DOCSLIB.ORG

Rise and Fall of the Grand Canal in the Ancient Kaifeng City of China: Role of the Grand Canal and Water Supply in Urban and Regional Development

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rise and Fall of the Grand Canal in the Ancient Kaifeng City of China: Role of the Grand Canal and Water Supply in Urban and Regional Development water Article Rise and Fall of the Grand Canal in the Ancient Kaifeng City of China: Role of the Grand Canal and Water Supply in Urban and Regional Development Wenji Huang 1, Mingwang Xi 2, Shibao Lu 1,3,* and Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary 4,* 1 School of Political Science and Public Administration, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang 641112, China; [email protected] 2 Department of The Commission for Discipline Inspection, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China; [email protected] 3 College of Public Administration, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310018, China 4 Social Science Research Institute, Tokai University, Hiratsuka-shi 259-1292, Kanagawa-ken, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (F.T.-H.) Abstract: In the long history of the feudal society of China, Kaifeng played a vital role. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng became a worldwide metropolis. The important reason was that the Grand Canal, which was excavated during the Sui Dynasty, became the main transportation artery for the political and military center of the north and the economic center of the south. Furthermore, Kaifeng was located at the center of the Grand Canal, which made it the capital of the later Northern Song Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty was called “the canal-centered era.” The development of Citation: Huang, W.; Xi, M.; Lu, S.; the canal caused a series of major changes in the society of the Northern Song Dynasty that were Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. Rise and Fall of different from the previous ones, which directly led to the transportation revolution, and in turn, the Grand Canal in the Ancient promoted the commercial revolution and the urbanization of Kaifeng. The development of commerce Kaifeng City of China: Role of contributed to the agricultural and money revolutions. After the Northern Song Dynasty, the political the Grand Canal and Water Supply center moved to the south. During the Yuan Dynasty, the excavation of the Grand Canal made it so in Urban and Regional Development. that water transport did not have to pass through the Central Plains. The relocation of the political Water 2021, 13, 1932. https:// center and the change in the canal route made Kaifeng lose the value of connecting the north and doi.org/10.3390/w13141932 south, resulting in the long-time fall of the Bianhe River. Kaifeng, which had prospered for more than 100 years, declined gradually, and by the end of the Qing Dynasty, it became a common town Academic Editors: in the Central Plains. In ancient China, the rise and fall of cities and regions were closely related to Vasileios Tzanakakis, Giovanni De Feo and Andreas N. Angelakis the canal, and the relationship between Kaifeng and the Grand Canal was typical. The history may provide some inspiration for the increasingly severe urban and regional sustainable development Received: 13 June 2021 issues in contemporary times. Accepted: 2 July 2021 Published: 13 July 2021 Keywords: Grand Canal; Kaifeng; water supply; sustainable development; city and regional devel- opment Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction The evolution of the regional ecological environment is closely related to human civilization. China, India, Egypt, and Babylon (now Iraq) originated from the Yellow River, Ganges River, Nile River, and the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, respectively. Further- Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. more, human civilization declined with the exhaustion of rivers; for example, the decline of Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. ancient Egyptian civilization was closely related to the decline of the Nile River, and the cut- This article is an open access article ting off of the Kongque River caused the extinction of the Loulan ancient country in China. distributed under the terms and If natural rivers are the cradle of human civilization, canals (or artificial waterways) conditions of the Creative Commons are the masterpieces of human civilization. Irrigation in