DOCSLIB.ORG

Lofficialj

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lofficialj Wai 894 #08 lOFFICIALj L~G\\A ~ <O(Yl) The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, 1915-1925 Steven Webster Honorary Research Fellow, Department of Anthropology, The University of Auckland. Affiliate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle Report Commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal, May 2004 Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004. 2 Contents Figures 8 Maps 9 Abbreviations 11 Introduction 14 O~ 1 A Preview of the Following Chapters 20 0.2 Tuhoe Social Organisation, 1899-1903 25 0.2.1. Reliability of the Records 27 0.2.2 Culture Change is Always Two-way 31 0.2.3 Nga Whaaea, Seniority and Hapuu 35 0.2.4 Changing Hapuu 45 0.2.5 Hapuu and Land Rights 48 0.2.6 Hapuu Clusters? 50 0.2.7 Relative Shares 51 0.2.8 Active Rights 53 0.2.9 Summary 54 0.3. Some Background to the Research 55 PART I: The Crown Purchasing Campaign 1915 - 1921 1. Some Ethnohistorical Background 60 1.1 Introduction 60 1.2 Research Sources 67 1.2.1 Primary Sources 67 1.2.2 Secondary Sources 71 1.3 An Ethnohistorical Case Study: The Tamaikoha Hapuu Lineage 73 1.3.1 Spouses and Mothers 86 1.3.2 Hapuu and Land Rights in the Tamaikoha Hapuu Lineage 93 1.3.3 Deaths and Successions 98 I 1.3.4 Pupuri Whenua: Patterns of Land Retention in the Tamaikoha Hapuu Lineage 106 Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004. 3 1.4 An Ethnohistorical Case Study: Ruatahuna 116 1.4.1 The Ruatahuna Partition 116 1.4.2 Ahuwhenua Proposals and the Roots of the Apitihana Movement 130 1.5 Summary 140 2. The Purchasing Strategy and Tuhoe Resistance 143 2.1 The Crown's Purchasing Strategy 143 2.1.1 'Why did the Tuhoe Sell (so much) Land?' 147 2.2 Bowler's Network of Purchasing Venues and Agents 153 2.2.1 Culture Brokers, Willing and Unwilling 158 2.3 Identifying Individual Shares and Publishing Lists of Non-sellers 167 2.3.1 Compiling a List of Non-sellers 168 2.3.2 The Mobile Card Index 172 2.3.4 A 1919 List of Non-sellers 176 2.3.5 Hoko Whenua and Pupuri Whenua 182 2.3.6 Tuhoe Responses 185 2.4 Successions, Trustees and Certification of Age 187 2.4.1 Bringing Tuhoe Minors and Recent Adults under the 1909 Act 189 2.4.2 Tuhoe Trustees 194 2.4.3 The Role of the Public Trustee 196 2.4.4 Getting on Top of Successions 201 2.4.5 Certifying Tuhoe Competence to Sell 205 2.5 The Relative Predicaments of the Crown and Tuhoe 209 2.6 Summary 212 Part II: The Arrangement and Implementation of the Urewera Consolidation Scheme, 1921 - 1926 3. The Negotiations at Tauarau, August 1921 214 3.1 Introduction 215 3.2 Previous Reports 222 3.2.1 'Modernisation' or Stopping the Bleeding? 224 3.2.2 Was the Legislation Draconian? 226 3.2.3 Some Loose Ends to Pick up 229 3.3 An Overview ofthe Tauarau Procedures 232 3.4 The Tuhoe Representatives 237 3.5 The Crown's Proposals 247 Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004. 4 3.5.1 Assumption of the Crown's Dominance 255 3.5.2 Various Forms ofCrownPre-emptions 259 3.5.3 Comparing Some Reported Proposals 260 3.5.4 The Ambiguous Emergence of the Policy of Piecemeal Deductions 263 3.5.5 The Native Awards 267 3.6 Forming Consolidation Groups 271 3.6.1 Sorting Groups Out 275 3.6.2 Some of the More Influential Groups 279 3.6.3 The Persistence of Tuhoe Descent Groups 282 3.6.4 The Crown's Discrimination of Evacuee from Family Farm Groups 290 3.7 Groupbooks and Successions 316 3.7.2 The Organisation of the Groupbooks 322 3.7.3 Processing Successions 324 3.7.4 Final 'Allocations' 329 3.8 Conclusion 330 3.9 Summary 345 4. Implementation and Routines of the Scheme, 1921-1925 348 4.1 The Rush to Implementation 349 4.2 The Routines ofImplementation 354 4.2.1 The Official Concerns of the Commission 356 4.2.2 The Official Rudiments of Allocations 362 4.2.3 Landless Veterans and Pious Non-commitment 364 Part III: The Continuation of Crown Purchasing during the Scheme 5. Policy Conflicts and the Continuation of Purchasing 368 5.1 The Obscurity of Information 369 5.2 The First Two Restrictions 377 5.2.1 The 8 August Instruction to Cease Purchasing 381 5.2.2 The Second Instruction 384 5.3 The First Resumption of Purchases 386 5.3.1 Knight's Ambivalent Role 390 5.3.2 Te Wharepapa Reports a Calamity at Te Whaiti 395 5.4 Ngata's Intervention and the July 1922 Crisis 398 5.5 Knight's Defense 401 5.5.1 An Examination of the Purchases 5 May to 10 July 1922 405 -., - ----. -,-------'---'---'---'-----' Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004. 