Perennial Ice and Snow Masses

" :1 i :í{' ;,

fÎ :~ A contribution to the International Hydrological' Decade

Perennial ice and snow masses

A guide for , compilation and assemblage of data for a world inventory

unesco/iash

" ' " I

In this series:

'1 Perennial Ice and Snow Masses. A Guide for Compilation and Assemblage of Data for a World Inventory. 2 Seasonal Snow Cower. A Guide for Measurement, Compilation and Assemblage of Data. 3 Variations of Existing Glaciers. A Guide to International Practices for their Measurement.. 4 Antartie Glaciology in the International Hydrological Decade. S Combined Heat, Ice and Water Balances at Selected Glacier Basins. A Guide for Compilation and Assemblage of Data for Glacier Mass Balance ( Measurements.

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", _.::._-~,.:- r- ,.; •.'.:-._ ': " :;-:"""':;-iij .if( :-:.:" The selection and presentation of material and the opinions expressed in this publication are the responsibility

of the authors concerned 'and do not necessarily reflect , , the views of Unesco. Nor do the designations employed or the presentation of the material imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Unesco concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or of its authorities, or concerning the frontiers of any country or territory.

Published in 1970 by the United Nations Bducational, Scientific and Cultal al OrganIzatIon, Place de Fontenoy, 75 París-r-. Printed by Imprimerie-Reliure Marne.

...•.•• :. ;'::'~~"::::'??<;~;~8~~~ (,: :;H,.,Wfuif:: Preface

The International Hydrological Decade _(IHD) As part of Unesco's contribution to the achieve- 1965-1974was launched hy the General Conference ment of the objectives of, the IHD the General of Unesco at its thirteenth session to promote Conference authorized the Director-General to international co-operation in research and studies collect, exchange and disseminate information and the training of specialists and technicians in concerning research on scientific hydrology and to scientific hydrology. Its purpose is to enable all facilitate, contacts between research workers in this countries to make a fuller assessment of' their field. To this end Unesco has initiated two collec- water resources and a more rational use of them as tions of publications 'Studies and Reports in man's demands for water constantly increase in face Hydrology' and 'Technical Papers in Hydrology'. of developments in population, industry and agricul- The collection 'Technical Papers in Hydrology' ( ture. In 1968 national committees for the Decade] is intended to provide a means for the exchange of had been formed in 100 of Unesco's 122 Member information on hydrological techniques and for States to carry out national activities .and to con- the co-ordination of research and data collection. tribute to regional and international' activities T~~: acquisition, transmission and processing of within the programme of the Decade. The imple- data 'In a manner permitting the intercomparison mentation of the programme is supervised by a of resultsis -àprerequisite to efforts to co-ordinate co-ordinating council, composed of twenty-one , scientific projects,' 'within the framework of the Member States selected by the General Conference IHD. 'The:', exchange' .of information ,on data col- of Unesco, which studies proposals for'developments lected throughout . the world, '"requires standard of the programme, recommends projects of interest ínstruments.œchníqueaüníts of measure and term- to all or a large number of countries, assists in the inology in, order -that data from all .areas will be . development of national and regional projects and comparable. Much 'work has been done already co-ordinates international co-operation. · toward international standardization, but much Promotion of collaboration in developing hydro- remains to be done even for simple measurements logical research techniques, diffusing hydrological of basic factors such as precipitation, snow cover, data and planning hydrological installations is a soil moisture, streamflow, sediment transport and major feature of the programme of the' IHD ground-water phenomena. which encompasses all aspects of hydrological It is hoped that the guides on data collection studies. and research. Hydrological investigations and compilation in specific areas of hydrology t are encouraged at the national, regional and inter- to be published in this collection will provide means national level to strengthen and to improve the whereby hydrologists may standardize their records use of natural resources from a local and a global of observations and thus facilitate the study of perspective. The programme provides a means for hydrology on a world-wide basis. , ___ -=c::o~u:n::tr:;ie:s~w:;e~ll~a;d~v~an~c;e~d~in;;h~y~d;r~ol~o¿gt;·c~a;l~r~e;se~a;r~ch~ ,__ tö exchange sClentIiic VIews and for developing countries to benefit from this exchange of information in elaborating research projects and in imple- menting recent developments in the planning of hydrological installations. Contents

Foreword 9

1 Ice and snow on the surface (glacier inventory) Il

2 Ice beneath the surface 21

3 Three pilot studies for the IHD world inventory of glaciers 25 Introduction 25 A. A pilot study for an inventory of the glaciers of the High Arctic 26 B. A pilot study for an inventory of the glaciers in the Rocky Mountains 36 C. A pilot study for an inventory of the glaciers in the Eastern Himalayas 47 Foreword

Since about 80 per cent of all fresh water exists ·The International Commission of Snow and Ice in solid form, an accurate assessment of the amount, (IÇSI) of the International Association of Scientific distribution and variation of all snow and ice masses, Hydrology (lASH) was asked to prepare guidance both near to and far from areas at present inhabited material for the compilation of a world inventory is of importance for the understanding of man's of perennial ice and snow masses as a contribution environment. To comply' with the need for more to the estimation of the world water balance. This complete and detailed information on ice and technical paper was prepared by a Working Group snow, the Co-ordinating Council of the IHD at of ICSI under the chairmanship of Professor its first session passed a resolution recommending if. Müller. . (- to Member States the mapping of permanent snow The guide takes into account the recent manual and ice masses and the compilation and assemblage Guide to Making a Catalogue of Glaciers of the of data for publication in order to obtain the elements U.S.S.R. published in 1966 in the U.S.S.R. necessary for the establishment of the regional Unesco gratefully acknowledges the efforts of distribution .of .permanent sn9W and ice various the working group and the aid of the officers of territories and the degree of.accuracy in ·each area. ICSI in the preparation of this manual.

. , .. ~.... '", ~I. t· t ¡ t t l j 1 Ice and snow on the surface (glacier inventory)

Almost 99 per cent of all ice on the earth is contain- The Standard Data Sheet ed in glaciers, and most of it is stored in the two continental ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland The objective. of the Standard Data Sheet (Fig. l) (97 per cent of the total glacier area of the earth). is to permit useful and rapid processing of the data Some of the remaining 3 per cent of the glacierized for hydrological needs as well as for further use area is, however, of direct importance to mankind, by the various environmental sciences. It is suggest- providing water for irrigation, industry, hydro- ed. that the information on 'each glacier or ice' power, recreation and domestic supplies. mass should be entered on a separate data' sheet, A pilot study for a glacier inventory was carried from which punch cards of standard format are easily prepared. ... out by C. S. L. Ommanney, in close co-operation with the ICS! Working Group, on the ice masses of Axel Heiberg Island (Canadian High Arctic). Source material It will appear as a separate publication (Ommanney, 1969). ne primary sources of information ~re. maps, photographs and published accounts.

Different levels of sophistication in the Maps glacier inventory In general, standard topographical maps will have Owing to differences in availability and quality to be the basis from which most data are extracted. .of maps, photographs and personnel, and in the The minimum suitable scale is probably l :250,000, nature of the gIacierized areas, it will be easier for but wherever available larger scales should be used. some . countries to produce a glacier inventory Unfortunately many topographical maps. pay scant than for others. On the following pages standard heed to the exact shape' and precise extent of gla- requirements are presented for data collection ciers and perennial snowfields; consequently it is and accuracy; it is hoped that they can be fulfilled frequently necessary to check the glaciological by everyone. For certain areas, however, it might information depicted. on the map. Anomalies must prove impossible-for a variety of reasons-to meet be corrected with the aid of photographs, etc., and - -" - these requirements. In such cases it is suggested a note to this effect must be made on the Standard that statistically valid sampling techniques be used 'Data Sheet together with the other required map for selected areas, and that models be developed, information, such as are frequently applied in the earth sciences In addition to the largest scale maps available, (Krumbein and Graybill, 1965), to calculate the a regional map on a smaller scale-perhaps at best possible over-all values for large areas. On l : 500,000 or less, depending on the size and nature the other hand, all countries capable of providing of the glacierized area-will be required in order information additional to the standard require- to work out the IdentIficatIon and codIng system. ments should do so. Photographs Aerial and terrestrial photographs must be used to substantiate an~ where necessary to improve the

:It.:r- ~ .... .~,..~~~~I~~~~~~t~~~~~I·"~·~~·,,,,·, IJ Perennial ice and snow masses '~ ¡ ,;il ,III 'l·: l' ¡¡;¡,; ,I' '1 r. State, Province or Region:

Regional and basin identification • f , , « , I Mountain area: Glacier number , , , , Hydrological basin:- Ist order: Longitude \-..Ï ~"-=--'--.J.L-J o ' lInd order: o Latitude l...... J L--.L.....-,J L-...l...-J.&-J IIIrd order: U.T.M. 1 f , ., , , I. ' , « I , ft , , IVth order~ Orientation: Accumulation area (8 pt. compass) l...-.L-...J Glacier namé: Ablation area (8 pt. compass) L--.1.-..J Sources:- Highest glacier elevation (m/a.s.l.) I , , , , Map, t í.t l,e& No:

, , , , , Compiled by: Lowest glacier elevation: Exposed (m/a.s.l.)

Date: Total (m/a.s.l.) • , , I t , , , , , Scale: Elevation of snow line (m/a.s.l.) doy • mo. : 'Ir. Date of snow line , , , , , t , Contour interval:

Reliability: Mean accumulation area elevatibn,weighted, (mIa. s .1.) I I I , I ¡ *Accuracy rating (1-5) ! Photographs:-

¡ j Type: Mean ablation area elevation, weighted,{m/a.s.l.) • e t i I , ! *Accuracy rating f ~ Serial No: (1-5) 'I ii i Date: Maximum length:Ablation area ~m)incl.debris covered :ijl &....-.1.-1 "L.-.I 'I;! Rema rks t Expos ed (km) '---'---' ...... , q;,:i¡l¡ . ¡~ ¡- Total (km) ¡I+ Literat'ure: ~.L--J ill Mean width of main ice body (km) ~.L.....I ,/I Surface area: Exposed (km2) ~I~'--~'~!~I.~ Data compiled by: (km2) Total _b~' __ ~'~,~,.~ Date & organisation: !i¡'j *Accuracy ~ating (1-5) Supervisor: ii ¡ Area ~f 'ablation (km2) ~I --L' __ ...... ' --L'---JI • '---'----" 'il, R~~S (special geomorph- ¡'¡l ological features, abnormal *Accuracyrating (1-5) characteristics, if inter- '--' T Accumulation area r~tio (per cent) ,I national boundary, source j! information on mean depth Mean depth (m) ~I estimàte, observations re- « , , , garding snow line or equi- Volume (km3) of ice librium line from other 1-' -.1..' ---L' ----I' • « 1 I t years) *Estimated accuracy rating (1-5)

i'l Classification and description (see Table l) « , , , , , ,

*Accuracy ratings (- Area Elevations l ~ Excellent 0-5% 0-25 ffi O - 10% 2 Good 5-10% 25-50 ffi 10 - 25% 3 Fair 10-15% 50-100 ffi 25 - 50% 4 Acceptable 15-25% 100-200 m 50 - lOOr. 5 Unreliable > 25% > 200 m > 100%

FIG. 1. Glacier inventory data sheet

",' ---:':'è;'~ ':- ~';;~?':~'Gr'~mln¡;~,

.. "\: ~,' Ice and snow on the surface (glacier inventory)

.~firn and snow versus in various publications. It should be incorporated , rock and debris surfaces as well as delineation of in the inventory and reference given under 'Lit- active glacier versus inactive ice (dead ice), as erature'. diagrammatically' shown in Figure 2, can affect various inventory measurements, particularly for, Identification system subtropical glaciers. Inactive ice must be included in the inventory for hydrologic purposes. Many Each glacier must have an 'address', which gives marginal and terminal moraines of arctic glaciers in the first place the name of a sizable political should, be included because the ice content usually unit-a state of the United States of America amounts to 80 per cent and more. The distinction such as Alaska, or a small country such as Nepal- between 'exposed' and 'total' glacier area; as made .or a geographical unit; for this the first two digits in the Russian inventory of Franz Josef Land should follow an international code obtainable (Vinogradov vand Psareva, 1965), is supported. from the world data centres. The study area must Rock glaciers 'must, be included if evidence of large then be divided and subdivided into drainage basins ice content has been or can be established. Glacierets of Ist (A-Z), lInd (0-9), IIIrd (0-9) and, if necessary, and snow patches of large enough size, as well IVth (a-z), etc., order. The lettering and numbering as aufeis (nayled)-if perennial-should .also be should start from the mouth of the major stream included in' the inventory, but must be clearly and proceed clockwise round the basin. A key map marked, as such (see 'Glacier classification" ånd (or a sequence of them) must be drawn up showing description', page 16). the assigned letters and numbers. Finally, each glacier in the IIIrd (or IVth) order basin is given International boundaries a number, again starting with '1' at the outlet of Many glaciers cross international boundaries-this the drainage basin, proceeding clockwise to '999'. should be noted. Index .maps with the glacier numbers are required. In addition the identification of individual glaciers should be given in geographical co-ordinates, as Exposure well as=-wherever available-in UTM (Universal There is frequently a marked difference in exposure Transverse Mercator) co-ordinates.' The point on between the accumulation and ablation areas, .~, the glacier chosen for the co-ordinates should be which may be of great significance for the régime in the upper part of the ablation area, in the main of the glacier. It is therefore necessary to estab- stream, and high enough not to be lost, if the lish' the main direction of exposure for both glacier retreats. parts.

Delineation Area and linear measurements

Catchment Ice aprons In accuntulatzon area Measurement of glacier dimensions should be made The 'inactive' ice aprons, frequent above the within the carefully delineated drainage area of bergschrund, are part of the glacierized area. There the individual ice stream. is a serious danger, however, that seasonal snowfields may be included that do not belong to. the

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G\€.~ • ~ _I~ ._.~ b- G UV' ~~-----~::-.:..."""o, Ù~\t-l o~." ...... ~ o tJaO './" ~., €.,GP Â ..".~/ ' ~ ~ t-I .-.- ...... ,._./ ~', ':~6' . /·"";~----tJ /. ,," 000 r;\'\I·~C~I ~, ./" • " ,.J)O //I " " / / '1"'. / / ) / ~ / ....~1({:~f ..«~~~ ~.~~ / \.. // \ .~~...... ~ ~\;.~R"<{.~,"" / f /Y ( .~'¡." ' - - ~~(".J'~~ / 800 / ç. ) - - - - - ... .) \' I ~ \ .'.)¡~.~;"-- 900 .... ~,., " '6 /' \ .~. I ~ \ 100 /' ,\ I '~ /' ~ J ::,r. / 800 ,\ _//--'\ l,.-J \. r>: .::» .'.4.}.~" I \\'~;-'/~~ / \ //,..-//'" '-' <; ...... r .;~'¡' I ,~~ 00 \ // ,,,...~ \ [1kl .0······· ..··...~.~ (./ .!~~ \ 00 ~;¡f ...... -.... y~' : .I ~~~!\ : ~\~~.~,...~,~.~,...,.\~~'"" (1 \ ,'"__-,..,-'...... ·Y;~.//...... ~~"'\.e. I '."- ~dJ "" /.. ß .._" \. -j'/ {~' " ....f/ "r~'~ ,,'...... ,.... / \ ...... ~ '.: " , ,...... I .. ./ .:;:. / '-, / ,," ...... I .:/ .~ :' -' ( )" 1~.// ~~j: i (' : li ) \ j '-''--.. ~~t·!600 ':'.. I J \ ..~ \ ( f '-/ }~~"~~ ~ ) ) /J ~ ~~~ \ ( / :.'(. '.( ~ jl;: ~: l, . '( ) ~ Y;'~.~ f if.~\ ~ /2 ..~ • i.t({ \...... ;/ f¡ ,?f ¡st:/ f LEGEND t Delineation of gfacierized area . Ditto, Questionable

.~ Ice divide

Non-permanent snow cover ~ - - - - - . Active glacier versus inactive ice ~ - - - - - Transient snow line

\ t e' Lower boundary of firn' from previous (~ .

\ ~ ::::is cover

~ • ~ ~~ ..lWJ..,,~ Lateral and terminal moraine ______~~~~ ...~\~-~~L-----______=_::~~=~~------.--...... L- --L. Trim line , " ¡ -700- Contour line ".fJJ.L ~ Rock

FIG. 2. Diagrammatic delineation of glaci~rized area

- . . . - .-.--.'---. ----- ',._ ..- -.. - .._- _- -- -._- ..-_.- ~------_ -.---_.. _ -.- ....-:.~.~::.~?\+.~ ~@H

.• " f \ :- : .~.: ': ~ Ice and snow on the surface (glacierinventory)

accumulation area. Analysis of photos from differ- between the areas of accumulation and ablation. ent years might help to prevent this error. Nevertheless, if the photographs are taken close to the end of the ablation season it is possible tö 'Exposed' versus 'total' ablation area calculate an approximate accumulation area ratio There is frequently a considerable difference value (AAR): between the 'exposed' and the 'total' ablation area, AAR co = (accu. area) x 100 = (1- abla. area) X 100 when the lower reaches are covered by a debris o total area total area layer of varying thickness.' It is suggested that for the purpose of this inventory a distinction be made The elevation of the snow line should always be quoted together with' the appropriate date. Any between the two values because of their importance for hydrology and for the albedo of the glacier. information on elevations of snow lines (or firn The total area and length measurements include line, or equilibrium line) and on AAR values for the debris-covered parts of a glacier and the ice- earlier years should be given. cored moraines, if they are close to the terminus. Where no snow-line assessment is possible an approximate elevation of the mean equilibrium 'dean width line over several years can be established in lieu-at -'./hen a glacier has a uniform width, as with' a least for glaciers in near balance-by using either valley glacier, its. mean width in the ablation area one or a combination of the following: should be measured. l. Change in the shape of the contour lines from convex (in the albation area) to concave (in the accumulation area). ' Measuring techniques 2. Beginning of moraines. Up-to-date measuring techniques and equipment 3. Höfer's or similar method (von Wissmann, 1959). (for example electronic dot planimeter, 'etc~) The Höfer method, for example, calculates the should be used when available. The instrument .approximate elevation of the 'mean equilibrium error must be established. line over 'several years' .from the arithmetic mean of the elevation .of the, glacier terminus Transient snow line, firn line and equilibrium /ine, and the average elevation' of' the 'ridge which and AAR value surrounds the 'accumulation basin. This method can only be applied to small simple basinglaciers, The transient snow line, usually simply called the 4. 'Summit' method ·(Oslèm, .1966)~." '. snow line, is defined as the continuously shifting line separating areas with a closed snow cover from areas free of snow. Mean elevations of accumulation and .:ablation .areas Thefirn line on a glacier is defined as the lower Because of their importance as climatic indicators, boundary of those recent snow deposits which are the mean elevations of the areas of accumulation carried over as firn into the next balance year. and ablation should be assessed. This is achieved The equilibrium /ine separates areas of equal by choosing that contour line which halves the accumulation and ablation for a given balance year, areas of accumulation and ablation respectively ...... -....¡,"'-M~observed at the end of the ablation season. On some glaciers, particularly in polar regions, Volume .he firn line may be separated from the equilibrium line by an area of superimposed ice. The mean depth of the glacier from which the The firn line and the equilibrium line will only volume of ice (not w.e.) is calculated, is extremely be available for a relatively small number of glaciers, difficult to assess. It is, however, of such significance i.e. for those on "which detailed field-work was to the world water balance that every effort -ti:\:;-' '--_--c:;:-:;a:-=r::=rl~e-::1d-o::-::u-::-::;:t:--.-rF:r='o--::-::-r--YtT::""'h-=-e--=p--=r-=-ac-:--¡t¡-+-lc::--::a-r¡--=p-u-r-:-:-p-o--:-se-o-t-r-T'fth-e-g----,lr-a-cl-e-r---:-s'T"h-o---u"1-1d:t--1br::--:e=------:m-=-=--=-a-:f-d-=-e-t-:by::-::--q-=u::-::-a=-11~lfi~e=-=dt----:p-=-=e=-=0:-=p+le::---:;¡t.:-=0:----::o::-1:b;:":l:t=-:ai!-::::n=------·-- inventory it will be necessary to quote the (tran- 'intelligent estimates'. Based on the experience gain- sient) snow line, as recognized on aerial or terres- ed from glaciers on which detailed depth measure- trial photographs taken near the end of the ments were carried out, estimates of the mean ablation season. This is not a reliable dividing line ice depth can be made using a combination of

,,~.).~, .... ,. '"'-.'''-'-,~.''' rr: ...... -.- .. ;..~.~..'7'""-.--,---,--.,..: ..--._~'-.- ..--"-, -. --'-.' ---- .•------.------....--.-.-- ..~ .-.---- ..------...--- Perennial ice 'and snow masses

surface area and. glacier type as shown in, the Glacier classtfication and descrtption examples 'given in' Chapter 3 of'.this guide and est- A morphological matrix-type classification and imates of depth values must be reassessed for each description' is proposed (Table 1). Each glacier climatic area (Meier, 1961).' To date there are far may be .coded as a 6-digit number, 'the 6 digits too few glaciers with, known depths. Wherever. being the vertical' columns of the table; the indi- possible, further depth probes on glaciers of the vidual numbers for each digit (horizontal row various types should be carried out with modern numbers) must be read on the left-hand side. I geophysical techniques such as radio 'echo and In addition to the guidance' given on the next ! :v- seismic sounding, (ftc. ! ' pages for the use of Table' 1, consultation of the I Illustrated Glossary of Ice (Ind Snow (Armstrong, - Error estimates I S Roberts and Swíthinbank, 1966) 'could prove. ¡ , ,S( All quantitative data are to be accompanied by an helpful. ' , ; estimate of the error involved. A S-point accuracy I ~ rating is proposed at the bottorn of Figure 1. .. .. Table 1. Glacier classification and description --- J \ ' "\ Digit 1 Digit 2 Dígít 3 Digit 4 Digit 5 Digit '6 '\ Primary Form Frontal Longitudinal Major source of Activlty of '-, classification' characteristic profile nourishment tongue (,-- ~"",. j O ",''''-~'Uncertain or mise, . U neertain or misc~ Normal or misc!L Uncertain or misc. Uncertain or misc. Uncertain . 1 Continental iee Compound basins Piedmont Even; regular ,Snow and/or drift. Marked retreatj2.'o sheet .,' snow " . '2 Icefield Compound basin Expanded foot. Hanging , Avalanche icy andI Slight retreat L2D , , " , . ,r, , or avalanche ,,¡¡, , snow,

3 Ice cap Simple basin Lobed' , Cascading Superimposed ice r , Stationary .. .:: -:.:~'''I' 4 . Outlet glacier Cirque .Calving .. lee-fall' ,s\,\O'Al ~,o..va.\Q.~ Slight advance .. - ','- 5 .Valley glacier Niche Coalescing, lion .. Interrupted Marked advance contributing , r' 'C." - 6 ~.. Mountain' glacier Crater _ . Possible .surge ¡. -' '7- Glacieret lee aprons "1 Known surge

8 Ice shelf c Groups of small ! Oscillating ... _ ..units ...... _ .. \ 9' ¡"'Reek .glacier : .... Remnant' -, ,.'

.Digit 1 Primary classification ji' ijl O' Miscellaneous Any not listed. '~r ij 1 Continental ice Inundates areas of continental size. ,.' .( III . sheet lil· ~/ 2,:, Ice-field Ice masse~ of sheet o~ blanket type of a thickness not sufficient to obscure the subsurface topography. ill .,{,;,:-' 3 Ice cap Dome-shaped ice mass with radial flow.' 1:11· -4 Outlet glacier Drains an ice sheet or iee cap, usually of valley glacier form; the catchment area may not be.clearly delineated (fig..3q). . , ' '

~ , . 5 Valley glacier, Flows down a valley; the catchment ar.ea .is well defined.

6 . Mountain glacier Cirque, niche or-crater type; includes ice aprons äri~ groups of small units.

\. lot' .,:,1 .ol'.;'; ~ • ~ .'

--i.:' Ice and snow on the surface (glacier inventory)

7 Glacieret and A' glacieret is a small ice mass of 'indefinite shape in hollows, river beds and on protected slopes " snowfield developed from-snow drifting, avalanching and/or especially heavy accumulation in certain years;' usually no marked flow. pattern is visible and therefore no clear dístinction from snow ..field is possible. Exists for at least two consecutive summers.

8 ice' shelf ' A" floating ice sheet of considerable' thickness attached to a coast, nourished by glaciens); snow' accumulation on its surface or bottom freezing (Fig. 3b).

j 9 Rock glacier A glacier-shaped mass of angular rock in a cirque or valley either with interstitial ice, :firn and snow ¡: or covering the remnants of a glacier, moving slowly downslope. '

'_/ / ,.~,7~, -.z::- J?'- - --...... t'''\' "'-I/; z ,/ ' ~ I ~¡tcy~ I '/.. ~~ // ~,a /~b '~

, . . '

...... ; ," -,

. , ." '", '.

J)igit 2, Form

Compound basins Two or moré individual valley glaciers issuing from tributary valleys and coalescing (Fig. 4a).

2 Compound basin Two or more individual accumulation basínsfeeding one.glacíérsystem (Fig. 4b). -.:

", 3 Simple basin Single accumulation area (Fig~ 4c). "

,4 .... Cirque, .. Occupies a .separate, rounded,. steep walled recess which ithas 'formed on a rnountaín-side.Œig •.4d).

5 Niche Sm~llgI,a.der fonned in initially V-shaped gulley or .depression o'umountàin slope; generally more common than the genetically further developed' cirque ...glacler (Fig~"4e).' ..

'6 Crater Occùrri.~~ in ext~~ct o~ dormant volcaniccraters which riseabove the ¡'egiona~'snow line, ' ! 7 :Ice apron An Irregularvusually ~~m, ice mass plastered along a 'mountain slo~, Ör ridge. ,', ..'

'8 . Group A number. o(~imil~r small ice niasses occurring 'in close proximity and t~osmall tö be assessedindi .. vidually, . '

•• "' 60~ _ • ,_ •

9 Remnant' An inactive, usually small ice mass left by a receding glacier.

.. ." ~--~~-~~~~~~~----~--~~~\~.--~~~,~,~~,~~~~~~~------.. .. 4a 4b 4c 4¢' ,4e

17'

.--.....

" > .. , "

" .'~", Perennial ice and snow masses f!/III/i ! ¡I!!'

1 Digit 3 Frontal characteristics 11 :s .1. 1 ;.: 111: I 1 Piedmont (glacier) Ice-field formed on a lowland by the lateral expansion of one or the coalescence of several glaciers (Fig. Sa, Sb). ,/I .. ;J ·;1 2 Expanded foot {:/I Lobe or fan of ice formed where the lower portion of the glacier leaves the confining wall of a valley and extends on to a less restricted and more level surface (Fig. Sc). r'/ 3 Lobed i¡!i Part of an ice sheet or ice cap, disqualified as outlet or valley glacier (Fig. Sd).

J';: ; ! ~, ;X 4 Calving U; Terminus of glacier sufficiently extending into sea or occasionally lake water to produce icebergs; includes-for this inventory-dry land calving, which would be recognizable from the 'lowest glacier !! elevation' -. :/ ;, ("\ S Coalescing, non (see Fig. Se). contributing

·11 '\ 'vf~ tØ ~ ;.,- ~' - • ..tI'~~ ~ ;l"r/ Sh ~ , Sa. 5C 5d ("

I¡I/ ,I. I¡jll

c Se Ir If If ~ ! Digit 4 Longitudinal profile I/ : ! 1 Even Includes the regular or slightly irregular and stepped longitudinal profile.

:L 2 Hanging (glacier) Perched on a steep mountain-side or issuing from a hanging valley. JI'i I III 3 Cascading Descending in a series of marked steps with some crevasses and séracs. :11 A''',5'" ...Jœ.foH 11/1-e."..«,.,/dlBreak above a cliff, with reconstitution to a cohering ice mass below. '¡L (VY',O~, I,¥,~~ ~¡¡ f ¡ #'c-e.