Egypt started between 3218 BC Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// and 3035 BC. Early Egyptians relied on river water for natural irrigation. However, due creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ to the arid climate in most of Egypt and the growing population, natural irrigation from 4.0/). Water 2021, 13, 1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13141932 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/water Water 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 22 Water 2021, 13, 1932 2 of 21 and 3035 BC. Early Egyptians relied on river water for natural irrigation. However, due to the arid climate in most of Egypt and the growing population, natural irrigation from riverriver waterwater alonealone waswas hardhard toto continue.continue. AncientAncient EgyptiansEgyptians exploredexplored thethe useuse ofof thethe NileNile RiverRiver forfor artificialartificial irrigationirrigation stepstep byby step,step, includingincluding partialpartial basinbasin irrigationirrigation andand irrigationirrigation networknetwork systems, to to manage manage irrigation irrigation water water [1,2]. [1,2 The]. The Egyptian Egyptian canal canal culture culture began began dur- duringing the thereign reign of King of King Scorpion Scorpion (approximately (approximately 2725–2671 2725–2671 BC) BC) [3]. [ 3]. TheThe southernsouthern region region of of Mesopotamia, Mesopotamia, which which is southernis southern Iraq Iraq now, no hadw, had a close a close relation- rela- shiptionship with with the history the history of water of water systems systems (2475–2315 (2475–2315 BC), which BC), includedwhich included artificial artificial waterways, wa- irrigationterways, irrigation projects, swamps, projects, and swamps, dams and (Wilkinson; dams (Wilkinson; 2013) [4,5], 2013) as shown [4,5], in as Figure shown1. in During Figure Sargon’s1. During reign Sargon’s (2350–2150 reign (2350–2150 BC), the Sumerians BC), the Sumerians and Akkadians and Akkadians built a complex built a networkcomplex ofnetwork canals. of In canals. order toIn protectorder to themselves protect themselves from the from periodic the floodsperiodic of floods the Tigris of the and Tigris Eu- phrates,and Euphrates, the Sumerians the Sumerians continued continued to dredge to thedredge silt causedthe silt bycaused the two by the rivers two every rivers year every to maintainyear to maintain the canal the [6 ].canal [6]. FigureFigure 1.1. MapMap ofof southernsouthern Iraq,Iraq, showingshowing ancientancient sitessites andand channels,channels, alongalong withwith majormajor ancient ancient cities. cit- Allies.information All information are taken are taken from from [4]. [4]. LikeLike manymany otherother placesplaces inin thethe world,world, IndianIndian civilizationcivilization flourishedflourished aroundaround riversrivers andand deltas.deltas. TheThe riverriver isis stillstill anan eternaleternal symbolsymbol ofof nationalnational culture.culture. ShawShaw etet al.al. (2007)(2007) believedbelieved thatthat thethe developmentdevelopment ofof advancedadvanced irrigationirrigation systemssystems inin ancientancient IndiaIndia ledled toto complexcomplex citycity societiessocieties andand centers.centers. TheThe IndusIndus ValleyValley CivilizationCivilization ComplexComplex (3000–1500(3000–1500 BC)BC) waswas veryvery prominentprominent inin waterwater conservancyconservancy projectsprojects [7[7],], asas shownshown in in Figure Figure2 .2. In the Western Hemisphere, a kind of indigenous civilization, the Norte Chico civi- lization, flourished from 3000 BC to 1800 BC. This civilization was mainly composed of four valleys, namely, the Supe, Pativilka, Fortaleza, and Huaura Rivers, in the coastal areas of central and northern Peru; all these valleys share a common coastal plain known as Multipotamia. As early as 3000 BC, there were already very advanced urban centers in Multipotamia. Therefore, Sumeria may have been the only place with a similar degree of urban complexity to that of the city of Multipotamia [8]. From the above cases, we can conclude that cities are the center of human’s social, eco- nomic, and cultural activities and revolutions, and maintaining the healthy and sustainable development and prosperity of cities is an important guarantee for the social and economic sustainable development of a country or region. Water resources play an important role in the rise and fall of cities and regions in the world: developed transportation and perfect water