5 5.5.2 Group 48 'Probable Sellers' 4lO 5.5.3 Willing Sellers 412 5.5.4 The 5 or lO July Purchases 415 5.6 A Reformed Restriction 418 6. Purchasing Under the Reformed Restriction 420 6.1 Some Suggestive Patterns 420 6.2 The Tacit Establishment of Generalised Approval 424 6.2.1 The Approval of Savings on Waikaremoana and weakening the Apitihana 430 6.3 An Analysis of the October 1923 Purchases 433 6.3.1 Ethnohistorical Illustrations: Some Selected October Purchases 440 6.4 The Purchases to Weaken the Apitihana Movement 450 6.5 The Pattern of Duplicate Purchases 456 6.5.1 A Summary Overview of the Duplicate Purchases 461 6.6 The Oamaru lC Purchase and Shifting Jurisdictions 465 6.6.1 Bullocking Oamaru lC through 470 6.7 Why was the Purchasing Continued? 473 Part IV: The Struggles to Control Allocations of Land during the Scheme 7. The Struggle to Control Allocations in the Lower Basins 476 7.1 Indications of Confrontation 478 7.1.1 Troubles Arise for the Crown all around the Urewera 482 7.2 Negotiations in the Lower Whakatane - Waimana/Tauranga Basins 486 7.2.1 Reconstructing what Happened 490 7.2.2 Subsequent Reports 496 7.3 The Crown gets Two More Blocks 502 7.3.1 'Arriving at the Minimum Requirements of the Non-seller' 509 7.4 Summary 5lO 8. Reneging on the New Native Homeland 512 8.1 The Quiet Extension of Pre-emptions to Te Purenga, Te Waipotiki, and Te Wairiko 513 8.1.1 Tuhoe Priorities in the Negotiations 515 8.1.2 The Crown's Counter-tactics 517 8.1.3 The 'Impossibility' of Locating the Crown's Interests 520 Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004. 6 8.2 The Persistent Ambiguity of Piecemeal Deductions 526 8.2.1 The Crown's Opportunities to Clarify the Policy 527 8.2.2 Tuhoe Protests and Crown Responses 533 8.2.3 Implicit Acceptance of an Implicit Policy? 536 8.3 The Crown Retreats in Parekohe 538 8.3.1 Settling the Deals on Tauwhare and Ohiorangi 539 8.4 The Relinquishment ofTe Poroporo and Retreat in Te Tuahu 543 8.4.1 Negotiations for Te Poroporo 545 8.4.2 Plausible Trade-offs 550 8.4.4 Mana and the Power of the Crown 552 8.5 Summary 553 9. Confrontations with the Apitihana Movement 554 9.1 A Chronicle of the Confrontations, 1918 - 1925 555 9.2 The Commission Refuses to Supply 'Lists of Sellers' 570 9.2.1 Te Utu a Nga Kupapa (the Revenge of the Loyalists) 570 9.3 Tactical Implications of Knowing who the Sellers were 579 9.3.1 The Logic of the Tuhoe Demand 584 9.4 Gains and Losses for the Apitihana Movement 587 9.4.1 The Commissioners' Allocation of the Apitihana Block 587 9.4.2 Some Real Pay-offs to the Kupapa 592 9.5 Summary 594 10. A Quiet Windfall for the Crown? 596 10.1 Finding the Windfall 596 10.2 A Routine Correction ofInaccurate Surveys? 602 10.3 Figuring the Crown's Award the Other Way 604 11. Conclusions and Summary 607 11.1 The Course of this Enquiry and a List of Wrongs 609 11.2 The Urewera Consolidation Scheme 614 11.3 A Silenced History 620 11.4 The Struggles over Allocations 624 -----~-. ----- ---- -- ---- ------:-:-:-:-:::-_--=-.:-: ---- - Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004. 7 Appendix A: Spreadsheets 633 Spreadsheet 1: The Tamaikoha Hapuu Lineage 633 Spreadsheet 2: The Tuhoe Representatives at Tauarau 638 Spreadsheet 3: Continuing Purchases during the Urewera Consolidation Scheme 646 Spreadsheet 4: Negotiations in the Lower Whakatane-Tauranga/Waimana Basins 656 Appendix B: Supporting Papers 661 Papers 1: Tamaikoha Hapuu Lineage (from AJHR 1903 order for Tauwhare-Manuka block) 661 Papers 2: Final Report (31 October 1921): 'Urewera Lands Consolidation Scheme (report on proposed)' AJHR G-7 1921 664 Papers 3: Sample Pages of Group Books A - G 687 Papers 4: Bowler's Reports of Continuing Purchases, 15 August 1921, 12 September 1921 and 3 October 1921 703 Papers 5: Knight's 7 July 1922 Defense and Schedule of continuing Purchases 707 Bibliography 711 Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004. 