Ii i Digit 5 Nourishment ¡il il ., Self-explanatory . ,-,:,,¿ !·!I

( ,~ 1;1 Digit 6 Tongue activity fl : A simple-point qualitative statement regarding advance or retreat of the glacier tongue in recent years, if made for all i:1 .. the glaciers on earth, would provide most useful information. The assessment for an individual glacier (strongly or slightly ¡,., advancing or retreating, etc.) should be made in terms of the world picture and not JOustthat of the local area" however 1¡':~1~~:, __~ ~it~s~e~e~m~s~v~e~r~dg,iffi~CYUl~tft~0~~~~~~~~~,~.~"~~~~~~~~~~a~s~s~es~snm~e~n~t~o~t~e~tö~n~g~u~e~a~e~thiv~it~y~.)A~Ch~a~n~g~e;---- il .¡ of frontal position of up to 20 m per year might be classed as a 'slight' advance or retreat. If the frontal change takes Il : i,1 : place at a greater rate it would be called 'marked'. Very strong advances or surges might shift the glacier front by more -!¡ I: than 500 ro per year. It is important to specify whether the information on the tongue activity is documented or estimated. ,I ¡: ¡ ~ ... 18

I ¡ i

-- -~'=~. .'~ / f Ice and snow on the surface (glacier inventory)

Data presentation and submission .' the Standard Data Sheet (Fig. I), that is: the scale, ~I. ¡ Inventory data should. be stored on computer accuracy and data of the maps used; the height, [ t cards or tapes and summarized on print-out focal length, picture scale and data of the aerial ~ ~ sheets for submission to data centres. Each coun- and/or terrestrial photographs; the equipment used try's data collection should be accompanied by a (planimeter type, etc.) with accuracy information. general physiographic and climatic description of The inventory data sheets for the individual gla- ~ ~. the glacierized regiones), together with index and ciers. should remain in the custody of national general reference maps, 'selected photographs, and archives to be available on request, together with reference lists of pertinent literature, e.g, on earlier the corresponding computer cards or tapes. observations and related current work. Each The three pilot studies reported in Chapter 3 national submission should also include summaries below may, in part, serve as examples of data sub- of the information collected ort the left side of missions.

~ ~! ~. ~ g ¡- li f: f :

1-)

...... ~ , 1-.11". "nt - ':..1 "» , 2 Ice beneath the surface

Ice occurring beneath the land surface is called is needed, A detailed description of the physio- underground ice. The total of underground' ice is graphic, lithologic and geologic units is required estimated by Shumskiy and Vtyurin (Shumskiy to permit an assessment of the genetic situation, and Vityurin, 1963, p. 108) as 0.2 to 0.5 mil- which provides the key to volume' estimates. lion km", orless than 1 per cent of the ice volume After a survey of the pertinent literature (Linell of the earth; nevertheless, in some northern regions and Kaplar, 1963; Mackay, 1966; Péwé,.,1966; of Asia and America ice constitutes as much as Pihlainen and Johnston, 1963; Shumskiyand Vtyu- 50 to 80 per cent of the uppermost 20 to 30 metres rin, 1963) the following simple descriptive classi- of the lithosphere. It is realized that to draw up an fication is suggested for use by non-specialists: inventory of underground ice will be exceedingly Non-visible ground iee: pore ice. (' ,difficult and that it will necessarily be of very Visible ground ice: ~ 2.5 em: segregated íce.. limited accuracy. However, because' of the rapidly . > 2.5 em: llayers I stratified or random. increasing importance of this ice to human activity enses ~ , a serious effort should be made to obtain improved Massive ground ice: ~ 10 cm: horizontal (as in pingos and information on the underground ice in polar and massive ice beds). vertical (as in ice wedges), subpolar regions and in high mountain areas. Only buried ice. in recent years has serious attention been given to cave ice. the occurrence of perennially frozen ground in the high mountains. Brown's permafrost map of Procedure Canada (Brown, 1967) attempts to delineate the areas of permafrost in the Western Cordillera. It is suggested that the inventory of ground ice be Much of the information on underground ice, carried out in four stages: . particularly the more massive forms, will only be 1. Search of the literature. 'Previous studies should, available from indirect evidence, i.e. its surface be utilized. The search for published and unpu- manifestations. Pingos, ice-wedge polygons, paIsa, blished information is particularly important for thermokarst mounds and pits lend themselves to all those ground-ice masses that have little or no aerial photograph recognition and on low-level surface, expression. t aerial photographs even smaller permafrost features 2. Mapping ona. scale of 1: 250,000 or better for may be distinguished. However, the lack of perma- the representative areas and on the scale of ; frost surface features does not indicate the absence l : 1,000,000 for other permafrost areas: (a) all t, t of ground ice. In the northern portion of the the information contained in the literature (in- { l discontinuous permafrost zone there is undoubted- cluding boundaries of continuous and dis- l l, ly a considerable volume of ground ice which has no continuous permafrost); (b) all the ground-ice K surface expression. indicators which can be recognized on aerial J photographs-pingos, ice wedges, paIsa, ice associated with thermo karst features. ~ Classification 3. Recording of the individual features compiled For the purpose of a ground-ice inventory a des- on the maps by numbering them for each drainage I criptive as well as a simple genetic classification basin and-where practical-filling in on a form I ~~~ 21 ~~ ~? ';, :à i

':ffi :..', ,,"{' I Perennial ice and snow masses

I the quantitative information, including error to peat bogs and much of the ground ice is found I II estimates. in paIsa. ri Il!, A small pilot study for stages 2 and 3 was carried Mapping the surface indicators-ice wedge poly.. I, I! out for an area in the Canadian Arctic by gons, thermokarst mounds or pits, paIsa and pin .. G. Falconer, Department of Energy, Mines and gos-will establish the minimum extent of massive 11:¡I'i iii Resources. It is estimated that for Canada ground ice. i/!i!li!!i the compilation of information on to about ¡ ;H" ï: ;¡:-: ~: i: 440 maps at the scale of 1 : 250,000 (stage 2)' Some suggestions for an inventory of perennial :f:":' :' would take about 700 work days; an additional I:;:; " ice beneath the land surface H:: 200 work days would be required for number- :id;:! iji;:¡ ing, measuring, recording and summarizing of Quaternary deposits the mapped information (stage 3). Mapping of those Quaternary deposits in perma- ,i/'ii!! .,; 4.' Estimate of ice volume, based on the quantitative frost areas which have a potentiality for consider- r information and the geological and physiogra- able quantities of pore .and segregation ice. ii/i:;:! :II! phic situation, and carried out by an expert. The 1~ Geographic identification: latitude, longitude ".11, relative accuracy (probable error) of the volume and/or UTM co-ordinates for centre of feature; I data must be indicated. name of geographical region; regional index , Brown (1967) has made. a first approximation map number; hydrological basin; height above for the volume of ground .ice contained beneath sea level. the Coastal Plain of northern Alaska. .The esti- 2. Area and linear measurements, with probable mates are based on surface and subsurface data error. obtained in the Barrow area' and a number of 3. Geologic and lithological description. assumptions concerning: size and shape of ice 4. Physical setting: main slope angle; orientation wedges and pingo ice; occurrence of wedges of main slope; surrounding topography. with depth and below lakes; the area and depth 5. Climatic setting: any climatic data, particularly of lakes; and the saturated water content of radiation and temperature. both .near-surface', and deeper sediments and 6. Depth estimate: of deposit; of permafrost. rocks. The total perennial' ice: volume in the 7. Ice volume estimate (km"): technique used and upper 7.5 metres of permafrost is. estimated at probable error. r , 175 km" (total area of 50,900 km"). If pore ice 8. Source material: aerial and ground photographs is eliminated' from this 'calculation, the volume (flight line number, date, scale of photographs, I' is reduced to 49 km". A rough estimate, for the quality, etc.); map (official reference, .year, scale,

f' total quantity of underground -icein the perma- reliability, etc.). I 1,/ _ ' frost of the Coastal Plain' sediments and under- 1¡1i lying strata is 1,500 km", Polygon fields (ice wedges) '.'I: ,This and similar investigations clearly demons- ¡Ip I. Geographic identification: as above. (¡ii trate the great contribution to the underground 2. Area and linear measurements with ,probable ice volume made by the pore ice. The assess- h./ i error. ment of pore-ice quantities, however, is depen- 3. Physical setting: orientation in 8-point compass; dent on geologic, geomorphic and climatic data. ¡Ii'~ !; regional slope ~ngle; lithology and physiography. 4. Ice volume estimateIkm"): technique used (mea- ;¡ :11··· I ir Delineation af permafrost sured or estimated) and probable error. . :: ¡!I: The boundaries between continuous and disconti- 5. Source material: same as above . .l.! ¡¡¡ nuous ermafrost and permafrost-free areas are ~j~~,IT\!------~d~et~e-rm~in~e-d~fr-o-m--m--ap-p-e-d7-g-ro-u-n-d~-~te-m--p-er-a~tu-r-e-d~a~t-a-,------~------,-- ¡ ii well-log data, the distribution of thermokarst fea- Pingos, thermokarst mounds and pits, and paIsa . _i~¡:Ii tures In"I c eared fieIds and changes in plant cover· 1. Geographic identification: as above. II: ~ In the southern fringe of the discontinuous zone 2. Measurements of height and diameter (or lengtl: , ¡·I!: the occurrences of permafrost are mostly confine? and width). !I i ti: ~ I 22

-r· I:

i "'\ ,-' \,:\ '.\

~~\.:,¡~ , Ice beneath the surface

3. Classification: open system pingo, code 1; closed Permafrost ice in high mountains ~ system pingo, code 2; other pingos, code 3; Climatic data (annual mean and seasonal fluc- thermo karst mound, code 4; thermo karst pit tuation of temperature, etc.) and geological inform- with lake, code 5; thermokarst pit, dry, code 6. ation (surface geology maps and their tectonic 4. State of degradation: undisturbed, code 1; crack- interpretation) may permit mapping of approx- l ed, code 2; ponded, code 3; remnant, code 4. imate permafrost boundaries .in high mountains. 5. Physical setting: orientation; slope angle; height As the surface layers of the upper reaches of ! above valley bottom; height below surrounding f high mountains are mainly bed-rock, the under- ·r. mountains; lithology and physiography; for pin- ground .ice in these ar.eas consists predominantly r gos indicate if surrounded by lake or not. ~ f of some pore ice (in the rock itself) and 'fissure' ¡ ; 6. Source material: as above. and cave ice. ~ï ¡f. rt , i References ~t t X' ARMSTRONG,T., ROBERTS, B., SWITHINBANK,C. 1966. Archipelago. Montreal, McGill Unive rsíty, 120 p. (Axe I Illustrated glossary of snow and ice. Cambridge, The Scott Heiberg Island Research Report, Glaciology no. 2.) Polar Research Institute, with support of Unesco, 60 p. ~ OSTREM,G. 1966. The height of the glaciation limit in south- BROWN,J. 1967. An estimation of the volume of ground ice, ern British Columbia and Alberta. Geogr e : Annal., vol. 48, coastal plain, Northern Alaska, U.S.A., 19 p, (CRREL no. 3, p. 126-38. technical note.) PÉwÉ, T. L. 1966. Permafrost and its effect on life in the north. . BROWN,R. J. E. 1967. Permafrost in Canada, 1 : 7603200. Oregon State University Press, 40 p. . Division of Building Research, National Research Coun- PIHLAiNEN,J. A., JOHNSTON,G. H. 1963. Guide to a field r,--,j: cil of Canada. (Publication no. 9769 and Canadian Geolo- description of permafrost for engineering purposes. Asso- gical Survey Map no. 1246A.) ciate Committee on Soil and Snow Mechanics, National li!{ KRUMBEIN,W. C., GRAYBILL,F. A. 1965. Introduction to sta- Research Council, Canada, 23 p. (Technical memoran- tistical models in geology. N ew York, McGra w-Hill, 475 p. dum 79.) LlNELL,K. A., KAPLAR,C. W. 19~3. Description and classi- SHUMSKIY,P. ·A., VTYUIUN;B. I.' 1963. 'Underground ice. fication of frozen soils. Proceedings of the International Proceedings of the Internattonal Permafrost ".Conference, Permafrost Conference, p, 481-7. Washington, D.C., p. 108-13. Washington, D.C., National Academy 'of National Academy of Sciences, National Research Coun- Sciences, National Research Council.· (Publication cil. (Publication no. 1287.) no. 1287.) .' . . '. . . . . MACKAY,R. 1966. Segregated epigenetic ice and slumps in "VINOGRADOV,O. N., PSAREVA,T. V. 1965. Katalog lednikov, permafrost, Mackenzie Delta Area, N.W.T. Geogr. B. SSSR. Tome .3, part I: Franz-Josef Land, 144 p.: .,...ff vol. 8, no. 1, p. 59-80. x WISSMANN,H. von. 1959. Die Heutige Vergletscherung und . x MEIER, M. F. 1961. Distribution and variations of glaciers Schneegrenze in Hochasien. Abhandlungen der'Mathema- in the United States exclusive of Alaska. General Assembly tisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse, Jg. 1959,,,t;1o. 14, of -Helsinki, lUGG, p. 420-9. (lASH publication no. 54.) p.48-55. Mainz, Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften ï )( OMMANNEY,C. S. L. 1969. A study in glacier inventory und' der Literatur. i on the ice masses of Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic f ~ f.

¡ '. ~l

(., •• J I f t ti~ ~7 ~~ ~ ~ w; t\.l R.¡~

23 '. ?' 1" ~ t

~._. . _....'.'"~~~~~¡~f¡¡i::~j:;¡j¡¡¡¡¡¡;iim 3 Three pilot studies for the IHD world inventory of glaciers

Introduction

- To test the feasibility of the recommended instruct- attention at the outset of the work. An international ions for a glacier inventory, inventories of three agreement on identification and coding is required. areas of markedly different nature have been com- Difficulties of delineation in the accumulation as piled and presented here as first examples of imple- well as in the ablation area are mentioned. These mentations of the guide. appear to be more pronounced in low-latitude high- 11Œethree test areas are: mountain areas, such as the Himalayas, than in 1~The south-west part of Axel Heiberg Island the Arctic. The assessment of an annual or clima- ) (790 N., 90° W.) in the Canadian High Arctic. tic snow line, or even better of the firn and equi- This region has moderate mountain relief (rang- librium lines, and subsequently an AAR value, is ing from sea level to an elevation of 1,750 m) discussed, The glacier classification suggested in with many different types of cold glaciers: minor the guide proved to be a useful aid in the proble- ice sheets, outlet glaciers, valley glaciers, pied- matic ice-volume assessment. The difficulties of mont glaciers, etc. Some 200 glaciers from this error estimation for area, elevation and volume area were included. data are discussed. Maps, photos' and measuring 2. The region of the Waputik Range in the Cana- equipment of differing quality were used in the dian Rocky Mountains (520 N., 1160W.). A num- three test cases. Two examples of completed stan- ber of valley glaciers descend from three small dard data sheets and computer print-outs of all ice-fields at about 2,600 m with numerous cirque the glacier inventory data are appended to each glaciers and glacierets on the surrounding pilot study. ridges; about 100 glaciers were surveyed. Though some data summaries of general interest 3. The Mount Everest region in eastern Nepal are given in table form, no analysis was attempted. (280 N., 87° E.) where many valley glaciers are In each case it was felt to be premature to draw avalanche-ted from the precipitous (up to conclusions from such a limited amount of data. 3,OOO-m-high)slopes, the ablation areas often A study of the more interesting elements in the being thickly covered with debris. Some 160 gla- inventory (changes in elevation of snow line, mean ciers were included in this pilot study, ' accumulation and ablation areas, etc.) necessitates Some critical problems are assessed in each area (a) statistical validity tests of the data itself and ,And the experience gained from the actual imple- (b) proper consideration of the environmental mentation of the guide is presented. It was found parameters (climatic, topographic, etc.) in an that the identification system, i.e. the numbering elaborate multiple-factor analysis. and coding of the individual glaciers, needs careful

,.,_.._~__.-J¡. I kl :.·..:~~··:.·.··I:··· \ L A. A pilot study for an inventory of r- Il the glaciers of the High Arctic ~II

:,:, .. ,111. :t~'I¡

rl:lJ ~n :It: dl,¡ .1 :i'l 0 0 JiÛ:,! Glacier inventory of Steacie Ice Cap area (79 N., 90 W), ~¡Ir ,. ll;1 Axel Heiberg Island, N.W.T. r I¡!il by C. S. L. Ommanney, Glaciology Sub...Division, j i¡iij I ¡·:rl Inland Waters Branch, Ottawa (Canadaj- , . ;¡,'jlll -,Physiography to the west, .Amund and EIlef Rignes islands, seem -fl The area selected for this study (Pig. 6) is the tri- to have little influence on the air masses coming angular-shaped south-western corner of Axel Hei- from the Arctic Basin. The Norwegian Sea is free

berg Island bordered to the north by Strand Fiord, of ice for a considerable period every summer. r" to the west and south by the sea, and to the east To the east and 'north-east ,the ice-free lowlands oí( by Wolf Fiord and the mountain trough separating :11 Axel Heiberg Island and the land mass of Elles- the Steacie Icè Cap from the major ice mass on the mere Island have a more, continental climate. island, the McGill Ice Cap. The moderately moun- At present long-term weather records for this tainous relief ranges from sea level to an elevation' region are only available from the joint Canadian- of 1,750 ID. Within this region the ice cover con- United States weather stations at Isachsen (EIlef stitutes 37.5 per cent of the total land, area of Rignes), 'Eureka (Ellesmere); .and Resolute Bay 8,100 km". In physical appearance the Steacie Ice' (Cornwallisj.Jn 1961 an, automatic weather station Cap rather resembles an ice-field. The surface ice was installed 'at Sherwood- Head but removed after movement is strongly controlled by the topography, operating intermittently får, three years. The data which divides this ice mass, into individual units: are available from th~ ,Canadian Department of minor ice sheets, outlet, valley and piedmont gla- Transport, Meteorological,' Branch, Toronto. 1 ciers, etc. Three large mountain troughs run north I to south through the region terminating in Surprise, Source material 'j i Glacier and Wolf fiords. The ridges on either side

IIII e~~h:n~:j: ~~:~~:: ~~~;~S~~:;a::st~~ ~:~~:! !e::r:~;~~~ a~:fra~;%rs~~:e~h~l:~r::'~;~~~ 'HI:! glacier (641 km") in the region, the second largest aerial 'camera was used with a focal length NI!; glacier (383 km") flows in the neighbouring trough of 152mm. The flying height was 9;100 m providing lflil to the east. Many glaciers flow to the coast, es- . photographs with an approximate scale of 1 : 60,OOO( lilli pecially in Glacier Fiord, none of which are, at None of the area was obscured by cloud at the time

.·/II'¡l .II;.,I,;., the present time, tidal. of photography so that the only real problems

.1 experienced with the photo-interpretation were due ¡ilj¡: to lack of contrast in the more extensive areas of

':.,:_:I:,t:;II.!,ii",:.',",.• ~ ~C~l~im~at~e"a~n~drum~e~te~o~rOHl~Ogul~·c~al~d~amt~a~~~~~~~~ sn~~Awüv·~arutm~e~'e~-p):flIT..tlrt-e~~o~f~-a~nl:e~~î1Im~nl)J(artt-aa-mcr~me~unf----- ~*' A recent analysis of the climate 'of :Ai.x@l Heiberg :r¡:---y ~-,¡-- __ ~n.:> VY a u.... ::/11 Island (Müller and Roskin-Sharlin, 1967)has shown 1 : 125,000 were obtained and used for all the ¡ill: that all the major precipitation comes from the measurements (Table 2). illl': south-west. This is of great significance for the ¡¡Iii, nourishment of glaciers in the area as the low lands 1. Formerly of McGill University, Montreal (Canada).

J/i;: ;,i! 26 ij, u:'

~{:, Three pilot studies: the High Arctic

94°00' 93000' 92°00' 91°00' 90°00' 89°00'

t'lottO .'InurW

17 x- 1 18 16 8 12 l 15 14

79°00' (:APE 3 79°00' "':\'\".1. 3

=t;:·

3 l .4 5" D SOlJ 14 2 ~KIII'c:"ft t9 "~' 1'I.111'fT 19:'-'

::'1 17

GOOD FRIl>.O· B.{}" 4 4 ~ 78°3Ô' ~ .C"> r- 78°30' ',..:oo...... ; 13 t"\.,. 4 o~ " ~ 4 5:~:;;=~t~~~ ~ ..:i¡~:¡;· 30"

··~t "~~r .J'ô w e, A HYDROLOGICAL BASIN ~ • 13 GLACIER NUMBER .., £illíIT5) AREAS OF PERENNIAL ICE c:::J ICE-FREE AREA "\ -- MAIN DRAINAGE DIVIDE

!iHD\"'OOD APPROXIMATE SCALE \0 O 10 20km !:::::=.:=:==:=t:::.=

94°00' 93°00' 92000' 91°00' 90°00' 89°00' I I '------~-~_----

FIG. 6. Steacie Ice Cap, Axel Heiberg Island, N.W.T. (Canada).

27 III Perennial ice and snow masses

III Table 2 l' ." I Contour Accuracy (ft) il ¡Ii Map Date Scale interval (ft) li! li¡ Vertical Horizontal 'II/i ¡Ii I¡:I: \' 59E 1959 1 : 125 000 500 ±200 ±200 V;¡':"! 59F ¡:lli 1958/9 1 : 125000 500 ± 150 ±200 590 1959 1 : 125000 500 ± 150 ±2OO 59H 1959 1 : 125 000 500 ±200 ±200 ',!¡Ii :; li ::!i:'jl,' Just to the north of the Steacie Ice Cap is one glaciers 60 km to the north of this region in 1959 'I¡ii'lllij of the most intensively investigated glacierized areas showed that in the lower half of the ablation area ;11:111:11 in the Arctic. For eight years McGill University i:!!:1 ~,;: some 75 em of ablation occurred after the aerial ¡1:1i¡,~ il,:! has carried out detailed field-work on the White photographs were taken (unpublished expedition

¡llli/i::1 Glacier (79°25' N., 90°40' W.) and on several neigh- data). No such information is âvailable for 1958. bouring glaciers. The results of this work have been In this region a considerable amount ofsuperimpos- -

·IIIJ/i./I¡¡,I, published as a continuing series of reports (Axel ed ice and slush is usually ,found below the tran- ", , ¡Ii: Heiberg Island Research Reports, 1961-67)., Two sient snow line. Therefore it is felt that the snow regional studies of the Queen Elizabeth 'Islands line determined for 1959 corresponds quite closely I I~¡ were completed in 1956, one by the Canadian to the equilibrium line. A difference of some 400 ID .¡I: Defence Research Board (Dunbar and Greenaway, was observed in the snow lines of 1958 and 1959 ri 1950, and the other by Taylor (1956) for the Amer- and an analysis of the climatic data will be necess(\ i,1 ican Geographical Society. ' before it can be established whether this is tué result of a snowfall prior to taking the photos or " I: Problems and procedure an Indication of the more positive nature of the 1958 mass balance. The mean snow line in Table 3 Iii Snow line -was ,~etermined only from the 1959 values. This The transient snow line was determined from , shows, how premature it would be to draw conclu- I' - II aerial photographs and then transferred to' the, sionsfrom such a small amount of data and without , ,I maps. For 187 glaciers the 1959 photographs, , proper. consideration of the climatic parameters. ¡ III were used, for the remaining 13 glaciers only 1958 Therefore Tåble 3 should be considered only as a photographs were available. Field-work on three factualsummary and not in any wayan analysis. il: ,II I¡I'IIII Table 3 !¡ I~! Mean Elevations No. of Length Area Mean j,:,'ii! .~;jil'lllI: Location Vol. glaciers Snow (max.) (max.) AAR (max.) .}i:lr ill'l:i1 line' - Accum. Abla. -- i1!lr 1\~li Wolf Fiord 24 950 1100 760 15.9 88.00 28 17.60 l j,l:, Glacier Fiord 48 800 930 600 33.3 382.94 33 95.53 Ii: i ¡1:~:; Surprise Fiord 30 740 860 540 45.0 641.09 24 160.27 I:í¡ ifi: Good Friday Bay I'!: ¡~:!; and Sand Bay 61 820 920 650 10.2 53.22 38 10.65( I: ( Strand Fiord 37 1 010 1130 879 25.8 149.28 30 37.32 ¡-:; J~I'::' i' !~ ,lir i!; !:¡I( Area 1'11' in tests against standard planimeters, and by count- :'¡!¡T: Area measurements were made using a Bruning ing squares the accuracy for areas less than one ;\Ii ¡~¡!: square inch, in conjunction with a dot counter !Ii!, of a dot planimeter provides a considerable saving _: 1,1: developed by the Engineering Research Service of in time without any corresponding reduction in ::I;llllj' the Canada Department of Agriculture. Precision accuracy. "l'I;/" for large areas better than 97 per cent was found ':1 lIli; , ,!! 11,- ..'ii ,l; 28 >f :1 I!~ ' ' ihj i,; if :i: :i:i\"1ti. Three pilot studies :'the High Arctic

Volume are considered minimum values and will be adjusted Considerable problems were encountered in as soon as additional information becomes avail- attempts to estimate depths for the volume esti- able, mates. For the previously mentioned region to the Some 69 valleys, 58 mountains and 32 outlet north, depth values are available for an outlet glaciers were distinguished. The depth estimates and a medium-sized valley glacier from seismic in Table 4 were adhered to in all but two cases and gravity investigation (Redpath, 1965). In where small valley glaciers were found with areas addition all available information on glacier depths just over 5 km", for which a depth value of 75 m from similar regions was used to construct a table was assigned. of estimated depth values according to glacier type and area (Table 4). These estimates should only Activity be applied to this particular climatic region. They Time has not permitted detailed analysis of the photographs to determine whether the estimated tongue activity for each glacier is correct or not. Table 4' However, there seems to be a fairly general, though slight retreat of ice in all areas that were studied apart from the' Good Friday Glacier No. C14 Type Area (km') Depth (m) which may be su~ging at the present time.

Ice-fleld 0...5 20 Conclusion 5-20 30 20-100 ' .50 Within the area selected for this study it was found 100-300 100 possible to apply, the guide without any great dif- 3OO~1000 150 1000+ 200-500 ficulty. Some trouble was experienced with deter- mining ice divides where the contrast on the aerial Icecap 0-1 15 photographs waspoor, Careful study of the photo- 1-5 25 graphs was also: necessary to determine whether 5-20 75 terminal moraines were recessional, and in this 20-100 150 100-300 250 region,' therefore, pro bably ice-cored, or push 300 + > 250 features with a very small ice content. The accuracy öf the data collected in this inven- Outlet and valley 0-5 50 tory of the Steacie Ice Cap area is felt to fall well glaciers 5-20 t25 20-100 200 within those recommended limits that are con- 100 + 250-500 sidered. acceptable. .. Approximately three months' work was involv- Mountain glacier , O-l' 15 ed in the completion of the pilot study but much 1-2 20 of this time was spent in producing proposals 2-5 35 5-20 50 for the improvement of the guide, which then 20 + ,'> 50 necessitated revision of already completed data sheets.

References

Axel Heiberg Island Research Reports. Montreal, McGill REDPATH, B. B. 1965. Seismic investigations of glaciers on University, 1961 onwards. Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Mont- DUNBAR, M.,GREENAWAY, K. R. 1956. Arctic Canada from real, McGill University, 26 p. (Axel Heiberg Island e air. awa, ana a e ense esearc oar, p. esearc epor s, eop ySICS,no. . MÜLLER, F., ROSKIN-SHARLIN, N. 1967. A high arctic climate TAYLOR, A. 1956. Physical geography of the Queen Elizabeth study on Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago Islands, Canada. Vol. II : Glaciology. vot. X: Axel Heiberg =summer 1961. Part I: General meteorology. Montreal, Island. New York, American Geographical Society. McGill University, 82 p. (Axel Heiberg Island Research Reports, Meteorology, no. 3.)

