Wai 894 #08 lOFFICIALj L~G\\A ~ <O(Yl) The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, 1915-1925 Steven Webster Honorary Research Fellow, Department of Anthropology, The University of Auckland. Affiliate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle Report Commissioned by the Waitangi Tribunal, May 2004 Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004. 2 Contents Figures 8 Maps 9 Abbreviations 11 Introduction 14 O~ 1 A Preview of the Following Chapters 20 0.2 Tuhoe Social Organisation, 1899-1903 25 0.2.1. Reliability of the Records 27 0.2.2 Culture Change is Always Two-way 31 0.2.3 Nga Whaaea, Seniority and Hapuu 35 0.2.4 Changing Hapuu 45 0.2.5 Hapuu and Land Rights 48 0.2.6 Hapuu Clusters? 50 0.2.7 Relative Shares 51 0.2.8 Active Rights 53 0.2.9 Summary 54 0.3. Some Background to the Research 55 PART I: The Crown Purchasing Campaign 1915 - 1921 1. Some Ethnohistorical Background 60 1.1 Introduction 60 1.2 Research Sources 67 1.2.1 Primary Sources 67 1.2.2 Secondary Sources 71 1.3 An Ethnohistorical Case Study: The Tamaikoha Hapuu Lineage 73 1.3.1 Spouses and Mothers 86 1.3.2 Hapuu and Land Rights in the Tamaikoha Hapuu Lineage 93 1.3.3 Deaths and Successions 98 I 1.3.4 Pupuri Whenua: Patterns of Land Retention in the Tamaikoha Hapuu Lineage 106 Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004. 3 1.4 An Ethnohistorical Case Study: Ruatahuna 116 1.4.1 The Ruatahuna Partition 116 1.4.2 Ahuwhenua Proposals and the Roots of the Apitihana Movement 130 1.5 Summary 140 2. The Purchasing Strategy and Tuhoe Resistance 143 2.1 The Crown's Purchasing Strategy 143 2.1.1 'Why did the Tuhoe Sell (so much) Land?' 147 2.2 Bowler's Network of Purchasing Venues and Agents 153 2.2.1 Culture Brokers, Willing and Unwilling 158 2.3 Identifying Individual Shares and Publishing Lists of Non-sellers 167 2.3.1 Compiling a List of Non-sellers 168 2.3.2 The Mobile Card Index 172 2.3.4 A 1919 List of Non-sellers 176 2.3.5 Hoko Whenua and Pupuri Whenua 182 2.3.6 Tuhoe Responses 185 2.4 Successions, Trustees and Certification of Age 187 2.4.1 Bringing Tuhoe Minors and Recent Adults under the 1909 Act 189 2.4.2 Tuhoe Trustees 194 2.4.3 The Role of the Public Trustee 196 2.4.4 Getting on Top of Successions 201 2.4.5 Certifying Tuhoe Competence to Sell 205 2.5 The Relative Predicaments of the Crown and Tuhoe 209 2.6 Summary 212 Part II: The Arrangement and Implementation of the Urewera Consolidation Scheme, 1921 - 1926 3. The Negotiations at Tauarau, August 1921 214 3.1 Introduction 215 3.2 Previous Reports 222 3.2.1 'Modernisation' or Stopping the Bleeding? 224 3.2.2 Was the Legislation Draconian? 226 3.2.3 Some Loose Ends to Pick up 229 3.3 An Overview ofthe Tauarau Procedures 232 3.4 The Tuhoe Representatives 237 3.5 The Crown's Proposals 247 Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004. 