DOCSLIB.ORG

Glacial Processes, Ice Flow Indicators and Remote Predictive Mapping

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Glacial Processes, Ice Flow Indicators and Remote Predictive Mapping 1 GlacialGlacial Processes,Processes, Ice-FlowIce-Flow IndicatorsIndicators andand RemoteRemote PredictivePredictive MappingMapping ApplicationsApplications toto DriftDrift ProspectingProspecting RogerRoger C.C. PaulenPaulen GeologicalGeological SurveySurvey ofof CanadaCanada WhyWhy StudyStudy GlacialGlacial Processes?Processes? • Basic principles of glaciers • Glacial erosion • Glacial transport • Glacial deposition Photo: R. Paulen Extent of glaciers during the last glacial event. LGM: 18k – 20k 14C years BP (Late Wisconsin) Older and more extensive glaciations dating to the Quaternary period (last 2.6 Ma) ContinentalContinental IceIce SheetSheet Glaciated vs. unglaciated regions GLACIATED UNGLACIATED Soils developed to a Soils can developed depth of about 1 m to depth in excess of several meters (regolith) (Shilts, in Menzies, 1995) Glaciated vs. unglaciated regions GLACIATED UNGLACIATED Enrichment in Enrichment of bedrock: dispersed element or mineral by glacial processes generally confined to the bedrock source, unless remobilized by fluvial, eolian, or chemical processes. Glaciated vs. unglaciated regions GLACIATED UNGLACIATED • Dispersal patterns • Dispersal confined not confined to a to a drainage basin drainage basin except in mountainous regions with valley glaciers Glaciated vs. unglaciated regions GLACIATED UNGLACIATED • Minerals of different • More likely to have origins can be minerals of a single intermixed in glacial source sediments (e.g. ultramafic and granitic) Accumulation zone Ablation zone IceIce DynamicsDynamics GlacialGlacial FlowFlow ModelModel Glacier flow dependant on mass balance gradient: mass balance transferred from accumulation wedge to flow wedge BasicBasic VariablesVariables Topography Basal substrate Ice and basal water (Sugden and John 1976, p. 41) Equilibrium line Photo: R. Paulen Accumulation zone Equilibrium line Ablation zone Photo: R. Paulen IceIce flowflow Basal sliding Internal deformation Glacial bed deformation IceIce DynamicsDynamics Shield Three Mechanisms Basal Sliding Ice Centre Internal Deformation Subglacial Bed Deformation and Decoupling Plains (Bennett(Bennett andand GlasserGlasser 1996,1996, p.p. 43)43) WarmWarm--basedbased iceice (erosional) Photo: I. McMartin ColdCold--basedbased iceice (protective) Photo: I. McMartin EROSION MechanismsMechanisms AbrasionAbrasion PluckingPlucking MeltwaterMeltwater Photo: I. McMartin TRANSPORT (Boulton 1996) basal & englacial sediment transport Photo: B. Shilts DEPOSITION Till: implies genesis, sediment type directly deposited by ice; non-sorted. Diamicton: textural term, poorly to non-sorted sediment, just like till, but not necessarily deposited by ice. Deposition by: lodgement, meltout, deformation, sublimation, and more…. (Boulton 1996) DepositionDeposition LodgementLodgement ProcessProcess (Benn and Evans 1998, p. 198) DepositionDeposition isis rarelyrarely straightforward,straightforward, severalseveral variationsvariations cancan existsexists atat aa singlesingle location.location. Friction at the base of glacier >>>> force of traction Photo: R. Paulen basal till Photo: B. Shilts basal till Photo: A. Plouffe DeformingDeforming BedBed (Bennett(Bennett andand GlasserGlasser 1996, 1996, p.p. 42)42) VariablesVariables Basal Contact Pressure Ice Velocity Substrate Lithology Basal Debris: “Tools of Erosion” (Kjær et al., 2006) Ablation till (meltout) Till deposited because of the melting of ice (Eyles,(Eyles, 1979)1979) ablation till Photo: R. Paulen ablation till basal till Photo: R. Paulen WaterlainWaterlain Photo: R. Paulen Till but also: • Glaciofluvial sediments • Glacial lake sediments • Glaciomarine sediments Glacier 34 Till Debris Flow Silt and Clay Gravel Plane Bedding Channel with Cross Bedding Massive Sand Cross Lamination with Ball and Pillow Structure (From Shaw, 1985) (modified from Sugden and John, 1976) Ice-FlowIce-Flow IndicatorsIndicators ObjectiveObjective:: tracetrace anan indicatorindicator toto itsits sourcesource •• RecognizeRecognize iceice--flowflow indicatorsindicators •• ReconstructReconstruct iceice--flowflow historyhistory •• IdentifyIdentify dispersaldispersal