29 t ; S-TEAClE ICE CAP AXEL HE IBERG ISLAND CANADIAN ARCT IC ARCHI PELAGe c.s .L.OMMANNEY fo1CGILL UNIVERSITY 1961

~1 WOlf F1O/{D

'H '; ICENT NU. LONG I TUDE LATI TLOE u, T .M. ORIENT ELEVAT IONS DATE MEAN ELEVA TlON AC AB HIGH L .EX L. TL SNOW ACCU ABLA FIG. ,il.' 7. A 1 W e9 n ,c N 78 ¿2.2 16 XDC509005 S S 640 427 427 945 28 7 59 549 3 A 1,\ ;1 Computer print-out, 2 k 89 11.0 N 78 24. C 16XDC510040 h W 864 290 290 945 28 7 59 6B6 3 fi 'li ~! A 3 W 89 16.C N 7f:! 2~. a 16XDC492053 ~ w 686 655 655 823 2B 7 S9 667 3 A 4 W 89 1'1.0 N 78 z s. 8 l6XOC483072 NW NW 686 457 Axel Heiberg Island, 457 823 2E 7 59 625 3 A 5 ·w B9 15.0 N 7e 2l:.5 16XOC496084 Nk Nk 769 625 625 823 28 7 59 686 3 A 6 'ri 89 a. O N i« 26.2 16XOC 522079 NItc Nk 762 670 670 623 28 1 59 701 3 f:¡'f'iH :! WoIf Fiord, Glacier A 7 69 toi 5.0 N 7E 27.2 l6XOC 53209~ Nh Nk 192 610 610 823 28 7 59 836 3 A 8 W ES 19.C N 78 2~. 3 16XOC484137 SE S 12cOC414583 E E 1554 442 442 1067 28 7 59 1234 4 853 3 l;¡d: A 22 w €9 4H. O N 1i3 5~. 2 16XOC396602 NE E 1524 564 564 1067 28 7 59 125('1 4 869 3 A 23 w 6.9 46.(,' N 78 5C.• 7 16XOC410630 NE NE 1387 442 442 1128 2e 7 59 1295 4 808 3 t¡rll~; A 24 w 89 52.0 N 78 5t.2 l éXGC 3 tl464 3 NE NE 1067 732 732 1067 28 7 59 899 3 ;¡;¡¡~ ¡. ; HAC IE/{ flQRO

¡¡!~;¡, IDENT NO. LeNG 11LOE LAll TUIJE L. T.M. ORIENT ELEVAT IONS DATE 'MEAN EL EVATIaN il/ii! r AC Aß HIGH L.EX t , TL SNOW ACCU ABlA jjiii¡~ ti 1 \ol f9 48.C N le 1 E. 5 16XCll36tl942 S S 7S9 305 305 800 28 7 59 660 3 Ii 2 W .i:S !3.C N 71:1 i s ,o 16XCB 350949 W W 732 274 274 900 28 7 !>9 550 3 :lllill U 3 W 8S 45.0 N '18 Is.2 16XVß380956 E E 732 122 122 800 28 7 59 460 3 jll jf :~ l:J 4 W tB =2.0 N 78 1 S. 8 16X01:535t3964 E E 792 442 442 800 28 7 59 640 3 ß !> a'l 6C; ~~.o It Je zc, c 16XOB340912 W W 777 320 320 800 28 7 59 600 3 Be; 8 ti W «t ,» N 18 2e.5 16X08374980 E E 777 91 91 800 28 7 59 460 3 a 7 w as 53.0 N 78 21.5 16XOB3509.Jlt N N 777 213 213 800 28 7 59 610 3 ¡.: .ir: B ti W 90 22.5 N 7H 24.2 15XhT590044 NE NE 651 579 579 655 13 8 59 60(' -3 ! , ..¡: Ei 9 k 'JO 26.0 18 !r·: N 24.5 1;XhT587050 s 549 488 488 640 13 I: s 8 59 S15 I. li le li 90 aa ,c N 713 2~. 5 15,11wT~~2 ()6tl SE E 68ó 290 290 655 13 B 59 610 It SIR/' H 11 tí 90 15.0 N 78 2l:.C I!>X~T6140I3n S S 732 488 4H8 640 13 8 59 666 4 59;~ ,Ii 8 12 W SO !J.O N 7e 2l.• f! l5X~ 1636096 SE E 930 15 '15 579 13 8 59 147 4 411> Ir B 1.3 fi Cie 14.(1 N 78 2E.2 1!>X\!Tb16124 E E 610 427 427 640 13 8 59 490 3 ß 14 W «;0 iv;o N 78 2£:. e 15XhT601132 E E 7<.J2 427 427 579 13 8 59 655 4 .500 3 í:i II Ii l~ w '90 15.0 N 7tl 3t.5 15X~T612162 E NE 1173 137 137 564 13 8 59 732 4 32(1 3 I¡i! 13 16 W 9(; Ib.O N 1f:J 31. to! 15.( k T606176 E Nt: IlT\ 131 137 519 13 8 59 732 4 366 3 8 h C;C c : 17 l /.O N 7B 3 J. t:l 15XhT~96H13 NE NE 686 594 594 690 13 8 59 640 3 !¡i/:I! B ll:f ~ <.Je; 1l:>.5 N 7D 22.5 15XkT!)97197 N N 640 427 427 S33 13 8 59 610 4 457 3 B 19 W ·9(, 16.0 N 11:1 33.5 1 5 X ... T6 06 2 1 6 E E 1410 30 30 5.79 13 8 59 821 4 335 3 B 21.' W sr 14.0 N 1fj 3~. 2 15,x"T6102~2 E E 1410 t « 76 ~33 13 8 5C) 762 4 29<"' ':\ iI, ft 21 l-i' .sc 13.5 N .(~ 3(:.8 15X....T61227rl E: F. lhlO 91 91 518 13 8 59 777 4 335 3 I.l .22 'W 9C. 12.C N 78 3l'.2 ISXH616306 E E 1387 122 122 533 13 w.: 8 59 800 4 366 3 H - 23 .'. sc 12.0 N 78 3<;.2 15)1H613322 E E 1387 131 137 518 13 8 59 800 4 366 3 e 24 W SC Il.0 N 78 4C .ti 1~XH610345 E E 13B7 152 152 4A8 13 8 59 792 4 366 3 .' 25 . ·8 w 'iC s ,c N.78 'tl.5 l ~x'" T6283óO S' S 1685 91 91 640 13 8 59 920 4 427 3 B 26 'ti se 5~O . N"-¡e 4E. o l5)(",T63249C W W 684 579 579 792 13 8 59 820 4 701 3 ¿1 f;C;. . 'N fi h 56·.C i~ 41:.7 16 XCC365 5 o 1 E E 1250 1052 1052 1052 13 8 59 1158 4 H 2H W 8S !;2.C' N 7~ 4l.2 16XOL3764!>5 SE SE 1494 914 914 1067 13 8 59 1250 4 975 3 2<;" t:s W ~.S ~3. o ·N. Ï'fj 45.a· 16XUC375448 SE ~E 1494 884 AB4 1097 13 B 59 1250 4 991 3 [! 30 h ·as ·~t$.0 N 7e 43.5 16XUC354410 W NW 1067 610 6In 792 13 8 59 82~ 4 732 3 11 31 W eç !:4.(' N·7l:· 42.2 16XDC367386 W W 1265 244 24'. 914 13 8 59 I('B2 4 101 3 B .32 h' 6<; 4i.c N 7t! A2.2 16XDC3913ß4 Sl'J sw 1250 1189 1169 !l89 28 7 59 1200 4 lj :n w 8<; !>.5.0 N 7e 41.2' 16XOC'363366 W W ·1219 274 274 914 13 8 59' 1067 4 741 3 H :;4 ¡... 78 4e.·f:¡ .' SS ~2. o N 16 x OC372 3 54 W W 1219 '3C5 305 914 28 7 59 1036 4 701 3 b 3!> W 69'.46.0 N 7f!' 3S.2 16XDC3 8732 8 SW ..w 1378 76 76 945 2B 7 59 1128 4 457 3 . 44.5 B .36 W a<; N 7e 38.6 l6XOC398316 W N 975 421 427 914 28 7 59 930 4 716 3 lj . fe; 37 h 43. C N 7~ 37.5 l6XDC403292 W W 1341 168 168 945 28 7 59 1067 4 732 3 e 3H' w tlc.; 41.0 N 7e 37.e lb XUC4C8282 NW NH 914 564 564 945 28 7 59 747 3 8 39 W ee; 40.0 N 78 36.5 16XOC412271 SW SW 975 457 457 945 28 7 59 955 4 777 3 B 40 W B~ 41.0 N 7E 3!J.5 16XOC40H254 w W 1219 198 198 945 28 7 59 1036 4 732 3 li 41 tv 89 "0.0 N 78 33.7. 16XDC410214 \ol NW 1097 427 427 1090 28 7 59 1093 4 732 "3 B 42 ~ ee; 'to.c N 78 34. C 16XCC409228 W w 1234 137 137 914 28 7 59 1040 4 716 3 a ~3 w ElS 4('.0 N 7e ~2.4 16XOC4C7197 W S l2l:10 137 137 1006 28 7 59 1128 4 716 3 B ~4 W fi9 38.C N 7~ 31.2 16XOC414175 w SW 1097 3/31 381 975 28 7 59 1037 4 762 3 ti 4~ W ee; 39'.0 N 7e 3e. é 1(:XDC4121 ó 6 W W 10~7 122 122 975 28 7 59 1006 4 701 3 H 46 W 8~ 34.5 N 78 2<;. é 16XUC426148 W SW 162 564 564 975 78 7 59 686 3 H 41 w 139 35.0 N 7d 2<;.0 16 X{)C425l3 7 W W 975- 610 610 975 28 7 59 838 3 li 48 w 89 ::0. ~ N 7e 2e.3 16 Xoc.442122 S S 1143 131 137 8/H 2A 7 59 995 4 640 '3

$l.,RPf< I SE F lOt{U (~ IDt:NT NO. LONGITUDE LAT 1 TUOE U. T.M~ ORIENT ELEVAT IONS DATE MEAN ELEVA TIaN AC AB HIGH L.EX l. TL SNOW ACCU ABLA

C 1 w se 59. o N 78 11.8 15XhS454916 SE SE 640 411 411 670 28 7 59 533 '3 C 2 SC 56. o N 7f:: lC;.l 15X I\S460944 NW Nk 640 259 259 670 28 7 59 442 3 C 3 "W w 91 .3.0 N 7e 23.8 15)(kT4370213 E E 762 152 152 853 28 1 59 5ft4 3 c: C 6 h 9 El 7- ~Q +ll2 4 'i1i1 3 '. C l W 91 2.0 N 78 25.3 15)(k T439060 E NE 162 305 305 670 28 7 59 700 4 S50 3 C H W 91 .5 N 78 2é.5 15)(kT446082 E S 998 107 107 686 28 7 59 770 4 472 3 c; C ~ 91 .3.0 N 78 27.5 15XhT43UI02 E E 823 183 183 686 28 7 59 770 4 412 3 ir C 10 W 91 .5 N 7l:! 2e. ~ l5)(H445115 E E 1072 122 122 732 28 7 59 6S3 4 427 3 C 11 W ~l 3.0 N 78 2S. s 15,x"T434130 E E 975 137 137 716 28 7 59 838 4 488 3 Ii' C 12 W 91 6.C N 78 31. C 15XI1T424164 E E 792 244 244 732 28 7 59 732 4 S18 3 c 13 W 171 16.0 N 7a ?2.5 l5~kT384191 NE N 960 366 366 732 28 7 59 853 4 640.3 C 14 W 91 10.0 ti 78 37. C 15XkT406274 S S 1150 46 46 762 13 8 59 975 4 488 3 j:i c 15 W SC 52. o N 78 3é.8 15XhT471273 k NW 945 533 533 792 17 B S9 884 4 610 3 II::, C 16 W 90 52.5 N ie 35 •.,17 15XI1T470255 Nk NW 594 533 533 701 17 8 59 560 3 C 17 W 9C !":4.5 N 18 3l¡.1 15>C\o.TL¡(:4223 ri SW 1410 274 274 792 17 8 59 960 4 442 3 J C IH W 90 ~8. o N 76 ~2. 5 15>CwT501190 nr \ol 1067 610 610 1080 11 8 59 850 3 i, 30 C 2e w 90 ~O.O N 78 3(. ti 15XkT482l62 W W 1204 183 183 762 11 8 59 960 4 442 3 C 21 w SC ~6.e N lE 3C. !:; ! 15X\o.T457197 NW NW 549 503 503 70 l 17 6 59 520 3 C 22 W SC ~5. O N 78 3e.5 l !)XwT502l5B N N 610 549 549 701 11 8 59 575 3 C 23 W YO 41.5 N 7e 3e.5 lSXhT514159 \ol Sw 10<,11 610 610 945 17 6 59 10ó7 4 823 3 C 24 W ge 42.0 N 78 2S.8 IS~"T5t2145 w Sk 1097 457 457 869 17 8' 59 975 4 610 3 ¡ 9Ç C 25 W 44.5 N 78 27.8 15)("T505110 k W 1204 152 152 70 l 17 8 59 884 4 503 3 C 2i:: w 90 q.o N 7f:. 26.3 15X"'T5l7080 ~ ~ 640 152 152 701 17 8 59 518 3 C 27. \~ ge ~2. o N 78 24.5 15XhT55405l S S 960 259 259 70 l 17 8 59 8~3 4 545 3 i r C 28 ·w 90 37.5 N 78 24.8 15XkT532053 ft W 549 5Q3 503 70 l 17 8 59 525 3 C 29 W 9C 37.C N 78 24.5 15X\oIT534049 10/ \ol 549 503 503 701. 17 8 5C) 525 3 il! C 30 w 9G 32.0 N 76 23. ° 15XhT553020 N N 610 442 442 70l 17 8 59 515 3 t.:~

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.. .. ~tf~~,';· Sll:PCl£ lU: CAP AXEL HÉ'18ERG' ISLAND CANADIAN: ARC1IC ARCHIPt:LAGO c .s .l.OMMANNEY xccn.i UNIVERSITY 1967

" HlÍLF FIORD

Nd., lOE'NT leTAL LE~Gl'H ~fllnf SUR~Ac~ AREA AAR DEPTH VOLUME TYPE ABLA EXP TCTAt ~)(P TOTAL ABLAT lON A- I 2.2 2.2 2.t -> .91 .91 3 .91 '3 (1 15 .01 4 650132 FIG. 8~ A 2 6.1 6.1 ¿.L 11.39 11.39 3 11.39 3 O 75 .85 4 300132 1\ 3 .2 .2 .z .10 .10 3 .10 3 O 15 .00 4 300132 Computer print-out, A ~ 1.4 1.4 1.4 .50 .SO 3 .50 3- O 15 .01 4 300132 A s 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7l 1.71 3 1.71 3 O 25 .04 4 300132 Axel Heiberg Island, A 6 .9 .9 ..9t .40 .40 3 .40 3 O 15 .01 4 300132 A 7 2.0 2.C 2.0 1.51 1.51 3 1.51 3 O 25 .04 4 300132 Wolf Piard, Glacier A li <; .2 14.5 14.5- 2.4- 48.28 .lta.28 3 25.70 3 47 200 9.66 4 532114 A 9 4.0 7.1 7.1 8.68 8.68 3 1.72 '3 60 30 .26 4 200112 Fiord and Surprise A 10 10.0 13. <; 13.9 1.9 64.21 64.21 3 34.88 3 46 200 12.64 4 510114 A 11 1.5 2.C 2.C 2.62 2.62 3 2.32 3 11 25 .58 4 300112 Fiord. (Note. For /I 12 1.2 ¿.4 2.4 4.03 4.03 3 l.82 3 30 25 .H' 4 300l1? A 13 H.O 15. <; 1.5.9 1.8 88.00 88.00 3 44.16 3 49 200 17.60 4 510114 volume accuracy J.I 14 (:.2 f. c; 7.9 .9 10.59 10. ~9 3 1.26 3 32 125 1.33 4 530112 Il 15 6.2 e. e 8.8 1.0 16.54 16.54 3 12.00 3 27 125 2.01 4 52011l rating '4' read '3'.) A 16 7.0 IC. ~ lC.5 1.0 24.19 24.59 3 11.99 3 51 200 4.92 4 530112 A 17 .s .9 .9 .40 .40 3 .40 3 o 15 .01 4 3001'12 A 18 ~.6 11.4 11.6 ., 6 '34.2T ;35.38 3 18.75 .3 47 200 7.08 4 512112 It) A 1.2 1.8 1.8 1.11 1.11 3 1.01 3 9 20 .02 4 650112 A 2.0 6.4 lC.2 10.2 1.1 23,.28 23.58 3 10.28 J. 56 200 4.72 4 536112 A ai 4.2 é.l 6.1 .g 9.17 9.11 3 4.13 3 55 125 1.15 4 505112 A 22 3.2 4.2 4.2 .b 5.64 5.64 3, 1.51 J. 73 125 .11 4 522112 A 23 t.2 l!.€ 8.8 1.1 19.05 19.05 3' ~.57 3 51 125 2.38 4 532112 A 24 l.it 1.4 1.4 .z 1.41 1.41 3 1.41 3 o 50 .07 4 520112

GLAt.I E~ F lORD

IOEt'H ~a. lCTAl tEMfTH JoltOl'H SURFÁCE ÀREA AAR DE:~TH VOLUME TYPE AûLA E>.P TOTAL £xp lOTAL ABLAT lOf'{

fr l 2.e 2.H :!.g 3.31 3.33 ). 3.)3' 3 o 2!i .08 4 300132 U 2 2..6 Z.6 2.6 1.7l 1.91 3 1.91 3 o 5G ' .01 4 4('0132 E :3 '2.1 2.1 2.7 1.5l l.~l 3, 1.51 :1 o 5ct .~1 4 41"0132 B 4 3.é z;« 3.b 5.04 5.04 3 .5.04 3 o '-¡5 .:31 if 300132 l:J S ¿.C' 2.C 2.C .It 1.41 1.41 3 l.ltl 3 o SG .01 4 400132 P b 3.5 3.5 3.5 2.92 3.1l3 3.12 3 o sa .16 4 40(1l3Z a 1 3.C 3.0, 3.e 5.94 5.94 3 5.94 3- I) 7'5 .45 4 300132. B 8 .u .H .8 .30' .30 3 .30 3 o IS .00 4 300132 6 9'- .2 .2 .2 .15 .15' 3 .15 3' o lS' .OC' 4 6,50112 8 ro 4.C 4.4 4.4 1.0 7.81 1.81 3 7.06 3 10. 12S" .98 4 53nllC" u Il .fi 1.5 1.5 2.0l 2.01 3 1.31 3 35 20' ') g .04 4 200112. 12 13.5 13.1 13.2 .1I' JO.44 31.45 3 14.62 3 54 200 6.31' 4 520112 e 13 .'7 .. 1l .9 .50 .50 3 .50 3 o -20' .01 4 220102 u Ilt .t: 1.4 1.4 .70 .1'" 3 .30 3 57 15' .01 4 65CUO e 15 4.6 -;.c 9.0 .Yl 14.02 14.!)2 :3 4.94 3 66' 125 1.82 4 520114 8 16 4.6 e.lt 8.4 .8 ~.98 10.68 3 4.33 3 59 125 1.33 4 530112 B 17 .4 .4 .4 .20 .211 3 .20 3 o 15 .00 4 650112 15 18 .ó 1.0 1.0 .25 .25 3 .15 3 '30 15 .00 4 650117- B 19 7.8 13.6 ,13.7 1.4 34.27 35.0R 3 13.61 3 61 200 1.Q2 4 5l01lZ fl 20 4.5 i i ,o 11.2 .13 15.42 15.92 3 4.53 '3 12 125 2.00 4 520112 li 21 ~.c lC.6 ro, ti .9 15.42. 16.12 J 5.03 3 69 125 2.01 4 520112. U 22 3.i: 8.& 8.8 .6, 11.49 1.1.89 3 3.12 3 74 125 1.49 4 535112 M 23 3.2 S.l S.l .6 10.69 1().69 3 2.12 3 80 125 '1.34 4 535112 B 24 !J.C' 8.2 8.2 1.0 32.36 32.36 3 1.06 3 8B 200 6.41 4 51Z11 n fl £5 2~ .2 33.2 33.3 It.b 31:12.13 362.94 3 135. B8 3 65 250 9'S.53 4 410114 B 26 .C; 1.£ 1.2 .2. .bQ .60 3 .40 3 33 15 .01 4 620112 t a 27 .4 .4 .11 .11 3 3 ro« 15 .00 4 650112 B 28 .2 1.2 1.2 .1 .so .50 3 .10 3 so 15 .01 4 650112 a 29 .1 1.4 1.4 .2 .6Q .60 3 .30 3 50 15 .(\1 4 62011l B 30 .5 .e .8 .10 .70 3 .. 30 3 57 15 .01 4 650112 fl ~1. 3.~ 5.8 S.H .!;¡ 5.35 5.35 3 3.33 3 '38 75 .4("1 4 5?t'112 B 32 .2 .2 .20 .2n 3 3 100 20 .OC' 4 003112 B 33 '"J.s 4.ü 5.1 .5 4.3B 4.43 3 3.73 3 16 50 .22 4 520HZ Ij 34 1.t 2.5 2.5 .2 1.31 1.31 3 .91 3 :n 20 .03 4 62011? u 35 ] 5.ll 11.9 15.7 l.b 49.39 50.6t) 3 24.59 ;\ 52 200 10.16 /t 512114 D 36 1.4 1.'1 1.4 .~ .23 .2H 3 .28 3 o 15 .('\n 4 650112 B 37 6.2 7.2 7.4 .9 14.51 14.91 3 9.11 3 34 125 1.87 4 513112 fi 21:1 .13 .H .8 .19 .19 3 .lq 3 o 15 .00 4 650102 6 39 1.4 l.á 1.6 • t .54 .54 3 .,3t:1 3 '30 15 .01 4 650112 13 40 5.t é.S 7. o 1.1 8.16 8.4& 3 6.04 3 79 125 1.06 4 510112 15 41 5.S 7.r; 7. o r, l 11.89 12.19 3 8.26 ·3 32 125 1.52 4 510110 U 4L 2.5 2.S 2.9 .') 1.81 1.91 3 1.71 3 10 2e .04 4 655112 l3 43 (:.2 7.4 7.4 .5 7.86 7.fl6 3 6.65 3 15 125 .

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lOEt'- T ~c. 1 CTAL tEI\G1H }¡IDTH SURF "CE AREA AAR DEPTH VOlUMF TYPE AûLA EXP TOT AL EXP TorAL ABLATION

c l :.'t '3.4 3.4 10.48 10.48 3 5.44 3 o 30 .31 4 200102 C 2 2.H 2.t:! 2.H 5.04 5.04 "3 5.04 3 o 30 .15 4 200102 C 3 3.H 5.S 5. c; 2.0 18.44 18.59 3 15.67 3 16 125 2.32 4 403112 C 4 8.1 l c ,« 10.U 1.3 18.45 20.11 3 15.73 3 2.4 200 4.15 4 522112 r, 5 ¿.t 2.á 2.6 2.87 2.92. 3 2.92 3 o 20 .06 4 200112 4.(' , C 6 4.4 4 6 Ó 3 75 3 83 3 2.72 29 50 19 4 fHQ112 C 7 l.S l.S 1.9 1.41 1.41 3 1.11 3 21 20 .03 4 655112 C il ù.s ll.ó 11.1 i , I) It3.14 45.06 3 ~3.19 3 /t1 200

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...... GOOD FRIO.tV eAY AND SANO 8~V

JOENT NO. LONGITUDE LAll lUDE U.T •.H. ORIENT ELEVAT IONS DATE MEAN 'ELEVATION IJI AC AB HIGH L.EX L.TL SNOW ACCU ARLA ¡ /: !: D 1 W 93 42.0 H 78 ~ ~3.3 1 Sx~t8S0574 NE NE 5lt9 290 290 305 22 7 58 1t42 It 295 "3 C 2 W 93 ~b.O li N 78 53. ~ 15XVT836518 NE NE 1t21 211t 214 305 22 1 58 290 3 ~ D J W 93 ~1.0 H 18 !;3.5 366 " tt 'ii 15)(VT832578 NE NE 442 229 229 305 22 1 56 3tH" 214 3 1:' FIG. 9. C 4 W 92 ~8.5 N 7e 53.0 ~ -.- 15X"'042568 N N 935 421 421 823 22 1 58 884 4 61(\ 3 f. ! O 5 92 ~3. 5 h 78 52.7 15X\lcT024561 HW NW 853 411 411 150 22 1 56 650 4 61C 3 ;1 Computer print-out, O 6 W 92 ~2.0 N '" 78 51.2 15X"T030535 NE E 132 305 305 300 22 7 58 686 4 472 3 O 7 W 92 n.5 N 78 5e.0 15X"T010513 Nk NW 972 305' 305 117 22 1 58 853 4 610 :\ Axel Heiberg Island, C w «il ~9.0 N e 7e 44.7 15XkT251416 E E 1106 564 564 823 25 7 59 1('06 4 732 3 O 9 W 91 ~1. 5 N 78 45.6 15)("r250436 NE NE 1067 549 549 853 25 7 59 914 4 116 3 Good Friday Bay O 10 W 91 !3.0 N 78 46.5 l5>1"T242446 NE NE 1028 518 516 869 25 7 59 914 4 116 '3 11 W 91 56.C N c 78 47. o l5XkT233457 NE NE 10Z8' 549 549 1030 25 1 59 930 4 762 3 and Sand Bay, o 12 W 91 ~8. 5 16 N 47.C 15X"'223457 N N 1028 442 442 930 25 7 59 960 4 732 3 o 13 W 92 3.t" N 76 41.5 15)(~ T2 06466 N N 1006 244 183 93(\ 25 7 59 975 4 762 3 and Strand Fiord. o 14 W 92 S.O N 18 It7.5 15X'-T198465 N N 991 305 305 945 25 7 59 975 4 762 3 C IS W 92 l.C N 78 47.5 15XhTl9l466 N 421 427 945 25 7 5~ 975 4 792 3 o 16 W 92 10.0 N 78 47.5 15X\oIT182464 N ~/:!;366 366 664 25 7 59 93() 4 7h2 3 o 17 W 12.0 N 7B 47. o 1;, 92 15~"Tl7445b NE NE 8~4 244 244 853 2S 7 59 869 4 640 3 O 18 \ol 9( 14.5 f:' N 7B 4f.8 lSx" T165452 NE NE 914 229 Z13 792 25 7 59 869 4 625 '3 c 19 \ol 9( 24.5 N 78 45.3 15X\\ Tl29424 N N 747 411 411 610 22 7 58 686 4 533 3 r c 20 k «it 11.0 N 78 45.8 i sxvn 79432 S S 1(157 366 366 869 25 1 59 914 4 655 3 1!~ D 21 \ol 92 4.5 N 18 44.4 l5)(..,T202411 Sk' SW 1057 283 183 914 25 1 59 10(\6 4 576 3 2Z k e¡1 55.0 o N 78 43.7 15)l~rZ39391 S SW 110b 457 451 823 Z5 7 59 960 4 610 3 o 23 w 91 47.5 N 18 SS. C 15XkT2606C7 W NW 14H5 S64 Sb4 823 26 7 59 96(1 4 147 3 " D 24 W 91 '-5.0 N 7e ) 5~. 2 15XhTZ6857S \ol NW 1372 579 579 823 2P. ,7 59 915 4 762 3 l' o 25 W 91 -'B.C N 78 51.2 15)( h T258539 \ol W 1312 421 421 838 28 1 59 1173 4 732 3 ni o 26 W 91 ~7.0 N 18 4c.:.5 15X"'T263505 W W 1312 305 305 838 26 7 59 10l\2 It 686 3 C 21 W Sl 45.0 N, ~¡~ 78 4E.2 15)(ftTZ 7Z 562 W W 1250 290 Z,90 177 2a. 1 59 930 4 610 3 o 28 W Sl 4Z.0 N 18 4i.3 IS>lkT282464 W k 823 519 579 777 28 7 59 8(\8 It 686 '3 O 29 W 91 ~1. 5 N 78 46.8 15Xlr.T285455 W k 823 594 S94 747 28 59 808 It 686 3 P o 30 k 91 38. C ~ij N 78 45. c; l5)(.,.T297438 W h 1204 427 421 711 28 r7 59 10(\6 4 670 '3 If¡ U 31 k 91 ;6.0 N 78 44.2 15)("T299408 W NW 1204 320 320 792 28 7 59 975 4 625 3 ~ JI': o 32 W 91 39.0' N 18 43. ~ 15)1 lr.ra 953 9 5 \ol Nk 1012' 320 320 732 28 7 59 869 4 625 :3 , I~ D 33 \ol 91 ~1.0 N 78 42.8 15X lo.T288382 NW NW 1072 274 274 101 ' 28 7 59 836 4 655 3 i~ t 34 W 91 eo ,c N 78 41.4 15XkT256354 NW Nw 12!>C 274 2.74 141 Z5 1 59 549 3 ri Ii Sl ~1. a N: 78 4'1.2 8A4 " ~ o 35 15 X...T230 3 5 2 NE' N 960 290 290 762' 25' 7 59 899 4 550 3 :1 36 o W 92 "7.5 N' 78 41. e 15Xlo.T192361 Nk NW 755 610 610 162 25, 7 59 67(\ 3 f.i o 31 W 92 5.0 N' 78 4e.(; 15X kT2023 39 1 N\oI N 975 229 229 162 25 7 S9 S3B 4 594 3 C 38 W 92 3C;,,2 'Z.O N 76 15H.T214310 Ii W 945 427 427 914 25, 7 59 925 4 640 3 C 39 W 91 ~6. o N' 78 37.7 ISH. TZ 37283 S S 1006 214 274 777 25' 1 59 fl84 4 ';94 '3 J o 40 W 91 44.5 N 78 3E.0 15)\\ T278292 S - S 1250 290 290 777 2,' 7 59 960 4 564 l i o 41 91 36.0 w N 18 Je.3 15)(\\ T3022 98 SE SE 12S0 421 421 777 28 7 ':)9 1036 4 564 3 o 42 W <;1 37;.0 N', 78 3S.0 15X ...T3043l0 SE SE 945 747 747 838 2e 1 S9 eso 4 780 3 C 43 W 91 32'.0 N 18 3E. e 15X1\ 1323306 S S 1067 457 457 a23 ae 7 59 961) 4 7tll 3 Ci 44 W 91 25.5 N 78 3£:.7 15)("'348306 S S 1067 549 549 823 ae ,7 ':)9 8S4 4 C 45 W 91 67C ~(- 21.C N 7e 3£:.6 15 X\r.T36430 8 S SE '869 427 427 823 28 :7 59 840 4 655 3 I C 4b W 91 22.5 N 78 3e.2 15)11\T358298 NE NE 655 519 579 823, 28 7 59 610 3 '. o 1t1 W 91 22.5 N 78 31.3 1!>X"T359280 NE NE 670 579 S79 a23 28 1 59 615 3 C 48 W 91 Z7.~ N 78 :31.7 1!>X1\T345l74 NW Nrf 762 366 366 823 28 7 59 519 3 U 4S ~' 91 26.C N 7B 3C.8 l5X~TJ491~9 NW Nw 1072 137' 131 823 2.8 ' '7 59 975 4 457 3 C 50 W 91 29.5 ,... 18 sc, e ISXH335159 w NW 853 533 533 953 28 ' 1 59 835 4 67C 3 I o 51 W 91 31.0 N 78 3e.3 15X~T331151 w N\ol 6~3 533 533 853 2e '7 59 835 4 67t) 3 o 52 W e¡l 21.5 N 7e 2<;.2 15 X"T329129 w NW 1072 152' 152 823 2e 1 5'9 960 4 564 3 D 53 W 91 31.5 N 78 2E.3 15)("T328114 W W 1072 427 427 1123 28 7 59 96() 4 670 3 C 54 \I 91 ~'t. o 2,!i.6 N 18 15X"T320064 W Sk 1072 274 214 686 28 1 59 884 4 564 3 I D !;i5 W Cil 24.0 N 18 22.1 I: 15X"S361996 SW Sft 961 274 274 747 28 1 59 8(18 4 579 3 o 56 W ~6.0 92 N 78 z«, a IS)(kT051079 E E 845 244 244 411 22 1 5B 610 4 335 3 o 57 W 48.0 N ie 92 27.5 15 X...T045 )93 NE E 701 213 213 457 22 7 5B 594 4 381 3 D s e W 92 ~1'.0 N 7e 25. a 15X ...T034063 ' W ' W' 192 ' 488 488 457 22 1 58 670 4 O 5"7 w, 92 ~'l.0 N 7e l: 25.8 l5Xlr.T034063 Nli NW, 823 335 335 457 22 7 58 655 4 427 3 o so W 92 ~6.C N 7H 2~. 5 l5,XhTO!)2056 S S 54CJ )66, 366 457 Z2 1 58 SIR 4 47.7 3 D 61 W 92 42.0 N 78 2'S.8 15)(.-.r068062 NE NE 610 183 183 396 22 7 58 5C3 4 29('1 3

