A Political Economy Analysis of the Bicol Region
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fi ABC+: Advancing Basic Education in the Philippines A POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS OF THE BICOL REGION Final Report Ateneo Social Science Research Center September 30, 2020 ABC+ Advancing Basic Education in the Philippines A Political Economy Analysis of the Bicol Region Ateneo Social Science Research Center Final Report | September 30, 2020 Published by: Ateneo de Naga University - Ateneo Social Science Research Center Author/ Project lead: Marlyn Lee-Tejada Co-author: Frances Michelle C. Nubla Research Associate: Mary Grace Joyce Alis-Besenio Research Assistants: Jesabe S.J. Agor and Jenly P. Balaquiao The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government, the Department of Education, the RTI International, and The Asia Foundation. Table of Contents ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 5 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 6 Sampling Design .............................................................................................................. 6 Data Collection ................................................................................................................. 7 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................... 10 BICOL REGION’S POLITICAL ECONOMY ................................................................ 11 Geography and Socio-Demographic Profile .................................................... 11 Bicol Region’s Competitiveness and Dominant Industries .............................. 12 Tourism ........................................................................................... 12 Agriculture and Fisheries ................................................................. 12 Mining ............................................................................................. 13 Political Subdivisions and LGUs’ Fiscal Performance ..................................... 13 Priorities of the Region ................................................................................. 18 LGU Dynamics ............................................................................................. 20 Leadership Change and Decision-Making ...................................................... 22 Important Events that Affected the Region ..................................................... 24 Opportunities and Constraints of LGU Support to Education ........................... 25 LGU Strategizing to Get More Funds ................................................. 25 LGU’s Support for Education ............................................................. 25 LGU Management of SEF .............................................................................. 30 BICOL REGION’S PUBLIC BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR ......................................... 31 The Dynamics of Leadership and Administration 31 in the Region’s Education Sector ................................................................... Institutionalization of Mother Tongue as Medium of Instruction in K to 3 .......... 33 Worldviews on MT Development .................................................................... 34 The Level of Bikol Language Contextualization of LMs .................................... 36 Orthography Development and Standardization Effort ..................................... 37 The Challenge of Bikol Language Nuances on LM Development ...................... 39 The Status of Early Grade Literacy, Numeracy, and SEL 40 in the Bicol Region ........................................................................................ Challenges, Efforts Undertaken, and On-Going Interventions 42 in Early Grade Literacy ..................................................................... Challenges, Efforts Undertaken, and On-Going Interventions 47 in Early Grade Numeracy .................................................................. Challenges, Efforts Undertaken, and On-Going Interventions 48 in Early Grade Socio-Emotional Learning ........................................... Covid-19 Pandemic Opportunities and Constraints on MTB-MLE 49 Implementation ............................................................................................ STAKEHOLDER MAPPING AND ANALYSIS ............................................................. 52 Stakeholders’ Capacity, Influence, and Support ............................................. 54 Stakeholder engagement .............................................................................. 57 Limitations, turn-offs, and disincentives ......................................................... 57 Motivation and interest .................................................................................. 58 Avenues to engage stakeholders ................................................................... 59 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................... 60 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 67 ANNEXES .................................................................................................................. 74 LIST of TABLES TABLE 1. Number of completed interviews per respondent type 7 List of sampled municipalities according to income 8 TABLE 2. classification TABLE 3. FGD schedule and its respective number of participants 9 Average Annual Regular Income and IRA-Dependency of Bicol 14 TABLE 4. Region’s Municipalities by Province, FY 2009-2018 TABLE 5. Average Annual Regular Income and IRA-Dependency of Bicol 15 Region’s Municipalities by Province, FY 2009-2018 Statement of Income by LGU Classification of the Bicol Region, Total 16 TABLE 6. for the Philippines, and Percent Share, FY 2018 Top 3 Priority Programs of Sampled Municipalities and 18 TABLE 7. Provinces, 2020 Top 10 Programs and Projects Funded by the Local School 29 TABLE 8. Board by City and Municipal Class, Selected Areas, Bicol Region, 2020 Type of organizations present in the sampled municipalities and 53 TABLE 9. their distribution by sector, 2020 Type of organizations present in the sampled municipalities and 54 TABLE 10. their distribution per income class, 2020 TABLE 11. Brief Profile of Sampled Municipalities 74 Average SEF of Sampled Municipalities, Cities, and Province, 2009- 87 TABLE 12. 2016 Detailed Programs and Projects Financed by SEF in Sampled 89 TABLE 13. Municipalities and Cities by Income Class, 2020 TABLE 14. Sample Schools and their Respective Languages 95 TABLE 15. Challenges, Efforts Undertaken, and Ongoing Interventions in 98 Literacy by Classification of Languages Challenges, Efforts Undertaken, and Ongoing Interventions in 102 TABLE 16. Numeracy by Classification of Languages TABLE 17. Support by Type of Organization and Municipal Class 104 LIST of FigurES Average SEF of Sampled Municipalities by Municipal Class, 2009- 28 FIGURE 1. 2016, in million pesos Enrollment Figures of the Public EGE in SY 2012-2013 to 41 FIGURE 2. 2019-2020 Frequency of Stakeholders in Albay and their Organization 109 FIGURE 3. Classifications Frequency of Stakeholders in Camarines Norte and their 109 FIGURE 4. Organization Classifications FIGURE 5. Frequency of Stakeholders in Camarines Sur and their 110 Organization Classifications Frequency of Stakeholders in Catanduanes and their 110 FIGURE 6. Organization Classifications Frequency of Stakeholders in Masbate and their Organization FIGURE 7. Classifications 111 Frequency of Stakeholders in Sorsogon and their Organization 111 FIGURE 8. Classifications Acronyms ADNU Ateneo de Naga University ALS Alternative Learning System ASDS Assistant Schools Division Superintendent BCCD Bicol Center for Child Development BE-LCP Basic Education Learning Continuity Plan BLGF Bureau of Local Government Finance BuB Bottom-up Budgeting CHED Commission on Higher Education CMCI Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index CMGP Conditional Matching Grant for Provinces CN Camarines Norte CS Camarines Sur CSB City School Board CSO Civil Society Organization DBM Department of Budget and Management DepEd Department of Education DILG Department of Interior and Local Government DLP Dynamic Learning Program DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways DRRM Disaster Risk Reduction and Management ECCD Early Childhood Care and Development ECEd Early Childhood Education ECG Electrocardiography EGE Early Grade Education EGP English for General Purposes EPS Education Program Supervisor FGD Focus Group Discussion FY Fiscal Year v A POLITICAL ECONOMY ANALYSIS OF THE BICOL REGION ICT Information and Communications Technology IMs Instructional Materials IRA Internal Revenue Allotment KALAHI-CIDSS Kapit-Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan-Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services K to 3 Kindergarten to Grade 3 K to 12 Kindergarten to Grade 12 LACs Learning Action Cells LCE Local Chief Executive LGSF-AM Local Government Support Fund-Assistance to Municipalities LGU Local Government Unit LM Learning Materials