8 Figures Figure 1: Urewera District Native Reserve Blocks and Hapuu Rights recognised, October 1902 46 Figure 2: Tamaikoha Hapuu Lineage, 1903 84 Figure 3: Continuity of Block Rights (an abstraction from Spreadsheet 2) 162 Figure 4: Some Tuhoe certified as 21 or over, 1915 -1920 207 Figure 5: Continuity of Block Rights (an abstraction from Spreadsheet 2) 243 Figure 6: Representation of Happu by Scheme Representatives 245 Figure 7: Records of Knight's 1 August 1921 Proposals to the Tuhoe 251 Figure 8: Pupuri Whenua: Group Leaders sorted by Total Land 281 Figure 9: Urewera Consolidation Groupbooks 322 Figure 10: Hypothetical Block of Purchased Land Compared to Old 375 Figure 11: Phases of Continuing Purchases under the Urewera Consolidation Scheme 377 Figure 12: Commission Purchases in October 1923 436 Figure 13: Core Sibling Groups in Consolidation Group 42 450 Figure 14: Status of Negotiations in Lower Whakatane and TaurangalWaimana Basins, 27 August 1921 (Balneavis Report) 495 Figure 15: A Reconstruction of Negotiations over Tauwhare and Ohiorangi Blocks, August - October 1921 503 .::_-:.::-----.:; Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Auckland Regional Office of Archives New Zealand
    A supplementary finding-aid to the archives relating to Maori Schools held in the Auckland Regional Office of Archives New Zealand MAORI SCHOOL RECORDS, 1879-1969 Archives New Zealand Auckland holds records relating to approximately 449 Maori Schools, which were transferred by the Department of Education. These schools cover the whole of New Zealand. In 1969 the Maori Schools were integrated into the State System. Since then some of the former Maori schools have transferred their records to Archives New Zealand Auckland. Building and Site Files (series 1001) For most schools we hold a Building and Site file. These usually give information on: • the acquisition of land, specifications for the school or teacher’s residence, sometimes a plan. • letters and petitions to the Education Department requesting a school, providing lists of families’ names and ages of children in the local community who would attend a school. (Sometimes the school was never built, or it was some years before the Department agreed to the establishment of a school in the area). The files may also contain other information such as: • initial Inspector’s reports on the pupils and the teacher, and standard of buildings and grounds; • correspondence from the teachers, Education Department and members of the school committee or community; • pre-1920 lists of students’ names may be included. There are no Building and Site files for Church/private Maori schools as those organisations usually erected, paid for and maintained the buildings themselves. Admission Registers (series 1004) provide details such as: - Name of pupil - Date enrolled - Date of birth - Name of parent or guardian - Address - Previous school attended - Years/classes attended - Last date of attendance - Next school or destination Attendance Returns (series 1001 and 1006) provide: - Name of pupil - Age in years and months - Sometimes number of days attended at time of Return Log Books (series 1003) Written by the Head Teacher/Sole Teacher this daily diary includes important events and various activities held at the school.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Analysis of Content in Maori
    MATTERS OF LIFE AND DEATH: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONTENT IN MAORI TRADITIONAL AND CONTEMPORARY ART AND DANCE AS A REFLECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL MAORI CULTURAL ISSUES AND THE FORMATION AND PERPETUATION OF MAORI AND NON-MAORI CULTURAL IDENTITY IN NEW ZEALAND by Cynthia Louise Zaitz A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida August 2009 Copyright by Cynthia Louise Zaitz 2009 ii CURRICULUM VITA In 1992 Cynthia Louise Zaitz graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in Drama from the University of California, where she wrote and directed one original play and two musicals. In 1999 she graduated with a Masters in Consciousness Studies from John F. Kennedy University. Since 2003 she has been teaching Music, Theatre and Dance in both elementary schools and, for the last two years, at Florida Atlantic University. She continues to work as a composer, poet and writer, painter, and professional musician. Her original painting, Alcheme 1 was chosen for the cover of Volume 10 of the Florida Atlantic Comparative Studies Journal listed as FACS in Amazon.com. Last year she composed the original music and created the choreography for Of Moon and Madness, a spoken word canon for nine dancers, three drummers, an upright bass and a Native American flute. Of Moon and Madness was performed in December of 2008 at Florida Atlantic University (FAU) and was selected to represent FAU on iTunesU. In April 2009 she presented her original music composition and choreography at FAU in a piece entitled, Six Butts on a Two-Butt Bench, a tongue-in- cheek look at overpopulation for ten actors and seventy dancers.