STRAt'iO flORO ~ IDENT lCNG,1 ruus NO. LA TIlUDE u, T.M. GRIENT ELEVATIONS DATE ME=ANELEVATION AC AB HIGH L.EX L. Tl SNO~ • ACCU ABLA

E l k 41. o 1<; 90 N t.8 15)"T487834 N N 975 B08 608 1067 13 8 59 945 3 'E 2 \ol 9C 4it.G N 1e:; 1. c 15)(kT4'16837 E E' 1250 162 162 1061 13 6 59 1220 4 960 3 E 3 k lie 4S.G 7e; N S.2 15X"T472880 N N 116 61e 670 1158, 13 B 59 690 3 l: 4 \ol Cia 47.0 N 79 f.2 15X"T466860 W \Il 12~0 162 762 1158 13 8 59 12('4 4 1052 3 E 5 W 9C ~7.C N 79 7.6 l5XhT466846 \ol NW 1250 884 884 1158 13 6 59 1204 4 1~5~ 3 E 6 W 90 47.C N 1Ci 1.0 15)(kT465836 \ol NW 1250 732 132 ,1158 13 8 59 1204 4 1036 3 e 7 w 90 49.0 N 79 6.2 15X\o.T460823 W N 1250 914 914 1158 13 8 59 lZ04 4 1('1)6 3 E 8 W 90 ~4.C N rs t:.9 15~hr443834 NE NE 1006 914 914 1061 13 8 59 960 3 l: w 91 l6.C N 79 2. e lSXkT367753 N N 1021 678 618 1(l67 13 8 59 If)/,)6 3 E 10 W 91 11.C N 7e; " 3.5 15XwT36376t:1 N N 10?1 945 945 1067 13 8 59 1006 3 E 11 W 91 18.0 N 7e; 4.2 1'5X~T359783 N N 1067 844 844 1067 13 8 59 97S 3 E 12 w 91 24.C N 79 ~.l 15~~r337716 N\ol N 960 823 623 1067 13 8 59 93('1 3 E 13 W 91 24. C N 19 2. It 15.x "T34074!:> h' W l12A 754 754 1067 13 8 59 1~97 4 991 3 E 14 k «11 42.C 19 N 4.3 15XkT275182 N N 914 640 640 1006 28 1 59 945 3 e 15 91 45. C w N 79 4.3 15)1"T284782 NW NW 975 869 8h9 1!H,'6 28 1 59 945 3 ;j E lb W 10.C 92 N rs Ct:. C l5)1hTl15:H3 NE NE 9bO 762 762 1006 25 7 59 914 E 'l 17 W 92 12.C N 7'1 6.8 15X,",T17013Z4 NE N 945 564 564 1/')06 25 7 59 762 ~( E i s W 92 15.5 1e¡ N 6.3 15Xkl1568l8 W W 670 335 335 750 25 7 59 451 3 'i E 19 W 8C) ~4. o N 78 51.2 16XDC381663 NE NE 1381 594 594 1006 28 7 59 1219 4 823 3 'j E 20 W 90 4.0 N 78 se, e 15X~/T6286f11 N N 1494 451 451 945 13 a 59 1061 4 762 3 21 ri 10.0 e 90 N 78 SE. o l SX\oJ T6 Olt 6 7 6 N NI; 1494 427 427 945 13 8 59 1112 4 777 3 E 22 w 90 17.0 N 16 57. ~ 15XkT579ób8 NE N 975 4tHi 41:sB 192 13 6 59 899 4 701 3 E Z3 w SO N 22. o 78 51.6 15)1\11562666 NE N 823 488 438 192 13 ß 59 80S 4 64('1 3 E 24 W 90 22. O N 78 s s , o 15X"T562696 NE N 1149 274 214 853 13 8 59 J 128 4 716 3 E 2S w 90 33.0 fil 78 s s. S l5X k T522700 NE NE 1372 899 899 1219 13 8 59 1260 It 1040 3 E 2é W 90 34.0 N 78 SS.7 lS'-hT519704 NE NE 1295 1021 1021 1219 13 fl 1j9 1250 4 1110 3 E 27 W SO 33. o N 7~ .8 15XkT52l723 E N 1250 S03 503 1006 c; 8 s. <; 15X~1470706 'N NW 1676 152 152 ~91 13 8 59 ) 219 4 808 3 E 29 W 90 ~9. O N 7E ss. C 15)lI\T432691 NW NW 1554 701 701 945 28 7 59 1189 4 ~84 3 E 30 W 91 t:.C N 78 59.0 15)1H404688 N N 1021 122 122 975 13 8 59 1189 4 762 3 E 31 \ol Sl 13.5 N 76 5S.2 15XH378690 N N 1173 732 732 991 13 8 59 1('182 4 82~ 3 E 32 w 91 19.0 N 78 5E.8 15Xlo.T358682 NE NE 1189 899 899 991 13 8 59 H'52 4 930 3 ¡ E 33 W 91 22.0 N 78 5E. C 15XH348667 N N 1530 732 132 991 13 fl 59 1190 4 914 3 E 34 W 91 31.5 N 79 .2 15)11\T314705 NE N 608 701 101 810 28 1 59 162 3 ! E 35 W 91 37.C N 19 .5 15 X1\T294 7l o N NE 975 762 762 980 Z8 ,7 59 945 3 E 36 W 91 41.0 : N 18 5E.6 15,Xlo.T28l682 NW N 1067 594 594 912 28 7 5q 980 4 914 3 E 37 W «11 4l3.0 N 7e 57.5 lSXhT25ú654 NW W 1485 533 533 869 2e 7 59 1158 4 7(\1 3

. ~', . , ., GCOO fR lC~Y BAY AND SANO SAY IDENT NO. lOTAl LENGTH WIDTH SlIRFÀCE AREA AAR DEPTH VOLÚM~ TyPE ABlA EXP TOTA.l ':XP TOTAl. ABtAT ION D 1 .4 1.6 1.6 .40 .40 3 .30 3 25 15 .nl 4 lnnl12 D 2 .2 .5' .S' .10 .1C 3 .05 3 50 15 .00 It 700112 D 3 .3 • 8 .8 .20 .20 3 .10 3 50 15 .00 It 700112 FIG. 10. O ~ 1.1 l.C; l.~ 2.01. 2.01 3 1.51 3 25 20 .04 4 20011,? U 5 .4 1.4 1.4 1.31 1.31. '3 .50 3 62 20 .03 4 650112 Computer print-out, Axel O b . 1.2 1.2 1.71 1.71 3 3 lOO 20 .03 4 640112 O 1 2.5 3.9 3.9 9.97 10.07 '3 2.72 3 73 30 .30 4 200112 Heiberg Island, Good O 8 1.4 2.5 2.5 .~ 3.73 3.13 3 1.51 3 60 50 .lq 4 52'0112 C 9 l.~ 2.2 2.2 .6 2.32 2.32 3 1.51 3 38 50 .12 4 530112 o 10 1.8 2.5 2.5 .9 1.41 1.41 3 1.11 3 21 50 .07 4 530112 Friday Bay and Sand Bay, D 11 1.9 l.~ 1.9 .4 1.71 1.71 3 1.71 3 o 20 .03 4 650112 v il l.C; 2.S 2. ~ .5 1.61 1.61 '3 1.21 3 25 50 .n.A 4 520112 and Strand Fiord. (Note. I) 13 ~.e 3.2 3.5 .s 3.32 3.12 3 3.12 3 16 50 .19 4 400212 o 14 1.8 2.1 2.1 .1 .at') .80 '3 .10 3 12 25 .02 4 400212 For volume accuracy D 15 ~.l 2.4 2.4 2.27 2.27 3 2.12 '3 7 50 .11 4 403112 D lb 1.7 2.C 2.0 2.12 2.12 3 2.02 3 5 5(1 .11 4 4(1~J12 rating '4' read '3'.) D 17 1.6 1.8 1.8 .2 1.01 1.01 '3 .91 3 lO 50 .05 4 530112 o IB 2.3 2.5 2.b .5 2.41 2.56 3 1.B6 3 27 50 .13 4 530112 D 19 .s 1.6 '1.6 l.'i l i ,'.1 3 .40 '3 72 20 .03 4 7nOl12 D zo ¿.~ 3.t: 3.8 .6 4.b3 4.b3 3 1.51 3 61 50 .23 4 53~112 o ai 5.1 é.5 6.5 ,.9 19.56 19.56 3 8.57 3 56 125 2.44 4 527.112 o 2Z 1.«; 2.8 2.9 .5 3.63 3.63 3 1.21 3 68 5(\ .1q 4 530112 C 23 3.1 S.2 'J.2 2.1 25.60 25.60 3 7.26 3 12 200 5.12 4 504112 o 24 1.8 é. E: 6.8 8.87 ß .A7 3 2.52 3 72 125 1.11 4 403112 D 25 "t.l l C.2 lC.2 32.06 32.06 3 13.51 3 58 200 6.41 4 '435112 P 26 It.f: 10.2 10.2 32.76 32.76 3 9.27 3 72 ZOO 6.55 4 525112 1) 21 3.<; s.c 34 6.2 S.5 9.5 1.2 22.93 22.98 3 11.39 3 50 200 4.6(\ 4 51Z112 Il 35 2.(: 3. Ii 3.9 .5 4.13 4.13 3 3'.02. 3 27 50 .21 It 521)112 ~ 3b .9 .9 .tJ' .a1 .81 3 .sr 3 o 1S' .01 4 30(\1~Z U 3"' 04.1 S.t 5.6 .8 9.01 9.07 3 4.a4 3 47 125 '1.13 4 533113 o 38 ~.l 2.4 2.'i .5 1.71 1.71 3 1.61 3 6 20 .n3 4 65('\112" D '39 1.5 7.5 1.2 la.35 18.35 3 8.57 3 53 125' 2.30 4 532114 V 40 ~:.; s.c 5.(' .8 6.15 6.95 3 2.92 3 58 l2S' .~1 4 5301 iz u 41 2.1 4.C 4.1 .5 3.53 3.83 3 1.Bl 3 53 50 .19 4 532112' C 42 .5 .6 .6 .30 .JO 3 .20. 3 33 15 .00 4 650112 D ~3 2 .. 5 I, .c 4.0 1.4- 7.45 7./t5 3 3.12 ~ .58 125 .93 4 530114 D 44 2.1 3.6 "3.6- 1.o 3.83 3.83 3 2.12 3 45 , ' 50 .19 4 530110 V "t5 2.t. 3.C 3.C .S 2.32 2.32 3 2.22 3 4 50 .12 4 535112 D ~b .s .g .C¡ .5C' .50 3 .50 3 o IS' .Ol.lt 650112 C 47 .8 .u .a' .60 .60 3 .60 3 o 15 .nl 4 30lH1? D .itU 1.0 l.C' 1.0 .40 .40 3 .40 ') I) IS .01 4 730212 D ~9 -4.4 5.6 5.6 .2 5.54 S.64 3 2.52 3 55 75' .4Z 4 402312 [J .50 J.O 1.0 1.Q .40 .60 3 .60 3 O 15 .01 4 650112 u 51 ..s . .10 4 65QllZ

STRAND flOKD IDE Nt "c. 10rAl lENGHi WIOfH SURFACE ARf:'A AAR DEPTt{ VOLUME'- rypE' AilLA EXt> TUT Al EXP TOTAL ABLATION

E l l.C 1.CT 1.0 .40 .41) j .40 3 o IS • ('l 4 650tÓ2 E 2 .6 1.2 1.2 1.91 1.9¡ 3 .40 :3 !JZ 2(\ .04 4 203112 E 3 .~ .l .3 .15 .15 3 .15 '3 C IS' .00 4 650112 E -4 l.c 1.4 1.4 .90 .90 3 .70 '3 22 IS' .01 4 650112 r: !> .7 1.2 I.l. 1.OCl 1.00 3 .50 3 50 20 .02 4 650112 E 6 1.6 2.1 2.1 .2 1.2l. 1.21 3 .81 3 ;33 20 .02 4 650112 r: 7 1.6' 2.Z 2.2: 1.9l. 1.9 l 3 r. Al 3 5 2(\ .,04 4 620117 E 8 2 ~2 2.2 2.2 .ui .til 3 .81 :i (1 15 .01 4 7n0112 E 9 .t .f; .6 .20 .20 3 .20 3 o 1S'" .0C' 4 650112 E IO .t .C: .6 .2!)' .2<:' 3 .20 ~ o 15 .oo 4 650112 E II .f..J .9 .9 .25 .25 3 .25 3 o 15 .00 4 650llZ E 12 .8 .E .A .30 .30 '3 .30 3 o 15 .0<, 4 650112 E 13 1.8 é.C 6.G 13.91 13.91 3 7.16 3 4a 75 1.('\4 4 300llZ E 14 ~.2 2.2 2.2 .'3 2.02 2.02 '3 2.02 3 o 35 .<'7 4 650112 E 1~ .l;; .b .6 .15 .15 '3 .15 3 o 15 .00 4 650112 ,E 16 .9 • S .9 .60 .bO 3 .60 3 o is .01 4 650112 ) E 17 1.4 l.ll l. It .70 .70 3 .10 3 (l 15 .01 4 620J.l2 E IH .e .8 .a .31) .30 :-s .30 3 o 15 .00 4 9n01OO E 19 3.0 4.7 4.1 .T 7.89 B.Ob 3 4.B4 '3 39 125 1.0 l 4 5;\2112 E 20 4.(; <}.l S.l 21.57 21.77 '} 12.60 3 41 200 4.35 4 426112 £: 21 4.13 e,c 8.0 1.$' 16.83 17.13 3 1.76 3 55 125 2.14 4 420112 E 22 2. e é.5 6.5 13.21 13.21 3 3.43 3 74 125 1.64 4 430112 E 23 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.31 1.46 3 1.OI 3 31 20 .03 4 650112 E 24 5.2 21.2 21.2 • S' 43.04 43.19 , 10.23 '3 76 200 B.64 4 510112 E 25 l.C 1.2 1.2 .70 .10 3 .40 3 43 15 .01 4 625112 E 26 .b .' B.77 /J.77 3 3.83 3 56 50 .44 4 640113 E 2H e.~ 15.e 15.8 1.5 53.93 53.9:\ 3 17.04 3 68 200 10.79 4 432112 ,E 29 4.2- ~ .3 9.3 21. SH :n.8f:i 3 7.36 3 66 200 4.38 4 525410 E 30 13. ~ 2~. e 25. S 3.6 149.2/J 149.28 3 44.55 3 71 250 37.32 4 423110 E 31 l.C 1.2 1.2 .81 .81 3 .71 3 12 15 .01 4 650112 1: 32 .6 1.5 1.5 1.20 1.20 3 .60 '3 50 20 .02 4 650112 :1: 33 2.2 t.5 6.5 14.92 15.02 3 3.63 3 76 125 1.88 4 510113 t: 34 1.2 1.2 1.2 .40 .40 3 .40 3 o 15 .('\1 4 650112 E 35 1.9 1.<; i , <1 1.21 1.21 3 1.21 3 o 20 .02 4 65011Z E 36 2.€ 3. l 3.1 7.56 7.56 3 6.35 3 16 50 .38 4 62('112 E 37 b.C lé .2 16.2 2.0 70.06 70.06 3 17.34 3 15 ZOO 14.01 4 424117-

33 l Perennial ice and snow masses

I~' C.ANADA State, Province or Region: , Regional and basin identification I • I • I I I~' ;:1 / Mountain area: A'1 Vft1VC6 Pl2.lrJI Highest glacier elevation (m/a.s.l.) " " ,.l. K' .0, Map, title & No: qL.Ac-u~Æ F:ItJe'}J ,3.ar ,'b, I H -s1~ Lowest glacier elevation: Exposed (m/a.s.l.) 1 Compiled by: hEYJM!ït(e::NT of eN~'1) nv-ses: ~1 j!.~O()f.L~j Total (m/a.s.l.) .. 3.'. l.s Date: '1bs Elevation of snow line (m/a.s.l.) · .r·"z'.3. day • mo. • Scale: I: .,.:LS¡Ó06 ,r. Date of snow line .c.2.g--~ ,.1:;&;. Contour interval: 5' (5"0 ft. Mean accumulation area elevatibn,weighted,(m/a.s.l.) ,q,L..S, Reliability:.:!: ~~. *Accuracy rating (l-S) Photographs:- ~r Mean ablation area elevation, weighted,(m/a.s.le) ,5 ej ''t. Type: veR..rlt_AL ao, 000 ~~L l *Accuracy rating (l-S) ~ Serial No: A Ibf::-5C¡.., 3 !lo Maximum length:Ablation area (km) incl.debris covered -~.a.::L ¡I l, Date: .Jf¡j:¡/Sj Exposed (km) .L!:L.~ Remarks: l' NO 0bS c.w::, Total (km) J...Ji:.., •.£ Literature: Mean width of main ice body (km) ~.~ Surface area: Exposed (km2) .f,8,.4 Data compiled by: C.S,L.. QHHAtoJNé'.1 Total (km2) --' '""'-' -&..• .;;¡;;;..J..'f' .IL..,I[ , .~ Date & organisation: '~b:¡- *Accuracy rating (l-S) ~ Supervisor: r. rt J~L..e-e, TJcL(IL.1- Area of ablati'on (km2) _, ..... '-.&.,_.2..10:::'2::;...", .~ , ¡)Nlv~LrJ REMARKS (special geomorph- *Accuracy rating (l-S) ological features, abnormal e: characteristics, if inter- 'Accumulation area ,ratio (per cent) national boundary, source '4 information on mean depth Mean depth (m) ,c.2..o ,Q. estimate, observations re-

garding snow line or'equi- Volume (km3) of ice ,--' , --,-,,' 2---0" •li ',fe. 1 • librium line from Qther years) *Estimated accuracy rating (l-S) ¿ bl2.+t,.¡.s ICE C ~ j lSel4-f\JCH lo::. Classification and description (see Tablel) 53,.2,I'},4, ST£e;AH FLoIA)S. ocr Ff2..D'1 '------It __

lZ'f..PI'rÑJ>t::.'J> raeT ITVTO Ur1LLA:_¡ *Accuracy ratings

To ..sOvTHt...)[;.~r} FOtZ-t7INC¡ A .!'r¡flLI- Area Elevations Volume l Excellent 0-5% 0-25 m O--::---W% ooruir C¡L-A ccee; j J1A.lrJ S'/'JOùT 2 Good 5-10% 25-50 m 10 - 25% 3 Fair 10-15% 50-100 m 25 - 50% STêéPL....1 C I-IFF~!) zo tTH 4LAcll!.R. 4 Acceptable 15-25% 100-200 m 50 - 100% 5 Unreliable ~ 25%, :> 200 m >100% .bAHn C!) LPrfUE 'N reo-r:

FIG. II. Glacier inventory data sheet for Axel Heiberg Island, Wolf Fiord.

. Ii

,~,.,_.. , Three pilot studies: the High Arctic

State, Province or Region: CAtJA-bA , , , • ' ,g, Regional and basin identification Mountain area: A'f..£L ~EI~~ ,SLA--N> Glacier number' ' ",.:2.' , Hydrological basin:- r'L..()..Clett< FIola'¡\.. • I 'loo. ~ L"' Ist orcler: ~ ~ Longitude ~ l " ,~.~

lInd oroer: "Latitude 8 ~o~.~ Illrdorder: U.T.M. \ ' , ".5,x',w.T.b,',!l.,..2,:t,g, IVth order: Orientatio~: Accumulation area (8 pt. compass) ~ Glacier name: Ablation area (8 pt. compass) ~ li ,4, ',0. Sources:- A?::>vfHVCÆ fR.I"'¡¡- Highest glacier elevation (m/a.s.l.) Map, title &. No: Ct'-AClr=.'e. FIO,r¿'!::> Sle. Lowest glacier elevation: Exposed (m/a.s.l.) , , .". I , Compiled by: 'l)éPA1

RelLab í l.í ty r :t. .tou 16. *Accuracy rating (1-5) ...$ ~hotographs:- , Mean ablation area elevation, weighted,(m/a.·s.l.) .3,3,5, Type: veerten L. *Accuracy rating (l-S) a.J. Serial No: A Ib~4-ö-" Maximum length:Ablation area~)incl.debris covered ~ •..Q, Date: ts ]«] SC¡ ~posed' (km) ~.Jà Remarks: NO CL.Ou!'.>.s. Tpt~l (km) ~.~ Literature: Mean width of main'ic~ 'body ..(km) c....-1-..&.~ t .Surface area: Expos~d·.(km2) , ! .(,-S',.~ , Data compiled by: C;~. L. OrfI1ANNE.'1 Total: (~2) . ,.b,.~ ¿, Date & organisation: '1bf *Accuracy.rat.~ng"(1-5) 2 , ,S-, .. "(km .~ Supervisor: F. '1Ü L..L. €.R1 f}c...q IL-L- . Area of ablation ) . . UN (t,)6.e.c'I'! REMARKS (special geomorph-' *Accuracy rating (1-5) ~ ological features, abnormal characteristics, if inter- Accumulation area ratio (per cent) ~ national boundary, source •..2 ,.:5, information on mean depth Mean depth (m) . .i estimate, observations re- ....J,o ! / garding snow line or equi- Volume (km3) of ice . . librium line from other yèars) . *Estimated accuracy rating (l-S) '-ª-' ..$".:2...0.1./ • .2.., Tuc tiA/N ~TRlEfV1S J S£'UE#eAL- Classification and.description (see Table!)