trainstrains (Paulen et al., 2006) TypesTypes ofof iceice--flowflow indicatorsindicators Depositional • drumlin ridges Erosional • fluted till plain • roches moutonnées • till clast fabric • whalebacks • dispersal train • rock drumlins Combined • flutings • crag-and-tail • glacial grooves • ice-thrust ridges • striations • hill-hole pair • bullet-shaped boulders • boulder pavements LandformsLandforms • Oriented landforms visible on topographic and geological maps and air photographs • Morphology strongly influenced by bedrock topography • Typically occur in groups, showing a characteristic pattern on maps and air photographs • Accentuated by vegetation and drainage • Provides a general regional impression of flow directions DrumlinizedDrumlinized plateau,plateau, PrincePrince GeorgeGeorge area,area, BCBC ice flow From Clague, 1989. (Paulen, in prep) OverprintingOverprinting ofof landformslandforms ice flow older younger OverprintingOverprinting ofof landformslandforms ice flow bedrock structure Photo: R. Paulen CragCrag andand tailtail ice flow Photo: R. Paulen Double crag-and-tail landform, Princess Mary Lake, Nunavut younger older Photo: I. McMarten Rogen moraines, Schultz Lake, Nunavut (McMarten & Paulen, 2009) ice flow 1 km (Paulen, in prep) Flutings and ice-thrust ridges, Pearless Highlands, Alberta ice flow McMartin and Paulen, 2009 Roche moutonnée, Fisher Bay, northern Québec ice flow Photo: I. McMarten SmallSmall--scalescale erosionalerosional formsforms • striations • rat tails and mini crag-and-tails • crescentic fractures and gouges • nailhead striae • stoss-and-lee topography ice flow (McMarten & Paulen, 2009) Ashley et al. (1985) Striations: • erosional marks on bedrock surface made by sole of glacier • most convenient and reliable means of determining ice-flow trends ice flow Photo: I. McMarten RatRat tailstails ((erosionalerosional shadows)shadows) tail ice flow ice flow crag Photos: I. McMarten GroovesGrooves ice flow Photo: R. Paulen ice flow Photo: R. Paulen ice flow Photo: R. Paulen ice flow Photo: R. Paulen ice flow Photo: R. Paulen CrescenticCrescentic fracturesfractures younger older ice flow CrescenticCrescentic gougesgouges ice flow Photo: R. Paulen CrescenticCrescenticNailheadNailhead striaegougesstriaegouges ice flow Photo: I. McMarten NailheadNailhead striaestriae ice flow Photo: R. Paulen MultiMulti--directionaldirectional indicatorsindicators older older younger younger Photo: I. McMarten MultiMulti--directionaldirectional indicatorsindicators 61 older younger Photo: R. Paulen MultiMulti--directionaldirectional indicators??indicators?? ice flow glaciomarine iceberg grounding Photo: R. Paulen MultiMulti--directionaldirectional indicators??indicators?? 63 lake ice grounding ice flow Photo: R. Paulen NoNo bedrock?bedrock? Striations on boulder pavements • One clast thick • Clasts separated by • Enclosing sediment (diamicton) • Tops of boulders are flat and striated • Striations on upper surfaces Photos: R. Paulen Photos: R. Paulen TillTill FabricFabric Strike and dip Horizontal surface… McMartin and Paulen, 2009 •• Measure Measure clastclast orientationsorientations inin lodgmelodgmentnt till,till, inin C-horizonC-horizon soilsoil (>1(>1 mm depth)depth) •• Elongated Elongated (prolate)(prolate) clasts,clasts, minimumminimum ofof 5050 measurementsmeasurements •• Can Can bebe conductedconducted atat thethe exactexact sitesite ofof indicatorindicator mineralmineral samplesample •• Not Not recommendedrecommended inin permafrostpermafrost terrainterrain (Paulen et al., 2005) younger ice flow older ice flow McMartin et al., 2006 NoNo bedrock?bedrock? Bullet-shaped boulders ice flow ice flow Photos: R. Paulen McMartin and Paulen, 2009 McMartin and Paulen, 2009 •• Asymmetric Asymmetric stoss-and-leestoss-and-lee formform withwith smoothedsmoothed upglacierupglacier (stoss) (stoss) sideside andand fracturedfractured down-glacierdown-glacier (lee)(lee) side;side; gentlegentle up-glacierup-glacier imbricationimbrication •• Measure Measure orientationsorientations ofof boulderboulder andand striationsstriations onon upperupper surfacesurface (McClenaghan and Kjarsgaard, 2007) IceIce--flowflow reconstructionreconstruction Veillette and McClenaghan, 1996 (McMartin and Henderson, 2004) IceIce--flowflow reconstructionreconstruction Veillette and McClenaghan, 1996 (Tremblay et