    [Show full text]
  • Whakatane Waimana Floodplain Management Strategy - Stage 1 Review of the Current Flood Hazard from the Whakatane and Waimana Rivers and Existing Responses
    Whakatane Waimana Floodplain Management Strategy - Stage 1 Review of the current flood hazard from the Whakatane and Waimana Rivers and existing responses Prepared by Robbin Britton, Project Engineer Environment Bay of Plenty Operations Publication 2008/09 June 2008 (updated from January 2007) 5 Quay Street P O Box 364 Whakatane NEW ZEALAND ISSN 1176 - 5550 Working with our communities for a better environment E mahi ngatahi e pai ake ai te taiao Environment Bay of Plenty i Foreword Concern for the security of the Whakatane and Waimana floodplains is the reason behind Environment Bay of Plenty’s preparation of a floodplain management strategy. This floodplain management strategy reviews what the flood hazards are in the floodplains, what flood protection is provided to people and property living on the floodplains and what, if any, additional protection needs to be provided. Floodplain management strategies are not the same as Civil Defence Emergency Management (CDEM) Plans. Under the Civil Defence Emergency Act 2002 each regional and local council must prepare plans detailing how they will manage catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions, tsunami storms, earthquakes and fires. Construction of flood defences began in the catchment in 1965 and this was complete by the early 1980’s. Since that period components of the flood defence system have been reviewed but not all together. This floodplain management strategy reviews the flood protection system for the Whakatane Waimana catchment only. It identifies potential weaknesses in flood protection and plans for the ongoing security of future generations. The executive summary provides an overview of the report. Part one describes the nature of the floodplain, and the measures put in place to best manage floods of date.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward a Patuheuheu Hapū Development Model
    Ko au ko Te Umutaoroa, ko Te Umutaoroa ko au: Toward a Patuheuheu Hapū Development Model Byron William Rangiwai A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) February 2015 Dedication This work is dedicated to my maternal great-grandparents Koro Hāpurona Maki Nātana (1921-1994) and Nanny Pare Koekoeā Rikiriki (1918 - 1990). Koro and Nan you will always be missed. I ask you to continue to watch over the whānau and inspire us to maintain our Patuheuheutanga. Arohanui, your mokopuna tuarua. ii Table of contents Dedication ............................................................................................................................... ii Figures.... ................................................................................................................................ v Images…. ................................................................................................................................ v Maps........ ............................................................................................................................... vi Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ vi Attestation of authorship .................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Urban Maori Authorities