':bA-11t1£~ L..AIŒ~· ONe be£P ) *Accuracy ratings b#2AtNAyE. C,HANN£L F()Ll-O(..;)I~í Area Elevations Volume 11~;ft'- r-¡of?.1t INé.; L.ATER..fl'- l Excellent 0-5% 0-25 m o--=--ïöi. 2 Good 5-10% 25-50 m 10 - 2Si. AN'» I--)~L-'-- - :2)t:.u¿ L-of'G:~ 3 Fair 10-15% 50-100 m 25 - 50% 4 Acceptable 15-25% 100-200 ro 50 - 100i. > T£R.tt'NltL- Hol!..filN6J WHICH CcuL)) 5 Unreliable ~ .25% :> 200 m 100i. SE A PW/-I -r¡~AlrJ~

FIG. 12. Glacier inventory data sheet for Axel Heiberg Island, Glacier Fiord.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~f.fm~~rffF~~fF.:~?~~~;~?~;;O:~~~~·::~·:;·:'::·:::~-{~~~.;.~,:,.:,~:~1 ..-"_,,_:,,.... --~-_ ....: .._---- .._,-_..:.._:...-....:.",::,.....:_:....-."._...~-_...:::..:.:.:..:.~~-"-_.. .~ .. ".~.....::' ···:····/;: i, t. , ,I r'

B. A pilot study for an inventory of the glaciers in the Rocky Mountains

1: ,Il ,1~, .i, Inventory of glaciers in the WaputikMountains ~i ~!L, by A. D. Stanley, Glaciology Sub-Division, .Inland Waters Branch, , 'Ii ~.:,. i: Ottawa (Canada) {: Il; ;1 Glacier ice once covered a considerable portion ri basins it was not possible to remain consistent and i! of North America but is now restricted to two main the first unit may not be a single drairiage area.. __, ¡ areas: the Arctic Islands and the Western Cordillera. Difficulties in. basin identification were accentuated Partial inventories have been compiled for. some ~ in the area of the pilot study as the Waputik Moun- fc regions by Field (1958) and Meier (1961). In prep- tains form part of the divide between two main aration for a complete inventory a pilot study river systems: the Columbia flowing westward to has been carried out for the Waputik Mountains the Pacific and the Nelson flowing eastward. (116°30' W., 51°30' N.), part of the Rocky' Moun- tains. . . One of the initial problems was applying a nu- Geographic location merical system to identify the drainage basin in which In. Canada the Rocky Mountains extend in a a glacier is located. The guide suggests subdividing north ..westerly direction from the 49th parallel river basins into first, second and third order parts for a distance of over 1,300 km to the Liard River. ~ progressively upstream. However, in Canada a code Much of their length forms the political boundary li ~.,: I' system already exists for the drainage areas, es- between the provinces of British Columbia and

!f:1 ¡ä tablished by the Water Survey of Canada. The main Alberta andthe Continental Divide between main ,j . ~I ocean basins are defined by a number (e.g. Pacific, drainage basins. Part of the divide is formed by .8; Arctic,' 7) and smaller units within them by let- the Waputik Mountains that extend north-west- !'I :! ters' (Fig. 13). The division of basins is not uniform ward for a distance of 63 km from Lake Louise, .j but in general the first letter refers to all or part of a Alberta. They cover a roughly triangular area of major river basin. Further subdivisions, designated nearly 900 km2 with the widest section, 25 km, at by a second letter, are not necessarily separate the southern end. The mountains are defined br drainage areas of lower order. For some of the the rivers Bow and Mistaya on the east and thê-. main river systems the subdivision A covers the Blaeberry, Kicking Horse and Howser on the west. head waters and successive areas downstream are Valley floors are at an elevation of 1,500 m and lettered consecutively. steep slopes lead to ridges of 2,700 m that culminate .For. the purpose of..the glacier inventory. . the. in a number of peaks,. one. over 3,300 m. ma areas o adequate but it was necessary to divide the areas permanent ice and snow but few valleys contain into smaller units (Fig. 14). Where possible the large glaciers. Wapta Icefield in the centre of the smaller units were lettered clockwise from the mountains is the largest ice mass and forms the downstream end of the subdivision. For many accumulation for the Yoho and Daly rivers and

..... '. 111:r~ pilot studies: the Rocky Mountains

FIG. 13. 1"....."\ ...... 1"-' \ Drainage basins in "- Canada. ¡-' OCEAN BASINS ;a) ------,...... --.... RIVER BASINS \. \ ...,,'- . \\./) " _.J \ ,/ \ ~ r:": \

J tI r .....-~ _ r'":" -,) \ ...... --...... --.._---, "\ --"'--, 7 --', / '--)- ....._..,11 ...... ,., r""'~ 5 F \""( I"· ,..-\ )..ø-":' ¡"oJ\:" \ '~fl _/' \ ....,.,.-( "'·S-....'v-J 'rv D \ ...... -.1. ..../ \ ,.' , L, \ I·...... 1 C_..... \ I ./ I / \ .... "L";>kL' \ - I I /1" \~ •..•.•«: . ~_~~ulse C <, - ...... // ' ..... G """ \ % ".: • A'l ,_..... \ "\ I L "d. r-: ; ~ .Ii'.' "....,Al \ 'Ø I '-...... B " '..... I \ \ M ( l: : .'. '---.. ---{ H \" \ /''') I \ ~ F J ' ./ 'I· \ \ / e, / .: "_ 1.., " / \ V-/ '" (l N '( A " ). '., ¡ 1\ VANCOUVER --~____ ····:l__ l-. -----..------~ o 500 Km. ~, __ ~1 __ ~' __ ~I !~~,

for thé Peyto Glacier. Peyto Glacier is now being Maps and aerial photographs investigated" as an IHD, p'roJect å.nd"detåile4 infor ... Glaciers are portrayed on all m~ps of the Waputik mation. is available which can be 'correlåted with Mountains. These'inelude special maps of national data gathered for the inventory:. ' parks and regular 'editions of the National Topo- , ,graphic series produced by the Surveys and Map- Climate pirig Branch, Department, of Energy, Mines and Within~·,the general area there are' tio" extènsive ' ' Resources. These maps have been' published at a bodies. of open water and any moistUr~ from the variety of scales including: 1 : 1,000,000; 1 : 500,000; Pacific:,llQ,cean to the west must pass over 700 km and 1 : 250,000, but only the larger areas of ice of land including more than one range of high arid snow are portrayed and their outlines have mountains. From the Pacific Ocean' a~ong a west-to- been generalized. The, most detailed glaciological east profile to the Rocky Mountains there are a information is given on the regular National Top- number of meteorological stations but climatic ographic series, printed at a scale of 1 : 50,000 information is limited for the Waputik Mo'untains. with contours every 100 feet. These sheets are: There are no meteorological data for high' eleva- Golden, 82, N/7 E; Lake Louise, 82, N/8 W; tions. The nearest station is in the 'valley at Lake Hector Lake, 82, N/9 W; BIaeberry River, 82, Louise at an elevation of 1536 m; observations of N/IO E; Mistaya Lake, 82, N/IS E & W; Siffleur the daily precipitation and temperature have been River, 82, N/16 W. recorded there since 1915. For the period of record All these maps give excellent detail but they the annual precipitation averaged just under 70 em have been compiled from aerial photographs taken wIth nearly two-thirds of it f~11ing during the winter in 1949 and 1951. On some maps small glaciers months from October to April. During the winter have been omitted and on others areas shown as ,the average temperature is -5° C and in the snow and ice were probably patches of snow that summer months, from May until 'September, the had not melted at the time the photographs were temperature is well over 9° C. taken. For the glacier inventory, areas of snow

. .' ...... ~,_ ....,-..... _-_.--_. __ ...... ------~-.--rr------.---~ l' ~of' ~~ ¢)'focA: t: FIG. 14. Glacier inventory of the ~

Waputik <14 Mountains, ~ ob ~ ~ Alberta, ~ B.C:- 43 ~ (Canada). ~ SCAtE t o I 2 lb I I ~Mlfn , o I 2 ~ 1 Kilometres

~ 0030~r(d 5 DAd GJ... True North D40 ~ North

,9 Chep.hrøn L. ~ 5 DAc ~~~eHc 138 U " \V

: 3~~ 08 /--,-~cøc7~". C{(¡Iuø L. C~~4, Mist. (JL. t .« zf ~ IO ~ ~~ '\. ~ ~32 ~ I/~~ ~31 ~'/

29~ ~~ \ 21 ~ 30~'drpn 14 31 6. ~~ È' 32 15~ 20 ~ 3'5~l\(') 11 1 ~ ~34 b 19 èiS \19 18~ I '\. __ ;,1 ~1

~IO "'36 <9 5 BAd 16(- 0 ~ .-9h· ~cP,..

23 -, 'I~dt~~ ~ ~8 "3

39 ~~_.r" 26 "5 "38 ....~ <'::::S25 2~ ..~),\ 2.2 23 24 ' -, 21 Nec/ort. ~ , o,.fe I'...... O i'g) . 4\,.. o (' 21 2. ,Ik'" -, ) Q \ 3 ,,4'-.1 .,"" 21 4 3/ -~~ % 2O/~~_ ~ 32. c_ 19 8NAb }'\ ...-. I-° \ 3 5BAc

33 Q:7 '0 @j- \:j3~:3 37 t> 13 \ .. ~ 14,,~ 5 ~ I$>/~ ~4L8~ ~& <:.:» ...... _~ ~c I Emerald 0<ú Laks wOp/oL. ~(9, ( ~) ( \ 38 -"""-' PROVINCIAL BOUNDARIES ~\lJøf s8 \ -- WATERSHEDS t\of .,.y.\(\4 ( ~ RIVERS ~'v J / á:J GLACIER (SNOW LINE MARKED) t \ I --,------•__ ~LL__ .:>..__~

~~':~;.~..~':":~:t~ p ".~;~: '; t. ' Three pilot studies: the Rocky Mountains~~

and ice on all maps were compared with high- Table 5 level aerial photographs taken in 1966. A good coverage was obtained for glaciers along a transect Type from the Pacific Ocean to the Rocky Mountains Area (km") Average depth (m) including a number of IHD project glacier basins Valley glaciers in southern British Columbia and Alberta. All 0-2.5 50 2.5-5 70 photographs were taken at a height of 30,000 feet 5-10 100 above sea level between 21 to 23 August 1966using 10-25 150 a Wild RC/5acamera with a focal length of 153mm. The photographs arevery suitable for the inven- Mountian glaciers 0-0.5 10 0.5-2.5 25 tory as glacier margins and termini are readily 2.5-5 50 identifiable, but some of the larger glaciers have ice-cored moraines and their exact boundaries are difficult to determine. For most glaciers there is good contrast between white areas of snow and each of two glacier classifications has been esti- darker areas of ice and firn. mated (Table 5). During the last period of glaciation the Waputik Mountains had extensive valley glaciers. These Method have retreated and' now all that remains are small valley glaciers and a large number of remnants. For the inventory the location of glaciers on each For the pilot study these have been listed as moun- ¡nap was compared with the distribution of snow tain glaciers for they are not glacierets and they and ice on aerial photographs. Where necessary do not conveniently fit any other description given glacier boundaries were adjusted to agree with in the guide. the photographs, and small glaciers that had been These small glaciers are less than 1 km2 and omitted were 'sketched on, the map. Geographic occupy walls of cirques and basins or mantle the co-ordinates and' the UTM grid are clearly shown eastern slopes of the ridges. They tend to be irregu- on each map and' there, was B~' difficulty in deter- lar or elongate bodies parallel with the hill-side mining the glacier location. Elevations were obtain- and structurally controlled by the general strike ed directly from the map to thé nearest 50 feet or' the layered rocks' that form these mountains. and the values converted to the' metric system, There are all gradations from a single basin Each of the initial readings is accurate to within to a cirque and it was not possible t? clearly 75 feet, but the metric value is a directconversion ± distinguish between the extremes for some gla- and does not imply precision to the nearest metre. ciers. Areas were measured with a dot planimeter and a random-grid overlay; for most glaciers the error is just more than 5 per cent. The location of the Summary snow line for' each glacier was determined from inspection of aerial photographs, and that of the All information compiled for the glacier inventory Peyto Glacier found to be at 2,500 m. Detailed is given on the computer print-outs (Figs. 15 and 16), field observations show that the transient snow and the main data are summarized in Table 6. Within line was at an average elevation of 2,500 m in the Waputik Mountains there are 109 glaciers with late August but it rose to 2,600 m by the end of a total volume of 12 km" covering an area of the ablation season. Thus it may be assumed that 150 km", The glaciers range in elevation from for many glaciers the highest position of the snow 2,100 ffi to well over 3,200 ID, with transient snow line in 1966 would be 100 m above the elevation lines from 2,050 m to 2,650 m. AAR values are given in the computer print-out. commonly 70 to 80 per cent. Ihere appears to be Glacier thickness was not measured directly but no relation between the transient snow line and estimated by comparison with depths obtained the size of the glacier, and many of the smaller for alpine glaciers elsewhere in the world. From a glaciers occur on slopes at high elevations well general survey of published data the depths for above the transient snow line.

" , , '~ Perennial ice and snow masses #1 ~ f ~.','! Table 6. Summary of glacier inventory of Waputik Mountains Elevation (m) ~ ¡ Max. Volume Location No. Area size (km") (km'') Highest Terminus Transient snow Iine (km') -- From To r Bow River headwaters :i 5BAc 6 .366 r 7.33 4.3 2 BOO 2100 2450 - l 5BAd 21 1.560 26.67 5.9 2900 2100 2350 2600 ;! '¡ North Saskatchewan t 5DAc 30 2.690 28.19 12.6 3 100 1920 2050 I: 2 (>50 5DAd 4 .008 .95 .45 3250 2450 - - :J;1 ,I, ¡ Columbia River ::1:1 8N Ab 30 7.067 70.74 13.7 3 150 2100 2~OO 2550 ;¡L ¡~J Columbia River if: 8 NBc 18 .495 11.93 3.2 2750 2 200 2250 2650 Total 109 12.186 145.81 fío ¡fj ¡ I! i ~I Conclusion Water Survey of Canada. The proposed classifi(- The directives set down in the guide of the Commis- cation does allow for some irregular ice masses .-. sion of Snow and Ice were followed in the compi- consequently all those that are not definitely valle; lation of the glacier inventory for the Waputik glaciers have been designated mountain glaciers Mountains. This region was selected for a pilot irrespective of their shape, size, or location. The study because it is covered by large-scale maps and actual term seriously influences any volume de- recent aerial photography, which brought out more terminations, for the estimated thickness values are clearly difficulties inherent in the guide. The three considerably greater for valley glaciers. Estimates main pro blems were glacier identification, classifi- used in this pilot study are considered reasonable cation and thickness determination. and as the most unreliable figures are for the The identification system was modified to follow smaller ice masses the total value of 12km" appears the existing index of drainage basins used by the acceptable.

;I References rf r FIELD, W. O. 1958. Geographical study of mountain gla- MEIER, M. F. 1961. Distribution and variations of glaciers l': ciation in the northern hemisphere, parts 2a and 2b, New in the United States, exclusive of Alaska. General Assembly ;,il York, American Geographical Society (Mimeographed of Helsinki, lUGG (lASH publication no. 54.), p. 420-429. report.), p. 274, p. 108. W ~,;!I! 'l (~. "j; :1¡ll

~~'I. ",,¡l !' il ill ~I,~ li! ;:1: 11 't: !J 40 t! il~~

~~',~:';~ Three pilot studies: the Rocky Mountains~~

~~wAPUll1< MOUNTA If\S ~OCI~~

rcssr NO. LONGITUDE LAT J TUDE u, r.M. CRI¡;~r ELEVAr leNS PATE MEA~ ELEVATION Waputik Mts., Bow AC Aa lUGt{ l.EX L.Tt .. SI~U"" ACCU ABLA River headwaters, 5EAC 2 h 116 ¿Ô.O N 51 z e , C Illf.:H)4625702l N N 2347 2U4 2134- 22 o a 6Q 2225 2 5EAC 3 w Ill: ¡3.0 N ~1 3C.5 lllJNHS 4Jl5 706':l S st: 2774- 2347 2347 24q9 22 "8 66 2652 Z 2499 2 North Saskatchewan 5fAC -4 w 116 2¿415 N 5L 33. o 1IU'H54n57126 SE SE 2713 2225 2225 2/t6$ 22. 08 66- 2530 ~ 234-7 1 5EAC !> \of lIó lti.S ri 51 2<;.5 11lJNHS4 785 7CIi 7 N Ii 26(:5 2499 2499 22 cs 6fJ 2')91 Z River, Columbia ~éAC f:. \ol( Ilt 18.5 N 51 3C.C IllNH~'t 18~ 7C5 3 E: E 2:317 2195 2195 22. os 66 2~47 ~ !>BAC ? \ol llé 19.C N 51 JC.5 11 t..NH5477i 70bct NE E 222~ 2103 2103 22 Co8 66 2195 ~ River, Columbia SEAC l W Ilt 22.5 N 5l 34.C llL:NH543357126 N. hW, 280/ .. 2225 2225 22 08 66 2r.sz 2 SSAC 2 w llú £3. ~ Ii !::1 34.0 l iliNH542357123 ~ NW 2774 2141 2347 22. 08 6& 2652 2 River headwaters. !>EAC 3 "- 116 ~5. o N !:l '34. C llLNH~40257126 N NW 3041-1 2134 2131t- 2'r38 27. nR 66 2652 z 2286 2 .seAC 4 w llb ¿7.5 N 51 34.5 11üt\H5378~7141 N NG 304tl 2286- 2286 2!l31' 2? os 66 2RC)6 2 .2S3!.' 2 5EAC 5 W 116 ¿7.:' N 51 3:.5 lllJNH53 74~7160 SE SE 2f330 2330 233(\ 2'j3~ 27. OR 66 2713 7. 2499 2 !tEAC l:: W rie ¿741~ N 51 37. o llt..NH537957181 Sh SE 286~ 2't45 244~ 2~9l 22 OB 6ú 2743 Z 2.53t\ Z 5fAC 7 W llé ~!i. 5 N 51 37.5 11 UNH:,391S719:3 s s 2743 2')75 2575 22. ns 66 2óQ8 ? SfAC 8 k 116 ~6.C N ~1 :H:.O llUt\H5408S 7200 NE NE 2J77 2~16. 231~ 22 oa 6ó 2341 2 5EAC 9 li 119 ~6.0 N 51 3E.C: llL:NH5394!l720l NW N 2743 2408 2405 2438 22 Q6 66 2682 Z 2499 2 SBAD 10 W U6 ~7.0 N 51 3E.5 11t..NH538057217 SE E 243~ 2286 2286 2;341 22 r a 6r, 2408 2 2ll67- SSAC 11 W llé: ~7.5 N 51 3E. O lllJNH5377~7202 NW Nw 289(" 2!.'75 2575 22 nR 6h 7.790 7 SeAC 12 WILl, ~7415 N 51 31. S lllJNH53 725 7194 NW NW 274.3 2(162 2682. 22 CB 66 2713 Z 5EAC 13 w 116 ;0.0 N 51 :3 ~. C 11 LNH5346~ 7 203 N E 2q26 2469 2469 2560 22 DA 66 '2665 ? 2530 2 5fAC 14 W 116 ¿8. O N 51 3i. !> 11 UNH5357!>719M Nw NW 2591 2452 2452 2499 22 08 6tl 2499 2. 2499 Z 5~~C 15 \ol 116 ¿Ci.O ti s i s e, C 11Ur...H535B!)719f:i N N 2436 2256 225b 2316 22 08 66 2'377 Z 2286 Z 5EAC ll: W 116 ~C·. 5 N 51 3<;. C llLNH533957216 NE NE 2774 2317 2317 25M) 22 e.e 66 2652 2 2464 Z .5BAO 17 w i ie 21.C N 51 3<;.5 llUNH533457233 E E 2H04- 2652 2652 22 OB 66 27'43 2. seao 18 ~ Ill: ::1.5 Ji 51 4(.0 11lJt\H533257240 E E 269h 2713 2713 22 ns 66 2758 2 .5fAC 19 W 116 ~1.0 N 51 4(.5 llLNH~336~7 246 SE SE 2743 2576 251b 2606 22 o a 66 2652 2 2591 2 SE~C 2Q W 116 :::0.0 N .51 "d.5 llLNH5356S7264 NE NE 259 J. 2469 2469 22 (\8 66 2560 2 5EA/; ~l W 116 ao ,c N 51 's2. C llUNH534551276 N ti Z't99 ~311 2371 22 ea 66 2438 a