al., 2007) IceIce--flowflow reconstructionreconstruction Veillette and McClenaghan, 1996 BC Southern Interior (Paulen, 2001) IceIce--flowflow reconstructionreconstruction Veillette and McClenaghan, 1996 (Paulen, 2009) IceIce--flowflow reconstructionreconstruction BC Rocky Mountains (Paulen & Bobrowsky, 2003) Veillette and McClenaghan, 1996 (Paulen, 2009) IceIce StreamsStreams 74 KIM Palimpsest Dispersal Train, Nunavut (Stea et al., 2009) NewNew ppublicationublication forfor additionaladditional InformationInformation (late(late 2009)2009) SummarySummary ofof IceIce--FlowFlow IndicatorsIndicators inin newnew PublicationPublication (McMartin & Paulen) REFERENCESREFERENCES Benn, D.I and Evans, D.J.A. 1998. Glaciers and Glaciation. Arnold, London, 734 p. Bennett, M. R. and Glasser, N.F. 1996. Glacial Geology: Ice Sheets and Landforms. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 364 p. Boulton, G.S. 1996. Theory of glacial erosion, transport and deposition as a consequence of subglacial sediment deformation. Journal of Glaciology 42: 43-62. Clague, J.J. 1989. Quaternary Geology
Load more

Recommended publications
  • University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan GEOLOGY of the SCOTT GLACIER and WISCONSIN RANGE AREAS, CENTRAL TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS, ANTARCTICA
    This dissertation has been /»OOAOO m icrofilm ed exactly as received MINSHEW, Jr., Velon Haywood, 1939- GEOLOGY OF THE SCOTT GLACIER AND WISCONSIN RANGE AREAS, CENTRAL TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS, ANTARCTICA. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1967 Geology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan GEOLOGY OF THE SCOTT GLACIER AND WISCONSIN RANGE AREAS, CENTRAL TRANSANTARCTIC MOUNTAINS, ANTARCTICA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Velon Haywood Minshew, Jr. B.S., M.S, The Ohio State University 1967 Approved by -Adviser Department of Geology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report covers two field seasons in the central Trans- antarctic Mountains, During this time, the Mt, Weaver field party consisted of: George Doumani, leader and paleontologist; Larry Lackey, field assistant; Courtney Skinner, field assistant. The Wisconsin Range party was composed of: Gunter Faure, leader and geochronologist; John Mercer, glacial geologist; John Murtaugh, igneous petrclogist; James Teller, field assistant; Courtney Skinner, field assistant; Harry Gair, visiting strati- grapher. The author served as a stratigrapher with both expedi­ tions . Various members of the staff of the Department of Geology, The Ohio State University, as well as some specialists from the outside were consulted in the laboratory studies for the pre­ paration of this report. Dr. George E. Moore supervised the petrographic work and critically reviewed the manuscript. Dr. J. M. Schopf examined the coal and plant fossils, and provided information concerning their age and environmental significance. Drs. Richard P. Goldthwait and Colin B. B. Bull spent time with the author discussing the late Paleozoic glacial deposits, and reviewed portions of the manuscript.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Geological Process in Illinois Glacial
    INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGICAL PROCESS IN ILLINOIS GLACIAL PROCESSES AND LANDSCAPES GLACIERS A glacier is a flowing mass of ice. This simple definition covers many possibilities. Glaciers are large, but they can range in size from continent covering (like that occupying Antarctica) to barely covering the head of a mountain valley (like those found in the Grand Tetons and Glacier National Park). No glaciers are found in Illinois; however, they had a profound effect shaping our landscape. More on glaciers: http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10ad.html Formation and Movement of Glacial Ice When placed under the appropriate conditions of pressure and temperature, ice will flow. In a glacier, this occurs when the ice is at least 20-50 meters (60 to 150 feet) thick. The buildup results from the accumulation of snow over the course of many years and requires that at least some of each winter’s snowfall does not melt over the following summer. The portion of the glacier where there is a net accumulation of ice and snow from year to year is called the zone of accumulation. The normal rate of glacial movement is a few feet per day, although some glaciers can surge at tens of feet per day. The ice moves by flowing and basal slip. Flow occurs through “plastic deformation” in which the solid ice deforms without melting or breaking. Plastic deformation is much like the slow flow of Silly Putty and can only occur when the ice is under pressure from above. The accumulation of meltwater underneath the glacier can act as a lubricant which allows the ice to slide on its base.