    BYRON RANGIWAI Māori Prophetic Movements as Sites of Political Resistance: A Critical Analysis Introduction This article will argue that Māori prophetic movements were sites of political resistance where Māori prophets resisted colonisation and developed syncretic theologies that gave their followers a sense of hope within a tumultuous colonial environment. The movements of four Māori prophets will be discussed in chronological order: Te Atua Wera and the Nākahi movement; Te Ua Haumēne and the Pai Mārire or Hauhau movement; Te Kooti’s Ringatū movement; and Rua Kēnana and the Iharaira movement. This article will critically analyse these Māori prophetic movements as sites of religious and political resistance to show how Māori prophets challenged colonisation and land loss. Christianity in Aotearoa New Zealand and the rise of Māori Prophets Before their conversion to Christianity, Māori had their own Indigenous spirituality that reflected their cultural and spiritual relationships with the environment. Pākehā contact impacted on Māori irreversibly. According to Len Te Kaawa of Tamakaimoana: Te ao o ngā mātua, o ngā tīpuna, he whakapono tō rātou, he whakapono iho nei i mua i te taehanga mai o tauiwi. He whakapono ki ngā atua Māori, ki Byron Rangiwai holds a PhD in Māori and Indigenous Development from Auckland University of Technology. Māori Prophetic Movements as Sites of Political Resistance: 131 A Critical Analysis te pūtaiao, ki te ao e noho ana rātou i roto. Engari, ka tae mai a tauiwi me āna tikanga, ka whakahurihia, ka pēhia, ka whakamoehia ētahi o aua āhuatanga kia noho tā rātou ki runga ā, i ā tāua ki te ao Māori, kia noho koirā hai whakapono mō tātou.
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Matakite : a Kaupapa Māori Study on the Impact Of
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. UNDERSTANDING MATAKITE: A Kaupapa Māori Study on the Impact of Matakite/Intuitive Experiences on Wellbeing A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Māori Studies at Massey University, Papa-i-ōea, Aotearoa Ronald Spencer Ngata Ngāti Porou, Te Whānau-a-Karuwai 2014 KARAKIA (Dedication) Ka tohia atu koe ki te tohi nuku, ki te tohi rangi Kia hoaia koe ki te pūtiki wharanui, kia tiaia koe ki te manu rererangi Te rau o tītapu, kia pai ai koe te haere i runga rawa I rangahaua koe i te pō uriuri, i te pō tangotango I rākaitia koe ki te piki kotuku, te rau o te toroa, te huia titama Whākina ngā kupu o te riri, ngā kupu o tawhiti He mea ka mau mai, ka kapiti runga e, ka kapiti raro e He pokanga a nuku, he pokanga a rangi He pou hihiko, pou rarama, tiaho i roto, marama i roto Tēnei te pou, te pou tokomanawa, te pou o tēnei whare, te pou o ēnei kōrero Hui te ora, hui te mārama Whano, whano, haramai te mauri Haumi e, hui e, taiki e! The above karakia was taught to me by Professor Kereti Rautangata, given to him by Dr. Pakaariki Harrison. It is used on special occasions, such as the birth of a child or the blessing of a student, and for other purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Te Mana Tuatoru: the ROHE POTAE of TUHOE
    Te Mana Tuatoru: THE ROHE POTAE OF TUHOE IN THE HEART of the North Island of Aotearoa/New Zealand there is an imagined realm: the tribal land of Tuhoe, protected by their encircling bounda- ries, the Rohe Potae.1 This was the visible circumference of their independent mana. From the later nineteenth century, Tuhoe history is, in essence, a history of their chiefly leaders' efforts to uphold their autonomous control over these lands. This essay argues that Tuhoe's authority rested not only in their own perceptions and desires but was upheld by a compact they made with the government in 1871. The very legislation which seemed later to confirm this compact, the Urewera District Native Reserve Act of 1896, would, however, become the means by which successive governments devoured Tuhoe's land. The imagined reality became shards in Tuhoe's hands. By 1871, the last phase of the campaign to recapture Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki was concentrated within Tuhoe's territory. It was believed that Tuhoe were giving him sanctuary. A scorched earth campaign in the Urewera was set in motion, while the Native Minister, Donald McLean, demanded the submis- sion and removal of the leaders of Tuhoe. The chiefs were instructed to come to the coast, and to live temporarily on reserves under the watchful eyes of the Kawanatanga (Government-allied) Maori leaders. Those who submitted so as to save their villages, cultivations and people were required to give assistance in the hunt for Te Kooti. By November, the focus was centred on Ngati Huri, living at Maungapohatu, under the sacred mountain of Tuhoe.