~~NåRT" SASKATCHEWAN KIVER~~

~~ItENr NO. lONGITUDE LATI ruas U.l.M. ORIENT ELEVATIONS DATE MfAN ELEVArlON AC AB HIGH l..EX. l.TL SNO'"' ACCU ABLA.~~

SCAC 14 W 116 :!O.5 N 51 -41.5 llUNH534057268 1\ 1\ 2591 2438 2438 2499 22 (\8 66 ~S30 :! 2499 2 !iCAe. 15 w Ill: 20.5 N 51 41.~ llliNH5337572b1 w )ot 2774 2545 2545 26~Z 22. (\8 66 2652. 2 2652 2 !iCAe lé. w r ie 31.0 N 51 'd.O llUNH533457254 w k 2741 2b21 2621 22 08 66 2682 2 ,SCAC 17 W 11& 21.5 N 51 4(.5 llLNH532957252. NW ~K 2743 2530 2530. 22 08 66 25q1 2. !itAC 18 w í ie 21.5 N ~1 4(;. c- llLNH532657242 N, t\ 2865 2469 2469 22. (\8 66 2652 2. SCAC 1<; k 116 33.0 N Sl 4(.5 llLf'\H~31257249 NE NE 3071l 2042 2042, 2;;\0 22. ns 66 2621 2. 23,47 2 5tAC 20 ~ 116 ~5.0 N 51 's1.5 llUNH528957266 NE NE:- 2804 2560 2560 22 08 66 2652 2 .sCAC 21 ~ 116 ~5.0 N 5l 43.5 IIt..NH5288572

~~~Ç"UHe.(A RIV~R~~

lÇE~T N.Ch LCNGITUOE. LATITLD~ u. T..M. ORIEt'iT ELEVATIONS DATE MEAN ElEVATlON AC AB HrOH C-..EX L.Tl Sf'{OW ACCU ABlA 8NAB E 1-1 116 ~7.0 N ~l 35. C 11l;t-.H5263571So. \ol \ol 259l 2377 2377 24-38 22 08 66 2499 Z 2377 2 Sf\Ae 9 \ol 1l6.~6.C ti 51.~2. 5 llUNH527357103 Nw W 2896 247C 241Q. 256C 22 ('18 66. 2682 Z 2499 Z BTliAB la w lIé: 34..5 N 51 3C. o 11UNH52 <;657053 W \ol 21335 2530 2530 22 C8 66 2713 2 .aN~B Il w 116 34.5 t( 51 2'i.O llLNH529557039 S S 2804 2438 2438 22 f)8 66 2591 2 :aNAB 12 ti lIó 24 •.0 ti 51 2<;.5 llUN8530L57043 30413 2804 2804 22 I')A 66 2957 2 8t\~B 13 \oc Ill: 24.0 N 51 3e. c llLNH53165704B SE" '"S 3l()q 2591 2591 2714 22 08 66 2896 2. 2743 Z .aN~e 14 w 116 31.5 ti 51 3C. C llUNH532957031 SE SE 7.951 2103 2103- 2469 22 !'l8 66 2667 2 2347 2 BNAB 15 k 116 31.5 N 51 2S.5 llUNH~333 5 7046 NE NE 26?1 2240 2240 2347 22 1'l8 66 2408 1- 2317 Z. af\AB 16 w 116 ~3.C N 51 ~ C. 5 llL:NH531457062 N N 7. 743 2377 2377 2530 22 f'8 66 2621 2. 249q 2 .er\AB 17 w ilé ~4.e I~ 51 ~c. 5 lltfllI=i53(J35/065 NR Nw 295 ( 2.'JOl 2.1ul Z36¿ 22 118 66 2499 2 2332 Z 'aNAe 18 w Il£: 34.5 fi 51 3C.5 11UNH5296570or> Nw NW 2835 2225 2225 22 /18 66 25lC) 2 BN~e 19 \oc lIé ::5.5 N 51 !2. o llLJt\H528257095 S $ 3018 2835 2835 22 08 66 2926 2 .at\fte 20 w 116 ::5.0 N 51 32.5 11lNH529057C97 E E 3018 2480 248C 2591 22 08 66 2743 2 2560 2. 'B~fte 21 w 116 .:!5.C N !::l 34. C llUNH52H957i2t! E E 291:H 2240 2240 2469 22 08 66 259 l 2. 2408 Z .aNAB 22 ft 166 33.0 N ~l 3~. C 1lI.JNII530'~5714'j SE SE 2972. 2't') a 2't08 2469 22 08 66 272A 2. ~438 2. ~f\Ae 23 w 116 ~2.5 N 51 35.5 llUNH531757174 SE SE 3125 2149 2149 2469 J2 0B 66 2652 2 231)t 2 .aNAB 24 w lIó ';0.5 N 51 3!::.5 llü1\H5342~ 71 ~9 E E 2Es

C;CLOKBlA' RIvER ·HE.~DwAT ER S : tOE~T t91 2 81\81: 25 w i re 39.5 N !:l ';i.C 11 UNI1523857348 \ol W 2957 2591 2591 22 OR 66 ~R35 2 eN~E 2t: ~ 116 29.5 N Sl "1~. 5 llUNH523ú51347' ~". l\w 2912 2591 7591 22 08 66 2743 2 ~~BE 27 ri 'IH: ~8.C N 51 It!:. C ·llllNH5l5157327 ~ 29tH 2377 2377 2499 22 08 66 28~5 2 24lB 2 l:!Nbfr "w ~a h lib as ,o N ~l ~4.C llUNH525157314 SW Sh 2B~6 274::l 2743 22 ea 66 l819 2 Bl\BE W 29 Ill: 35.5 N !.Il -42.5 llliNH5281S12ti9 SW Sie 26lJ7 2545 2545 .2,60 22 cs 66 2621 2 2241) 2 bNBE 'se h llú 35.0 li ~l 042. C llLNlt528q57273 t-(w Nh 28~5 2637 2b31 .2b82 22 08 66 2774 2 ~661 2 8l\BE 31 h Ilt 25.(' ti 51 41.5 11Ul\1152~6572B6 w .. tit 7.835 2b9ö 269f\ 22 f'8 66 2774 2 lil\8 E 32 W lIé ';~.5 N 51 'tl.D. llUkH52e251255 N\ot N... 2743 2591 259l 2ó67 22 l'S 66 2713 2 2469 2 et-.IH 33 ,.: fe J 16 36.!l 51 4(.5 llL"H5270S7251 ~h I\. 30ltB 2179 2179 2~6C¡ 22 os 66 2652 2 2341 2 tlNeé 3'1 "'ri Ilt; ::S.!l It 51 4(. 5 111.~h524957252. N 2774 2438 2438 22 "8 '66 ¿'591 2 Bl\I:E 35 fl 116 39.0 It 51 ~l.O llliMi52Jü5125f:i N\o." ~w 2t139 256C· 1560' 22 08 66 2"(13 2 t$f\tH: 3(;: 1'1 llt 35.5 fi Sl 4C.0 IltJNH528151211 N~ Nli 2835 2347 2347 :2530 22 fiB 66 2621 2 24J8 2 l:l~~E l1Q 37 ~ 3~.~ « Sl ;;.5 l1UNH5261!)1189 Ñ ... N~ 3139 2631 2631 2698 22 36 66 2R19 2 2661 2 ij"eE 3l! i i ~ e ;c:.c N 51 3t.!:: llu~H521a:i717C N Nwl 2113 2llf:- 2316 246"1 22 os 66 2652 2 2~oe 2. Sl\bf 3'1 " lIó ;:·7.C ti 51 ~6.~ 11~~.t15Z675!172 f\E NE 2621 2~3S 243~ 22 ça 66 2531' ?

~~/ (~~

~~l__)~~

~~;.:;..,7~~~>!~:..''~.;.::':," .rI' Three pilot studies: the Rocky Mountains~~

~~WAPUTIK ,",CuNTA 1 t-.S ~OCt<.Y MClJNTA1~S '-ES TEkN CA~AOA A.D.STANLEY , INLAND WATERS BRANCK OrYAl-IA 1967 FIG. 16. Computer card, UOW RIVEk HEACWATERS~~

lDE~ T 1\0. lOTAl lEf\GTh ~roTH SURF ACE AREA AAR DF,PTH VOLUfl~ TYP~ Waputik Mts., Bow ASLA E.XP TUTAl ~XP TOTAL ABLATrON River headwaters, 60C(l10 58AC 2 .4 .4 .34 .'34 2 100 IQ .003 '3 58AC 3 .2 2.1 3.t 1.5 4.30 4.30 2 .34 2 92 so .215 l 60<'OLO North Saskatchewan SEAC 4 1.3 3.2 3.2 .u 2.S0 2.90 2. .~9 2 19 5~ .145 4 52"012 60l)CllO SBAC 5 .3 .3 .Ob .06 Z 100 10 .0Cl 4 River, Columbia 600000 ~eAC ó .4 .tc .2 .08 .08 2. 100 10 .001 4 seAC 7 .4 .4 .l .05 .05 2 100 10 • COI " 64001(' • River, Columbia 5tiA& l .6 .& .4 .27 .27 2 100 10 .003 4 64n402 seAC 2 .8 .8 .4- .:n .,H 2 lon 10 .OC3 4 603312 River headwaters. saAU .3 1.5 3.9 3.9 l"Z 5.90 5.90 2. 1.1('j Z 7l 10 .413 3 ';)20412 SUA£: 4 .5 2.7 2.1 2.90 2.90 2. .80 2 14 70 .203 3 503~U (Note. For volume SBAC 5 1.3 2.2 3.2. 1.0 4.90 4.90, 2. 1.00· 2 19 ,7(' .343 4 503012 51:!AC ó 1.1 l.C; l.C; .g 1.50 1.SO 2 .44 2. ' 71 50 .008 4 530010 accuracy rating '4' !)8AC 7 .5 .5 .2. .25 .25 2 100 ' 10 .002 4 600012 .5BAG 8 .4 .4 .1l .12 2. 100 10 .001 4 soooi o read '3' and for '3' .004 4" 600212 5ßAC 9 .1 1.6 1.6 .7 1.50 1.50 2. ..06 2. 66 25 5BAC 10 ..1 .6 .b .l .14 .14 2 101J 10 .001 4 630000 read '2'.) seAC 11 1.0 l.C .7 .lt5 ./t';) 2 roo 10 .004 4 600(110 SBAD 12 .3 .l .2. .06 .06 2. 100 10 .001 4 60031c- saAC 13 ..3 2.t:. Z.6 • l 2.00 2.00 2. .09 2. 95 25 .050 4 600210 5tAC 14 .1 .4 .4 .11 .ll 2 .02 2. BO 10 .001 4 640('02 SBAt 15 .2 .s .50 .27 .21 2. .06 2. 78 10 .003 4 640nOl .SUAI: 16 l.~ .'3.1 3.L .~ 5.10 5.10 2. .5l 2. 90 100 .510 3 523411 SB-AC 17 .2. .2. .ce .06 2. 100 10 .001 4 640000 saAl: 18 .2 .z .20 .ZO 2. 100 10 .002 4 630010 SHAD 19 .1 ..7 .7 .la .38 z .08 2. 79 IQ .004 4 630002 SO AD 20 .S" .~ .19 .19 2. 100 10 .002 4 640000 seAO 2l .3 .3 .06 .06 2. 100 IQ ..pOL ~ 600012

~~NORTH SASKATCrEl(AN IUVE~~~

~~JCENT NO. leTAL lEtiGTI1. ",tOfj1 ,SURFACE AREA AAR OEPTH VOLUME" TYPE ABlt.. fXP TOTAL EXP TOTAL Aa.f..ATIO~~~

50AC. 14 .l .3 .3 .12 ..1l 2. .03 2. 7'5 10 .0.01 4 640002 SOAt 15 .7 .7 .3l .31 2 .05 Z 84 10 .003 4 640012 5C~C 16 .2- .2 ..06 .06 2 10Q 10 .001 4 60001Z SDAC 17 .6 .60 .2. .12 .1Z Z roo 10 .001 4 6"0012, SEA£: 18 .1 .7 .3 .16 .16 2. 100 10 .002. 4 630212- SOAC 19 3.3 ~.c 5.0 1.0 12..60 12..60 l ~.4Q Z 73 150 1.890 4 52041 t 50AC 20 .3 • .3 .6Z .62 Z 100 25 .015 4 600010 SDAC .2L 1.3 1.3 2.20 2.20 Z 100 25 .055 It 640011 SVAC 22, .l 1.0 l.C .3 .42. .42. 2 .06 Z 86 10 .004 4 630001 SOAC 23 .4 .4 .4 .1Z .12 2. 100 10 .OOL 4 640002. SCAC 24 .5 .5 ..3 .39 .39 2. .05 2. 87 10 .004 4 63000'2- StAC 25 .s .s .34 .34 2. 100 IO, .003 4 600200 5CAC 2ó ¡.o 4.'3 "te3, -.5 4.50 4.50 Z .98 Z 22 10 • 315 3 530011 50AC 21 .3 .3 .14 .14 2. ICa 10 .001 4 630210 SDAC 28 .3 .3 .3 .09 .09 2. lao 10 .00t 4 630010 t SCAC 29 1.5" 1.7 1.1 .s 1.lS 1.15 Z .7Z 2. 65 50 .058 4 530410 SDAC 30 .2. l.S 1.5 .6b .66 2. .08 l 8B 25 .016 4 630010 5DAC 3~ .8 L ..4 1.4 .It .55 ..70 2. .Z7 Z 61 25 .018 4 650011 5CAC 3Z .3 .3 .06 .Ob Z 100 10 .001 4 600000 5CAC 23 .3 .3 ..OB .OB 2. 100 10 .00l 4 600000 SDAC 34 .s .8 .1T .11 "2 100 10 .ooz 4 630000 SVAC 35 .1 .5 .5 .36 .36 2. .11 2 70 10 .004 4 640000 SCAC 36 .5 .5 .34- .34 2 .19 Z 44 10 .003 4 630000 5CAC 37 .3 .3 .2 .06 .08 Z 100 10 .001 4 630000 5CA£: 38 .H .6 .3 .11 '.17 2. 100 10 .002. 4 630000 5tAC 39 1.1 1.1: .5 .39 .39 Z 100 10 .004 4 600010 SOAC 40 .3 .3 .12: .12 Z 100 10 .001 4 630000 SLAC ~l .7 .1 .3 .23 .23 2. 100 10 .002 4 630010 SDAC 42 .3 1.6 1.6 1.10 1.10 I .l4 2 77 25 .275 4 640210 SOAC 43 .5 .5 .39 .39 Z lOa 10 .004 4 600210 SDAG l .4 ..4 .45 .45 2 lOO 10 .004 4 600010 .5CAG 2 .2 .2 .14 .14 2. 100 10 .001 4 600010 5CAC 3 .l: .8 .3 .22 .22 2. 100 10 .002. 4 600010 5DAG 4 .5 .5 .4 .. 14 .14 2 lQO 10 .QOl 4- 600('10

~~CCLUMf! lA ~lVER~~

WENT NO .. TOTAL LENGTh wlOTH SURFACE AREA, AAR. DEPTH VOLUME TVPE AdLA EXP TOTAL :EXP TOTAL AUlATION ) BNA8 8 .2 .8 .8 .33 .33 2 .06 2. 81 10 .003 4 6401.110 ~NAI:i 9 .3 1.2 1.2 .~ .30 .30 Z .08 2. 74 10 .003 4 630010 8NAB 10 .8 .8 .49 .49 2 100 IC "005 4- 630010 8NAB 11 1.5 1.5 .86 .8ó 2. 100 25 .022 4 600010 8NAB 12. .3 .3 .30 .ao 2 11.10 10 .003 4 600010 ·aNAB 13 .3 i .c i .o 1.80 1.80 2 .09 2 95 25 .045 4 63001Z 8NAB 14 ..7 ¿. ~ 2.S 1.5 2.20 2. .20 Z .61 2 73 25 .055 4 630012. 6NAS 15 .1 i .c 1.0 1.90 1.90 2 .28 2 85 25 .048 4 6007lZ 8NAtl 16 eL .6 .6 .45 .45 Z .16 2 66 10 .004 4 64C310 64Qglg 8NAB 17 .4 1. 5 l. 5 .6 • '75 .15 2 .20 2 73 25 .elq " bNAtl Hi 1.3 1.3 .2. .36 .36 2 100 10 .004 4 600010 aNAS 19 .b .6 .3 .14 .14 2. Ino 10 .1)(11 4 600010 eNAB 20 ..3 1.7 1.7 1.0 1.'19 1.1 ~ 2. .20 2 82 25 .003 4 630010 aNAB 21. l.!: '1. (; 4.6 i ,o 12.10 12.80 2. 3.68 2 72 100 i ,?B(\ 5 520012 6NAB 22 .- 3.2 3.2 .-:i l 70 1.70 2 .09 Z 94 25 .004 4 600010 8NAB 23 3.<; 7.0 7. C i .o 20.90 20.90 2. 4.40 2 7q 150 3.13(\ 4 520412 8NAB 24 .4 2.1 2.1 .7q .78 2 .09 Z 88 25 .02n 4 630010 eNAB 25 z .c 2.0 .5 .42. .42 2 100 10 .004 4 600010 aNAB 2b .6 .6 .33 .33 2 101) 10 .003 4 600200 eNAS 21 1.1 2. c; Z.9 .1 1.<;('· 1.90 2 .94 2 50 25 .04R 4 633010 tiNAB 28 .3 .3 .05 .05 2 1(1(1 10 .00l 4 600010 aNAS 29 .6 2.4 2.4 .7 2.00 2.00 2 .44 2. 7B 25 .(\11 4 633010 8NAD 30 .Z 1.1 i , l .7 .59 .59 2 .06 l 90 Z5 .015 4 640410 8NAB 31 1.4 1.4 2.50 2.50 Z 100 10 .250 4 62(']210 43 2.056 3 52041l tiNAH ~2 '3.7 7.C 7.0 .9 13 to 70 13.70 2 3.50 2. 74 150 tiNAB 33 1. ~ 1.3 .59 .59 2 lC10 25 .015 4 600010 aNA8 34 1.3 1.3 .6 .36 .36 2 lCD 10 .004 4 630010 8NAB 35 .4 .4 .16 .16 2. 100 10 .002 it 61)011('] 8NAS 36 l .. C 1.0 .3 .42 .42 2. 100 10 .004 4 630010 tlNAI1 31 l.C 1.. C .41 .41 2 100 IC .005 4 600000 Perennial ice andsnöw masses, ,i! ...·...·1 It ' t

COLUMIHA - ÏtIVER ' I-fAChATERS. IDEI\T NO. TOTAL l Ef\GTH "'lUTH SURFACE AREA ASLA £}(P TOTAL AAR DEPTH VOLUME TYPE ~XP TOTAL ASLATION ar..BE 22 .~ .5 .4 .lb ..16 2 BNBE 23 .4 l(1Q 10 .002 4 l.C l.C' .5 .41 .41 2 .09 2 630('11 ßNtJE -:C4 .3 ..7 .7 1.1 77 10 .0('14 4 630f)ll ' 25 .4/t .44 Z .1l 2 tlNBE .!J .!l .Ir 7L 10 .C<'4 " 630~H2 liNIH: .20 .20 2 100 26 .t .C:2 J. .. tl 10 .002 " 600::\10 ~NBf .59 .59 2 100 27 .3 1.9- 1.07 25 .(l15 " 630310 tJNBI: ~a 1., .2 1.07 2 .11 2 9(\ 50 .4 .It' .1 .Ob .06 2 .053 4 630310 eNliE 2.9 .2 .!i 10(\ 10 .001 4 600nOf) .5 ,,3- .11 .17 2 .(\6 2 tiNfjE 30 .2 6~ la .nf'2 4 63C('H) l.C l.c .4 • .33 '.~3 2 .04 2 ~NBE ~1 .3 87 10 .003 ", 60('11"10 8NBE .3 .Oq .()9 Z 11)(\ 22 .~ .4 .It .17 10 .ocn 4 600010 8N8E ~3 1.2 .17 Z .09 2 55 1(\ .(lOZ ", 2.5 2.5 .7 2.70 2.7' 2 .73 2 650000 liNBE 3/t .7 ..7 81t So .135 4 6Z0212 '!! .3l .33 2 1t'0 liNSE 3!- l.C 1.0 .2- 10 .OC34 630410 liNse: Je;, .5 .2a .¿Z 2 1QO 10 .0('\2 4 Z.3 2.3 1.1 3.21 3.21 2 6CC31t' Ii lINl$E 31 .3 .'32 2 90 70 .225 4 1.2 1.2 .8 .69 .69 2 53'3010 l!, .eNUE ;!d I.l: .12 2 BZ 25 .011 't .~ 1.6 .5 .84- .lJlt .2 630310 tiNßf ~9 .28 2 67 '25 • .2 .2 .25 .25 Z .CZl 630410 j( 100 10 ,.003 4 600000

~~(---~~

~~----.,.-: ------""'-"-- .,., Three pilot studies: the Rocky Mountains~~

State, Province or Region: AU3e:1erA , ft f , ,6,g,A,h CA-NAbA Regional and basin identification Mountain area: Glacier ntunber ' ,{, $, Hydrological basin:- Ist order: NcLS.ON lZ..llJê(. Longitude ~ ,I ,I ,b,o~.JZ

~~lInd order: SOUTH ~MrŒ£~ Latitude .!::L ~ o~.~' el~ Illrd order: .ßOW R..IÙG.R,. U.T.M. ,I,I ,U,NI-l,S,3,S,g,S,1,I.j ,f,~~

IVth order: ~ k) t: A1<£ Orientation: Accumulation area (8 pt. compass) ~ Glacier name: Ablation area (8 pt. compass) ~ Sources:- Highest glacier elevation (m/a.s.1. ) ,..2 , t u3 ,s> , Map, title & No: u-ec-roe: t-At<.£ C¿:JNjqIAJ Lowes t gla~ier elevation: Exposed (ml a.s .1. ) .,2. .,;l, ,$ .b. Compiled bY:. bEt'A1b11oJr oP' ~1 Total (m/a.s.l.) ,~ ..t .s2, 6. Date: rll~ A-N.l> I!.E~ùll!l..£.!1 ''16/ Elevation of snow line (m/a.s .1. ) .:1. ,j', ( b , Scale: I ': ~o, 000 day • mo. I Jr. Date of snow line .~ ,:I..: ,2; 6.6, Contour interval: I 0-0 ~. Mean accumulation area elevatibn,weighted,(m/a.s.l.) ,r::! .3 ,1,1, Reliability: ::t So %' *Accuracy rating (l-S) 4, Photographs:- Mean ablation area elevation, weighted,{m/a.s.l.) .4·~ .8".-6. Type: VE:1!..rICAL.. aOJ6lffi A!'L *Accuracy rating (l-S) ~ Serial NS': A '9bt5- 1'52- Maximum length:Ablation area~)incl.d~bris covered Date: ;J~!~/(,b "--L-I'¿ Exposed (km) ---..&-I.~ Remarks: Total (km) '--&..-I •.£...J Literature: Mean width of main ice body (km) ~.~ Surface area: Exposed (km2) . I I I ,.~ Data compiled by: K, S£,"!X;¡,jICI(.. (kro2) Total . I I I ,.~ Date & organisation: A-ùqt..lST '1br *Accuracy rating (l-S) ~ A . STA~L.êll INLfttv~ 2 , , Supervisor: Area of ablation (km ) I I , .~ l...)~.s e:eA-tJUi REMARKS (special geomorpn- *Accuracy rating (l-S) ological features, abnormal ó characteristics, if inter- Accumulation area ratio (per cent) national boundary, source ~

information on'mean depth Mean depth (m) I , I IQ. estimate, observations re- . garding snow line or equi- 3 Volume (km ) of ice I I .,,0 .Q.d I librium line from other . years) , *Estimated accuracy rating (l-S) + qLA c- IIE:I¿ L./I£ S IN Il S J1/'rL'- Classification' and description (see Tablel) I~ I~ IQ. D,O. a, ßMIN ON NOI!1tl FAGE: Dt'

s.r, NlutDLIt~ re ««: *Accuracy ratings Area Elevations Voltune l Excellent O-Si.' 0-2S m o--=--ïö% 2 Good S-lO% 2S-S0 m 10 - 25~ 3 Fair 10-lS% SO-lOO m 25 - SO% ~~ ,ccep~a~~e lS-2S% 100-200 m SO - 100i. "\ 11 ... _ .... -. of - .... -.,. -".2 C;O'f '-" 2f'\D :: -- 1.f'\D%

~~FIG. 17. Glacier inventory data shee tfor Waputik Mts., Nelson River, South Saskatchewan River, Bow River, Bow Lake.~~

~~45 Ii Perennial ice and snow masses~~

State, Provtnce or Region: CANAbA , , , , ,Y> tY ,6 Regional and basin identification .e=: Mountain area: ge,nSH- CCL-oHßIA Glacier number , ,..2..,*, Hydrological basin:- J;}, ,l ,/ ,b,O~.d Ist order: COl..-ut-!.gIA f!..IVt£ R- Longitude

lInd order: dLA e P,¡;,1E' I!!...fl.'j I ~1!.a;:S 11~ Elevation of snow line (m/a.s.l.) d,b,.;). I, Scale: I: 60, ()\l1) day • mo. • ,r. Date of snow line •..2 ,.:2..; • S': P.-' , Contour interval: I~ nt- Mean accumulation area elevatiOn, weight'ed,(m/a.s .1. ) ,,,2 , &-' b • R, Reliability: :t -60 f.l=, *Accuracy rating (l-S) ¿ ( Photographs:- Mean ablation area elevation, weighted,(m/a.s.l.) , .:2 ,s ,Ci1A)Ië/L Total (km2) Daté & organisation: 11& T *Accuracy rating (l-S) Supervisor: A ~ gT fl IV uz 1 ~ea. of ablation (km2) INUTN~ ¡,J1¥JC:te...1 8AAtJOl RÉMARKs (special geomorph- *Accuracy rating (l-S) ological features, abnormal characteristics, if inter- Accumulation area ratio (per cent) ~ national boundary, source information on mean depth Mean depth (m) ,f ,Q • ."estimate, observations re-

~~garding snow line or equi- Volume (km3) of ice , , I u,o.o,t. librium line from other .years) *Estimated accuracy rating (l-S) ~~~

~~.6.3 ! O. o. l. :2-, TJh~ qLAcJ l:37< u; Æ /..)£,t...L- Cla'ssification and description (see Table 1)~~

.:hEF(N~ ~eçOG ON iA:)~J;.T (-- *AccuracI ratings F,+c-~ OF n,b J.J7 ftEPrlv Area Elevatlons Volume l Excellent 0-5% 0-25 m o--=---ïö% 2 Good 5-10% 25-50 m 10 - 25% 3 Fair 10-15% 50-100 m 25 - 501- 4 Acceptable 15-25% 100-200 m 50 - 1001- 5 tTnrøli.ahlø :> 2Scz' :::> 200 m :> 100~

~~FIG. 18. Glacier inventory data sheet for Waputik Mts., Columbia River, BIaeberry River, Ebon Creek.~~

L_. ~-- __ ---- __ ------~ __ --~ __ ~----~------~~ : . . '. .' :. ~-~~~~::-;-;:7:·~~~"~·":: ~"-:":;::-;":':';':'::~~r:,~·:.:·;:';;-:-; :;t~;.;~;::.;:::.;;., .' ····.':'·":~'::"·"'<':::~::'::~w:r0,fmm:'i r.:·r~;",::.-·..J·;.-;' ,';.'r-••;, ¡:r;:r',:'1;i,""r'r', "'''''''''-=I''':":ry¡'L~t'~·~ ;? ._'~ .

~~.::; , :..'::..~- .. ::: ':.~ '~~

~~Inventory of glaciers in the Mount Everest region by Fritz Müller; McGill Uniyersity, Montreal (Canada)~~

The Mount Everest region in eastern Nepal the character is essentially the same, with, however, many more, and deeper, S.-N. gaps, produced by (280 N., 870 E.) (Figs. 19 and 20) was chosen' as a )test area for the glacier inventory för several the south-oriented drainage system. Comprehensive accounts of the geology of eastern reasons: (a) it contains a multitude of glacier types, Nepal have been given attention by Lombard some common and some unusual ; (b) maps of different scale and quality are available; (c) the (~958), Hagen (1959) and others. , There is little climatic data for the area. The author's field observations and familiarity with some only weather station, operating continuously since of the glaciers in the area (Müller, 1959) permitted, 1957 and intermittently before that, is located at an evaluation of the inventory data; and '(d) there .Namche Bazar at 3,440 ffi, too low to be represen- is a practical importance in glacierized mountains tative for the main valleys and the glacierized near heavily populated, areas for hydrological, heights. For these there are only some sporadic climatological and other reasons. weather data collections from expedition stations which operated for short periods. At a station established in 1956 at 5,300 m above sea level near Physiography the Khumbu Glacier the precipitation total for an This test area (Fig. 21) covers the highest mountain 8 months' period (including the whole of the group in the eastern Himalayas and, for that monsoon season) was found to amount to only matter, in the world. It contains three mountains 39 em of water, testifying to an unexpectedly great with an elevation of more than 8,000 m, including aridity in the Everest region. This finding is in good Mt. Everest (8,848 m), and some 75 peaks of more agreement with (a) the small size ånd low surface . than 6,500 m. The lowest point lies at 3,500 m but .velocity of the glaciers and (b) the' vast quantities of debris covering most of the ablation areas, _ j the main valley bottoms are at an elevation of forming huge lateral and terminal moraines and 4 to 5,000, ID. There are only two S.-N. gaps in this part of the blanketing the lower slopes and valley floors. mountain chain, the Nangpa La (5,716 m) and the Three former glacier positions' are evidenced in Lho La (6,006 'm); the former serves occasionally the area: as a trade Ionte bet"ween India and China The l A well-developed, sub-recent stage in which the neighbouring hills to the north, edging the Tibetan valley glacier termini were very close to the pre- Plateau (mean height about 5,000 m), are of sent positions. The mass loss of the, recent markedly different nature, whereas to the south of decades led mainly to a thinning of the larger the area, though elevations are somewhat lower, glaciers and only the smaller, usually steeper

~~t\:::," z ~ ...... = ".eG~\ .I ,. C; ~é ~.. C--" J'.ro",:,"o-< §] -l FIG. 19. , 8 :i Drainage basins in Nepal. , ) - g e ...... ' ..\... .>: '-- III III~~

~~J">.....--"'~~o < ....t' oIII ,l~os; III, t ø soP I ., ~ 1. ~nJ", "...... , ~ ~ \ ,-\~,,.,J' -l :o : ~ i :-'~ "l o lI • ~ ~ ~ ~_rJ t~~

i u", I,tO)( ~ , I III .~ ~ : \. J:- -D;;---@-~ III ! • l.... ~..v,,~ .~ ..... ( , t' __..' ..._+--, , '-Y."7 ~ ø I e,. ~ ! e ...... -..... I ; ~ ~ ,....~, L' ·...."'0 ~ I l~ I c- , ¡ \ '1~" _. i'<.-~ ~J o \ : \,,, II t: .c. §l (~. f 'eo \,.,...... ,/.to..v ...... ~,·, Ul '. I- \ ."I{q '"' unS / C) \ @ .._ t 809mot1\. .

~~"§.... ()...~" ( \ \ \ o.l'e) \ te Z III .,. } \ r\ ( ~ ...... ,,..,.J " .1- ...._-_.1 Ir' ~.l \ \ \ \ \ IB ~ i ·t, ~ i \ j J..... \,,,,,\ l.. {" ~~ \ L ~ ". l i 1\(0 / (j G°'1~~

~~(.... .,1 ~2ICIIICI~~.1 t j ; ," b() c,~ c { .~ .~ .o M f ~ .8 48 \,"1 ..... ,'..... ,,~--'...... ~ ~ ~ , 'O ~. ,-_ .. r o o I; 3 :g ~ <ñf=¡¡; I : •• r·~~ •• 'r. "lJ ...... ".,. I :~~

~~z f ~~D ~~~

~~:~ Three pñotstudíes: the Eastern Hímaíayas '~~

...... ' ...... \ \. " , \~ ~ ~ ~~ \~ ~ Cl <:) to,¡ -z. I \-. Cb ~ ::s Cl \O , ,...... ~ 'Q~ o ,-Q ("') •••~ c2 ..., -:s -':It- e ~(') ••• :::r~ J ("")~ D C Long Chu ¡ F __ ~~~--_I ~~~~--~ .... '-~ .•.• .... •..•• -- 8 Chu' ...... -- .: t KhorfO . ..• I \.~ \' E I ...... B ~ ...... ~ 28000'N ••!v1t. Everest ®~§ ••••••• ,. •••••• A ~ :. t,. • e ••• ./ "'~ : D ••••• ... : . l C /SJllo : ...... , ~':-, _",,;to "' r~, • ". B',' o~" \·,"A,.,....-, ',--, ,! \ ~ \ .: '..... ~ \ .. (O, S:.. : % ~ : \Q D ~ : ~ ~ ~ : Cl o~ ~ -\? ~ . +. <:> ~ , ._ ~ô ...... : Cl ~ ~ \,\Il (I\\olle)Il' 21°30'N- ~ .. o....., _-----el p Km. tt\°(\ . 0 ....'p Miles ••• 1 1 ••• 87000'E 86°30'E

~~FIG. 20. Drainage basins in the Mt. Everest region.~~

~~L._~,_, ..,~.."" Perennial ice and snow masses~~

{::~::::~~:~; ~.) , ' :'1 ,--- .'\",' )~ \ : Il' "",...III(l:Jlil- ... .,I,\..,...--- ....- \~ :"~..,J ~-, r- .....j') , II ,li ~\) ~ ( , r :j .... -.;~~~ 'i e- .. c.., ,,;,"r I~\".l) oD ["'-J\ ~... , \'0 \' .', «Il c:; \~,' o ¡";¡ )t' ) \ It' , 5 I ..._;;- -,--.. c,\ .\ \0. \"'" 4~ ~ .\ (,' "!oc. ,l'l, ,...... _l' ~ \ ~! {\ '.... I I 3Ge , \ ~ \.,~... I , ... ,."~: O 11" b U J( \'~ . _c:} '...... MOUNT EVEREST ~ "' <.I l '"\ ",,-....:... " ...'.. 'o \ I '9 I. ..- \,'\ \\.,'~I. , ,...... -~'"\7- ...... \, ....\ /~ \. " f!t ,. 1 8848 I! .'2!> 24 \ '\ ~,' S2. l ~ \ 20 \ 3' • -29 ¡, CI¡ongr; N;P·(;i: ..~\\/' ~...-..., - NUPTSE ~\."'~--...... 1 • 23 \ \ : " ~3. ~ \ \ 30 28 ~O .'1. -- .....----- ...I-t::/ ...... 787i.....---'" (::::::-; \ \ : \ ' , •• 6 " 24. _....._--'", \.1 \ ~ !olt. \ \ -9 12 • ...... :,...... / ,/ \30(}. 9 13 bIl19/1/179 .8 • 14. ....t~) :' / 2S. 29',: ,,.... 6/------... " : \ \ • : ~'31 .-...... :...... J:7_21'...... ~'....._" .8', \ \\ D ~,' " ~~: ,\33:~.. .""1 36. .;l (': ·r . , , 28 .- .22,/ \ C .7 '\ \ .,1 ,/ e \ \ 32 \ ~", 35; ¿'.....", ~.~ J.~» 32 t...' .....,..' l .6 \ \ 2G t7 \ \ i~(3t , ,6 I ()" ~ : 'I : / ~ ,'. ,....."1 ~ . ; : " " ./ 37 " l f::) :39 --ë¡,¡úfi{J e \ ::: ¡4ç e5 \,..' '3/:: e:: ff.' , I ".1 1':/ ,":0'''/ 3t í;;s,>...... ,.. • 19 o 57. '¡.l5 ...... _._.....I;'t'¿~~o.'}; I..' ti ...... ' " " l~/. .'7' 18- ~ 58..2 "Ts"O'" nhO o El'J :~ . .s9. 67~ (::"--lGI.3 ~~ __ --- ...-..-~~':-··"""/~::??!.£!..::C;;>_:o " ~ _ .. 3~~'" 2~.:'" f':~">. '\ 43 42:' ' .....:,. '- ..- ~ ,"&. .• ..-' • •• ,..¡ ~,"-·1 -"

~~S&040' E (--''''E SOURCES~~

''''--''J I. Khumbu Himal (Nepal) I: 50,000 EKtensive glaciers ,.,."""'-"" Research Scheme· Nepal Himalaya,I965 Oc. =:::i:: =::j~==:jTc=:i1==î:T =::=ïY::::=Te:==:ï?=:=:9:r:¡ ==::jl? Mile$ Small glaciers 2. The Mount Everest Region I: 100,000 • Royal Geogrophical SOCiety t 19GI Mountain peaks over 6500 metres lå 0i=:::c::=::j2=:::r==4:i=:::::r:::::6ï:::=:::c=r:8==::c:=ICO==c::1:¡2=::C:='è4:::::Jc::=::¡IG Kilometres Precedence has been given to the more recent map

~~s of the Mount Everest region.~~

~~, .,.;/.:~::'~:S;>¡\.~:; . Three pilot studies: the Eastern Himalayas~~

~~Table 7. Drainage basins with glaciers on 1 : 100,000 map Table 8. Some statistics for the glaciers in the three basins (ROS) of the Mount Everest region of the pilot study~~

~~Order of Subject Nangpo Dudh Imja Political drainage No. of Basin (Bhote Kosi) Kosi Khola division basins _ glaciers per basin 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Total area of basin (km'') 452 279 440~~

Likhu Khola NEl A24 4A 5 Number of glaciers, total 68 35 61 Beni ..SoIu Khola NE A 4 5A 3 Number of glaciers Lumding Khola NE A 4 5 B 12 > 5 km in length 5 2 8' Nangpa (Bhote Kosi)3 NE A 4 5 C 68 Number of glaciers Dudh Kosi" NE A 4 5D 35 < 1km in length 29 13 15 linja Khola" NE A 4 5E 61 Kyangshar Khola NE A 4 5 F 5 Glacierízed area (kmê) 106 100 154 Hinku (Inukhu) Khola NE A 4 50 20 Glacierized area in % of Hunku (Hongu) Khola NE A 4 5H 40 basin area 23 36 35 Sangkhua Khola NE A 4 6A 2 Number of glaciers Chhoyang Khola .NE A 4 6B 3 > 1.0 km2 20 9 23 Iswa Khola NE A 4 6C 5 Barun Khola NE A 4 6D 37 Largest glacier: Karma Chu TB4 A 4 6A 29 length (km) 19.2 21.0 18.2 Kharta Chu TB A 4 6B 20 area (km") 30.5 6,?3 33.8 LangChu TB A 4 6C 1 volume (km") 3.0 10.5 .3.4 Ngo Chu TB A 4 6D 29 Dzakar (Rong) Chu TB A 4 6E 61 Total ice volume (km") 6.0 12.1 9.8 Gyabrag (Kyetrak) Chu TB A 4 6 F 13 Mean elevation of: 1. NE = Nepal. 2. A = Ganges. accu. area (m) 5740 5690 5860 3. Basins included in study, snow line (m) 5540 5530 5'580 4. TB = Tibet. '. abla. area (m) 5350 5380 ,5320 ,'.

ones have detached themselves noticeably from the '1850' moraines. The majority of the glaciers are very small: only 7 , 2. A prehistoric glacier position (Daun ?) left well- have a surface area of more than 10 km", while' . preserved large-size moraines some few kilo- 68 per cent of them measure lessthan 1 km2.'Only metres downstream from the present termini. one glacier, the Ngozumpa, occupies any consider- 3. Isoiated remnants show an even older, somewhat able length of a main valley. Some 30, glaciers more extensive, glacier position but even this could be called valley glaciers, but most of them does not alter the impression that the Mt. Ever- lie in small side valleys and only 6 reach the floor est region has not supported large glaciers dur- of a main valley. A large number of the medium ing at least the latter part of the Pleistocene. and smaller sized ice masses occupy either cirques or form ice aprons and hanging glaciers on the The present glacier in the test area steep and expansive mountain flanks. The full inventory data for the 167 glaciers are Before it was possible to label the 164glaciers in the included with this paper in the form of computer three drainage basins to the south-west ofMt. Everest print-out sheets reduced to page size (Figs. 22 to it was found necessary first to apply the guide's 27). For each glacier an individual data sheet was identification system to the whole of Nepal compiled, two of which (e20 and E23) are shown in (Fig. ,19), then to subdivide the second-order Figures 25 and 26. basins further into third and fourth-order units as shown in Figure 20 and Table 7. The glaciers of the three basins, numbered clockwise, are presented in Source material Figure 21, the 'index map'. Table 8 gives some Four different sets of maps and photographs were statistics on these basins and glaciers. used for this inventory. They are:

~~, ,~~

~~" Perenníaliœand snow masses~~

1.: Schneider (1957): Mahalangur Himal (1 : 25,000), Snow-line assessment contour interval 20 m. Covering almost all of For only a few glaciers were field observations of the Khumbu-Imja basin; particulars of this map the snow line available. It was found impossible to are described by E..Schneider (1959). Schneider extract reliable snow-line data from the photo- very kindly provided original-size copies of his graphs except in a few cases. Therefore, it was high-quality 1955 terrestrial. photogrammetry decided to follow the suggestions made by Von Wiss- photographs for the entire area of this map. man (1959, p. 48-55) for establishing an approxi- 2. Schneider (1965): Khumbu Himal (1 : 50,000), mate elevation of the climatic firn line. Usually contour interval 40 m. Based on 1955 to 1963 a combination was used of the value gained with terrestrial photogrammetry; excellent quality; the Höfer method and those obtained bystudying covers all three test basins. The measurements the changes in configuration of the contour lines for most data sheets were extracted from this and by establishing the highest elevation of mor- map. ainic material on the surface. It is self-evident that 3. Royal Geographical Society (1961): the Mount many individual values for the firn-lide elevation and Everest Region (1 : 100,000), contour interval subsequently the mean 'elevations for the accumu- 100 m. Compiled from various published and lation and ablation areas are in considerable unpublished sources; strongly varying .quality, error. The Royal Geographical Society made available unpublished photographs and original 'large- Mean ice-depth estimates . . scale maps from many expeditions. There areno measurements of ice thickness for any 4. Survey of India (1930): Nepal-Tibet (1 in. to of the glaciers in the area. Table 9, listing estimated ( / 4 miles), contour interval '1,000 ft. Indicates depth values for different types and sizes of glaciers, '- only the major glaciers in approximate form lines, In addition a large number of unpublished expe- Table 9. Mean glacier-depth estimates '.: dition ...photographs, both single and panoramic, .were provided by the Swiss Foundation for Alpine Type Area Depth (kml) . Research, Zürich, (m)

Compound basins 1-10 501 10-20 70 Problems .of obtaining the data 20..:50 100 50-100 1001 Area delineatíon , Compound basins 1-5 301 Valley glacier A comparison of the photographs and the map of 5-10 60 a glacier frequently illustrated the arbitrary de- 10-20 80 cisions forced on both the cartographer and the 20-50 120 inventory maker when delineating the perennial 50..100 1201 ice mass. The difficulties are numerous in both the Simple basins 1-5 40 accumulation and the ablation areas: separating 5-10 75 seasonal snow from perennial ice; connecting hang- 10-20 1001 ( ing glaciers (feeding ice avalanches) to a glacier ,~ Mountain glacier, cirque 0..1 body lower separated by a large rock wall; dis- 20 1-2 30 tínguishing between debris-covered ice and morainic . 2-5 50 deposits, etc. The area measurements were carried 5-10 90 out with a dot planimeter and a random grid 10-20 120 overlay; the measuring error is less than 5 per cent Glacieret and snow-fields 0-0.5 10 for the glaciers larger than 0.5 km", but increases 0.5-1 15 considerably for the smaller ones. 1-2 25 1. Individual adjustments needed. I

~~. : ~!l!Il'. ,,:,::.\ , . " . . Three pilot studies: the Eastern Himalayas~~

~~.,. \ .. :~~

• I'" was inferred from a critical 'analysis of all glacier- Conclusion • I", • dëp~h measurements .known tö' the author for the Karakoram Mts. andithe Alps. Table 9 was not The ,difficulties encountered in making a glacier rigidly adhered to; for about half of; the cases híverttoryofa selected area near Mount Everest individual adjustments were made .. are:': Ca)those-inherent in the mapping of glacíerízed . :The 'assessments of the firn line and the estimates areas; (b) those generally met in the assessment of the pf the, mean ice-depth values, as well as some of firn line; 'andje) those due to the lack or scarcity the :area delineations, were carried out 'by the of.glacier-depth data. The suggestions made by the author .. , '.. guide were. 'easily followed and led to results for an .acceptable accuracy, and thus of practical and scíentífic .meaning .." .

~~References~~

ßAciEN,~.T. 1959. In: Hagen, et ·al. (eds.). Mount' Everest, SCHNEIDER~! Ji :1'959. 'Inr. T. Hagen, et al. (eds.), Mount :' p. 11~110~Zürich, Orell Füssli Verlag, : .: ; .Everest, i'.··219-34! Zürich, Orell Füssli, Verlag. LoMBARD,A. 1958. Un itinéraire géologique dans l'Est du WiSSMANN,; H. von. 1959. .Díe heutige Vergletscherung und l' 'Népal (Massif du Mont Bverest), Mémoires de la Société · ~'ScIu1eegrenze.·in Hochasien. Abhandlungen der Mathema .. ~ 'helvétique des sciences .naturelles (Zürich), 'vot 82, no. 1, :.:tisch-Naturwùsenschaftltchen Klasse, Jg. 1959, no. 14, ., ·107 p, and plates. ". : . p. 48-55 -.Mainz, Verlagder Akademie der Wissenschaften MÜLLER, F.· 1959. Eight months of glacier and soil. research : ..und' der .Literatur . .-.ín the Mount Everest Region, The mountain world, 1958-59. ~ .Zürich, Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, 29 p.

~~. . , .~~

~~¡ • . .~~

~~. .~~

~~53 MOUNT EVEREST REGION EASTERN NEPAL HIMALAYAS f.HUe:llER • MCGILL UNIVERS [TV MONTREAL 1967~~