    [Show full text]
  • Indiana Glaciers.PM6
    How the Ice Age Shaped Indiana Jerry Wilson Published by Wilstar Media, www.wilstar.com Indianapolis, Indiana 1 Previiously published as The Topography of Indiana: Ice Age Legacy, © 1988 by Jerry Wilson. Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Jerry Wilson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 For Aaron and Shana and In Memory of Donna 3 Introduction During the time that I have been a science teacher I have tried to enlist in my students the desire to understand and the ability to reason. Logical reasoning is the surest way to overcome the unknown. The best aid to reasoning effectively is having the knowledge and an understanding of the things that have previ- ously been determined or discovered by others. Having an understanding of the reasons things are the way they are and how they got that way can help an individual to utilize his or her resources more effectively. I want my students to realize that changes that have taken place on the earth in the past have had an effect on them. Why are some towns in Indiana subject to flooding, whereas others are not? Why are cemeteries built on old beach fronts in Northwest Indiana? Why would it be easier to dig a basement in Valparaiso than in Bloomington? These things are a direct result of the glaciers that advanced southward over Indiana during the last Ice Age. The history of the land upon which we live is fascinating. Why are there large granite boulders nested in some of the fields of northern Indiana since Indiana has no granite bedrock? They are known as glacial erratics, or dropstones, and were formed in Canada or the upper Midwest hundreds of millions of years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Perennial Ice and Snow Masses
    " :1 i :í{' ;, fÎ :~ A contribution to the International Hydrological' Decade Perennial ice and snow masses A guide for , compilation and assemblage of data for a world inventory unesco/iash " ' " I In this series: '1 Perennial Ice and Snow Masses. A Guide for Compilation and Assemblage of Data for a World Inventory. 2 Seasonal Snow Cower. A Guide for Measurement, Compilation and Assemblage of Data. 3 Variations of Existing Glaciers. A Guide to International Practices for their Measurement.. 4 Antartie Glaciology in the International Hydrological Decade. S Combined Heat, Ice and Water Balances at Selected Glacier Basins. A Guide for Compilation and Assemblage of Data for Glacier Mass Balance ( Measurements. (- ~------------------ ", _.::._-~,.:- r- ,.; •.'.:-._ ': " :;-:"""':;-iij .if( :-:.:" The selection and presentation of material and the opinions expressed in this publication are the responsibility of the authors concerned 'and do not necessarily reflect , , the views of Unesco. Nor do the designations employed or the presentation of the material imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Unesco concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or concerning the frontiers of any country or territory. Published in 1970 by the United Nations Bducational, Scientific and Cultal al OrganIzatIon, Place de Fontenoy, 75 París-r-. Printed by Imprimerie-Reliure Marne. © Unesco/lASH 1970 Printed in France SC.6~/XX.1/A. ...•.•• :. ;'::'~~"::::'??<;~;~8~~~ (,: :;H,.,Wfuif:: Preface The International Hydrological Decade _(IHD) As part of Unesco's contribution to the achieve- 1965-1974was launched hy the General Conference ment of the objectives of, the IHD the General of Unesco at its thirteenth session to promote Conference authorized the Director-General to international co-operation in research and studies collect, exchange and disseminate information and the training of specialists and technicians in concerning research on scientific hydrology and to scientific hydrology.