    [Show full text]
  • Songlines from Aotearoa*
    New Zealand Journal of History, 38, 2 (2004) Songlines from Aotearoa* IN LATE TWENTIETH-CENTURY AOTEAROA New Zealand, Maori are actively renegotiating their relationship to and roles within the modern state. The political dialogue is about sharing the substance of power and resources. The past is in sharp focus, particularly as the Treaty of Waitangi Tribunal, reconstructed in 1985 to examine grievances stemming from the Crown’s actions and its failures in its fiduciary obligations towards Maori since 1840, is investigating many Maori land claims. But Maori use of the past is not just to rekindle a history of grievances and dispossession. Maori history is a living presence, and while Maori society is now a literate one, history is still remembered and told in the oral, marae environment that has survived colonization: the complex of meeting-house and open assembly space, which belong to whanau (families), hapu (local tribes) and iwi (ancestral tribal groups) across the land. In the ritual of formal encounter on the marae atea (the open space before the meeting-house) and within the sheltering walls of the house itself, history is sung, enacted and narrated. Maori history is not only woven as a means of explaining the present. The living, multiple interpretations of past events give birth to new actions. The telling of history sets in motion, and will continue to set in motion, new histories, for Maori leaders act according to the understandings worked into narratives, songs and predictions. These oral forms of recalling and shaping history may also be transmitted through manuscript texts in a manner that is not dissimilar to the circulation of early biblical narratives.
    [Show full text]
  • Maungapohatu Revisited OR, HOW the GOVERNMENT UNDERDEVELOPED a MAORI COMMUNITY
    New Zealand Journal of History, 38, 2 (2004) Maungapohatu Revisited OR, HOW THE GOVERNMENT UNDERDEVELOPED A MAORI COMMUNITY EARLY THIS CENTURY, segments of the Tuhoe and Whakatohea tribes, under the leadership of the Tuhoe prophet Rua Kenana Hepetipa, built themselves a new community. It lay at the foot of the sacred mountain of the Tuhoe, Maungapohatu, and was a conscious recreation by them of the biblical city of Jerusalem. Constructed during 1907–1908, it was an impressive settlement with its own courthouse, bank, and council room [Figures 1 and 2]. The streets were lit with oil lamps and it had its own water system, with separated pools for washing and cooking. The families set up their own rules of conduct, which were enforced through a council of elders and their prophet leader. In these first years, about 500 or 600 people lived at Maungapohatu.1 Figure 1: Maungapohatu, Christmas 1908. The large double-gabled house, built of sawn timber, which stood in the upper part of the pa, was Rua’s. It was called Hiruharama Hou, New Jerusalem. The circular building near the bottom of the slope was the courthouse and meeting house. It was build of sawn totara, and was called Hiona, Zion. The wooden houses inside the enclosed wahi tapu have replaced the earlier tent homes, and the fence has been rebuilt since the foundation of the settlement. Two formal entrance gates are visible. This photograph taken by George Bourne, appeared in the Auckland Weekly News, 14 January 1909. Evening Post collection, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, F-75710-1/2.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 TERN BAY of PLENTY CONSTITUCIOCY WESTERN BAY
