The Many Faces of Poverty

Volume 4 The Many Faces of Poverty: Volume 4 Copyright © PEP-CBMS Network Office, 2012

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—whether virtual, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the written permission of the copyright owner.

Published by De La Salle University 2401 Taft Avenue, 1004 Manila, Philippines www.dlsu.edu.ph

First printing, 2012

Printed in the Philippines

Acknowledgments

The publication of this volume has been made possible through the PEP- CBMS Network Office based at the Angelo King Institute for Economic and Business Studies of De La Salle University-Manila with the aid of a grant from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). CONTENTSCONTENTS

i Foreword

1 Introduction

3 Explanatory Text

The Many Faces of Poverty

7 Balanga City

35 Masbate City

63 Olongapo City

91 Pasay City

131 Science City of Muñoz

159 Tabaco City

191 Tayabas City FOREWORDFOREWORD

The official poverty monitoring system (PMS) in the Philippines relies mainly on family income and expenditure surveys. Information on other aspects of well-being is generally obtained from representative health surveys, national population and housing censuses, and others. However, these surveys and censuses are (i) too costly to be replicated frequently; (ii) conducted at different time periods, making it impossible to get a comprehensive profile of the different socio-demographic groups of interest at a specific point in time; and (iii) have sampling designs that do not usually correspond to the geographical disaggregation needed by local government units (LGUs). In addition, the implementation of the decentralization policy, which devolves to LGUs the function of delivering basic services, creates greater demand for data at the local level. The Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) seeks to address these gaps by providing data at the local level appropriate for diagnosing the cause and extent of local poverty, formulating appropriate policies and programs, identifying eligible beneficiaries, and assessing the impact of policies and programs. It also supports the decentralization process by capacitating the LGUs to collect, analyze, and use data in local planning, budgeting, and program implementation. This fourth volume of statistical tables and poverty maps of seven cities generated through the CBMS methodology is a part of a series of publications that will emerge from the collaborations between the CBMS Network Office and its partner-LGUs. These partnerships have been in place for several years now, and these partner-LGUs are finally enjoying the fruits of their hard labor. The CBMS poverty maps will identify who and where the poor are as they provide a comprehensive picture of the different faces of poverty in different parts of the country. They will also aid in identifying the most pressing needs of the community, assist in prioritizing interventions to address these needs, and facilitate the targeting of programs for those who need the assistance most. The cities featured in this volume are Balanga City, Masbate City, Olongapo City, Pasay City, Science City of Muñoz, Tabaco City and Tayabas City. The statistics presented in this report are based on the CBMS surveys conducted in these cities during a 7-year period–from 2005-2011. The work leading to the publication of this book owes much to the unwavering support and commitment of our partners both at the local and national levels. For so many months now, we have worked hand-in-hand with them in consolidating databases and validating our survey findings. And now, with their consent, we are sharing their data to a wide range of CBMS stakeholders all over the country – indeed a glowing testament of their dedication to make their development planning processes more efficient and effective! Tremendous thanks are therefore in order to all our partner LGUs, national government agencies, non-government organizations, donors and other development partners for making this possible. It is hoped that this publication will provide the necessary data to facilitate evidence-based decision- making toward improving local governance and reducing poverty in the country.

CELIA M. REYES CBMS Network Leader

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) i INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Considered a foremost legislation that ushered in a new era of local governance, the Local Government Code (LGC) of 1991 has paved the way not only for greater autonomy but also for increased expenditure responsibility and revenue authority of local government units. Since then, the local government units (LGUs) have assumed a greater role in local government management and service delivery. The devolution is substantial not only in the magnitude of responsibilities that were shifted to LGUs but also in the amount of resources now at their disposal to effectively discharge the devolved functions. Today, LGUs have access to multiple revenue sources, chief of which is their share in the national internal revenues—the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA). For the period 2006–2010, the average IRA per year is P156.6 billion (see Table 1).

Table 1. Internal Revenue Allotment of Local Government Units, 2006–2010

Amount Year (in P billion) 2010 136.9 2009 189.4 2008 171.9 2007 147.2 2006 137.5 TOTAL 782.9 Ave. per year 156.6 Source: Bureau of Local Government Finance, DOF

While experts agree that local governments are not awash with cash, the P782.9 billion worth of IRA that the LGUs have received over the 5-year period is certainly a big amount. This underscores the importance of making sure that LGUs are equipped with the right tools, systems, and procedures to ensure the effective use of these public financial resources. One way to do this is by providing them access to comprehensive socioeconomic data, on the basis of which they can craft their development plans and budgets.

