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Landscape Design Strategies for Urban Stormwater Management in Northern China

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Landscape Design Strategies for Urban Stormwater Management in Northern China Landscape Design Strategies for Urban Stormwater Management in northern China An analysis and comparative study of six Chinese stormwater management projects Li Xin Institut für Freiraumentwicklung Leibniz Universität Hannover Landscape Design Strategies for Urban Stormwater Management in northern China An analysis and comparative study of six Chinese stormwater management projects Von der Fakultät für Architektur und Landschaft der Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover zur Erlangung des Grades DOKTOR DER INGENIEURWISSENSCHAFTEN Dr. –Ing. genehmigte Dissertation von von M. Sc. Li Xin geboren am 14.11.1982 P.R. China Hannover, Germany [2016] Supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Prominski Institut für Freiraumentwicklung Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany Second Supervisor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bettina Oppermann Institut für Freiraumentwicklung Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany Date of final exam: 21.06.2016 Sponsorship: Li Xin held the scholarship offered by China Scholarship Council Eidesstattliche Erklärung Vor- und Zuname: Geburtsdatum: Geburtsort: Hiermit erkläre ich an Eides statt, - dass ich die vorgelegte Dissertation selbständig und ohne unzulässige fremde Hilfe angefertigt und verfasst habe, dass alle Hilfsmittel und sonstigen Hilfen an- gegeben und dass alle Stellen, die ich wörtlich oder dem Sinne nach aus anderen Veröffentlichungen entnommen habe, kenntlich gemacht worden sind; - dass die Dissertation in der vorgelegten oder einer ähnlichen Fassung noch nicht zu einem früheren Zeitpunkt an der Ruhr-Universität Bochum oder einer anderen in- oder ausländischen Hochschule als Dissertation eingereicht worden ist. [Unterschrift] ORT, DATUM To People who I love and love me Acknowledgement Acknowledgement: Firstly, I would like to appreciate my supervisor Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Prominski. He gave me a chance to let me have an opportunity to see how the world is amazing. In each meeting I can feel his respect, consideration, understanding and support, and also I perceive his tolerance and wisdom. His explanation and guidance is the key to overcome the uncountable challenges in my studying period. Secondly, I also want to thank my second supervisor Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bettina Opperman. Her suggestions can often hit my points of my research, and at the same time show me how beautiful the research is. In talking with her about my research I often am stimulated to an in-depth thinking and strong motivation. I am particularly grateful to my colleges, including Dipl.-Ing. Verena Butt, Corinna Haberkorn, Dipl.-Ing. Anna Schwinge, Dipl.-Ing. Christiane Kania , M.sc. Vilja Larjosto, Dipl. Ing. Susanne Zeller, and others. They provide me many specific supports and assistances which I will never forget. Their help and kinds make me to adapt very well in Hannover and deal with many tough times. Here, I also would like to thank my friends, Dr. Catherine Atkinson and Dr. Joy E. Reid. They give me a key to open a specific door, through which I am watching a beautiful and amazing English- writing world. They investigate many time and patience to improve my writing skills. I will keep their help in my mind in my life and never forget their expectation. I also want to appreciate Prof. Dr.-Ing. Wang Xiangrong and Prof. Lin Jing. Their passion and thinking for landscape design deeply influences on my understanding on this field. I am very honoured and lucky to study from them in the one of the top design teams in China. The experience cultivates me a strong motivation and determination to continue to pursuer my dream when I study in Germany. Finally, thank to 1.3 billion Chinese people because of their contribution to my scholarship and also appreciate China Scholarship Council for their organization and truth. Abstract Abstract: On account of the unpredictable climatic characteristics and ecological hazards in northern China, the need for green stormwater management systems is being seen as more urgent. However, due to rapid urbanization, the perception of landscape in the context of stormwater management has been underestimated, leading to low quality of stormwater management system, open spaces and public indifference to rainwater issues. Based on a review of the theoretical background and investigation results, the six cases examined here of different features of stormwater management in northern China were collected as research objects and assessed in terms of three aspects, namely stormwater management system, open space quality and landscape perception. Two main research methods were employed in this study: project descriptions and questionnaires designed