    WESTERN BAY OF PLENTY 1890000 1900000 1910000 1920000 1930000 1940000 1950000 1960000 1970000 1980000 CONSTITUENCY Moutoki Island Pikowai Mouth of Moutohora (Whale Island) WESTERN Tarawera River Moutohora Island Wildlife Managament Reserve r Mouth of BAY OF PLENTY e r v Rangitaiki River Matata i e 5800000 v 5800000 R i Pongakawa R DISTRICT a i B a y o f P l e n t y Awakaponga r ik Valley e a it Thornton WHAKATĀNE w a g Kohi Point r n Ta a Whakatane River Koohi (Kohi) Point R er Ohope Riv Edgecumbe r hi Mokorua Scenic Reservee Ohope Scenic Reserve ta Otakiri v o i Port Ohope ai 5790000 Manawahe Lake Rotoma 5790000 Awakeri R W Ohiwa Scenic Reserve Ohiwa Harbour Lake Tamurenui e Wildlife Mgnt Res n Lake Rotoehu a Lake Rotoiti Te Teko t Lake Rotoma Rangitaiki River a Waiotahi Hinehopu Lake Rotoma k Wainui a Uretara Island Scenic Reserve Ōpōtiki Rangitaiki River h Lake RotoruaMokoia Is Ruato Lake Rotoma Woodlands Ngongotaha Scenic Reserve Kawerau W Taneatua Kutarere Whakatane River Part Ohiwa Harbour Waioeka O 5780000 Waiotahi t Kawerau a 5780000 r r Rotorua Forest e Geothermal Valley a v i System R Conservation Area R Te Mahoe Whakatane River a i er KAWERAU Confluence with v raw e ROTORUA Ta Lake Matahina unamed stream r DISTRICT COUNCIL Ruatoki Tarawera River Lower reach of Tarawera River North Tarawera Falls Confluence with Matahina Waimana ŌPŌTIKI DISTRICT 5770000 Mangakotukutuku Tarawera River 5770000 Lake Tarawera Stream W WHAKATĀNEr DISTRICT a e W io DISTRICT v e i Okiore a k R i a Waikirikiri o i Waiohau k t R i a i a h v t W i i e
    [Show full text]
  • Radio Telephony Coverage Maps
    Island View Athenree Bowentown Pios Beach Tahawai Woodlands Te Hokowhitu Wainui Aongatete North Opureora Matua Otamaroa Whangaparaoa Omokoroa Waihau Bay Matapihi Oruaiti Beach Whanarua Raukokore Minden Te Kopua Bay Papatea Whakamarama PAPAMOA NO2 .! WAIKAWA PT Waimapu Little Hariki ! Lower Kaimai Manoeka . Kaiate Waihi Beach Omanawa Te Matai Te Kaha Falls Waiorore McLaren Falls Maniatutu Otamarakau WHALE Falls Omaio Oropi Waiari Pongakawa Pikowai ISLAND_T Otuwhare Pariokara Douglas Corner Pongakawa Otehirinaki Hauone Valley .! Whitianga Mangatoi Te Ranga Houpoto Ngawaro Awakaponga Te Waiu o Hawai Pukemaire/Braemar Thornton Te Pu Rotongata Piripai WHAKATANE Torere Springs Otakiri Kaharoa Awakeri Pahou Opape Whangamarino Port Ohiwa Hospital Manawahe Awakeri Wainui Oturoa Ohope Hill Omarumutu Tarukenga Springs Te Ngae Kererutahi Waiaua Mamaku PUTAUAKI(RTUA) Waingarara Kutarere Waioeka Takaputahi Owhata Opouriao Springfield .! Nukuhou North Toatoa Waimana Hillcrest Matahina Matahapa Matahanea Whitikau .!MOERANGI_T Waikirikiri Tanatana Okiore Punaromia Te Wairoa Waiohau Raroa Pa Tumunui Matahi Waimangu Oponae Tahora Wairata Waiotapu Village Rerewhakaaitu Tauwhare Rotomahana Horomanga Hopeone Kopuriki Galatea Tauwharemanuka Kiorenui Hanamahihi Tawhana Village Otane Wairapukao Ohaua Te Whaiti Maungapohatu Ngaputahi Mataatua Tataramoa Minginui Ruatahuna Repeater Site Heipipi .! HORIZONTAL DATUM: New Zealand Geodetic Datum 2000 For practical purposes, NZGD2000 equates to WGS84 Radio Telephony Coverage - Combined Regional with 5 Sites VERTICAL
    [Show full text]
  • Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement
    http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/ Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Te Toi Poto, Te Toi Roa A Critical Evaluation of Māori -State Inclusion in the Ohiwa Harbour Strategy, Aotearoa New Zealand. A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Social Sciences at The University of Waikato by Amanda Lowry 2012 i ABSTRACT In New Zealand, the State Owned Enterprises Act 1988 [SOE], Local Government Act 2002 [LGA], the Resource Management Act 1991 [R MA] require that government include the voices of Māori, and ensure their contribution to the decision-making processes of local authorities. Accordingly, central and local government have embraced the idea of inclusive partnership as part of policymaking processes informed by shared values both of government and iwi. Thus, it is not uncommon to see consultations, partnerships and engagement between M āori-state on a range of issues in line with Tikanga and protocols of Māori culture.
    [Show full text]