Statistical Issues and Concerns at the Subnational Level

With decentralization, the types of data demanded by a wide range of users—policymakers, program implementers, civil society, and others—are changing. Data disaggregated to correspond to the different levels of government are needed by LGUs to adequately assess their local situation. Moreover, longitudinal data are needed to track welfare changes over time. Household-level data are also needed to identify eligible beneficiaries of different programs. In 2005, 14 years after the LGC enactment, the ADB-WB released a report highlighting statistical issues and concerns at the subnational level. It said: “The most comprehensive and consistent comparative subnational data is at the regional level although this is simply an administrative level of government that has no responsibilities for delivery of social services. More data is gradually becoming

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 1 available at the provincial level, but not at lower levels, which are at the frontline of efforts to reduce poverty.”1

Local Poverty Monitoring Systems Rise up to the Challenge

Owing to still unresolved statistical issues and concerns at the subnational level, an increasing number of LGUs all over the country have taken the initiative to establish their own Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS). As of aPRIL 26, 2012 , CBMS is being implemented in 67 provinces (35 of which are implementing the system province-wide), 796 municipalities, and 57 cities, covering a total of 21,345 barangays. Data generated by CBMS have so far been used in diagnosing the nature and extent of poverty in their localities, identifying appropriate interventions, identifying eligible beneficiaries of poverty reduction programs, and assessing the impact of some of these programs. National government agencies have likewise taken notice of the CBMS initiative. Today, CBMS is recognized as a tool for (i) building the capacity of LGUs on poverty diagnosis and planning, (ii) localizing the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and (iii) generating local poverty statistics for evidence- based development planning and budgeting. Parallel with efforts to establish databanks at each geopolitical level, an initiative on building the national repository of CBMS data has also been jumpstarted with the installation of the repository at the National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC) and at the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). The national repository is envisioned to facilitate data sharing across government agencies, the private sector, donor agencies, and other relevant stakeholders. Specifically, the national repository will (i) facilitate the access and use of the integrated CBMS database by national entities in their advocacy work with key decisionmakers, (ii) support government and non-government funding sources in strengthening evidence-based planning and monitoring and in aligning their interventions to national priorities, and (ii) facilitate the implementation of targeted programs.

Concluding Remarks

Public statistics will increasingly shape public agenda at the local level as more and more LGUs establish their own monitoring systems to make their development planning processes more efficient and effective. In this scenario, local poverty monitoring systems such as the CBMS will have an extremely important role to play. The country’s experience with local-level poverty monitoring systems clearly demonstrates that there can be a comprehensive picture of the poverty situation. Very few, if any, national surveys collect information on the different dimensions of poverty. There is a survey on income and expenditure, another on health, another on education, another on employment, another on nutrition, and others. As the samples and the reference periods are different, there is no comprehensive picture of the poverty status of the population at any point in time. This is where CBMS can make a difference as it addressess these gaps through its set of core indicators relating to the different dimensions of poverty.

1 Decentralization in the Philippines: Strengthening Local Government Financing and Resource Management in the Short-Term, 2005 (A joint document of the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank).

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 2 EXPLANATORYEXPLANATORY TEXTTEXT

A. CBMS Core Indicators

The statistical tables and poverty maps presented in this volume pertain to the CBMS Core Indicators (also known as Core Local Poverty Indicators1), which were generated using the CBMS methodology.

Box 1. Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS)

The CBMS is an organized way of collecting ongoing or recurring information at the local level to be used by local governments, national government agencies, non-government organization (NGOs), and civil society for planning, budgeting, and implementing local development programs, as well as for monitoring and evaluating their performance. It is a tool for improved local governance and democratic decisionmaking that promotes greater transparency and accountability in resource allocation.

It involves the following steps: Step 1 – Advocacy/organization Step 2 – Data collection and field editing Step 3 – Data encoding and map digitization Step 4 – Data consolidation, database-building and poverty mapping Step 5 – Data validation and community consultation Step 6 – Knowledge (database) management Step 7 – Plan formulation Step 8 – Dissemination, implementation, and monitoring

The CBMS Core Indicators are a set of carefully selected indicators that capture the multiple dimensions of poverty. They define the basic criteria for attaining a decent quality of life and correspond to the minimum basic needs covering (a) health, (b) nutrition, (c) housing, (d) water and sanitation, (e) basic education, (f) income, (g) employment, and (h) peace and order. Together, these indicators provide information not only on how poor a community is, but also on who in the community is poor, and where.

The CBMS Core Indicators are presented in Table 1. Meanwhile, the poverty and food thresholds used are presented in Table 2.

1 The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) has issued Memorandum Circular 2003-92 (April 2003) to set policy guidelines for the adoption of the 13 core local poverty indicators, for planning and Memoradum Circular 2004-152 (November 2004) to encourage LGUs to intensify efforts toward the achievement of the millennium development goals (MDGs). The latter circular also enjoins LGUs to use monitoring systems such as MBN-CBIS, CBMS, IRAP, etc., to monitor and diagnose the nature and extent of poverty in their respective localities. CBMS was adopted by the DILG as the data collection and processing system for the CLPIMS which was the tool adopted to monitor the MDGs for LGUs.

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 3 Table 1. The CBMS Core Indicators

BASIC NEEDS CORE INDICATORS Computation/Formula Simple Scoring

A. Health 1 Proportion of children Total number of children aged 0 to less than One (1) if the household has a under 5 years old who 5 years old who died divided by the sum of member under 5 years old who died; died (i) total number of children aged 0 to less zero (0) otherwise. than 5 years old, and (ii) the total number of child deaths 0 to less than 5 years old