~~~ANGPO TSM,GPO (BHGTE KOS li~~

~~ICENT NO. LONGITUDE LAT nUDE U.T.M. OklEtiT ELEVATIONS DATE MEAN El EVA nON AC Aß HIGH l.EX L.Tl. SNOW ACCU "BLA~~

11 FIG. 22. NEA45C o E 86 ::9.3 f( 21 41.5 E e 60lJ3 5010 5010 535" 5650 3 57.10 2 Computer card, Nf:A45C 1 E e6 ~9.1 N 27 Itl.n NE NE 5400 4640 4640 5040 520(\ ::\ 484n Z NEA45e 2 e 86 ~8.5 H 27 41.8 N H 6187 4700 4700 54tlO 572!' 3 5ln!, -;¡ Mount Everest NEA4se .,.3 E 1:6 28.0 N 21 4E.c; NE NE 6120 4620 4620 5250 560~ 3 49Zl) 3 ;' NEA45C E 86 U:.O ff 27 4E.3 NE 65QO 5460 5460 546~ 6!'~" '3 region, Nangpa NEA45C s E 86 34.0 fl 27 49.0 NE E 6718 4470 430n 5450 5920 3 4960 3 NEA45e t E E6 :3.9 H 27 4S.8 NE E 5673 4960 4901) 5450 5560 l S16C' 3 (Bhote Kosi), Dudh NE~45C 7 E 86 ~3. 3 N214S.9 E E 6115 4970 49l' 5550 saco 3 5240 2 ~E~45e 8 E 86 :B.£: N 27 SI.0 SE SE 6940 5160 5160 5750 630(\ 3 5470 '3 Kosi. NEA45e 9 E e6 34.t; N 27 5e.5 s S 6180 5120 5120 ssoc 5f390 7. ')321) 2 ¡ NEA45e 10 E 1:6 ~5.5 N 21 5e.5 E SE 6060 5040 50it0 555(' 5841"1 2 524~ '3 NE~45C 11 E 86 ~5.1 N 27 ~1.1 NE NE 6650 4900 4tJon 5500 5920 3 5190 '3 NE~45C 12 e E6 34.9 N 27 51.7 E e 6010 5400 5400 5500 56?O 3 545fl 2 ! NEA45C 1~ E 86 ~4.0 N 21 52.0 NE E 6940 4490 4410 S'ion 621')0 3 4840 7 ~ NE~45e 14 e 86 ~3. 2 N 27 52.3 NE E 6640 4960 496('\ 55(\0 6000 J 5':\?O 2 ;. ~E~45C 15 E £:6 ~3. 7 ti 27 52.3 E E 6t)40 5100 510(\ 5~6(\ sroo "i 5360 7. NE~45C 16 E E6 33.t ti 21 ~4.0 SE SE 6293 5910 5910 5(.4C: 5940 3 5471"1 2 NE"45C 17 e 86 34.0 H 27 ~4.5 SE SE 6263 5260 526(~ 568(" 5160 4 5520 3 NE~45C 18 e 86 :!4.9 N 21 ~5.0 E S 6000 5160 516() 1j62C\ 5690 3 1S49Q 3 NE~45C 19 E U: ~!J. 5120 51211 51)/')(' 5220 3 NE~it5C 48 E Sé ~9. L Jol 2E CC"C; W W 5927 5390 539(10 5640 513') 2 552(\ l NEA45C 49 f: Sb aa, 7 N aa CC.~ N. N 591"1 5240 5240 5440 56('10 ~ 5,óO 2 NEA4~C 5C E el: ~8.3 N 21 ~S.9 S S 5977 5600 5600 5'300 5BSI) 2 5710 l NEA45C 51 E e6 ;8.5 N 27 5«;.2 NW t-,¡w 5660 5320 5320 55"(" 559('1 2 541'\0 7 ~E~it 5C 52 E a:6 sa. 5 N 27 SC:.C W k 5740 5240 5240 5~OO 56N) 2 5411) 2 C? NEA4SC E Et: ~a. 2 N 27 5E.5 f'.4W NI'l 5855 5190 519(' 5'tnn 58C~ Z 5""21"1 2. NE~4 5C 54 E eé ~a.e N 27 Sf-. I S Sk 5Sj~5 5440 . 54it<' 56l)O 567(' 2 5';2(\ 2 NE:Ait 5C 55 E 86 40.0 N 27 55.8 \ol ·w 5906 5240 5240 540C 5~41') 3 15240 ? NEA45C 56. E 8é 40.0 N 27 55.5 SW h 580(\ S'HO 534'J ~55C' 566Q 2 s-cc 2. NEA'4 SC 57 E Bé 40.1 N 21 54.8 H 6186 5::ï'lO .., SH ~O20 502" S70t; 3 51'40 2 NEA45C 58 E Bl: 40.1 N 21 ~4.4 H 6186 5360 5.36C- 5~!1(" 5780 ., 543C1 2. NEA45C 59 E ee ~9.9 N 21 SS.l W 5700 s ino 510(' S/t50 5221' '2 NEA45C 6e E f6 4C.O N 27 ~3. 7 W sw ~68n 5210 !J21G 556(1 57én 3 1j,5f\ 2 NE A4 SC 61 E ab 40.0 N 21 ~3.3 .,¡ w 5a/t5 5200 521"10 5520 567n 2 5~t')n 7. t-,¡EA45C 6Z E ee 40.5 N 21 !:I2.S H \ol 56;) 5350 5350 55"(' 5640 2 5it:s" 2 NE ~4 SC 63 E I::é 40.7 N '21 ;2.4 SH 5561"1 5340 5340 540C' : w 54A~ 2 5370 2. NEA45C 64 E 8é 40.8 N 21 51.8 W W ~~'}I) 5120 510n. 538t' 552(' l 57411 2 NE.645C 65 E 86 40.7 N 21 51.5 H \ol 5673 527~ 527(1 5380 5'530 7. 53411 7 NEA45C 66 E Sé 40.2 N 27 53.3 SE E ssun S3AO 538" 5640- 569t) 2 55"0 2 NEla45C 67 E el': ~5. it N 27 54.e f E 6186 5350 535fi 564('" 57(\ 3 5520 2 NEA45C 68 E st 41. s N 21 5:.1 w w 5593 S28\) 5280 5440 5470 l 5ltOl) 1

~~eUCH I~~

~~IC£:NT NO. LONG 11 UDE LA Tl TUDE U. r.x, CR lENT ELF.VAT [ONS OATE MFAN El FVA TlnN . ¡ AC AB HIGH L.EX i ,TL SNOw ACCU ABlA~~

N E ~4 5 D l E ae 41.7 N 27 53.7 E 55,}3 S080 50.er 5360 5420 524{\ 2 I SE 7. ¡ NE~it5C 2 E sc 40.8 N 27 ~4. 3 N N -rezo 5240 s roo 53£1') 54Ae 3 ~31n z j ~EJlit5D ) E ß{: 40. S N 27 4 s. S E F 5760 57.80 528') 5"r¡C 5680 2 54410 2 NE.A45o it E Eé 40.5 N 27 55.7 S S b01.3 5180 5140 5600 '5760 2 1S370 2 NE.A4SC 5 E Hl': 41.4 N 21 55.2 E E 5980 5120 5060 5530 5ê(H'I 3 524('\ 2 ( I NEA4SC é E Bt 41.1 N 21 Sé. L NE NE 5660 4941) 494'1 5440 55€'0 3 5160 3. ¡ NE"45D 7 E 8é 40.2 N "l', 56.5 f'.4 N 590('1 5140 5140 53AO 5520 3 5270. 2 NE.Ait50 8 E Eé 39.2 N 27 51.C S SE 5560 5300 530.0 54~C 550(\ ? 53Q('\ 1 NE.dit5U 9 E El': !9.3 toi 27 57.ó S f.: 5620 5UJO 518C1 ')5(\/1 5550 3 5~6(, 2 NE t4 SC 10 E e6 ':9.0 N 27 5S.5 E E 5977 5300 5300 553(- 1561)(} 1 53')0 Z NEA450 11 E et 3~.1 N 27 Sej.9 SE E 5780 5340 5340 556r. StilI') 3 54Hr. l NE~45C 12 E fé J<}.5 N 2€ ( C.l E E 5740 5420 542(\ 5560 5M'(' 2 552(' 2 ¡ NE.A450 13 E 8l': 39.¿ N 2E CC.3 NE NE 5500 5300 5300 540n 5420 3 1535<" 2 NEJl450 14 E Si: 39.4 N 28 cc. <1 S S 5820 554C 55411 566G 5740 3 560l' 3 ! NEA45C 15 E ft ~q. 8 N ¿8 Cl.2 S 5480 5360 5360 5S(.('ö 554(' 2 ¡ f\E~450 16 E 86 ::9.9 N 26 C1.7 E E 5540 5310 5310 or: N EAIf 50 17 E Sé 40.2 t< 2~ C2.l N N ~530 535(\ 535€' 547f 5490 2 5410 Z ¡ "E ~4 50 18 j NEAit5C 19 E 86 39.1 N 2e (2. b SE SE 6500 5320 532(' 573C 585t) 3 560(1 2 NEA450 2e E €é 42.2 N 28 C 1.0 S S 8153 5(\ 10 4690 558fl 64(1.0 3 513(\ 3 NEAit5D 21 E Ef: 42.4 N 2B 02.5 SE NE ó066 5330 5330 5670 5921' 2 53QO 2 NE~45C 22 E €6 44.0 N 2S CC.5 NW NW 5913 5240 52itO 5480 5600 2 5360 Z NE:~45t 23 E e~ 44.6 N 2E CC.b S SW 5913 5590 5590 5750 5840 2 5650 Z NEA45D 24 E Sé 41t.7 N 2e CC.3 Sw SW' 58BO 5480 5480 565(' 5721) 3 5550 3 NE ~4 50 25 NEA/iSe 26 E E6 44. e ti 2e CC.l w Sh' 5760 5380 538f) 5ntlO 57no 3 5430 2 '\E~45C 27 E Sé 45.0 N 27 !:S.5 S W 7020 52bO 500e S670 61n!) 3 5360 3 NE~45C 28 E (:(: 44.9 N 27 5 E.6 S S 586S 5180 5180 544C 557.0 3 5?fW 2 54 ~E~4 sc 29 E e6 44.0 N 27 ~ E. e s SE 6103 5390 S390 565r 5800 3 5520 2 NE Jl4 5C 30 E 8é ~3. 5 N 27 5<;.0 5 S 6089 5480 S480 5 ßO(~ 5940 '3 5720 2 NEs'450 ~l È eé -43.C N 27 59.3 W Sw bOU9 5270 5270 5500 556Q 3 542fi 2 NE ~it 5 G 32 E eé 45.5 N 27 55.8 NW \ol 5840 5080 5000 5400 5490 7 5260 ? N EA4 5 C 33 E 66 45.7 N 27 55.2 hf w 6440 5020 5020 550n 5A4n 3 5240 2 NE~45C 34 E 8é 45.0 N 27 55. C NW Nw 5600 5180 5180 S400 5460 3 53"'(') 2 NEA4~C 35 E 8t 45. ~ N 27 54.4 NW Slot 6367 5120 4Bti0 545'1 6f){\O ~ 5140 2 NEM se 3,6 E 8(; 46. £. ti 27 !:3.5 S S 6542 5100 4800 5S00 6n00 3 5i20 2 j NEA4~D 37 E: Sé 4b.4 ti 27 52.9 t-,¡w NW 5330 5090 5090 5350 54&:)fl 3 5240 2

~~¡,. .. .',.~~~

~~.....~~

~~_._'.--.- I(OUNT EVERI:ST REGION EASTERN NEPAL ÂrNALAYAS f.fotUELLER MCGILL UNIV[!RSITY JoIONTREAL 1967~~

~~NANGPO TSANGPO (fihOTE KOSI)~~

~~IDENT NU. 10TAL LENGTH krOTft SURFACE AREA AAR. DEPTH VOLUME TYPE A8lA EXP TOTAL EXP TUTAL ABLATION~~

10 FIG.23. NEAit 5C O C.3 1.3 1.3 1.57 1.57 l 0.37 3 76 2 5 O.Q39 3 600211 NEA45C l 0.4 C.7 C.7 0.31 0.31 4 0.19 3 39 IS' 0.Q05 4 640021 Computer card, NEA45C 2 0.S' c.c;: 0.9 l.za 1.28 '3 0.58 4 55 25 n.O~2 3 600411 NEA45C 3 0.9 1.3 1.3 0.53 0.53 4 0.34 4 36 17 0.('09 4 640421 Mount Everest NI:A45C 4 C.7 0!7 0.44 0.44 4 1c' 19 1.2 1.6 1.6 0.9T 0.97 3 0.B13 10 20 (\.019 3 640:121 NEA45C 20 3.8 3.6 4.8 0.4 1.26 1.92 3 1.39 3 32 3!> ('.('\67 3 530322 NEA4~C ~1 ~.2 3.1 6.6 ' 0.4 5.2!;) 7.23 3 5.35 ~ 26 50 (\.362 3 5101Zl Nf:A~5C 22 1.0 l ~8 1.8 1.10 1.lQ 3 0.53 3 52 22, C1.024 3 600(\22 NEA4 SC 23 C.6 1.3 1.3 o.~ 0.42 0.4Z 3 (l.23 3 4$ 20 0.008 3 64C12o. NEA4!:C. 2,4 C.lt C.7 0.7 $1.16 C.lB 4 0.10 4 44 15 0.003 ~ 64C02L NEALt5C 25 4.C 2.8 4.3 O./t 1.91:.. 2.98 30 2.20 3 ~6 30 (".089 3 525122 NEAl¡5C 26 NEAl¡5C 27 o.s 1.1) 1.2 0.45 (\.45 4 0.34 3 24 18 0.0C'8 3 640021 NEA45C 2U 7.5 a,e 8.1 0.5 1.91 4.92 3 4.67 3; 5 45 ().221 3 52012L NE.A45C 29 c.c; I.l 1.1 0.2 O.lS 0.15 S O.l~ 4 13 15 0.OC2 4 600121 NEA4!>{, 30 0.5 C.8 C.8 os z 0.18 0.18 4 0.06 4 61 15 0.003 4 600010 NEAIt!:C 3L C.l C.5 0.5 0.11 0.11 5 0.05 S I3S 10 n.oci 5 6('\0('20 NEA45C 32 C.3 C.B 0.8 0.45 0.45 It- 0.16 4 ')2 18 <'.OOR 4 6001 i o NEA45C 33 ra .1 t.S' 19.2 0.6 17.24 30.49 2 19.28 2 ::sr loa 3.049 3 510112 NEA45C 34 ~.7 1.3 1.3 0.44- 0.44 4 0.21 '3 S2: 15 ().(I(\74 600210 NEA45C ~5 1.5. 2.C 2.1 0.3 0.61 0.61 4 0.47 3 23 20 0.012 4 645022 NEA45C 36 c.c; 1.4 l.b 0.4 0.50 0.53 4 0.42 '3 21 20 (\.011 3 640122 NEA45C ~7 -O.s i ,c 1.0 0.3l 0.31 '3 0.18 3 42 12 0.1)04 3 600°12. NEA45C 38 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.10 0.10 4 0.08 4 Z() 12 0.Q01 It 641')t;'2l N€:A45C '39 C.6 C.6 C.b 0.2: (1.13 0.13 4 0.12 4 6 18 (\.002 4 640121 NEA45C 40 0.4 C.5 o.s O.l 0.06 0.(l6 4 o.os 4 17 12 O.QOt 4 64()0?1 NEA45C 41 ' 0.4 C.5 0.5 0.2: O.lL 0.11 4 0.10 4 9 12 0.0(\} 4 643n20 NEA45C 042 ::l.3 0.5 0.5 0.2. 0.13 0.13 4 0.06 4 54 12 1).002 4 640120 NEA45C 43 C.6 C.9 0.9 0.26 0.26 4 0.11 4 58 15 ,1'\.004 4 641)421 NEA45C 4't 1.9 2.C 2.0 0.3 0.73 0.73 3- 0.61 3 16 20 f).015 3 645121 ~EA45C 45 9.1 5.4 11.0 O.b 9!B3 15.35 3 9 88 ? ~(:¡ 6S 0.998 2 515122 NEA45G 46 1.1 1.2 1.2. 0.3 0.32. 0.32 3 0.31 4 3 15 ('.005 3 600121 NEA45C 47 0.4 C.4 0.4 0.'3 '0.40 0.40 3 0.40 4 o 15 ('1.006 '3 60C] 21 NEA't5C 48 Cl.3 C.S 0.5 O.z 0.10 0.10 4 0.06' 4 40 10 (\.001 4 600210 NEA45C 49 0.7 1.7 1.7 0.63 0.63 3 O.3l3 49 20 (l.013 3 640111 NE..A4!:C 50 0.2 C.5 c.!> 0.06 o.oô 4 0.'03 4 50 8 0.001 4 600210 NEA4~C 51 ().~ O.£:. C.6 O.la Ö.l~ 3 0.11 3 3Q 12 0.0(\2 3 60001 t NEA45C 52. c.~ 0.6 0.6 0."10- 0.10 4 O~06 4 40 12 O.OOt 4 600011 NI:'A4SC 5J ~.2 C.S 0.5 0.11 '0.11 3 {l.08 -4 2.7 10 o .00t 4 100000- NEA4SC 54 0.3 C.7 0.7 0.'3 0.23 0.23 '3 "0.08 3 65 13 0.003 3 0640011 NEA45C 55 G.~ 1.0 i ,o 0.2 0.29 '0.29 3 ,0.06 3 '72.' 13 0.004 4 6000tl NEA45C 56 0.'1 .. 1.1 1.1 0.36 0.36 3 0.11 3- ,69 14 Q.QOS 3 600011 t NEA45C 51 c.a 1.4 1.4 0.52 0.52 3 0.34'3 35 18 (1.009 3 602311 NEA45C ~8 O.l ,0.8 C.8 O.L O.Ob 0.06 4, 0.05 4 17 10 O.OCl 4 ,6C02Ul NEA45C 59 0.4 C.4 0.4 0.05 0.05 4 ,0.'05 3 o 10 O~ 001 3 640020 NEA45C fa C.l: 1.Ô i, o 0 ..24- 0.24. " 0.,19 3 21 20 0.-005 3 640021 NEA45C ei C.t: C.c¡ 0.9 ' O.lt 0.11 4 0.05 4 55' 10 0.001 4 700210 ;,NEA4 SC fZ 0.2. C.5 0~5 0.13 O.l~ ,4 .0.06 4 54 '12 0,.002 4 600210 ¿NEA45C 63, O.l C.2 0.2 0.06 0.06 4 0.02' 4 67 10 0.001 4 61)0210 ;,NEA45C f4 C,.l:. 1.0 r. t 0.06 0.06 4 (\.03 4 50 10 O.OCll 4 6(,0'3tO ,NEA4SC e s O.l c.lt ('.4 0.15 0.15 3 0.06 3 60 12 0.002 3 640f)2l

~~OUDH KCSI~~

~~10EN.T NO. TOTAL lH.GTI1 WIDTH SURFAC': ARCA. AAR OEPT\-f VOLUME TYPE ABLA EXP TOTAL EXP TOTAL ABlAT ION~~

NEA4 SD l 0.5 C.8 ' 0.8 0.3 (\.25 0.25 3 0.16 3 36 15 t).on4 3 600020 NEA4 50 2 c.~ C.6 0.8 O.l 0.22 0.25 3 0.11 3 56 15 C.004 3 640020 NEA4 50 3 o.~ 0.6 0.6 ' O.l O.ll 0.11 J. 0.06 3 46 10 0.001 3 640020 NEA45C 4 2.3 2.1 2.B 0.6 1.64- 1.81 2 1.05 2 42 30 0.054 3 530021 NEA450 5 C.7 c.e l.C c.z 0.08 0.11 4 0.06 3 27 10 (1.001 4 600421 NEA450 6 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.41 0.47 4 0.34 4 28 15 0.OC7 4 640021 NEA450 1 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.14 1.22 2 1.03 2. 16 30 o.o:n 3 64('1121 NEA450 8 C.4 C.6 0.6 O.l 0.06 0.06 4 0.06 4 o 1(\. c .cot 4 650021 NEA450 9- C.E 1.6 1.6 0.3 0.42 0.45 3 0.27 2. 40 15 C.0(17 3 600421 NEA450 10 1.1 1.9 1.9 1.0a 1.08 4 0.73 3 3l 25 0.('27 4 600l2l NEA450 11 1.1 1.6 1.6 0.3 0.63 0.63 3 0.39 3 38 15 0.009 3 600111 NEA/i50 12 0.6 1.Q 1.0 0.3 0.33 0.33 4 0.17 3 49 13 0.004 4 60C011 NEA45D 13 0.3 C.4 0.4 0.16 1).16 J 0.11 3 31 10 r .ooz 3 640021 NEA4S0 14 C.l C.6 0.6 O.l 0.09 0.09 4 0.02 4 88 8 0.001 4 650220 NEA4S0 15 C.5 C.5 0.5 O.l 0.11 O.ll 4 0.11 ~ O 10 0.001 4 640021 NEA" SC:) 16 1.7 l.S 1.9 6.94- 6.94 3 6.7l 2 l3 la f3. e19 3 64a1l1 NEA450 17 0.3 c.It o.It 0.06 0.06 3 0.03- 3 50 IQ n.oo i 3 oocom NEA450 18 NEA450 19 1.4 2.0 2.C 1.25 1.25 "3 0.87 3 30 20 0.025 3 64C011 NEA45D 20 17. " 2.5 21. C 1.0 46.50 65.35 2 le.67 l 57 160 10.456 2 510112 N£:A450 21 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.70 0.70 3 0.34 3 51 20 0.014 3 600410 NEA450 22 C.7 1.5 1.5 0.86 0.88 3 0.47 3 47 20 0.018 3 600111 NEA450. 23 0.4 C.1 0.7 0.14 0.14 4 0.09 3 36 12 0.002 4 600111 NEA450 24 C.6 l.l 1.1 O.t 0.20 0.20 4 0.12 4 40 12. 0.002 4 60042L NEA450 25 NEA45D 26 O.~ C.6 0.6 0.14 0.14 4 0.11 4 21 12 0.002 4 000121 NEA450 27 9.9 e. fi lC.7 0.5 9.B1 14.17 2 9.10 2. 36 80 1.134 2 525112 NEA45D 20 1.4 1.8 1.8 0.4 0.8t 0.68 3 0.46 2 45 20 0.C18 3 530011 NEA45D 29 e.7 1.2 1.2 0.3 0.65 0.65 2. 0.30 2. 53 15 0.010 3 600011 NEA45D 3C 0.3 i ,c 1.0 0.28 0.28 3 0.12 3 57 12 0.003 3 600210 55 NEA45D 31 C.4 C.á 0.6 0.22 0.22 3 0.06 3 73 12 0.003 4 600210 NEA45D 22 1.0 1.1 1.J 0.45 0.50 3 0.34 l 32 16 0.008 3 60042l NEA4S0 33 l.~ 1.6 1.6 1.12 1.12 2- 0.45 2. 60 23 0.026 :3 640011 NEA45C 24 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.12 0.12 3 0.05 3 58 10 0.001 3 600020 NEA45D 25 3.C 1.6 '3.5 0.4 1,14' 2.37 3 1.64 2 31 35 0.083 3 520122 NEA45D 36 2.1 i .a 2.E! 0.5 1.1l 2.34 3 1.61 2. 31 35 0.082 3 532122 NEA45D 37 0.1 C.7 0.7 O.l O.lB 0.18 .3 0.12 l 33 12 0.Q02 '3 600020