conservancy can promote the development and prosperity of a city and a region; in contrast, the loss of transportation hub status and the destruction of water conservancy facilities often lead to the decline of cities and regions. Water 2021, 13, 1932 3 of 21 Water 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 22 FigureFigure 2.2. TheThe geographical geographical extent extent of of the the Indus Indus valley valley civilization civilization (source: (source: https://commons.wiki- https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Indus_Valley_Civilization,_Mature_Phase_(2600-1900_BCE).pngmedia.org/wiki/File:Indus_Valley_Civilization,_Mature_Phase_(2600-1900_BCE).png; accessed; accessed on on7 July 7 July 2021). 2021). ChinaIn the Western is a large Hemisphere, country, and a there kind have of indige beennous many civilization, river systems the inNorte the middleChico civili- and easternzation, partsflourished of China from since 3000 time BC immemorial. to 1800 BC. This The civilization Grand Canal was of Chinamainly was composed dug as early of four as 486valleys, BC. Before
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Imagining a Universal Empire: a Study of the Illustrations of the Tributary States of the Myriad Regions Attributed to Li Gonglin
    Journal of chinese humanities 5 (2019) 124-148 brill.com/joch Imagining a Universal Empire: a Study of the Illustrations of the Tributary States of the Myriad Regions Attributed to Li Gonglin Ge Zhaoguang 葛兆光 Professor of History, Fudan University, China [email protected] Abstract This article is not concerned with the history of aesthetics but, rather, is an exercise in intellectual history. “Illustrations of Tributary States” [Zhigong tu 職貢圖] as a type of art reveals a Chinese tradition of artistic representations of foreign emissaries paying tribute at the imperial court. This tradition is usually seen as going back to the “Illustrations of Tributary States,” painted by Emperor Yuan in the Liang dynasty 梁元帝 [r. 552-554] in the first half of the sixth century. This series of paintings not only had a lasting influence on aesthetic history but also gave rise to a highly distinctive intellectual tradition in the development of Chinese thought: images of foreign emis- saries were used to convey the Celestial Empire’s sense of pride and self-confidence, with representations of strange customs from foreign countries serving as a foil for the image of China as a radiant universal empire at the center of the world. The tra- dition of “Illustrations of Tributary States” was still very much alive during the time of the Song dynasty [960-1279], when China had to compete with equally powerful neighboring states, the empire’s territory had been significantly diminished, and the Chinese population had become ethnically more homogeneous. In this article, the “Illustrations of the Tributary States of the Myriad Regions” [Wanfang zhigong tu 萬方職貢圖] attributed to Li Gonglin 李公麟 [ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Table S1 the Detailed Information of Garlic Samples Table S2 Sensory
    Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for RSC Advances. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019 Table S1 The detailed information of garlic samples NO. Code Origin Cultivar 1 SD1 Lv County, Rizhao City, Shandong Rizhaohong 2 SD2 Jinxiang County, Jining City, Shandong Jinxiang 3 SD3 Chengwu County, Heze City, Shandong Chengwu 4 SD4 Lanshan County, Linyi City, Shandong Ershuizao 5 SD5 Anqiu City, Weifang City, Shandong Anqiu 6 SD6 Lanling County, Linyi City, Shandong Cangshan 7 SD7 Laicheng County, Laiwu City, Shandong Laiwu 8 JS1 Feng County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Taikongerhao 9 JS2 Pei County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Sanyuehuang 10 JS3 Tongshan County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Lunong 11 JS4 Jiawang County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Taikongzao 12 JS5 Xinyi County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Yandu 13 JS6 Pizhou County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Pizhou 14 JS7 Quanshan County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu erjizao 15 HN1 Zhongmou County, Zhengzhou City, Sumu 16 HN2 Huiji County, ZhengzhouHenan City, Henan Caijiapo 17 HN3 Lankao County, Kaifeng City, Henan Songcheng 18 HN4 Tongxu County, Kaifeng City, Henan Tongxu 19 HN5 Weishi County, Kaifeng City, Henan Liubanhong 20 HN6 Qi County, Kaifeng City, Henan Qixian 21 HN7 Minquan County, Shangqiu City, Henan Minquan 22 YN1 Guandu County, Kunming City, Yunnan Siliuban 23 YN2 Mengzi County, Honghe City, Yunnan Hongqixing 24 YN3 Chenggong County, Kunming City, Chenggong 25 YN4 Luliang County,Yunnan Qujing City, Yunnan Luliang 26 YN5 Midu County, Dali City, Yunnan Midu 27 YN6 Eryuan County, Dali City, Yunnan Dali 28