2 Proportion of women who Total number of women who died due to One (1) if the household has a died due to pregnancy pregnancy related causes divided by the female member who died due to related causes sum of (i) the total number of children less pregnancy-related causes; zero (0) than one year old, and (ii) total number of otherwise. women who died due to pregnancy- related causes B. Nutrition 3 Proportion of children aged Total number of children aged 0-5 years old One (1) if the household has a 0-5 years old who are who are moderately or severely underweight member 0-5 years old who is malnourished over total number of children aged 0-5 years malnourished; zero (0) otherwise. old C. Housing 4 Proportion of households Total number of households living in housing One (1) if the household lives in living in makeshift housing with makeshift roof and/or walls over total makeshift housing; zero (0) number of households otherwise. 5 Proportion of households Total number of households occupying One (1) if the household is an who are informal settlers house and/or lots without permission of informal settler; zero (0) otherwise. owner over total number of households D. Water and 6 Proportion of households Total number of households without access One (1) if the household does not Sanitation without access to safe to community water system, artesian deep have access to safe water supply; water supply and shallow wells or bottled water over total zero (0) otherwise. number of households 7 Proportion of households Total number of households without access One (1) if the household does not without access to sanitary to water-sealed toilet or closed pit over total have access to sanitary toilet toilet facilities number of households facilities; zero (0) otherwise. E. Education 8 Proportion of children aged Total number of children aged 6-12 years old 6-12 years old who are not who are not attending elementary school attending elementary over total number of children aged 6-12 school years old 9 Proportion of children aged Total number of children aged 13-16 years 13-16 years old who are old who are not attending secondary school not attending secondary over total number of children aged 13-16 school years old 8-9 Proportion of children aged Total number of children aged 6-16 years old One (1) if the household has a 6-16 years old who are not who are not attending school over total member 6-16 years old not attending school number of children aged 6-16 years old attending school; zero (0) otherwise. F. Income 10 Proportion of households Total number of households with income One (1) if the household has per with income below the below the poverty threshold over total capita income below poverty poverty threshold number of households threshold; zero (0) otherwise. 11 Proportion of households Total number of households with income One (1) if the household has per with income below the below the food (subsistence) threshold over capita income below food threshold; food threshold total number of households zero (0) otherwise. 12 Proportion of households Total number of households who One (1) if the household has who experienced food experienced food shortage over total number experienced food shortage; zero (0) shortage of households otherwise. G. Employment 13 Proportion of persons in Total number of persons aged 15 and above One (1) if the household has the labor force who are who are unemployed over total number of unemployed member/s; zero (0) unemployed labor force otherwise. H. Peace and 14 Proportion of persons who Total number of persons who are victims of One (1) if the household has Order are victims of crimes crimes over total population victim/s of crime; zero (0) otherwise.

CBMS Average number of unmet Sum of unmet needs of households over Sum of the scores (number of Composite needs total number of households unmet needs) of the 13 indicators. Indicator * Balanga City, Masbate City and the Science City of Muñoz used this definition of unemployment. Meanwhile, Olongapo City, Pasay City, Tabaco City and Tayabas City used the new official definition of unemployment as per NSCB Resolution No. 15, Series of 2004. More information about this new definition is available on the website of the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB): http://www.nscb.gov.ph/resolutions/2004/15.asp

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 4 Table 2. Poverty and Food Thresholds Poverty Threshold Food Threshold City Month of Data Collection Year of Data Collection Reference Year Urban Rural Urban Rural January-June 2007 16,216 15,423 11,326 10,772 Balanga City 2008 July-December 2008 18,354 17,457 12,819 12,192 January-June 2005 12,665 12,065 8,846 8,427 Masbate City 2006 July-December 2006 13,332 12,701 9,312 8,871 January-June 2007 16,119 15,337 11,258 10,712 2008 July-December 2008 18,245 17,359 12,743 12,124 Olongapo City January-June 2008 18,245 17,359 12,743 12,124 2009 July-December 2009 19,309 18,372 13,487 12,832 January-June 2007 17,034 17,034 11,897 11,897 2008 July-December 2008 18,816 18,816 13,142 13,142 Pasay City January-June 2008 18,816 18,816 13,142 13,142 2009 July-December 2009 19,802 19,802 13,831 13,831 January-June 2004 14,699 13,895 10,266 9,705 Science City of Muñoz 2005 July-December 2005 15,659 14,804 10,937 10,340 January-June 2009 19,382 18,385 13,537 12,841 2010 Tabaco City July-December 2010 20,236 19,195 14,134 13,407 January-June 2011 2010 20,236 19,195 14,134 13,407 January-June 2008 16,284 15,595 11,374 10,892 2009 July-December 2009 17,318 16,585 12,095 11,583 Tayabas City January-June 2009 17,318 16,585 12,095 11,583 2010 July-December 2010 18,028 17,265 12,591 12,058

B. Authority for the Survey

The National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) has issued Resolution No. 6 (2005), which recognizes and enjoins support to the CBMS as a tool for strengthening the statistical system at the local level. It also directs the NSCB Technical Staff to initiate and coordinate an advocacy program for the adoption of the CBMS by the LGUs, through the Regional Statistical Coordination Committees (RSCCs), the technical arm of the NSCB Executive Board in the regions. The NSCB has also approved the CBMS Survey Instruments (NSCB Approval No. DILG-0903-01)

C. Survey Operations

All survey operations were undertaken under the supervision of the CBMS Technical Working Groups (TWGs) at the provincial and municipal Levels. They identified the local personnel who were trained as enumerators and field supervisors. Technical assistance was provided by the PEP-CBMS Network Office, the Bureau of Local Government Development (BLGD) and Regional Office 8 of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), and the National Anti- Poverty Commission (NAPC).

