eastern Montana —— In Pocket 6 — Cross-section B—B* » gamma ray log correlations of the Interlake Formation» North Dakota to eastern Montana —— — — —— ——— In Pocket 7 — Isopachous map of the lower Interlake beds —————In Pocket 8 — Isopachous map of the middle Interlake beds — ——In Pocket 9 — Paleogeologic map» post-Silurian pre-Mlddle Devonian erosion surface and isopachous map of the upper In terlak e beds, eastern Montana -------- -— In Pocket 10 — Structure contour map, top Stony Mountain Formation (base Interlake Formation) ———In Pocket Plate I — Finely micrograined dolomite; thin section photograph — — — ------------- 23 Plate II - Relict clastic texture in dolomite; thin section Plate IH- Finely micrograined dolomite with typical laminated structure; thin section photograph — — — 25 Plate IV - Dolomite (dolomitized algal and roicritic limestone); thin Section photograph ——™ 26 Plate V — Dolomite, dolomite breccia; thin section photograph - 27 (iv ) ABSTRACT The Interlake Fonnation, which constitutes the Silurian System throughout the TAlliston Basin was found to be present in the sub­ surface of about the eastern one third of Montana* Subsurface boundaries and informal subdivisions were established at 100 well locations in eastern Montana by carrying gamma ray log correlations into the area from the central part of the Williston Basin in North Dakota. Descriptions of well cores and cuttings were used in conjunction with the gamma ray logs in making subsurface correlations. The Tnterlake cmnfapmahly ovexlies the Stony Mountain Fonaation in the northeastern part of Montana» but to the west and southwest an unconformity possibly exists between the two formations. The upper contact of the Interlake is an unconformity» and the overlying Ashem Formation of Middle Devonian age rests on eroded and truncated rocks of the Silurian System. The Interlake has been reduced from group to formation rank» and divided informally into lower» middle and upper beds. Beds formerly regarded as the Stonewall Formation are included in the lower unit of the Interlake Formation. The unit previously called Stonewall Formation does not qualify for formation rank in the subsurface. The rocks of the lower and middle beds are mainly gray to light brownish gray to near white» medium to very fine grained» calcareous dolomite» and finely laminated» gray to near white» micrograined dolomite. To the northeast the middle beds become mostly dolomitised fragmental limestones with interbedded thin» anhydritic» argillaceous micrograined dolomite* The upper beds consist of dolomitized fragmental limestones and interbedded thin, micrograined dolomite and argillaceous, anhydritic, micrograined dolomite. Most of the sediments of the Interlake Fomation are classified as "dolomites in evaporitic sequences", but the general lack of high rank salts indicates the environment of deposition was penesaline in the lagoons of the shelf areas. Isopachous maps show that some areas of the shelf were more positive than others during deposition of the Interlake. These more positive areas in certain instances were sites of patch reef and algal growth. Where these rocks have retained favorable reservoir characteristics they may now contain producible o il. ' v i . ) J SASKATCHEWAN 1 MaHjTOBA ONTARIO \T//fl/,^ '^~rr/'~n— •— -—^------- ^ \ north DAKOTA', \ ^ ’////////// a ^ 2 atG S NOT r vrj ttOV» SOUTH DAKO - ' 4 NEBRASKA — ^ s MOWING THESIS AREA WILLIS TON BASIN INDEX MAP ?IG . 1 WESTERN INTRODUCTION In this thesis the Interlake Fonaation« which constitutes the Silurian System in the Williston Basin, is studied and its limits defined in th e subsurface of eastern Montana, Eastern Montana forms the western flank of the large cratonic Williston Basin, The basin is located to the west and southwest of the Canadian Shield and extends through southwestern Manitoba, southern and central Saskatchewan, most of North and South Dakota, and eastern Montana (See Fig, 1), Rocks of the Silurian System crop out along the Canadian Shield in Manitoba and in the mountain ranges of northern Utah and southeastern Idaho east and north of Logan, Utah, but are not known to be present on the surface any^ere in Montana, Thus, the rocks of the Interlake Fomation which underlie most of the Williston Basin (Porter and I\ille r , 1959) must be studied and their limits fixed using subsurface geologic methods and infomation obtained from deep bore holes drilled in exploring for oil. The objectives of this thesis are: (1) to determine the distribution of the Interlake Formation Wiich makes up the Silurian System in eastern Montana, (2) to determine the relationship between the Interlake Formation and the underlying and overlying formations, and (3) to interpret the environment of deposition of the Interlake Formation in eastern Montana, (1) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For support of my graduais work a t the U niversity Of Montana I am indebted to the National Defense Graduate Fellowship Program of the United States Department Of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, and to the Geology Department of the University Of Montana. The completion of this thesis would have been impossible without the guidance of the Staff of the Geology Department of the University Of Montana. Particular thanks are extended to my thesis advisor. Dr. Robert M. Wéidman, and to myGraduate School advisor Dr. Fred Honkala. Dr. James A. Peterson of my thesis committee was very helpfbl in evaluating and editing the manuscript. Mr. Andrew F. Bateman, Jr., of the United States Geological Survey in Great F a lls , Montana helped by pointing out some o f the regional aspects of the thesis subject, and also provided me with several iiqportant references. Special thanks are extended to my wife, Mrs. Margaret Jean Gibbs, for her help in calculating and compiling the data used in the sub. surface
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