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 341 5th International Conference on Arts, Design and Contemporary Education (ICADCE 2019) Exploring the Influence of Western Modern Composition on Image Oil Painting After "The Fine of 1985" Shisheng Lyu Haiying Liu College of Art and Design College of Art and Design Wuhan Textile University Wuhan Textile University Wuhan, China 430073 Wuhan, China 430073 Abstract—This paper starts with the modern composition in modern composition. They have various painting genres of the West. Through the development of Chinese imagery oil and expressions, enriching the art form of oil painting. painting in China and its influence on Chinese art, this paper explores the influence and development of the post-modern Since the 1980s, with the gradual acceleration of reform composition on China's image oil painting after "The Fine of and opening up, Chinese art has withstood the invasion of 1985". Firstly, it analyzes the historical and cultural foreign cultures and experienced the innovation of cultural background and characteristics of Western modern and artistic thoughts. Image oil paintings have turned their composition. Secondly, it focuses on the development of attention to the exploration of the sense of form of art modern composition in China, and elaborates on the artistic ontology and have made valuable explorations in painting expressions of Chinese image oil painters influenced by form and language of expression, which is largely influenced modern composition. Finally, it considers the main reason why by the form and language of Western modern composition. Chinese image oil painting is influenced by modern Some contemporary oil painters have deeply studied the composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Cataloguing Chinese Art in the Middle and Late Imperial Eras
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations Spring 2010 Tradition and Transformation: Cataloguing Chinese Art in the Middle and Late Imperial Eras YEN-WEN CHENG University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Asian Art and Architecture Commons, Asian History Commons, and the Cultural History Commons Recommended Citation CHENG, YEN-WEN, "Tradition and Transformation: Cataloguing Chinese Art in the Middle and Late Imperial Eras" (2010). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 98. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/98 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/98 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tradition and Transformation: Cataloguing Chinese Art in the Middle and Late Imperial Eras Abstract After obtaining sovereignty, a new emperor of China often gathers the imperial collections of previous dynasties and uses them as evidence of the legitimacy of the new regime. Some emperors go further, commissioning the compilation projects of bibliographies of books and catalogues of artistic works in their imperial collections not only as inventories but also for proclaiming their imperial power. The imperial collections of art symbolize political and cultural predominance, present contemporary attitudes toward art and connoisseurship, and reflect emperors’ personal taste for art. The attempt of this research project is to explore the practice of art cataloguing during two of the most important reign periods in imperial China: Emperor Huizong of the Northern Song Dynasty (r. 1101-1125) and Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (r. 1736-1795). Through examining the format and content of the selected painting, calligraphy, and bronze catalogues compiled by both emperors, features of each catalogue reveal the development of cataloguing imperial artistic collections.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1: Rank of China's 338 Prefecture-Level Cities
