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Civiltà Teatrale Layout 1 CIVILTÀ TEATRALE NEL XX SECOLO a cura di Fabrizio Cruciani e Clelia Falletti Il teatro del Novecento è segnato da profondi traumi e continue rivolte, alla ricerca di linguaggi espressivi e di situazioni umane e sociali; non ha più il privilegio dell’e - gemonia né la solidità delle istituzioni; è, in rinnovati subbugli e adeguamenti e isolamenti, zona di frontiera. Questo libro si propone di offrire orientamenti per lo stu- dio della civiltà teatrale nel XX secolo, affrontando il compito difficile di essere propedeutico e strumental- mente utile; e, naturalmente, rigoroso. I problemi della regia, delle poetiche, dello spazio e dell’attore sono af- frontati dapprima con prospettive di sintesi storiografi che e poi in primi piani su uomini ed eventi sicuramente centrali . Il teatro, dal secondo dopoguerra a oggi, è avvi- cinato riflettendo sull’inadeguatezza dell’abitudine in teatro e sulle ricerche di nuove vie ed aperture, e con pa- norami «d’autore» sulle realtà americana ed europea. Si è voluto costruire un volume agilmente introduttivo anche per i non specialisti, consapevoli della necessità di togliere il teatro del Novecento dalla zona delle cose note e mai conosciute, per inserirlo come elemento attivo negli studi sulla civiltà del XX secolo. Fabrizio Cruciani (1941-1992) ha insegnato nelle Università di Lecce e di Bologna. Gli si devono numerosi studi su diversi aspetti e momenti della storia del teatro e in particolare del Rinascimento italiano. Sul teatro del Novecento ha pubblicato fra l’altro: «Jacques Copeau e le aporie del teatro moderno», Roma, 1971; «Teatro nel Novecento. Registi pedago- ghi e comunità teatrali nel XX secolo», Firenze, 1985. Clelia Falletti insegna nel Dipartimento di musica e spettacolo dell’Università di Roma. Oltre a saggi e libri sullo spettacolo e la dram- maturgia del Rinascimento italiano, ha pubblicato saggi sul teatro di W.H. Auden (1972), su K.S. Stanislavskij (1980), su W.B. Yeats e l’attore di cultura poetica (1982). (dalla quarta di copertina dell’edizione del Mulino, 1986) In copertina: Foto di scena da «Er nimmt sie an der Hand» di Pina Bausch Civiltà teatrale nel XX secolo a cura di Fabrizio Cruciani e Clelia Falletti Copyright © 2012 Clelia Falletti, Federico Cruciani, Roberto Cruciani. Copyright © 1986 Società editrice il Mulino, Bologna. Le traduzioni dei saggi di K.S. Stanislavskij, J. Copeau, N. Worrall, G. Rühle, F. Taviani sono di Clelia Falletti. La presente edizione digitale è stata allestita in occasione della «Giornata in ricordo di Fabrizio Cruciani a vent’anni dalla scomparsa. Fabrizio Cruciani – Militante nella storia del teatro», organizzata dalla Sapienza Università di Roma il 2 ottobre 2012, e resa disponibile dai detentori dei diritti per il download e l’utilizzo gratuito senza fini di lucro. Indice Premessa p. 7 PARTE PRIMA: PROSPETTIVE Introduzione. La fine di un’egemonia, di Fabrizio Cruciani e Clelia Falletti 13 Introduzione alla regia, di Ferruccio Marotti 35 Poetiche teatrali del Novecento, di Umberto Artioli 43 Il teatro come città virtuale. Da Appia al Totaltheater, di Manfredo Tafuri 63 Alla ricerca di un attore non progettato, di Fabrizio Cruciani 83 PARTE SECONDA: I TEATRI Introduzione. I Cavalieri dell’Impossibile: primi piani sulle esperienze teatrali nel ’900, di Fabrizio Cruciani e Clelia Falletti 101 Aporie del dramma nel Novecento, di György Lukács 113 L’arte dell’attore e l’arte del ergista, di Konstantin S. Stanislavskij 127 È possibile un rinnovamento drammatico?, di Jacques Copeau 137 Il montaggio e l’attore, di Sergej M Ejzenštejn 153 Mejerchol’d e la regia di «Le Cocu Magnifique», di Nick Worrall 175 I teatri e la critica in Germania, di Günther Rühle 193 La polemica dello stile nella Duse, di Cesare Molinari 223 Pirandello: teatro e scomposizione, di Giovanni Macchia 233 6 Indice Il teatro della crudeltà. Primo manifesto, di Antonin Artaud 241 Il teatro sperimentale, di Bertolt Brecht 251 PARTE TERZA: PROBLEMI Introduzione. Visioni del teatro: problemi e punti di vista, di Fabrizio Cruciani e Clelia Falletti 269 Sulla regia critica in Italia, di Claudio Meldolesi 283 Il teatro mortale, di Peter Brook 305 Il lavoro dell’attore. Ciò che è stato, di Jerzy Grotowski 315 Declino e caduta dell’avanguardia americana, di Richard Schechner 329 1964-1980: da un osservatorio particolare, di Ferdinando Taviani 351 Indicazioni bibliografiche per ulteriori approfondimenti 387 Nota sulla presente edizione digitale 395 Premessa La civiltà teatrale del XX secolo è stata certo un fenomeno molto complesso, che ha vissuto le profonde trasformazioni della società e della cultura nel nostro secolo. Ne è stata parte attiva, antropologicamente centripeta, tra riflessioni sui propri specifici e dilatazione di confini. La riforma continua degli statuti e delle istituzioni è stata segnata, nei teatri, da rivolte appassionate e con sapevoli fino all’estremismo: tradizioni scompaiono o vengono folclorizzate, «esplodono» e si rifondano spazio scenico