4 3.5.1 Assumption of the Crown's Dominance 255 3.5.2 Various Forms ofCrownPre-emptions 259 3.5.3 Comparing Some Reported Proposals 260 3.5.4 The Ambiguous Emergence of the Policy of Piecemeal Deductions 263 3.5.5 The Native Awards 267 3.6 Forming Consolidation Groups 271 3.6.1 Sorting Groups Out 275 3.6.2 Some of the More Influential Groups 279 3.6.3 The Persistence of Tuhoe Descent Groups 282 3.6.4 The Crown's Discrimination of Evacuee from Family Farm Groups 290 3.7 Groupbooks and Successions 316 3.7.2 The Organisation of the Groupbooks 322 3.7.3 Processing Successions 324 3.7.4 Final 'Allocations' 329 3.8 Conclusion 330 3.9 Summary 345 4. Implementation and Routines of the Scheme, 1921-1925 348 4.1 The Rush to Implementation 349 4.2 The Routines ofImplementation 354 4.2.1 The Official Concerns of the Commission 356 4.2.2 The Official Rudiments of Allocations 362 4.2.3 Landless Veterans and Pious Non-commitment 364 Part III: The Continuation of Crown Purchasing during the Scheme 5. Policy Conflicts and the Continuation of Purchasing 368 5.1 The Obscurity of Information 369 5.2 The First Two Restrictions 377 5.2.1 The 8 August Instruction to Cease Purchasing 381 5.2.2 The Second Instruction 384 5.3 The First Resumption of Purchases 386 5.3.1 Knight's Ambivalent Role 390 5.3.2 Te Wharepapa Reports a Calamity at Te Whaiti 395 5.4 Ngata's Intervention and the July 1922 Crisis 398 5.5 Knight's Defense 401 5.5.1 An Examination of the Purchases 5 May to 10 July 1922 405 -., - ----. -,-------'---'---'---'-----' Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004. 5 5.5.2 Group 48 'Probable Sellers' 4lO 5.5.3 Willing Sellers 412 5.5.4 The 5 or lO July Purchases 415 5.6 A Reformed Restriction 418 6. Purchasing Under the Reformed Restriction 420 6.1 Some Suggestive Patterns 420 6.2 The Tacit Establishment of Generalised Approval 424 6.2.1 The Approval of Savings on Waikaremoana and weakening the Apitihana 430 6.3 An Analysis of the October 1923 Purchases 433 6.3.1 Ethnohistorical Illustrations: Some Selected October Purchases 440 6.4 The Purchases to Weaken the Apitihana Movement 450 6.5 The Pattern of Duplicate Purchases 456 6.5.1 A Summary Overview of the Duplicate Purchases 461 6.6 The Oamaru lC Purchase and Shifting Jurisdictions 465 6.6.1 Bullocking Oamaru lC through 470 6.7 Why was the Purchasing Continued? 473 Part IV: The Struggles to Control Allocations of Land during the Scheme 7. The Struggle to Control Allocations in the Lower Basins 476 7.1 Indications of Confrontation 478 7.1.1 Troubles Arise for the Crown all around the Urewera 482 7.2 Negotiations in the Lower Whakatane - Waimana/Tauranga Basins 486 7.2.1 Reconstructing what Happened 490 7.2.2 Subsequent Reports 496 7.3 The Crown gets Two More Blocks 502 7.3.1 'Arriving at the Minimum Requirements of the Non-seller' 509 7.4 Summary 5lO 8. Reneging on the New Native Homeland 512 8.1 The Quiet Extension of Pre-emptions to Te Purenga, Te Waipotiki, and Te Wairiko 513 8.1.1 Tuhoe Priorities in the Negotiations 515 8.1.2 The Crown's Counter-tactics 517 8.1.3 The 'Impossibility' of Locating the Crown's Interests 520 Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004. 6 8.2 The Persistent Ambiguity of Piecemeal Deductions 526 8.2.1 The Crown's Opportunities to Clarify the Policy 527 8.2.2 Tuhoe Protests and Crown Responses 533 8.2.3 Implicit Acceptance of an Implicit Policy? 