Training is mainly conducted at two levels. The first level training (Training of Trainors) is conducted for members of the TWGs. This is usually conducted by members of the research staff of the PEP-CBMS Network Office and CBMS-accredited trainors from the DILG, NAPC and NEDA. Meanwhile, a second level training (Training of Enumerators) is conducted for enumerators-- usually composed of barangay health workers and students. Members of the TWG act as trainors in this training.

D. Data Processing System

The CBMS Data Processing System includes the CBMS Data Encoding System, Statistics Simulator (StatSim) and the CBMS-Natural Resources Database (NRDB).

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 5 The CBMS Encoding System uses CSPro (Census and Survey Processing), a software developed by the United States Bureau of Census for entering, editing, tabulating, and disseminating data from censuses and surveys. The CSPro-based Encoding System converts survey data into electronic data. It produces text files (ASCII) described by data dictionaries, which adds flexibility to the output data. This feature facilitates the interface between the CBMS data and other database systems and statistical softwares.

The CBMS-NRDB is capable of creating and storing spatial (shapefiles) and non-spatial (texts and numbers) data as well as generating maps, reports and graphs ideal for presentation and analysis of poverty attributes in the community. This has significantly addressed the need for a simple yet powerful and free geographically-oriented database.

The CBMS Mapping system employs the Natural Resources Database2 (NRDB) for CBMS-based poverty mapping and for storing and displaying household- and individual-level information.

The data presented through poverty maps using the CBMS-NRDB are processed using the CBMS StatSim which has been developed by the PEP-CBMS Network Office to address the particular need of LGUs to harness outputs from the CBMS Database such as custom tables, reports, case lists and queries. The StatSim simulates simple computations and tabulations usually done through statistical software or other tabulation applications, and also exports indicators and statistics for use in dissemination, such as tables and maps.

These software are provided for free to CBMS-implementing LGUs.

E. CBMS Poverty Maps

The poverty map for each indicator is prepared at two levels. The first level is the provincial map disaggregated by municipality while the second level is the provincial map by barangay.

A simple color scheme is used for the poverty maps. Green, light green, pink and red represents the four ranges of data for each indicator. Each indicator, however, used a different range relative to the city data.

F. Limitations of the Data

Estimates on poverty and subsistence incidence may be affected by under- and/or over-reporting of income or reluctance on the part of the respondents to reveal their true levels of income. As in other surveys, the CBMS enumerators may also have encountered interview non-response and item non- response.

2 The NRDB was developed by Mr. Richard Alexander, a British volunteer who spent three years working for the Bohol Environment Management Office through the assistance of the Voluntary Service Overseas (vso.org.uk).

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 6 The Many Faces of Poverty in the City of Masbate

CBMS Core Indicators, City of Masbate, 2006

Households Population INDICATOR Magnitude Proportion Ma gni tu de Pro po r tio n

DEMOGRAPHY Population 15328 74357 Average household size 5 Children under 1 year old 1880 Children under 5 years old 10694 Children 0-5 years old 12964 Children 6-12 years old 14861 Members 13-16 years old 7487 Members 6-16 years old 22348 Members 10 years old and above 52895 Members of the labor force 23367

HEALTH AND NUTRITION Children under 5 years old who died 50 0.5 Women who died due to pregnancy related-causes 0 0.0 Malnourished children 0-5 years old 1144 8.8

HOUSING Households living in makeshift housing 462 3.0 Households who are informal settlers 627 4.1

WATER AND SANITATION Households without access to safe water supply 2833 18.6 Households without access to sanitary toilet facilities 6052 39.9

BASIC EDUCATION Children 6-12 years old not attending elementary school 3516 23.7 Children 13-16 years old not attending high school 3792 50.7 Children 6-16 years old not attending school 3963 17.7

INCOME AND LIVELIHOOD Households with income below poverty threshold 6119 39.9 Households with income below food threshold 4136 27.0 Households who experienced food shortage 928 6.1 Unemployment rate (15 years old and above) 2512 10.8

PEACE AND ORDER Victims of crime 322 0.4

CBMS Composite Indicator, City of Masbate, 2006

Av era g e CBMS Composite Indicator 1.8

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 39 Total Number of Households and Population, by Barangay, City of Masbate, 2006

B a ra n g a y Total households Total population

Anas 169 915 Asid 407 2028 B. Titong 316 1630 Bagumbayan 735 3798 Bantigue 532 2564 Bapor (Pob.) 309 1370 Batuhan 351 1825 Bayombon 341 1621 Biyong 322 1601 Bolo 495 2651 Cagay 247 1364 Cawayan Exterior 204 965 Cawayan Interior 148 742 Centro (Pob.) 718 2265 Espinosa 743 3393 F. Magallanes 628 2925 Ibingay 1105 4630 Igang 243 1269 Kalipay (Pob.) 266 1351 Kinamaligan 753 3953 Malinta 645 3360 Mapiña 248 1198 Mayngaran 548 2759 Nursery 1657 8461 Pating (Pob.) 838 4037 Pawa 362 1724 Sinalongan 208 998 Tugbo 1039 5032 Ubongan Dacu 241 1279 Usab 510 2649