    Appendix 1: Rank of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities © The Author(s) 2018 149 Y. Zheng, K. Deng, State Failure and Distorted Urbanisation in Post-Mao’s China, 1993–2012, Palgrave Studies in Economic History, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92168-6 150 First-tier cities (4) Beijing Shanghai Guangzhou Shenzhen First-tier cities-to-be (15) Chengdu Hangzhou Wuhan Nanjing Chongqing Tianjin Suzhou苏州 Appendix Rank 1: of China’s 338 Prefecture-Level Cities Xi’an Changsha Shenyang Qingdao Zhengzhou Dalian Dongguan Ningbo Second-tier cities (30) Xiamen Fuzhou福州 Wuxi Hefei Kunming Harbin Jinan Foshan Changchun Wenzhou Shijiazhuang Nanning Changzhou Quanzhou Nanchang Guiyang Taiyuan Jinhua Zhuhai Huizhou Xuzhou Yantai Jiaxing Nantong Urumqi Shaoxing Zhongshan Taizhou Lanzhou Haikou Third-tier cities (70) Weifang Baoding Zhenjiang Yangzhou Guilin Tangshan Sanya Huhehot Langfang Luoyang Weihai Yangcheng Linyi Jiangmen Taizhou Zhangzhou Handan Jining Wuhu Zibo Yinchuan Liuzhou Mianyang Zhanjiang Anshan Huzhou Shantou Nanping Ganzhou Daqing Yichang Baotou Xianyang Qinhuangdao Lianyungang Zhuzhou Putian Jilin Huai’an Zhaoqing Ningde Hengyang Dandong Lijiang Jieyang Sanming Zhoushan Xiaogan Qiqihar Jiujiang Longyan Cangzhou Fushun Xiangyang Shangrao Yingkou Bengbu Lishui Yueyang Qingyuan Jingzhou Taian Quzhou Panjin Dongying Nanyang Ma’anshan Nanchong Xining Yanbian prefecture Fourth-tier cities (90) Leshan Xiangtan Zunyi Suqian Xinxiang Xinyang Chuzhou Jinzhou Chaozhou Huanggang Kaifeng Deyang Dezhou Meizhou Ordos Xingtai Maoming Jingdezhen Shaoguan
    [Show full text]
  • World's Major Rivers
    WWWWWWoorrlldd’’ss mmaajjoorr rriivveerrss AAnn IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn ttoo iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall wwwwwwaatteerr llaawwwwww wwwwwwiitthh ccaassee ssttuuddiieess THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK WWWWWWoorrlldd’’ss mmaajjoorr rriivveerrss An introduction to international water law with case studies Colorado River Commission of Nevada 555 E. Washington Avenue, Suite 3100 Las Vegas, Nevada 89101 Phone: (702) 486-2670 Website: http://crc.nv.gov November 2008 Jacob (Jay) D. Bingham, Chairman Ace I. Robinson, Vice Chairman Andrea Anderson, Commissioner Marybel Batjer, Commissioner Chip Maxfield, Commissioner George F. Ogilvie III, Commissioner Lois Tarkanian, Commissioner George M. Caan, Executive Director Primary Author: Daniel Seligman, Attorney at Law Columbia Research Corp. P.O. Box 99249 Seattle, Washington 98139 (206) 285-1185 Project Editors: McClain Peterson, Project Manager Manager, Natural Resource Division Colorado River Commission of Nevada Sara Price Special Counsel-Consultant Colorado River Commission of Nevada Esther Valle Natural Resource Analyst Colorado River Commission of Nevada Nicole Everett Natural Resource Analyst Colorado River Commission of Nevada THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK World’s Major Rivers ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Daniel Seligman at the Columbia Research Corp. wishes to thank Jacqueline Pruner, attorney at law in Seattle, for her contribution to the section on water law in Canada and her valuable editing assistance throughout the entire document. The staff at the Murray-Darling Basin Commission and Goulburn-Murray Water in Australia provided important information about the Murray-Darling River system, patiently answered the author’s questions, and reviewed the draft text on water trading. Staff at the International Joint Commission in Washington, D.C., and the Prairie Provinces Water Board in Regina, Canada, also offered helpful comments on an earlier draft.
    [Show full text]
  • EDUCATION in CHINA a Snapshot This Work Is Published Under the Responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD
    EDUCATION IN CHINA A Snapshot This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Photo credits: Cover: © EQRoy / Shutterstock.com; © iStock.com/iPandastudio; © astudio / Shutterstock.com Inside: © iStock.com/iPandastudio; © li jianbing / Shutterstock.com; © tangxn / Shutterstock.com; © chuyuss / Shutterstock.com; © astudio / Shutterstock.com; © Frame China / Shutterstock.com © OECD 2016 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgement of OECD as source and copyright owner is given. All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at [email protected] or the Centre français d’exploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at [email protected]. Education in China A SNAPSHOT Foreword In 2015, three economies in China participated in the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment, or PISA, for the first time: Beijing, a municipality, Jiangsu, a province on the eastern coast of the country, and Guangdong, a southern coastal province.