~~,., ..... ". Perennial ice and'snow masses' " '., ', ...~~

FIG.24. IHJA KHOLA ;IDENT NO~ lO'NGlTtJO~ :LA Computer card, n uor U.T .M. CR'IEt-\TEl:EVAT JONS :OATE f4fAN ELF VA T ION! AG A8 H'IGH l.E.X l.: L SN.O'li ACCU ABLA Mount Everest J !NEA45E 1 fi· eé 1j·7.0 N 2'1 ~3.6· SE SE 6542 538'0 528(\ 585(j' 62('0 3 5400 3- (~ E !) E 2' E E6 4 7 • 5 N 27 !;3.e region, Imja Khola. "4 SE E 6542 5096 5096 595.0 6200 3 5300 3- .NEJl45f: ':I E 1:6 47.C N 21 ~.It.1 t\E .NE 6440' 486.0 4580 545.0' 5900 4 4841') 2 ·NEJ145E 4 E' 86 46.5 N 21 Ij~. 7 NE ,E 644.0. 5020 502.<': 5480 6000 3 526(' '3 "EJl45E 5 E· el: 46.5 fi 27 ~~.3 f'.;E .. NE 6440 5040 504{) 560.0 6080 4 524C 3- NEJ145E 6 E ~6. 3 et ti 27 5~. 7 t\E NE 6020 4840 4740. 540.0' 570(' '3 4920 2 Nf.J145E 7 E 8l: 45.4 N 27 56.7 NE SE 5780 s ioc 5 íco 554.r 562Q 3 ')420 2' NEA45E 6'E E6 45.4 N 21 56.3 E ,E 5~80 5160 516,0 54.('0 5460 2 53?r 2' :NEJl45E 9 E 8l: 45. ~ N 27 51.7 Sw SE 5580' 52·80 52'8(\· 5501" SS6n '3 538(1 2 ·N f.AIj 5 E . l C E· . E: 6 Ij 5'. s N 21 5~.2 s' SE 56 5180 5550 5680 '3 5460 2 ~E.~45E ..Il :E· Sé 46.3 . N 21 5e ..2 SE SE 6080 5300 5300 565.0 59~O '3 550(" 3- NE~45E 12 E ft:: 1j6.7 N 27 se.l SW .SW 6145 5160 516.0 5660 5880 '3 ~46C: 3- NEJl45E 13 E. E6 47.2 N. 2. 7 51.6 Sw .Sw 6145 51'40 5140 560.C· 5720 3 ~32" 3 NEJl45E ·14 E tH 47·.!': N 21 51.1 Sw Sk 6119 ~140 514.c- 56Q(1 58N) 3 5"-l6/j 3- NEJl45E .15 E E6 48. J N 21 5.1.6 SE ·.S·E 6145 5120 498.0 5570' 5140 2 508('\ 2 Nl:Jl45E 16 E 1:6 -40.<' N 27 56.0 N . ~ 5980 5540 55.4(,'- srao Sf.\21) 2 5650 2' NEA4!H: 17 E Sf '7.:-J ,.., 27 ~e .. ü S E 6853' 5280 5220' ~(-.?r 5740 3 54?':' 2 NEJl45E 18 E St: 48.1 N 21 ~fi. 6 SE SE 6549 5440 53.00 578t') 6(\C\n '3 542(' 3- ~Eft45E le; E El: lte.E N 27 5Ci.2 S SE fl45 5290 5120 510e 60"0 3 S38r '3 N EJl4 5 E 2C E' e (; 49. N 'i ze cc,c S s 60.8.0- 54.40 544('\ 57. 3(1 5640 '3 S'60e) 2 NEJl45E 21 E El: =0.0 N. 28 cc,o SE SE 7145' 5440' 5320 ~900 6200 3 549~ 3 NEJ145E ·22 E ..el: 50. ~ ti C·(.5 z a se SE 714.5 -, 5S'20 552Q 60(\('1 6361) '3 5680 2 NE:Jl45E 23 E f:é ~O.!l N 27 5e.fi NW Sk Ha48 5220 492(' ~720 '6360 '3 5280 3 NEA45E ~24 E 86 ~1.0 N 27 5E.C . Nk Nw 5905 52·70 5270 56.3e 5160 2 5460 2 NEJ145E .2!'> E B6 50.5 fil 27 SE.2 Nk NW 5965 5100 5100. 550.0· 5590' 3 SlEW 3- NEJ145E 26 E' Eé 50.0 N 27 55.7 !>80ó 5360 5360' S57.C' 562(\ 2 55(\(" 2 'N E J14 5 E 27 E: e fl 50. 5 N 27 !l.'6.3 1\ " S S 5160· 554.0 5540 56-7e 570n 2 seno l ·NEA45E .2tl E £:6 sc.,e N .27 Sf.·2 NF. .NE 5640 53:80 5380 5540 560(\ 3 54fl~ 2 NEJl4~t 29 E·Eé!H.l N 27 56.9 NE NE S8AO 5580 5580 11700 57b'.) 2 564r 1 NEJl45E ·3C E' Eé 5l.C; N. 21 57.0' Sh S 1879 5480 .' 497.0 !:i70.Q • 636/'1 4 534(' 3- NEJl~5E .31 'E Et: ~2.2 N ~1 56.7 l'lW . W ~640 5420 54·2.P 55'7Q ·5')Q(\ 2 5490 2 NEJ1't5E 3~ :E 8b ~2.5 N 27 5b.5 NW' NW 5&10" 5380" 5'380 558Q: 5660 2 1)41-\0 2' N E.4 It 5 E "2 -:a . E. . I: (; 53.6 N' '27 5'6.2 S S 76·Up SlS0 49'80. 57;/).0- f:2~0 4 S2()(I 3 NEJl45E 34 E 86 =4.3 N .2.7 56.C 5775' W w 5250 52'50 54S.o '5560 3 5320 2 hEJ145E ~5 E EL ~4.1 N 21 56.6 SE' St: 6220 5400 54'00 5El.t'0 5900 '3 S6R" '3 NEJl45E 36 E. 86 ~5. 3 N 21 ~5·.5 sw . Sw B3f:10' 520.0 4CJ20 575.0. 67(0 4 NE.64!>E 37· E .. B6 56.0 N' 27 ~5.5 527.0. 2 ( l\W: . ~w 6189 5260 5260 5720 SSEH' '3 550n '3 NEJl45E 38:' E . 86 ~6.1 27 N 5:5. C S' S 61'8.9 5560 556(\ 5820 596(' 3 572('\ 3- N E ~ 4 5 E 3 9 E E 6 56'. 5 N 27 ~:4 •. 0 Sh .k 83-8,3 5280' 5020 5730 66('0 '3 5300 2 NEJl45E .40 f E.l; 5ß.C tt 27 54.5 W W 66'77 520'60 5260 ~7.50 .6.oS0 2 56/")(\ 2 N·E~45·E '.41 E.' E6 56.0 27 5'2.4 N E .N 68-'40 5260 5H'n 555('1 . ~ 59(10 3 5340 3 Nf.~45E ·42 E eé 5!l.5 N' '21 52.2 NE' "E 6205 . 5380 . 5380 567(" . 'SB4(1 2 552~ 2' N [: Jl4 5 E '4 3 E E (: s 5 • o N· 2-' ~3. 3 62'38 50·2e. 5020" ~600 5.900 2 54811 2 NE~"5E 44 E 66 ~4.0 N 27 5-2.5 Nk" NW" 64;30. 50.20' 502') 557(' 586(' 3 532.n 2 NE/l45E: 45 E . ~H:: ~3.0 N 27 52 •.2 68'56 51:00 48:?0.: 540C· seco 3 5t18D 3 NEA45E .46 E 86 51.1 I'{ 2. 7 .52.5 " l\ NE /l¡w 6856 4920 47fH)' 53'0.0 . 5640 4 496(1 '3 -NEM.5E ,47 E . El: ~('. 7 N- ~7 '52.2 f\¡~' N~ 5600 4740. 42.20' 5~O.('. 54"'0 '3 4180 '3 NEJl45E .48 E 86 51.2 N 27 5'1.7 w . w 6856 5100'· s i.oo' 58'0.(1, 60[H) ~ 5440 '3 NEttt!>E .4t;· E· Et !:l.f; N,. 21 51.:2 s S 6f:156 54.60 530p. 5840 6320 '3 5481" 3 N 27 5.C •. 8 Sh' Sw 68!:i6 53'40 50:2(\ 5£:40 sq~Q 3 536l' 3 fi 27 4·C;.1 ~~!:~~.;~ ~.~¿ ;l:~ N ,...65.71' 5140. 5020 5f.¡('I0.· 5800 3 5420 '3 t-oEJl4!H: 52 E: 8é ~l. l' 1'(, 21 4S.2 N Mt 599'" 4960' 4620 5'HO,. ·55("0 '3 496<' 3- NEA45E !l3 E: st. !lO.4 N' 27 4.9.3 f\ f\ 56&0' 5000 4580 52.:4.0. 5500 l 4~AO '3 NE~4 5£: ;54 E Sl: 4'9. (: N '27 4.c;.2 Nf.¡ Nw 5960 4820 47.tÚ) S'i:7~' 55(H' 3 soon 2 Nf:A45E 55 E ~~ 4q. (: N 2. 7 4·'£.8 w NW 607;1 4780 4740. 5';70 5850 3 Sf'\20 2 ,,' E t 4 5 E .!>6 E tH 'l·l.}. Z N~ 27 4:t. 7 N N 6080 5000 4620" 5290. 5650 1 SM\('\ 2 NEJI't5E .57 E f:.ú 48. d N.. 27 4E.3 N . ~ 642() 41-\40 48:41'\ S'tOC: SACQ ":1 5lnn ~ NE·A45E 58 E I:ú LB.4 N. 27 4·f.5 N N 6420 4H60 4860" 53~9(). '5680 3 5"80 l NEJl45E 5~ E 8(: 4·7.E N 27 tt.E.·l ""10. Nw 66H5 4~2() 42?O· 527C 572t') 3 40130 2' N E:JI ~ 5 E 6 C E; l: 4.'7. l e N,274'1.7 t\ 6bOI! 5320. 53-20 57.7e 5.840 3 N E A.4 5.E 61 E 8 é 45. 5 l N, 2.7 4.i. a Nk NW 63 t& 4820 4821\.' 5:-\0,0 5120 3 5140 2

~~. ;....:::":~.:~~::f:;.í';::;;~ 7:.:~~

~~'.. Three pilot studies: the Eastern Himalayas~~

~~lMJA KHOLA 11~~

~~IOENT NO. ICTAL LENGTH W'IOTH SURFACE AREA AAR DEPTH VOLUME TYPE ADLA EXP TOTAL EXP TOTAL ABlAT ION~~

NEAlt5E 1 O.l: 1.1 1.1 0.27 0.27 3 0.08 4 10 15 0.004 3 600421 NEA45E 2 I.l 1.7 1.7 0.56 0.56 2 0.19 2 67 20 0.012 3 640421 NEAIt~E 3 2.1 1.5 3.3 0.4 C.81 1.54 2 1.31 2 15 40 0.062 2 532322 NEAI.5E 4 r.c 1.5 1.5 0.55 0.55 3 0.34 3 38 18 0.010 3 600421 NEA45E 5 0.1', C.8 C.8 o.t 0.16 0.16 4 0.04 4 75 15 0.002 4 60002.0 .NEA45E 6 1.2 C.E 1.5 0.3 0.28 0.46 3 0.31 3 30 20 0.010 3 600022 NEA45E 1 c.~ C.8 C.8 0.19 0.19 3 0.11 2 42 18 0.003 3 600022 NEA45E 8 ' C.5 C.l: C.6 0.1 0.11 0.11 3 0.06 3 46 18 0.002 3 600010 :NEAIt5E 9 1.1 1.2 1.2 0.4 0.44 0.44 2 0.39 2 Il 20 0.009 2 640021 NEAlt5E 10 1.7 ' 2.2 2.2 0.4 1.37 1.~H 3 0.89 2 35 40 0.055 2 530111 NEA45E 11 o.!: 1.1 'I~l 0.37 0.37 3 0.11 3 54 16 0.006 4 600021 " NEA45E 12 0.7 l.C l ... O 0.42 0.42 3 0.25 3 40 16 0.007 4 600221 NEAlt5é 13 0.5 C.8 0.8 0.62 0.62 3 0.33 3 47 18 0.011 4 600221 oNEA45E 14 C.7 1.2 1.2 0.58 0.58 3 0.3C 3 4B 18 0.010 4 600011 NE:A45E 15 2.3 2.2 3.5 0.4 0.66 1.69 3 0.99 2 42 40 0.068 2 532312 t-JEA45E lb 0.2 C.6 0.6 0.14 0.14 It 0.03 4 79 15 0.002 4 640022 iNEA45E 17 4.9 4.t: 6.1 1.1 5.06 8.20 2 5.45 2 34 50 0.410 3 515112 NEA45E 18 1.Ç 1.1 2.2 0.39 0.92 4 0.13 3 21 18 0.011 3 645322 :NE:A't~E ' 19 5.5 3.5 6 .. C 0.9 3.65 8.96 2 5.45 2 39 10 0.629 3 535112 'NEA45E '20 o ,« l.C r. C 0.3 0.48 0.48 2 0.19 2 60 18 0.009 3 600211 ~EA45E 21 2.1 1.7 3.C 0.5 0.67 f.39 3 1.11 2 20 35 0.049 3 530121 NEA45t: ' 22 C.B 1.8 1.8 0.62 0.62 3 0.33 2 47 15 (\.009 3 603211 ,NEA45E: 23 11.1 lC.7 18.2 0.7 25.41 33.79 2. 12.25 2 64 100 3.379 3 510312 iNEAIt 5~ 24 0.1 I.l 1.1 0.63 0.63 3 0.31 2 51 18 n:Oll 3 600011 NEA45E 25 1.6 2.2 2'.2 . 9.3 1.11 1.11 2, 0.64 3 42 25 0.028 3 522312 -NEA45E 26 o.~ o ,e 0.6 0.31 0.31 3 0.19 2 39 16 0.005 3 600011 :NE.A45E 27 C.l: C.E C.8 0.3 0.22 0.22 3 0.16 2 27 15 0.003 3 640121 :NEA4!:E 28 c~z C.3 0.3 0.17 ' 0.17 3 0.12 2 29 15 0.003 3 600020 .NEA't5E 29 O.l r.4 C.4 0.19 0.19 3 0.94 3 80 15 0.003 3 600010 'NEA45E 30 t.2 2.4 1.8 0.4 2.53 5.95 2 4.31 2 25 55 0.327 2 520122 tNl!A4.5E 31 ' C.4 C.5 0.5 C.ll 0.11 3 0.09 2 18 12 (\.001 3 600021 ·NE:A4~E 32 C.~ C.7 0.7 0.11 0.17 3 0.11 2 35 12 0.002 3 600112 öNEA45E 33 4.~ 2.S 6.1 0.4 2.bl 5.09 2 3.12 2. 39 60 0.305 2 520122 ~EA45E 34 c ,e C.é 0.6 0.22 0.27 3 0.19 3 30 15 0.004 3 60(1021 -NEA4SC as C.5 C.7 ' C.T 0.)6 0.36 3 0.19 3 47 15 0.005 3 600211 iNEA45E ~6 ',.z 3.5 8.5 1.0 6.93 11.61 2 1.36 2 37 90 1.045 3' 530122 :NE:A45,E 37 C.7 1.1 1.1 1.11 1.17 2, 0.55 2 53 20 0.023 3 603011 iNEA45E: 31i C.3 1.1 1.1 0.43 0.43 2 0'.14 2 61 17 O.l'07 3 600311 ,NEA45E !I.J e,» 5.2, 11.2 O~b 11.61 19.87 2 10.99 2 45 70 1.391 2 515112 t4EA4SE. 40 C.8 1.4 . -l.4 1.29 . 1.29 2 '0.37 2 71 21 0.035 3 600011 !NEA't5E: 41 4.C 2.1 4.4 0.3 2.44 4.62 3 3.04 2. 34 30 0.139 3 525122 NEA45é 42 o.~ C.E C.8 0.2 O.lb O.lb 3 0.08 3 50 15 0.1)02 3 530021 NlA45E 1t3 C.é i ,C 1.0 0.48 0.48 ·3 0.28 2. 42 11 0.008 3 600211 iNEA4SE 't4 1.(; 2.5 2.5 3.17 3.17 2 2.66 2 16 45 0.143 2 60001 l ~éA45E 45 ,4.8 1.8 5.6 ,0.6 5.39 1.11 2 3.15 2. 56 70 0.498 3 530112 f\EA45E 4b 2.2 1.4 3.3 0.8 1.12 2.34 3 1.56 2 33 40 0.094 .3 5.30021 iNÈA45E 47 2.7 1.5 2,.S '0'.3 0.44 0.92 3 0.18 2 15 20 0.018 3 53032.2 NEA45f. 4B 1.1 l.S 1.9 1.12 1.12 3 0.15 2 33 28 0.Q31 3 600321 :Nb\45'E 49 1.7 I.l 2~3 ' 0.3 0~41 0.72 3 0.52 Z 23 "16 r,.013 3 532322 ~EA4'51: 50 3.4 2.3 4.6 Q.S 3.25 5.18 3 3.73 2 35 60 0.347 '3 520112 'NEA45E 51 2.4 1.9 2.6 5.18 . 5.18 3 2.16 2 47 60 f).311 .3 600011 NEA45E 52 '2.:3 1.3 2~6 ' 0'.66 l',b6 3 ' 1 • .30 3 22 30 0.050 3 605021 t ~E:A4 ~E ~3 1.1 C.8 2.2 0.4 0.39 ,o.~4 3 0.59 2 30 18 0.fl15 3 530322 .NEA4~E 54 C.S 1.1 i ,:3 0.2' O~28 0,.33 3 0.27 2 18 18 n.006 3 600021 ·NCA45E 55 i , t l.i: 1.8 0.2 0'.15 0.'78 3 0.48 2 39 20 (l.C16 3 600221 :NEA4~F. 51... 1.1 C.S 1.6 0.3 0.39 0.'13 3 0.55 2 25 20 0.015 3 530021 iNEA4SE 57· C.7 1.3 1.3 0,.2 0.53 0.53 2' 0.16 3 ro 18 O.OH' '3 530011 ~EA4 SE 5B 0.8 1.7 1.1 0.3 0~52 ' 0.52 3 0.25 2 52 18 Q. De9 3 530021 t.lEA'f 5E 5<1 2.3 2.5 3.1 0.4 2.26 2.53 j. ,1.4Z 2 44 28 0.071 3 5201)21 ~EA45E to C.S 0.9 0.52 0.52' 4 100 15 (\.008 4 60021Cl ~EA45E 61 C.9 1.é 1.6 0.76 0.61 ,3 0.41 3 49 15 0.012 3 600Qll

~~57 Perennial ice and snow masses~~

State, Province or Region: NEPAL '" .. N. "A,t ,j,S (N.£.) Regional and basin identification Mountain area: ëV£r¿c;SI ~ nr. Glacier number Hydrological basin:- £~o~~ Ist arder: l1A-Nq es· lA) Longitude J:L ~ø~' lInd order: (fJN UDSI ül Latitude

, , , , , , ft t ...... IIIr~ order: nUbil ILóSI fi) U.T.M. , , I , , J.¡ IVth order: NANC¡PO teHorE Orient~tion: Accu:nulation area (8 pt. compass) K.O~IJ Cø ~ Glacier name: cU HUL~ Ablation area (8 pt. compass) r Ó ,r.f ,=.9 Sources:- Highest glacier elevation (m/a.s.l.) Map, title & No: Ia./ ot113 ÙI H-/llItL. .Q eQ ,~,t- Lowest glacier elevation: Exposed (m/a.s.l.) Compiled by: ~Jet.JIN CU/I-Je. ,~e:~ 1l;,4 ,$ ,.ß Tota~ (m/a.s.l.) Date: l'fbS §. ...se " ,OJ Elevation of snQW line (m/a.s.l.) dar t' mO. , Scale: I: 60, 000 Jf, Date of snow line • . ! · ;S, u' I Contour interval: 4-0 '1E.Tl!es ¿,1:,b.(ü Mean a.cc~latlon area elevatibn,weighted,(m/a.s.l.) Reliability: tSé:TTE R.. TIiI+I\l DIJe ~ (-' Cor-JlOùll. *Accuracy rating (l-S) Photographs:- .:P, ( .;f.0. ~e~í~CflL. !'#-oTO- Mean ablation area elevation, weighted,(m/a.s.l.) Type: l1I!.A t1rlE.Tf¿ 1 ~b t-41\"Ñ~ CAVféeA ¿ *Accuracy rating (l-S) Serial No:. reê~EPr12.Ui .&c-H~H~ Date: ~ePÆL.., H"1flL.ft,-/A Maximum length:Ablation area~)incl.debris covered ~.~ I~S6 A-Nh ~~ oc.(t)~~/l<:¡l,b ,Expo'sed (km) ~.'-'..t Remarks: ~ •..R., Total (km) Literature: Mean width of main ice body (km) ,--,-,.~ S~rface area: Exposed (km2) " ,(,.~

Data compiled by: J.1. WOL-FG Total (km2) , ' ,,',,~ Date & organisation: oJ ot...1 11b:¡ *Accur~cy rat'ing (1-5) ..:L 2 Supervisor: Po rt JL..t-é,e ( r¡L.~/L'L Area of abiàtion (km ) . ~. ...&.., --'--, -,-' -,-,r, .~ REMARKS (special geomor~.!t-JE:\I2..rI Tï *Accuracy rating (l-S) .s: ological features, abnormal characteristics, if inter- Accumulation area ratio (per cent) u..L.J-, national boundary, source ( , ,3 tÍA information on mean depth Mean depth (m) 'estimate, observations regarding snow line or equi- Volume (km3) of ice . , . ,.,eJ.6ip librium line from other years) . *Estimated accuracy rating (1-5) ~ 7HtS ~ UlC-l Ei"R. .sHA-te cs. A- L A12.ct tE. Classification and description. (see Tablel) :53 ,0," .~.'.;. AC£..UtfÙLI1TIO~ J3f\-.{(r-.J t,..;}{71+ rHG (- '-MC{ ~R.. O /!...ol,.. o J-f 15.A-ù qw4c-I €12J rD *Accuracy ratings íl+E {,4.)€:ff, b£LIN ~A-TloÑ ùœy Area Elevations Volume ~'FFI c-tJ(....r.... -rn c f'¡¿¡;~e;::r...rr- CHttluL.é. I Excellent 0-5% O-25m a--To1- /J ,A1J('.l¡Z A ...dA"t,f)-NC-U1t Jv¡OPt..'j 2 Good 5-10% 25-50 m 10 - 257- ",~UlæS t-JTr<-ï'" £ I '"" ~,3 Fair 10-15% 50-100 m 25 - 501- 00 FfOt1 SOUTH I ùHEJe.e. qtc~rE"¡¿ TH ,/0 '" 4 Acceptable 15-25% 100-200 m 50 - 1007. t-~------+~/~ma~n7o~~~~~F~~~---~-~-,!~r.-.-~~~~e~~~~~~~-'~n=r=e~~a~e~~~~.--~-w~=m------~~~~·~------~+------

~~fh.ll;) ïéR.fJ//Vß-L. r]oR.f}/rVe, cu«: rJfi:'tH<. fl!.£~ENr C,t.,Ac-/£!L AN~ Mov'; (.HHÚLG IL-LA e~~

~~FIG. 25. Glacier inventory data sheet for Mount Everest region, Ganges (A), Sun Kosi (4), Dudh Kosi (5), Nangpa (Bhote Kosi), Chhule glacier.~~

~~".( Three pilot studies: the Eastern Himalayas~~

. , ,N,é., A , t,S,c. J State, Province or Region: Regional and basin identification N E:PftL ,0J.e.) , ,.2,3, Mountain area: rl "r: e,u£:((es'Í Glacier number Hydrological basin:- b" ,5 16Jo~.~ Ist order: GA-Nq£s LA) Longitude ¿ ~o~.~· lInd order: SON KoSi (¡) Latitude

l f , , , , , , , , , ft ft , • IIIrd order: ])v'))~ £l..c61 (j) U.T.M. h IVth order: 1t1J A IU-Ió L.A (E) Orientation: Accumulation area (8 pt. compass) Ablation area (8 pt. compass) ~ Glacier name: I

2 _' _, --"Io".,.&..L~ '..:...... 13,.~ Data compí.Led by: J"·1.~'-Fi. Total (km ) d, Date & organí.sat í.ont JùNe. fCJq *Accuracy rating (1-5) 2 (km ) _,_'----.' .... (_,.;;;:..!2..=.I ••• ..2..;~, .Supe rv í s o'r t F.T1Ô U-E~, f1o:(Ú-J.- . 'Area of ~blation UN cù£.eC REMARKS (special geomorph- IT! *Accuracy rating (1-5) ¿ ological features, abnormal characteristics, if inter- Accumulation area ratio (per cent) 4 nAtional boundary, source , • J .0,0, information on mean depth Mean depth (m) estimate, observations regarding snow line or equi- Volume (km3) of ice , · ." ....j,f.? librium line from Qther years) *Estirnatedaccuracy rating (1-5) ~ 6,( ,O,g,f,?'" VkR.,' N ct ï1t1 ULN e:s:s: D E= )) c:ß (Lt 6r'Ve:I(. Classification and description (see Tablel) Folt 1)c6.r OF At)Lfl1"(W Aû:.A i L.6k)é''Í Y1+te]) f)eST H~A"t, L.ARqe Pél\Jlrw TES. *Accuracy ratings ~e: IS A- ~- í)~T~~ ELe:..~/o,.J ~'fF£X.e~ Area Elevations Volume gET oee.Ñ th£; eesr ft"N~ Lo csesr I}t£r- of l Excellent 0-5t 0-25 m o--=---ïö~ 2 Good S-lOi. 25-50 m 10 - 25t re-s L-II'JE:, &Df+1C# t..lAS E;'r.~(...U'H(b 8'f 3 Fair 10-15i. 50-100 m 25 - sot l~e'-~-l:)OØ<.. PM<.TIWLftR'1 4 Acceptable 15-25% 100-200 m 50 - lOOt ~» ~~~_ 5 Unreliable :> 25% ;> 200 m >loot I.:JU" ·,I;....VL-' (.) ,~ ....~ •. .:._..... --I IN I'fc. 1600 tJ,e;T¡t e. - Hlt:'JI JU.tvt-t ev Ju:':" FAt-L,

~~FIG. 26. Glacier inventory data sheet for Mount Everest region, Ganges (A), Sun Kosi (4), Dudh Kosi (5), Nangpa (Bhote Kosi), Khumbu glacier.~~

~~59 ( .. '~~

~~(---~~