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 40 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 1. Proportion of Children under 5 Years Old who Died, by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong Bottom 14 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n Mapiña 8 3.7 Pawa 4 1.4 Ubongan Dacu B. Titong 3 1.2 Cagay 2 0.9 Cawayan Interior 1 0.9 Nursery 9 0.7 Anas Batuhan 2 0.7 Anas 1 0.7 Tugbo 5 0.6 Asid 2 0.5 Bolo Bantigue 2 0.5 Cawayan Exterior Kinamaligan 3 0.5 Bolo 2 0.5 Ubongan Dacu 1 0.5 Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Usab Tugbo

Igang Malinta

Sinalongan

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 41 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 2. Proportion of Women who Died Due to Pregnancy-Related Causes, by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong

Ubongan Dacu

Anas

BoloCawayan Exterior

Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Usab Tugbo

Igang Malinta

Sinalongan

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 42 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 3. Proportion of Children 0-5 Years Old who are Malnourished, by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n Pawa 91 28.3 Batuhan 84 24.5 Ubongan Dacu Bantigue 109 24.4 Malinta 128 20.9 Cagay 51 18.3 Asid 70 16.1 Anas Anas 24 12.9 Tugbo 117 12.2 B. Titong 31 10.4 Mayngaran 46 9.0 BoloCawayan Exterior

Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Usab Tugbo

Igang Malinta

Sinalongan

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 43 Table 1. Health and Nutrition Indicators, by Barangay, City of Masbate, 2006

B a ra n g a y Number of Children under Number of Women deaths due Number of Malnourished children under 5 years old children under to pregnancy-related ch ildren ch ildren 5 years old who died 1 year old c a u s e s (0-5 years old) (0-5 years old)

M a g ni tu de Propor tion M a g ni tu de Pr opo r ti on M a g ni tu de Propor tion

Anas 146 1 0.7 27 0 0 186 24 12.9 Asid 369 2 0.5 76 0 0 435 70 16.1 B. Titong 247 3 1.2 49 0 0 297 31 10.4 Bagumbayan 497 2 0.4 86 0 0 600 36 6.0 Bantigue 372 2 0.5 64 0 0 447 109 24.4 Bapor (Pob.) 185 0 0 10 0 0 220 4 1.8 Batuhan 274 2 0.7 54 0 0 343 84 24.5 Bayombon 271 0 0 59 0 0 322 8 2.5 Biyong 254 0 0 55 0 0 300 7 2.3 Bolo 420 2 0.5 92 0 0 518 33 6.4 Cagay 230 2 0.9 49 0 0 279 51 18.3 Cawayan Exterior 141 0 0 29 0 0 170 13 7.7 Cawayan Interior 115 1 0.9 18 0 0 136 3 2.2 Centro (Pob.) 172 0 0 21 0 0 218 6 2.8 Espinosa 427 0 0 18 0 0 524 29 5.5 F. Magallanes 368 1 0.3 58 0 0 451 17 3.8 Ibingay 537 0 0 90 0 0 668 12 1.8 Igang 229 1 0.4 61 0 0 269 1 0.4 Kalipay (Pob.) 149 0 0 26 0 0 168 3 1.8 Kinamaligan 578 3 0.5 120 0 0 692 51 7.4 Malinta 515 0 0 87 0 0 614 128 20.9 Mapiña 210 8 3.7 36 0 0 260 4 1.5 Mayngaran 423 1 0.2 90 0 0 510 46 9.0 Nursery 1233 9 0.7 197 0 0 1501 72 4.8 Pating (Pob.) 447 0 0 33 0 0 561 45 8.0 Pawa 274 4 1.4 50 0 0 322 91 28.3 Sinalongan 162 0 0 25 0 0 201 2 1.0 Tugbo 812 5 0.6 170 0 0 963 117 12.2 Ubongan Dacu 213 1 0.5 41 0 0 262 16 6.1 Usab 424 0 0 89 0 0 527 31 5.9

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 44 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 4. Proportion of Households Living in Makeshift Housing, by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Biyong 122 37.9 Usab 31 6.1 Ubongan Dacu Bantigue 29 5.5 F. Magallanes 33 5.3 Nursery 86 5.2 Anas Espinosa 31 4.2 Igang 10 4.1 Mapiña 7 2.8 Bagumbayan 17 2.3 Bapor (Pob.) 7 2.3 BoloCawayan Exterior

Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Usab Tugbo

Igang Malinta

Sinalongan

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 45 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 5. Proportion of Households who are Informal Settlers, by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Bantigue 130 24.9 Bagumbayan 181 24.6 Ubongan Dacu Cawayan Exterior 27 14.8 Igang 22 9.1 Cagay 17 6.9 Anas Kinamaligan 48 6.4 Biyong 18 5.6 Bapor (Pob.) 12 3.9 Ibingay 35 3.2 Usab 13 2.6 BoloCawayan Exterior

Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Usab Tugbo

Igang Malinta

Sinalongan

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 46 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 6. Proportion of Households without Access to Safe Water Supply, by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Mapiña 244 98.4 Igang 237 97.9 Ubongan Dacu Cawayan Interior 141 95.3 Bayombon 238 69.8 Pawa 239 66.0 Anas Biyong 200 62.1 Sinalongan 128 61.5 Ubongan Dacu 134 55.6 Cagay 126 51.0 Batuhan 149 42.5 BoloCawayan Exterior

Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Usab Tugbo

Igang Malinta

Sinalongan

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 47 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 7. Proportion of Households without Access to Sanitary Toilet Facilities, by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n Pawa 287 79.3 Asid 300 73.7 Ubongan Dacu Cagay 180 72.9 Sinalongan 151 72.6 Batuhan 253 72.1 Anas Bantigue 381 71.8 Biyong 229 71.1 Ubongan Dacu 167 69.3 Cawayan Interior 99 66.9 Igang 156 64.5 BoloCawayan Exterior

Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Usab Tugbo

Igang Malinta

Sinalongan

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 48 Table 2. Housing, Water and Sanitation Indicators, by Barangay, City of Masbate, 2006

B a ra n g a y Households living in Households who are Households without access Households without access makeshift housing informal settlers to safe water supply to sanitary toilet facilities

M a g ni tu de P r o p or t i o n M a g ni tu de P r o p or t i o n M a g ni tu de P r o p or t i o n M a g ni tu de P r o p or t i o n

Anas 1 0.6 1 0.6 50 29.6 83 49.7 Asid 6 1.5 1 0.3 61 15.0 300 73.7 B. Titong 0 0 3 1.0 84 26.6 109 34.5 Bagumbayan 17 2.3 181 24.6 5 0.7 300 40.8 Bantigue 29 5.5 130 24.9 1 0.2 381 71.8 Bapor (Pob.) 7 2.3 12 3.9 12 4.0 37 12.0 Batuhan 6 1.7 3 0.9 149 42.5 253 72.1 Bayombon 0 0 1 0.3 238 69.8 219 64.2 Biyong 122 37.9 18 5.6 200 62.1 229 71.1 Bolo 0 0 6 1.2 133 26.9 302 62.0 Cagay 4 1.6 17 6.9 126 51.0 180 72.9 Cawayan Exterior 0 0 27 14.8 85 41.7 105 51.5 Cawayan Interior 0 0 0 0 141 95.3 99 66.9 Centro (Pob.) 2 0.3 10 1.4 0 0 5 0.7 Espinosa 31 4.2 8 1.1 7 1.0 130 17.7 F. Magallanes 33 5.3 2 0.3 18 3.0 99 15.8 Ibingay 15 1.4 35 3.2 9 0.8 93 8.4 Igang 10 4.1 22 9.1 237 97.9 156 64.5 Kalipay (Pob.) 2 0.8 6 2.3 5 1.9 4 1.5 Kinamaligan 7 0.9 48 6.4 17 2.3 381 51.4 Malinta 7 1.1 13 2.0 37 5.7 261 40.5 Mapiña 7 2.8 4 1.6 244 98.4 83 52.2 Mayngaran 4 0.7 6 1.1 129 23.5 347 63.3 Nursery 86 5.2 40 2.4 30 1.9 313 18.9 Pating (Pob.) 12 1.4 1 0.1 2 0.3 230 27.7 Pawa 0 0 5 1.4 239 66.0 287 79.3 Sinalongan 0 0 0 0 128 61.5 151 72.6 Tugbo 23 2.2 8 0.8 165 16.3 455 44.0 Ubongan Dacu 0 0 6 2.5 134 55.6 167 69.3 Usab 31 6.1 13 2.6 147 28.8 293 57.6

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 49 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 8. Proportion of Children 6-12 years old Not Attending Elementary School, by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Bapor (Pob.) 73 38.4 Ubongan Dacu Espinosa 186 33.3 Cawayan Exterior 64 30.2 Kinamaligan 243 29.7 Cagay 91 27.7 Anas Malinta 216 27.0 Igang 72 26.5 Cawayan Interior 40 26.3 Anas 50 24.6 Ubongan Dacu 72 24.3 BoloCawayan Exterior

Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Tugbo Usab Espinosa Ibingay

JT Fernandez Bagumbayan

Igang Bapor Malinta Centro Pating Nursery Sinalongan F. Magallanes

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 50 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 9. Proportion of Children 13-16 years old Not Attending High School, by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Cawayan Interior 68 79.1 Asid 130 76.9 Ubongan Dacu Cagay 110 76.4 Cawayan Exterior 72 75.0 Bayombon 108 73.5 Anas Bantigue 180 72.6 Igang 92 72.4 Pawa 136 72.0 Batuhan 131 69.0 Mapiña 82 68.9 BoloCawayan Exterior

Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Usab Tugbo

Igang Malinta

Sinalongan

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 51 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 10. Proportion of Children 6-16 years old Not Attending School, by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Cawayan Interior 70 29.4 Cawayan Exterior 87 28.3 Ubongan Dacu Batuhan 156 26.9 Cagay 122 25.8 Igang 99 24.8 Anas Kinamaligan 302 24.1 Bapor (Pob.) 72 23.7 Pawa 132 23.6 Asid 146 23.3 Bantigue 191 22.8 BoloCawayan Exterior

Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Usab Tugbo

Igang Malinta

Sinalongan

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 52 Table 3. Education Indicators, by Barangay, City of Masbate, 2006

B a ra n g a y Number of Children not attending Number of Children not attending Number of Children not ch ildren elementary school ch ildren high school ch ildren attending school (6-12 years old) (6-12 years old) (13-16 years old) (13-16 years old) (6-16 years old) (6-16 years old)