    [Show full text]
  • I. Guides to the State of the Field Song Research Tools
    I. Guides to the State of the Field Page 1 of 125 Song Research Tools home | about | faq I. Guides to the State of the Field The late Etienne Balazs began formulating plans for an international, collaborative study of the Sung period as early as 1949 and formally initiated the "Sung Project" in 1954. The Project was responsible for some of the most valuable reference tools in this guide. Its history is related in: Ref (W) DS751.S86 1978x Yves Hervouet, "Introduction," (W) DS751.S86 1978x A Sung Bibliography Loc: Z3102 .S77 Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1978, pp. vii-xiv. I.A. SOCIETIES, NEWSLETTERS, AND JOURNALS Societies Japan: Sōdaishi kenkyūkai 宋代史研究会 (Society for Song Studies): http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/songdai/songdaishi-yanjiuhui.htm This site contains announcements for and reports on the annual meetings of the society, links to related sites, a bibliography of Japanese scholarship on Song studies (1982-2002) and a directory of Japanese scholars working in the field. Sōdaishi danwakai 宋代史談話會 (Society for the Study of Song History in Japan) http://www2u.biglobe.ne.jp/~songsong/songdai/danwakai.html Established in 1997 as a forum and reading group for young scholars of Song history active in Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe region. Includes meeting information, list of readings, and an announcement board. Sōdai shibun kenkyūkai 宋代詩文研究會 (Society for the Study of Song Literature) http://www9.big.or.jp/~co-ume/song/ http://www9.big.or.jp/~co-ume/song/danwakai.htm Includes announcements and a mailing list. Registration is required to get access to the full site.
    [Show full text]
  • Silk Road Fashion, China. the City and a Gate, the Pass and a Road – Four Components That Make Luoyang the Capital of the Silk Roads Between 1St and 7Th Century AD
    https://publications.dainst.org iDAI.publications ELEKTRONISCHE PUBLIKATIONEN DES DEUTSCHEN ARCHÄOLOGISCHEN INSTITUTS Dies ist ein digitaler Sonderdruck des Beitrags / This is a digital offprint of the article Patrick Wertmann Silk Road Fashion, China. The City and a Gate, the Pass and a Road – Four components that make Luoyang the capital of the Silk Roads between 1st and 7th century AD. The year 2018 aus / from e-Forschungsberichte Ausgabe / Issue Seite / Page 19–37 https://publications.dainst.org/journals/efb/2178/6591 • urn:nbn:de:0048-dai-edai-f.2019-0-2178 Verantwortliche Redaktion / Publishing editor Redaktion e-Jahresberichte und e-Forschungsberichte | Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Weitere Informationen unter / For further information see https://publications.dainst.org/journals/efb ISSN der Online-Ausgabe / ISSN of the online edition ISSN der gedruckten Ausgabe / ISSN of the printed edition Redaktion und Satz / Annika Busching ([email protected]) Gestalterisches Konzept: Hawemann & Mosch Länderkarten: © 2017 www.mapbox.com ©2019 Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Zentrale, Podbielskiallee 69–71, 14195 Berlin, Tel: +49 30 187711-0 Email: [email protected] / Web: dainst.org Nutzungsbedingungen: Die e-Forschungsberichte 2019-0 des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts stehen unter der Creative-Commons-Lizenz Namensnennung – Nicht kommerziell – Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 International. Um eine Kopie dieser Lizenz zu sehen, besuchen Sie bitte http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
    [Show full text]
  • Official Colours of Chinese Regimes: a Panchronic Philological Study with Historical Accounts of China
    TRAMES, 2012, 16(66/61), 3, 237–285 OFFICIAL COLOURS OF CHINESE REGIMES: A PANCHRONIC PHILOLOGICAL STUDY WITH HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF CHINA Jingyi Gao Institute of the Estonian Language, University of Tartu, and Tallinn University Abstract. The paper reports a panchronic philological study on the official colours of Chinese regimes. The historical accounts of the Chinese regimes are introduced. The official colours are summarised with philological references of archaic texts. Remarkably, it has been suggested that the official colours of the most ancient regimes should be the three primitive colours: (1) white-yellow, (2) black-grue yellow, and (3) red-yellow, instead of the simple colours. There were inconsistent historical records on the official colours of the most ancient regimes because the composite colour categories had been split. It has solved the historical problem with the linguistic theory of composite colour categories. Besides, it is concluded how the official colours were determined: At first, the official colour might be naturally determined according to the substance of the ruling population. There might be three groups of people in the Far East. (1) The developed hunter gatherers with livestock preferred the white-yellow colour of milk. (2) The farmers preferred the red-yellow colour of sun and fire. (3) The herders preferred the black-grue-yellow colour of water bodies. Later, after the Han-Chinese consolidation, the official colour could be politically determined according to the main property of the five elements in Sino-metaphysics. The red colour has been predominate in China for many reasons. Keywords: colour symbolism, official colours, national colours, five elements, philology, Chinese history, Chinese language, etymology, basic colour terms DOI: 10.3176/tr.2012.3.03 1.