    [Show full text]
  • Quarrernary GEOLOGY of MINNESOTA and PARTS of ADJACENT STATES
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Ray Lyman ,Wilbur, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mendenhall, Director P~ofessional Paper 161 . QUArrERNARY GEOLOGY OF MINNESOTA AND PARTS OF ADJACENT STATES BY FRANK LEVERETT WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY FREDERICK w. SARDE;30N Investigations made in cooperation with the MINNESOTA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1932 ·For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ________________________________________ _ 1 Wisconsin red drift-Continued. Introduction _____________________________________ _ 1 Weak moraines, etc.-Continued. Scope of field work ____________________________ _ 1 Beroun moraine _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 47 Earlier reports ________________________________ _ .2 Location__________ _ __ ____ _ _ __ ___ ______ 47 Glacial gathering grounds and ice lobes _________ _ 3 Topography___________________________ 47 Outline of the Pleistocene series of glacial deposits_ 3 Constitution of the drift in relation to rock The oldest or Nebraskan drift ______________ _ 5 outcrops____________________________ 48 Aftonian soil and Nebraskan gumbotiL ______ _ 5 Striae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 48 Kansan drift _____________________________ _ 5 Ground moraine inside of Beroun moraine_ 48 Yarmouth beds and Kansan gumbotiL ______ _ 5 Mille Lacs morainic system_____________________ 48 Pre-Illinoian loess (Loveland loess) __________ _ 6 Location__________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Trip F the PINNACLE HILLS and the MENDON KAME AREA: CONTRASTING MORAINAL DEPOSITS by Robert A
    F-1 Trip F THE PINNACLE HILLS AND THE MENDON KAME AREA: CONTRASTING MORAINAL DEPOSITS by Robert A. Sanders Department of Geosciences Monroe Community College INTRODUCTION The Pinnacle Hills, fortunately, were voluminously described with many excellent photographs by Fairchild, (1923). In 1973 the Range still stands as a conspicuous east-west ridge extending from the town of Brighton, at about Hillside Avenue, four miles to the Genesee River at the University of Rochester campus, referred to as Oak Hill. But, for over thirty years the Range was butchered for sand and gravel, which was both a crime and blessing from the geological point of view (plates I-VI). First, it destroyed the original land form shapes which were subsequently covered with man-made structures drawing the shade on its original beauty. Secondly, it allowed study of its structure by a man with a brilliantly analytical mind, Herman L. Fair­ child. It is an excellent example of morainal deposition at an ice front in a state of dynamic equilibrium, except for minor fluctuations. The Mendon Kame area on the other hand, represents the result of a block of stagnant ice, probably detached and draped over drumlins and drumloidal hills, melting away with tunnels, crevasses, and per­ foration deposits spilling or squirting their included debris over a more or less square area leaving topographically high kames and esker F-2 segments with many kettles and a large central area of impounded drainage. There appears to be several wave-cut levels at around the + 700 1 Lake Dana level, (Fairchild, 1923). The author in no way pretends to be a Pleistocene expert, but an attempt is made to give a few possible interpretations of the many diverse forms found in the Mendon Kames area.
    [Show full text]
  • Perennial Ice and Snow Masses
    Technical papers in hydrology 1 In this series: 1 Perennial Ice and Snow Masses. A Guide for Compilation and Assemblage of Data for a World Inventory. 2 Seasonal Snow Cower. A Guide for Measurement, Compilation and Assemblage of Data. 3 Variations of Existing Glaciers. A Guide to International Practices for their Measurement. 4 Antartic Glaciology in the International Hydrological Decade. 5 Combined Heat, Ice and Water Balances at Selected Glacier Basins. A Guide for Compilation and Assemblage of Data for Glacier Mass Balance Measurements. A contribution to the International Hydrological Decade Perennial ice and snow masses A guide for compilation and assemblage of data for a world inventory nesco/iash The selection and presentation of material and the opinions expressed in this publication are the responsibility of the authors concerned and do not necessarily reflect the views of Unesco. Nor do the designations employed or the presentation of the material imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Unesco concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or concerning the frontiers of any country or territory. Published in 1970 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Place de Fontenoy, 75 Paris-7C. Printed by Imprimerie-Reliure Mame. © Unesco/I ASH 1970 Printed in France SC.68/XX.1/A. Preface The International Hydrological Decade (IHD) As part of Unesco's contribution to the achieve­ 1965-1974 was launched by the General Conference ment of the objectives of the IHD the General of Unesco at its thirteenth session to promote Conference authorized the Director-General to international co-operation in research and studies collect, exchange and disseminate information and the training of specialists and technicians in concerning research on scientific hydrology and to scientific hydrology.