M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n M ag nitude P r o p or t i o n M ag nitude P r o p or t i o n

Anas 203 50 24.6 112 77 68.8 315 55 17.5 Asid 457 109 23.9 169 130 76.9 626 146 23.3 B. Titong 384 90 23.4 170 77 45.3 554 61 11.0 Bagumbayan 730 135 18.5 395 152 38.5 1125 137 12.2 Bantigue 589 128 21.7 248 180 72.6 837 191 22.8 Bapor (Pob.) 190 73 38.4 114 57 50.0 304 72 23.7 Batuhan 390 94 24.1 190 131 69.0 580 156 26.9 Bayombon 367 83 22.6 147 108 73.5 514 109 21.2 Biyong 355 68 19.2 171 106 62.0 526 107 20.3 Bolo 622 131 21.1 287 144 50.2 909 132 14.5 Cagay 330 91 27.7 144 110 76.4 474 122 25.8 Cawayan Exterior 212 64 30.2 96 72 75.0 308 87 28.3 Cawayan Interior 152 40 26.3 86 68 79.1 238 70 29.4 Centro (Pob.) 303 64 21.1 208 50 24.0 511 42 8.2 Espinosa 558 186 33.3 345 150 43.5 903 173 19.2 F. Magallanes 475 85 17.9 263 73 27.8 738 60 8.1 Ibingay 784 170 21.7 447 121 27.1 1231 148 12.0 Igang 273 72 26.5 127 92 72.4 400 99 24.8 Kalipay (Pob.) 204 42 20.6 140 44 31.4 344 45 13.1 Kinamaligan 817 243 29.7 435 241 55.4 1252 302 24.1 Malinta 800 216 27.0 362 168 46.4 1162 230 19.8 Mapiña 252 56 22.2 119 82 68.9 371 66 17.8 Mayngaran 613 107 17.5 264 154 58.3 877 120 13.7 Nursery 1621 388 23.9 835 334 40.0 2456 394 16.0 Pating (Pob.) 729 173 23.8 392 134 34.2 1121 121 10.8 Pawa 371 88 23.7 189 136 72.0 560 132 23.6 Sinalongan 230 50 21.8 103 65 63.1 333 70 21.1 Tugbo 970 230 23.7 496 260 52.4 1466 285 19.4 Ubongan Dacu 296 72 24.3 141 89 63.1 437 78 17.9 Usab 584 118 20.2 292 187 64.0 876 153 17.5

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 53 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 11. Proportion of Households with Income Below the Poverty Threshold, by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n Ubongan Dacu 222 92.1 Cagay 226 91.5 Ubongan Dacu Anas 143 84.6 Pawa 302 83.4 Batuhan 279 79.5 Usab 399 78.2 Anas Cawayan Exterior 150 73.5 Biyong 228 70.8 Sinalongan 147 70.7 Cawayan Interior 103 69.6 BoloCawayan Exterior

Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Usab Tugbo

Igang Malinta

Sinalongan

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 54 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 12. Proportion of Households with Income Below the Food Threshold, by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Ubongan Dacu 205 85.1 Cagay 206 83.4 Ubongan Dacu Anas 129 76.3 Pawa 254 70.2 Batuhan 227 64.7 Anas Usab 324 63.5 Biyong 190 59.0 Cawayan Exterior 120 58.8 Cawayan Interior 78 52.7 Sinalongan 104 50.0 BoloCawayan Exterior

Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Usab Tugbo

Igang Malinta

Sinalongan

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 55 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 13. Proportion of Households who Experienced Food Shortage, by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Sinalongan 107 51.4 Anas 79 46.8 Ubongan Dacu Cawayan Exterior 70 34.3 Batuhan 77 21.9 B. Titong 66 20.9 Anas Cagay 51 20.7 Biyong 62 19.3 Bayombon 46 13.5 Bantigue 57 10.7 Usab 48 9.4 BoloCawayan Exterior

Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Usab Tugbo

Igang Malinta

Sinalongan

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 56 Table 4. Income Indicators, by Barangay, City of Masbate, 2006

B a ra n g a y Households with income Households with income Households who experienced below the poverty threshold below the food threshold food shortage

M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Anas 143 84.6 129 76.3 79 46.8 Asid 271 66.6 180 44.2 5 1.2 B. Titong 195 61.7 135 42.7 66 20.9 Bagumbayan 82 11.2 38 5.2 15 2.0 Bantigue 301 56.6 192 36.1 57 10.7 Bapor (Pob.) 71 23.0 47 15.2 2 0.7 Batuhan 279 79.5 227 64.7 77 21.9 Bayombon 200 58.7 123 36.1 46 13.5 Biyong 228 70.8 190 59.0 62 19.3 Bolo 236 47.7 147 29.7 9 1.8 Cagay 226 91.5 206 83.4 51 20.7 Cawayan Exterior 150 73.5 120 58.8 70 34.3 Cawayan Interior 103 69.6 78 52.7 3 2.0 Centro (Pob.) 81 11.3 50 7.0 2 0.3 Espinosa 188 25.3 122 16.4 0 0 F. Magallanes 128 20.4 56 8.9 4 0.6 Ibingay 149 13.5 72 6.5 3 0.3 Igang 153 63.0 100 41.2 16 6.6 Kalipay (Pob.) 25 9.4 12 4.5 0 0 Kinamaligan 129 17.1 44 5.8 1 0.1 Malinta 325 50.4 224 34.7 9 1.4 Mapiña 32 12.9 15 6.1 4 1.6 Mayngaran 334 61.0 201 36.7 36 6.6 Nursery 424 25.6 203 12.3 78 4.7 Pating (Pob.) 161 19.2 92 11.0 0 0 Pawa 302 83.4 254 70.2 0 0 Sinalongan 147 70.7 104 50.0 107 51.4 Tugbo 435 41.9 246 23.7 78 7.5 Ubongan Dacu 222 92.1 205 85.1 0 0 Usab 399 78.2 324 63.5 48 9.4