    [Show full text]
  • GCL New Energy Holdings Limited 協鑫新能源控股有限公司
    Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited and The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited take no responsibility for the contents of this announcement, make no representation as to its accuracy or completeness and expressly disclaim any liability whatsoever for any loss howsoever arising from or in reliance upon the whole or any part of the contents of this announcement. GCL New Energy Holdings Limited 協 鑫 新 能 源 控 股 有 限 公 司 (Incorporated in Bermuda with limited liability) (Stock code: 451) DISCLOSEABLE TRANSACTION WITH CHINA MACHINERY INTERNATIONAL ENGINEERING DESIGN & RESEARCH INSTITUTE CO., LTD. THE DISCLOSEABLE TRANSACTION On 18 September 2015, Kaifeng Huaxin (an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of the Company) as principal entered into the following two EPC agreements with China Machinery (an independent third party of the Company) as contractor: (i) the EPC agreement in relation to the 100MW agricultural photovoltaic power station project at Yuwangtai District in Kaifeng City of Henan Province, the PRC (the ‘‘100MW Yuwangtai Project’’) at an estimated consideration of RMB666,800,000 (equivalent to approximately HK$811,695,640) (the ‘‘100MW Yuwangtai EPC Agreement’’); and (ii) the EPC agreement in relation to the 20MW agricultural photovoltaic power station project at Yuwangtai District in Kaifeng City of Henan Province, the PRC (the ‘‘20MW Yuwangtai Project’’) at an estimated consideration of RMB133,360,000 (equivalent to approximately HK$162,339,128) (the ‘‘20MW Yuwangtai EPC Agreement’’), (collectively, the ‘‘EPC Agreements’’). The aggregate consideration under the EPC Agreements is estimated to be RMB800,160,000 (equivalent to approximately HK$974,034,768). LISTING RULE IMPLICATIONS As each of the EPC Agreements were entered into with China Machinery, the EPC Agreements will be aggregated pursuant to Rule 14.22 of the Listing Rules.
    [Show full text]
  • Dams on the Mekong
    Dams on the Mekong A literature review of the politics of water governance influencing the Mekong River Karl-Inge Olufsen Spring 2020 Master thesis in Human geography at the Department of Sociology and Human Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences UNIVERSITY OF OSLO Words: 28,896 08.07.2020 II Dams on the Mekong A literature review of the politics of water governance influencing the Mekong River III © Karl-Inge Olufsen 2020 Dams on the Mekong: A literature review of the politics of water governance influencing the Mekong River Karl-Inge Olufsen http://www.duo.uio.no/ IV Summary This thesis offers a literature review on the evolving human-nature relationship and effect of power struggles through political initiatives in the context of Chinese water governance domestically and on the Mekong River. The literature review covers theoretical debates on scale and socionature, combining them into one framework to understand the construction of the Chinese waterscape and how it influences international governance of the Mekong River. Purposive criterion sampling and complimentary triangulation helped me do rigorous research despite relying on secondary sources. Historical literature review and integrative literature review helped to build an analytical narrative where socionature and scale explained Chinese water governance domestically and on the Mekong River. Through combining the scale and socionature frameworks I was able to build a picture of the hybridization process creating the Chinese waterscape. Through the historical review, I showed how water has played an important part for creating political legitimacy and influencing, and being influenced, by state-led scalar projects. Because of this importance, throughout history the Chinese state has favored large state-led scalar projects for the governance of water.
    [Show full text]