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Will Job Generation Impact on Environment? by Magdalena C

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Will Job Generation Impact on Environment? by Magdalena C 53 Will Job Generation Impact on Environment? By Magdalena C. Monge, Dante O. Bismonte, Joselito Gonzales and Amor R. Cabico* ike the national government, the Bicol Regional lowlands and coasts. Improving on agriculture Development Council (RDC) puts poverty seems to be a better alternative if it utilizes envi- Lreduction as its overriding goal, and job ronment-friendly technologies that respond prima- creation its centerpiece strategy. rily to local food security. The Bicol Medium Term Development Plan for Bicol must learn from the Marinduque mining 2005 to 2010 aims to reduce poverty incidence by disaster in the 1990s and the recent Quezon family proportion to 26 percent by year 2010 from tragedy in 2004. The natural resources here were 46 percent in 20001. exploited for short-term economic gains and in The plan aims to generate around 600,000 disregard of sustainable development. jobs in the next six years. Mining is seen as a major source of new jobs. Mineralized areas will be The Bicol face of poverty opened to large-scale mining investors in line with Almost half or 46 percent of Bicolano families the President’s vision that the country can become live below the poverty threshold in 2000, according the fifth mining power in the world. The plan also to the Family Income and Expenditure Survey. This identifies agriculture and fisheries as the main makes it the second poorest region after the contributors to economic growth. Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)2. Bicol has long been the country’s source of There were 2.6 million individuals or 413,513 gold, fish, rice and coconut yet it remains one of the families who were poor. The largest segment of the poorest regions. Worse, its ecosystems are de- poor is in the province of Masbate which, along with graded and may not sustain the demands of an Camarines Norte, belongs to the top 10 poorest increasing population. provinces. The region’s annual per capita poverty Mining may bring in jobs and revenues, but threshold is P11,524 (2000). Only 40,510 families also destroy the upland areas as well as the “graduated” from poverty since 1997. * Magdalena C. Monge is a research-writer; Dante O. Bismonte is the SWP-South Luzon Convenor and Board of Trustees of PRRM; Joselito Gonzales is the Manager of PRRM-Marinduque; and Amor R. Cabico is the Manager of PRRM-Quezon. SOCIAL WATCH PHILIPPINES 54 Will Job Generation Impact on Environment? Bicol’s 4.7 million population in 2000 is The environment and natural resources expected to grow to 5.2 million by year 2005. The sectors are expected to provide only about 12,000 additional half million people would need additional jobs. food, homes, schools, and health services. More than 15,000 students in the elementary and high Target No. Environment and Natural Resources school are added to the school-going population of Jobs yearly but the teaching force and physical facilities Land surveys 840 are not correspondingly expanding3. The rising Land distribution 60 Community-based forest management (as population level also means added pressure on the 990 environment. agribusiness) In 2003, 34 percent of preschoolers were Forest products utilization 1,200 severely and moderately malnourished owing to Grazing lands 2,610 Mangroves development 4,350 inadequacy and deficiency of food intake, recurring Mineral industry (large-scale) 2,000 infections and poor environmental sanitation and Total 12,050 large family size. Only 66 percent of the population Computed form the RDC Plan 2005-2010 had access to safe drinking water in 2000. Under- five child mortality increased from 1998 to 2003 due Not only is Bicol region one of the poorest, its to inadequate and inaccessible health facilities and rich-poor gap is among the highest. It registered a personnel, especially in remote areas. gini coefficient of .45 in 2000, much in the same In 2003, Bicol had over 2 million people in the level as the country’s. labor force, of which 171,000 were unemployed, Environmental decline has not been arrested. mostly men. Women were absorbed more in the Anti-poverty strategies like productivity enhance- low-earning informal economic sectors. Agriculture ment had a negative impact on the environment. employed more than 40 percent of the labor force. The current agriculture systems and mining tech- Retrenchments in the services (trade, transportation nologies had degraded the land and water re- and communication) and industry sectors (construc- sources jeopardizing hopes of sustaining food tion, manufacturing and mining) increased the production and restoring a balanced environment. unemployment. Ricelands have been degraded, crops like abaca infested, coconut lands reduced, and fish stock Poverty reduction in the next six years nearly depleted. The RDC’s battlecry is ORAGON! or One The Medium-Term Development Framework Region Accelerating Growth through Optimum Use incorporates sustainable management of the of Natural Resources. It captures the strategies environment. It looks good on paper. But experi- outlined in