specifically for this research. Stormwater management function can significantly influence open space quality, and it can also combine with open space quality to contribute to a higher degree of landscape perception. Based on the conclusions verified in this research, a new standard of high-quality stormwater management is proposed, combining coherent structure and legible context. Coherent structure implies that the logical order of design components (e.g. water bodies, streets, and squares) and their rhythmic dimensions allow viewers to understand the stormwater management functions. Legible context means that a viewer recognises the hierarchical relationship of these components, based on the overall coherent structure, and appreciates the rich, detailed and distinctive landscape features, such as colours, materials and textures. In particular, as far as stormwater management system is concerned, the components, including the water body, of stormwater management systems, should be connected to each other coherently and integrated into the whole functional process. The legible context of open space quality has a corresponding relationship with the coherent structure of stormwater management system, and is required to highlight functional focus and interweave visible components in order to accentuate the landscape features of stormwater management system. This combination of stormwater management system and open space quality is able to benefit landscape perception in two ways, namely understanding the whole functional system, and increasing the attractiveness of landscape detail. There are two strategies proposed: 1) a new evaluated system of stormwater management established by analysing expert and public opinion on the three aspects, stormwater management system, open space quality and landscape perception; 2) a series of specific design recommendations to raise the coherence and legibility of stormwater management systems and to integrate them in the context of urban stormwater management. Most importantly, due to the huge potential of stormwater management in China this research can benefit the scenario of “Sponge Cities” and contribute to its success in the future. Key Words: Stormwater management system, Open space Quality, Landscape Perception, Stormwater Water Management, Sponge Cities Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung: In Anbetracht der unvorhersehbaren klimatischen Eigenschaften und ökologischen Gefahren in Nordchina wird die Notwendigkeit “grüner” Regenwassermanagementsysteme als zunehmend wichtig angesehen. Dennoch ist die Wahrnehmung der Landschaft hinsichtlich des Regenwassermanagements im Zuge der rasanten Urbanisierungsprozesse unterschätzt worden. Dies hat zu gestörten Gewässerhaushalten, geringer Qualität öffentlicher Räume und einem Desinteresse der Öffentlichkeit an dem Thema Regenwasser geführt. Aufbauend auf theoretischen Grundlagen und Forschungsergebnissen werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit sechs Fallstudien untersucht, die unterschiedliche Herangehensweisen an das Regenwassermanagement in Nordchina zeigen. Die Untersuchungsobjekte wurden hinsichtlich dreier Aspekte zusammengestellt, nämlich Gewässerhaushalt, Qualität des öffentlichen Freiraums und Landschaftswahrnehmung. Zwei Hauptmethoden wurden für diese Studie herangezogen: Projektbeschreibungen und eigens für diese Untersuchung erstellte Fragebögen. Der Gewässerhaushalt kann, mit Bezug auf seine Funktion des Regenwassermanagements, die Qualität des öffentlichen Raumes signifikant beeinflussen. Kombiniert mit hochwertigen öffentlichen Freiräumen kann er zu einer verbesserten Wahrnehmung der Landschaft beitragen. Auf Grundlage der in dieser Arbeit belegten Rückschlüsse wird ein neuer Standard für ein qualitativ hochwertiges Regenwassermanagement vorgeschlagen, das eine kohärente Struktur mit einem lesbaren Kontext verbindet. Eine kohärente Struktur bedeutet, dass die logische Anordnung der Gestaltungskomponenten (z.B. Gewässer, Straßen und Plätze) und ihre rhythmischen Dimensionen es den Betrachtenden ermöglichen, die Regenwassermanagementfunktionen zu verstehen. Ein lesbarer Zusammenhang bedeutet, dass die Betrachtenden die hierarchische Beziehung dieser Komponenten erkennen, und auf Grundlage der umfassenden kohärenten Struktur, die vielfältigen, detaillierten und spezifischen Eigenschaften der Landschaft genießen, so wie z.B. die Farben, Materialien und Oberflächen. Sofern der Gewässerhaushalte betroffen ist, sollten insbesondere die Komponenten der Regenwassermanagement-Systeme, einschließlich dem Gewässer, kohärent miteinander verbunden sein und in den gesamten Funktionsprozess integriert sein. Der lesbare Zusammenhang des öffentlichen Raumes steht im engen Verhältnis zu der kohärenten Struktur des Gewässerhaushalts und ist notwendig um die funktionalen Aspekte zu betonen und sichtbare Komponenten zu verweben, um die Funktion der Landschaft als Regenwassermanagementsystem zu betonen. Diese Verbindung
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