    [Show full text]
  • 4. Results & Analysis
    T h e M i d d l e s e x N a t u r a l H e r i t a g e S t u d y on the nature of the soil overlaying the relatively 4. Results & Analysis impermeable clay layer. In general, flat homogeneous areas have experienced the greatest loss of woodlands due to their high agricultural value. This chapter provides a general summary of County trends Kame Moraines, Peat and Muck, Beveled Till Plains and based on the MNHS and LSWS field surveys and on spatial Beaches or Shore Cliffs are uncommon physiographic types analysis of the woodland patches in Middlesex County. in Middlesex, yet a relatively large proportion of these areas are covered in woodlands (Table 4). Peat and Muck soils, which occur on valley bottoms, are too saturated to farm unless drained and are generally used for cash crops. 4.1 WOODLAND PHYSIOGRAPHY Remnant wetlands tend to be irregularly shaped and account for a high proportion of the area in these bottom lands. Table 4 is a comparison between the area of physiographic Woodlands in riparian landscapes tend to be long and types in Middlesex County and the area covered by continuous, but irregularly shaped. The strong relief of woodlands for each physiographic type. Although Kame Moraines, Shore Cliffs and Beveled Till Plains are Undrumlinized Till Plains, Till Moraines and Clay Plains not easy to farm and therefore more of these areas are are common physiographic types in Middlesex County wooded. Sandy soils found in Sand Plains, Spillways and (Table 4), only a relatively small proportion of these areas Kame Moraines are dominated by relatively large forest are covered in woodlands.
    [Show full text]
  • Imap10 Front.Pdf (6.25
    Illinois Map 10 2001 George H. Ryan, Governor Department of Natural Resources Brent Manning, Director ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William W. Shilts, Chief Geologic Road Map of Illinois: N Natural Resources Building East Dubuque Warren 615 East Peabody South Beloit Richmond Antioch 84 CHAIN- 173 Champaign Illinois, 61820-6964 APPLE RIVER Rockton 173 O-LAKES Zion ILLINOIS CANYON LAKE BEACH LE-AQUA-NA Lake Summerset Galena 78 Durand Roscoe 94 Surface Deposits and Landscapes 26 76 132 Harvard Lena 75 2 Fox Lake 251 90 14 47 83 Machesney 173 Waukegan MCHENRY DAM E 20 Stockton 70 Park ROCK CUT & LAKE DEFIANCE W Pecatonica McHenry North Chicago Woodstock David A. Grimley, Barbara J. Stiff, and Michael J. Andrew Loves Park 23 60 73 Belvidere 12 20 Marengo 176 41 Freeport 176 Mundelein Winnebago 20 Lake Forest Surface deposits compiled from Hansel and Johnson (1996), Lineback (1979), and Willman and Frye (1970) 84 59 Rockford Cherry Valley Crystal Lake 14 22 90 Huntley Lake Zurich Highland Park S Forreston MISSISSIPPI Carpentersville PALISADES 72 Byron 68 Genoa 94 Savanna Mount Carroll Lanark Arlington 26 2 Kirkland 62 Hts. 72 Hampshire WISCONSIN glacial outwash Mount Morris Mt. Prospect Evanston lake plain 39 20 Elgin Des 64 LOWDEN Skokie Driftless 47 Schaumburg Plaines Lake Michigan 52 290 WHITE CASTLE 64 41 Area PINE ROCK Oregon Sycamore 31 Milledgeville Polo FOREST 19 Michigan 19 St. Charles 20 LOWDEN-MILLER Rochelle 43 De Kalb 64 88 38 Oak Chicago 38 Elburn 59 355 Park 290 Fulton 2 Ashton 251 88 Wheaton Chicago MORRISON- Dixon Cicero ROCKWOOD 25 294 34 88 23 Morrison Sterling Downers 30 Rock Falls Waterman Hinckley Sugar Grove Naperville Grove 50 41 A 84 78 30 Aurora IOWIOWA 55 12 90 26 Amboy SHABBONA LAKE Oak A.