the Regional Medium-Term Development ences with past development strategies lead most Plan (MTDP) for 2005 to 2010. Bicolanos to question its reliability. With the MTDP To propel growth in agricultural production, framework comes the development target. The Bicol Bicol will be developed into the food basket of region will be developed in relation to the rest of Luzon. Luzon as a geothermal energy producer, agri- In terms of job creation, however, the highest industrial production center, mineral-based produc- contribution will be generated from the tourism and tion center, food basket of Luzon, ecotourism housing sectors, followed by trade and investment destination, and as south Luzon’s gateway to promotion. There is no estimate yet on the contri- Visayas, Mindanao and the Pacific. Economic growth bution of the infrastructure sector. and job creation will greatly depend on agri-industry and natural resources assessed to be the region’s competitive advantage. Pili, pineapple, abaca, Target No. Sector furniture, marine products, coconut, ceramics, and of Jobs bamboo are among them. The problem here lies Trade and Investment Promotion 95,700 with the kind of technologies to be employed in Agribusiness 33,757 order to meet the demand for outside market. Environment and natural resources 12,050 Reliance on inorganic agriculture technologies is one. Production will surely demand mono-cropping Housing 152,344 and plantation type farming which will again not Tourism 231,000 meet the diverse food needs of the household, Taken form the RDC Plan 2005-2010 reinforcing malnutrition. SOCIAL WATCH PHILIPPINES Will Job Generation Impact on Environment? 55 BICOL REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK CY 2005 - 2010 POVERTY REDUCTION ECONOMIC INTEGRATED GROWTH AND DELIVERY OF BASIC JOB CREATION SOCIAL SERVICES INFRASTRUCTURE SUSTAINABLE KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND LOGISTICS NETWORKING OF THE SUPPORT ENVIRONMENT Private Sector and Civil Society Private Sector and Civil Society GOOD GOVERNANCE Public and Private Fiscal and Finacial Internal Security Sector Reforms Minerals of course are another focus. Mining is Camarines Sur environmentally destructive, especially in areas that • Naga Agro-industrial Center could perpetually react to heavy metals polluting • Sta Rita Industrial Park in Pili soils and water systems. This hazard is a character At first glance, calculated revenues from of the Philippine archipelago, according to authori- minerals and ecozones could be staggering, but can ties in natural sciences. Large-scale mining projects the poor directly benefit from them? What impact will be opened in Rapu-rapu Island, Albay and will agriculture, industrial parks and mining create Aroroy, Masbate. Meanwhile, explorations are being on air, water, forests, coasts, rivers, biodiversity, undertaken in Ragay-Del Gallego, Camarines Sur climate and lowland areas? How many rural people and in Larap, Jose Panganiban, Camarines Norte. will be displaced to accommodate these so-called Small scale mines will also be developed in the Gold economic investments? Can Bicolanos find relief Rush areas of Masbate, clay mines in Siruma, from poverty and still live in a balanced environ- Camarines Sur, Paracale-Jose Panganiban and ment, come 2010 or 2015? Larap. Pollution, waste and other environmental The state of the Bicol environment problems are expected to arise with the establish- Bicol is a mixture of ecosystems consisting of ment of these economic zones: forests, marginal lands, lowland/agriculture ecosys- • Bicol Regional Agri-industrial Center in tem, urban ecosystem, freshwater ecosystem, Legazpi City coastal and marine ecosystem, coral reef, seagrass • Legazpi City Special Economic Zone and soft-bottom, and island ecosystems4. This • Tiwi Ecozone in Tiwi, Albay ecosystems mix covers the entire region (total land • Global Industrial Maritime Complex in Jose area of 1,763,249 hectares). The region has four Panganiban, Camarines Norte mainland provinces: Camarines Norte, Camarines • Bicol Industrial Park in Bula, Camarines Sur Sur, Albay and Sorsogon; two island provinces: • Isarog Heights Special Economic Zone in Pili, Catanduanes and Masbate. It has seven cities: SOCIAL WATCH PHILIPPINES 56 Will Job Generation Impact on Environment? Naga and Iriga in Camarines Sur; Legazpi, Ligao Camarines Sur. Gold, silver and copper are in and Tabaco in Albay; Sorsogon City in Sorsogon Camarines Norte, Masbate and Albay. Almost all and Masbate City in Masbate. It has a total of 14 provinces have iron deposits. Districts, 107 municipalities and 3,471 barangays. The bulk of mining in Bicol is in small-scale In the last decade from 1992 to 2001, Bicol mining, accounting for a total sales value of P61.99 lost 34,250 hectares of forest reserves. These are million, mostly from sand and gravel, aggregates, 17 protected forest areas and watersheds with a limestone and clay. There are four small-scale total area of 60,486 hectares that include Mayon mining districts – in Aroroy in Masbate, Siruma in Volcano National Park, Mt. Isarog Natural Park, Camarines Sur, Paracale-Panganiban and Larap in Bulusan Volcano Natural Park, Bicol National Park, Camarines Norte.
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