e dramma turgia, si cerca e si inventa l’attore e lo spettatore, si trasformano modi produttivi e mestieri. Si infrangono separatezze e au- tonomie, si erigono etiche e poetiche. Il teatro è precisato e puntualizzato nel suo essere parte del sistema complesso di relazioni in una civiltà mul- tiforme e molteplice di spettacolo e comunicazione; ma, anche, le sue tecniche si disperdono e si ritrovano in non omogenee mo dalità espres- sive e situazioni esistenziali. Vi pertiene una storio grafia ampia ma par- cellizzata, non ancora storicamente qualificata in una discussione di insieme; e il tentativo di offrire una propedeu tica alla civiltà teatrale nel XX secolo lascia seri margini di in soddisfazione. Nel mettere insieme questo piccolo libro su un problema così grande e così aperto abbiamo tenuto davanti agli occhi la massi ma di uno tra i più saggi ed esperti conoscitori di teatro del XV secolo, il giapponese Zeami: «dimenticando il risultato, vedete il Nô; dimenticando il Nô, ve- dete l’attore; dimenticando l’attore, vede te la mente; dimenticando la mente, comprendete il Nô». Zeami parla del critico che deve necessa- riamente partire dalle apparenze e arrivare alla realtà delle cose. E così, tra prospettive e primi piani, tra cronaca e storia, abbiamo costruito que- sta antologia critico-do cumentaria, ben lieti della costrizione editoriale circa il numero delle pagine che ci ha obbligato a passare dalla logica della selezione a quella del «che cosa non può non esserci». Abbiamo diviso il volume in tre parti non uguali: le prime due sono relative, in 8 Premessa modi diversi, alla civiltà teatrale tra gli anni ’80 dell’Ottocento e gli anni ’40 del Novecento e parlano della trasformazione dell’istitu zione teatrale, dei suoi sistemi di orientamento e dei suoi program mi di verità; la terza parte riguarda eventi a noi più vicini, nelle direzioni di senso che ci ap- paiono più fondanti per una prima rifles sione sulla situazione del teatro. La prima parte, Prospettive, presenta quattro diversi livelli di orga- nizzazione e punti di vista che attraversano, in sintesi proble matica, i temi di fondo della ricerca teatrale nel ’900, e ne consen tono «storia». Vi si presenta il configurarsi del concetto di regia come principio orga- nizzativo e culturale, estetico, dell’arte del teatro; le poetiche di maggior rilievo degli uomini di teatro sulla loro arte; le progettualità delle avan- guardie nel più ampio rapporto con le problematiche dello spazio e del- l’ambiente; le esperienze, anche utopiche e divergenti, intorno all’irrisolto definirsi dell’attore, crea tore e materiale della propria speci- fica creatività artistica, strumento di rifondazione di teatro e società. A servizio di queste prospettive storiografiche abbiamo premesso una «cro- naca» degli eventi di teatro nel XX secolo, un panorama che offrisse anche, alle sintesi orientate, una sorta di superficie non predeterminata. Lo stesso periodo cronologico è attraversato nella seconda parte, I teatri, ma con «primi piani» di uomini e problemi. Passando attraverso i grandi protagonisti della cultura teatrale del ’900, vi si affrontano temi quali la «grande crisi» della drammaturgia, l’arte del l’attore e del regista, il gruppo degli uomini che fa teatro; e anche l’interrelazione di cinema e teatro nell’analisi di un dato strutturale quale il montaggio. E ancora: la restituzione di uno spettacolo per molti aspetti centrale nella storia del teatro, le vicende del teatro in una nazione con l’apertura al problema dei critici di teatro e al loro mestiere, il discorso possibile sullo stile re- citativo di una grande attrice, l’interrelarsi di narrazione e forme teatrali, la scena come proiezione esistenziale e la scena come situazione politica. Questa parte costruisce certo un «pantheon» (ed è un pantheon dalle molte assenze) ma è il «cuore» dell’antologia, in cui la conoscenza del teatro si presenta come esperienza da compiere. La terza parte infine si apre all’informazione sulla situazione più re- cente del teatro, dalla seconda guerra mondiale ad oggi. L’intro duzione che vi abbiamo premesso articola gli eventi per blocchi di problemi; se- guono testi esemplari sulla necessità di non chiudere il teatro in una acri- tica istanza di regia, sul bisogno del teatro di perseguire una ricerca di senso dentro e oltre il teatro; e pano rami ampi e tendenziosi sulle realtà che ci sono sembrate più signi ficative per riflettere sulla presenza del tea- tro nella nostra cultura e sui modi organizzativi di una conoscenza come tradizione. Premessa 9 Abbiamo cercato di costruire un quadro non arbitrariamente oggettivo né pretestuosamente originale; ma semplicemente e stru mentalmente utile. Eric Bentley racconta delle richieste assillanti e ingenue di studenti che vor- rebbero avere un libro in cui poter trovare tutto e solo ciò che è necessario sapere su un determinato argomento, nel suo caso sulla «teoria del teatro moderno». Lo scrive appunto nella prefazione a The Theory of Modem Stage, del 1968.
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