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HERRERA-THESIS-2013.Pdf (12.72Mb) A PETROLEUM SYSTEM STUDY OF THE CRATONIC WILLISTON BASIN IN NORTH DAKOTA, U.S.A.: THE ROLE OF THE LARAMIDE OROGENY A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Houston -------------------------------------------- In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science -------------------------------------------- By Henry Herrera August 2013 A PETROLEUM SYSTEM STUDY OF THE CRATONIC WILLISTON BASIN IN NORTH DAKOTA, U.S.A.: THE ROLE OF THE LARAMIDE OROGENY Henry Herrera APPROVED: Dr. Jolante Van Wijk, Chairman Dr. Guoquan Wang Dr. Constantin Sandu Dean, College of Natural Science and Mathematics ii DEDICATION To Jesus, my mom, dad, and sister, and all the people that believed in me. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank God because he is always with me. Thanks to my mother, father, and sister because they are always there for me. Thanks to Dr. Jolante Van Wijk because she supported me in good and bad moments during the thesis project, and did not let me quit. Thanks to Dr. Constantin Sandu and Dr. Wang for being part of my committee. I am thankful to Ismail Ahmad Abir and Kevin Schmidt for being patient helping me with my GIS problems. Thanks to Simon Echegu for his geochemical advice and friendship. Finally, thanks to the North Dakota Geological Survey (NDGS) for the provided information for the conclusion this thesis. iv A PETROLEUM SYSTEM STUDY OF THE CRATONIC WILLISTON BASIN IN NORTH DAKOTA, U.S.A.: THE ROLE OF THE LARAMIDE OROGENY An Abstract of a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Houston -------------------------------------------- In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science -------------------------------------------- By Henry Herrera August 2013 v ABSTRACT The Williston Basin is a Phanerozoic intracratonic basin located in the northern USA (North Dakota, South Dakota and Montana) and southern Canada (Manitoba and Saskatchewan). The basin is known as a major hydrocarbon-producing basin in North America, with a petroleum system characterized by multiple source rocks and reservoirs. The aim of this study is to increase our understanding of the Williston Basin’s petroleum system in the North Dakota region. A detailed analysis of the source rocks in the basin will increase our knowledge about their generation potential and maturity, which could allow the identification of new prospective reservoirs. The source rocks have an average of total organic carbon content between 0.59 and 17.63%, and are type II kerogen, except for the Tyler Formation which is type III kerogen. This gives these formations a good quality status as a source rock, and potentially oil-and-gas prone source. Geochemical data (vitrinite reflectance %Ro, in this case) were used for model calibration. Results show a heat flow range between 41.91-65.14 mW/m2, with higher values toward the center of the basin in North Dakota where the sediment package thickens, and lower values toward the edges. My models predict that the end of the Upper Cretaceous is a critical period in the basin, when peak maturation and hydrocarbon generation are found for every source rock. In this same geologic time an increase in temperature is observed in the North Dakota area, as well as the maximum burial period. Subsidence curves show a slow and long tectonic subsidence period across the basin, with rapid subsidence stages during the Carboniferous in the center of the basin in North Dakota. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 THE WILLISTON BASIN ...................................................................................... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2. STRATIGRAPHY OF THE WILLISTON BASIN .................................... 5 2. 1 STRATIGRAPHIC SEQUENCES OF THE WILLISTON BASIN ....................... 5 2.1.1 SAUK SEQUENCE ........................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 TIPPECANOE SEQUENCE ............................................................................. 5 2.1.3 KASKASKIA SEQUENCE............................................................................... 6 2.1.4 ABSAROKA SEQUENCE ................................................................................ 7 2.1.5 ZUNI SEQUENCE ............................................................................................ 8 2.1.6 TEJAS SEQUENCE .......................................................................................... 8 2. 2 BAKKEN FORMATION ...................................................................................... 11 2.3 AGES OF DEPOSITION ....................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 EROSION AGES ............................................................................................. 16 2.4 TECTONIC HISTORY OF THE WILLISTON BASIN ........................................ 17 2.4.1 TECTONIC SETTING .................................................................................... 18 2.5 SUBSIDENCE HISTORY...................................................................................... 21 2.6 STRUCTURAL STYLE ......................................................................................... 22 vii 2.7 THERMAL HISTORY ........................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER 3. PETROLEUM GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE WILLISTON BASIN ........ 25 3.1 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT (TOC) ............................................... 25 3.2 KEROGEN TYPE .................................................................................................. 26 3.3 ORGANIC MATTER MATURITY ....................................................................... 28 3.4 WILLISTON BASIN GEOCHEMISTRY ............................................................. 30 3.5 PETROLEUM SYSTEMS OF THE WILLISTON BASIN ................................... 32 CHAPTER 4. METHODS AND DATA .......................................................................... 37 4.1 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................. 37 4.1.1 METHODS ...................................................................................................... 38 4.2 PETROLEUM SYSTEMS MODELING ............................................................... 38 4.3 BACKSTRIPPING AND PETROMOD ................................................................ 40 4.4 DATA SOURCE ..................................................................................................... 40 4.4.1 2D CROSS SECTIONS ................................................................................... 41 4.5.1 KINETICS ....................................................................................................... 54 4.6 PETROLEUM SYSTEM ELEMENTS .................................................................. 55 4.7 MODELS CALIBRATION .................................................................................... 56 4.8 SYN-RIFT PHASE ................................................................................................. 62 4.9 BETA STRETCHING FACTOR ........................................................................... 64 viii 4.10 PALEOWATER DEPTHS ................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 5. RESULTS .................................................................................................. 66 5.1 SUBSIDENCE CURVES ....................................................................................... 67 5.2 HEAT FLOW.......................................................................................................... 73 5.3 BURIAL PLOTS .................................................................................................... 82 5.3.1 N-S CROSS SECTION ................................................................................... 82 5.3.2 E-W CROSS SECTION .................................................................................. 93 5.4 VITRINITE REFLECTANCE................................................................................ 98 5.4.1 N-S CROSS SECTION ................................................................................... 98 5.4. 2 E-W CROSS SECTION WELLS ................................................................. 105 5.5 TRANSFORMATION RATIO ............................................................................ 112 5.5.1 N-S CROSS SECTION ................................................................................. 112 5.5.2 E-W CROSS SECTION ................................................................................ 119 5.6 GENERATION MASS ......................................................................................... 126 5.6.1 N-S CROSS SECTION ................................................................................. 126 5.6.1 E-W CROSS SECTION WELLS .................................................................. 133 5.7 2D MODELING ................................................................................................... 139 5.7.1 NORTH-SOUTH (N-S) CROSS SECTION ................................................. 139 5.7.2 EAST-WEST (E-W) CROSS SECTION......................................................
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