    [Show full text]
  • Crag-And-Tail Features on the Amundsen Sea Continental Shelf, West Antarctica
    Downloaded from http://mem.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on November 30, 2016 Crag-and-tail features on the Amundsen Sea continental shelf, West Antarctica F. O. NITSCHE1*, R. D. LARTER2, K. GOHL3, A. G. C. GRAHAM4 & G. KUHN3 1Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA 2British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK 3Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany 4College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK *Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]) On parts of glaciated continental margins, especially the inner leads to its characteristic tapering and allows formation of the sec- shelves around Antarctica, grounded ice has removed pre-existing ondary features. Multiple, elongated ridges in the tail could be sedimentary cover, leaving subglacial bedforms on eroded sub- related to the unevenness of the top of the ‘crags’. Secondary, strates (Anderson et al. 2001; Wellner et al. 2001). While the smaller crag-and-tail features might reflect variations in the under- dominant subglacial bedforms often follow a distinct, relatively lying substrate or ice-flow dynamics. uniform pattern that can be related to overall trends in palaeo- While the length-to-width ratio of crag-and-tail features in this ice flow and substrate geology (Wellner et al. 2006), others are case is much lower than for drumlins or elongate lineations, the more randomly distributed and may reflect local substrate varia- boundary between feature classes is indistinct.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms
    Title 430 – National Soil Survey Handbook Part 629 – Glossary of Landform and Geologic Terms Subpart A – General Information 629.0 Definition and Purpose This glossary provides the NCSS soil survey program, soil scientists, and natural resource specialists with landform, geologic, and related terms and their definitions to— (1) Improve soil landscape description with a standard, single source landform and geologic glossary. (2) Enhance geomorphic content and clarity of soil map unit descriptions by use of accurate, defined terms. (3) Establish consistent geomorphic term usage in soil science and the National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS). (4) Provide standard geomorphic definitions for databases and soil survey technical publications. (5) Train soil scientists and related professionals in soils as landscape and geomorphic entities. 629.1 Responsibilities This glossary serves as the official NCSS reference for landform, geologic, and related terms. The staff of the National Soil Survey Center, located in Lincoln, NE, is responsible for maintaining and updating this glossary. Soil Science Division staff and NCSS participants are encouraged to propose additions and changes to the glossary for use in pedon descriptions, soil map unit descriptions, and soil survey publications. The Glossary of Geology (GG, 2005) serves as a major source for many glossary terms. The American Geologic Institute (AGI) granted the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) permission (in letters dated September 11, 1985, and September 22, 1993) to use existing definitions. Sources of, and modifications to, original definitions are explained immediately below. 629.2 Definitions A. Reference Codes Sources from which definitions were taken, whole or in part, are identified by a code (e.g., GG) following each definition.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrologic and Mass-Movement Hazards Near Mccarthy Wrangell-St
    Hydrologic and Mass-Movement Hazards near McCarthy Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve, Alaska By Stanley H. Jones and Roy L Glass U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4078 Prepared in cooperation with the NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Anchorage, Alaska 1993 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ROBERT M. HIRSCH, Acting Director For additional information write to: Copies of this report may be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center 4230 University Drive, Suite 201 Open-File Reports Section Anchorage, Alaska 99508-4664 Box 25286, MS 517 Denver Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................ 1 Introduction.............................................................. 1 Purpose and scope..................................................... 2 Acknowledgments..................................................... 2 Hydrology and climate...................................................... 3 Geology and geologic hazards................................................ 5 Bedrock............................................................. 5 Unconsolidated materials ............................................... 7 Alluvial and glacial deposits......................................... 7 Moraines........................................................ 7 Landslides....................................................... 7 Talus..........................................................
    [Show full text]