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 57 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 14. Unemployment Rate (15 years old and above), by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

B. Titong 137 26.4 Espinosa 279 25.0 Ubongan Dacu Malinta 141 15.4 Ibingay 220 14.7 Centro (Pob.) 115 14.3 Anas Bapor (Pob.) 65 14.2 Bagumbayan 170 13.2 F. Magallanes 136 13.0 Cawayan Exterior 40 12.9 Mapiña 45 11.5 BoloCawayan Exterior

Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Usab Tugbo

Igang Malinta

Sinalongan

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 58 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 15. Proportion of Persons who are Victims of Crime, by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n Asid 47 2.3 Bolo 60 2.3 Ubongan Dacu B. Titong 26 1.6 Usab 36 1.4 Cawayan Exterior 12 1.2 Anas Mayngaran 28 1.0 Biyong 10 0.6 Bayombon 9 0.6 Malinta 13 0.4 F. Magallanes 11 0.4 BoloCawayan Exterior

Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Usab Tugbo

Igang Malinta

Sinalongan

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 59 Table 5. Unemployment and Victims of Crime Indicators, by Barangay, City of Masbate, 2006

B a ra n g a y Number of persons Unemployment rate Persons who are victims of in the labor force (15 years old and above) crim es (15 years old and above) M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n M ag n i tu d e P r o p or t i o n

Anas 271 22 8.1 3 0.3 Asid 729 21 2.9 47 2.3 B. Titong 520 137 26.4 26 1.6 Bagumbayan 1285 170 13.2 0 0 Bantigue 785 40 5.1 0 0 Bapor (Pob.) 459 65 14.2 1 0.1 Batuhan 540 45 8.3 6 0.3 Bayombon 430 10 2.3 9 0.6 Biyong 395 14 3.5 10 0.6 Bolo 704 46 6.5 60 2.3 Cagay 332 20 6.0 0 0 Cawayan Exterior 311 40 12.9 12 1.2 Cawayan Interior 258 13 5.0 0 0 Centro (Pob.) 807 115 14.3 3 0.1 Espinosa 1117 279 25.0 4 0.1 F. Magallanes 1047 136 13.0 11 0.4 Ibingay 1495 220 14.7 3 0.1 Igang 347 6 1.7 2 0.2 Kalipay (Pob.) 450 40 8.9 1 0.1 Kinamaligan 1120 64 5.7 5 0.1 Malinta 917 141 15.4 13 0.4 Mapiña 392 45 11.5 2 0.2 Mayngaran 948 91 9.6 28 1.0 Nursery 2675 293 11.0 27 0.3 Pating (Pob.) 1492 155 10.4 2 0.0 Pawa 435 25 5.8 5 0.3 Sinalongan 260 7 2.7 0 0 Tugbo 1618 157 9.7 4 0.1 Ubongan Dacu 514 58 11.3 2 0.2 Usab 714 37 5.2 36 1.4

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 60 CBMS Poverty Maps: City of Masbate

Map 16. CBMS Composite Indicator, by Barangay, 2006

B. Titong Bottom 10 Barangays

B ar a n g a y A v er a g e

Cagay 3.9 Ubongan Dacu Biyong 3.6 Ubongan Dacu 3.6 Pawa 3.5 Batuhan 3.5 Anas Sinalongan 3.3 Anas 3.3 Cawayan Interior 3.3 Cawayan Exterior 3.3 Igang 3.2 BoloCawayan Exterior

Cawayan Interior Bantigue Mapina Batuhan

Bayombon Kinamaligan Pawa Mayngaran Biyong Usab Tugbo

Igang Malinta

Sinalongan

Asid Cagay

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 61 Table 6. CBMS Composite Indicator, by Barangay, City of Masbate, 2006

B a ra n g a y CBMS Composite Indicator

Anas 3.3 Asid 2.6 B. Titong 2.5 Bagumbayan 1.2 Bantigue 2.5 Bapor (Pob.) 1.0 Batuhan 3.5 Bayombon 2.7 Biyong 3.6 Bolo 2.1 Cagay 3.9 Cawayan Exterior 3.3 Cawayan Interior 3.3 Centro (Pob.) 0.4 Espinosa 1.1 F. Magallanes 0.8 Ibingay 0.6 Igang 3.2 Kalipay (Pob.) 0.5 Kinamaligan 1.2 Malinta 1.9 Mapiña 2.0 Mayngaran 2.4 Nursery 1.1 Pating (Pob.) 0.9 Pawa 3.5 Sinalongan 3.3 Tugbo 1.8 Ubongan Dacu 3.6 Usab 2.9

The Many Faces of Poverty (Volume 4) 62