536 8.3 The Crown Retreats in Parekohe 538 8.3.1 Settling the Deals on Tauwhare and Ohiorangi 539 8.4 The Relinquishment ofTe Poroporo and Retreat in Te Tuahu 543 8.4.1 Negotiations for Te Poroporo 545 8.4.2 Plausible Trade-offs 550 8.4.4 Mana and the Power of the Crown 552 8.5 Summary 553 9. Confrontations with the Apitihana Movement 554 9.1 A Chronicle of the Confrontations, 1918 - 1925 555 9.2 The Commission Refuses to Supply 'Lists of Sellers' 570 9.2.1 Te Utu a Nga Kupapa (the Revenge of the Loyalists) 570 9.3 Tactical Implications of Knowing who the Sellers were 579 9.3.1 The Logic of the Tuhoe Demand 584 9.4 Gains and Losses for the Apitihana Movement 587 9.4.1 The Commissioners' Allocation of the Apitihana Block 587 9.4.2 Some Real Pay-offs to the Kupapa 592 9.5 Summary 594 10. A Quiet Windfall for the Crown? 596 10.1 Finding the Windfall 596 10.2 A Routine Correction ofInaccurate Surveys? 602 10.3 Figuring the Crown's Award the Other Way 604 11. Conclusions and Summary 607 11.1 The Course of this Enquiry and a List of Wrongs 609 11.2 The Urewera Consolidation Scheme 614 11.3 A Silenced History 620 11.4 The Struggles over Allocations 624 -----~-. ----- ---- -- ---- ------:-:-:-:-:::-_--=-.:-: ---- - Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004. 7 Appendix A: Spreadsheets 633 Spreadsheet 1: The Tamaikoha Hapuu Lineage 633 Spreadsheet 2: The Tuhoe Representatives at Tauarau 638 Spreadsheet 3: Continuing Purchases during the Urewera Consolidation Scheme 646 Spreadsheet 4: Negotiations in the Lower Whakatane-Tauranga/Waimana Basins 656 Appendix B: Supporting Papers 661 Papers 1: Tamaikoha Hapuu Lineage (from AJHR 1903 order for Tauwhare-Manuka block) 661 Papers 2: Final Report (31 October 1921): 'Urewera Lands Consolidation Scheme (report on proposed)' AJHR G-7 1921 664 Papers 3: Sample Pages of Group Books A - G 687 Papers 4: Bowler's Reports of Continuing Purchases, 15 August 1921, 12 September 1921 and 3 October 1921 703 Papers 5: Knight's 7 July 1922 Defense and Schedule of continuing Purchases 707 Bibliography 711 Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004. 8 Figures Figure 1: Urewera District Native Reserve Blocks and Hapuu Rights recognised, October 1902 46 Figure 2: Tamaikoha Hapuu Lineage, 1903 84 Figure 3: Continuity of Block Rights (an abstraction from Spreadsheet 2) 162 Figure 4: Some Tuhoe certified as 21 or over, 1915 -1920 207 Figure 5: Continuity of Block Rights (an abstraction from Spreadsheet 2) 243 Figure 6: Representation of Happu by Scheme Representatives 245 Figure 7: Records of Knight's 1 August 1921 Proposals to the Tuhoe 251 Figure 8: Pupuri Whenua: Group Leaders sorted by Total Land 281 Figure 9: Urewera Consolidation Groupbooks 322 Figure 10: Hypothetical Block of Purchased Land Compared to Old 375 Figure 11: Phases of Continuing Purchases under the Urewera Consolidation Scheme 377 Figure 12: Commission Purchases in October 1923 436 Figure 13: Core Sibling Groups in Consolidation Group 42 450 Figure 14: Status of Negotiations in Lower Whakatane and TaurangalWaimana Basins, 27 August 1921 (Balneavis Report) 495 Figure 15: A Reconstruction of Negotiations over Tauwhare and Ohiorangi Blocks, August - October 1921 503 .::_-:.::-----.:; Steven Webster, 'The Urewera Consolidation Scheme: Confrontations between Tuhoe and the Crown, May 2004.