DOCSLIB.ORG

Rights for Robots; Artificial Intelligence, Animal and Environmental

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

RIGHTS FOR ROBOTS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, ANIMAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAW Joshua C. Gellers Rights for Robots Bringing a unique perspective to the burgeoning ethical and legal issues surrounding the presence of artificial intelligence in our daily lives, the book uses theory and practice on animal rights and the rights of nature to assess the status of robots. Through extensive philosophical and legal analyses, the book explores how rights can be applied to nonhuman entities. This task is completed by developing a framework useful for determining the kinds of personhood for which a nonhuman entity might be eligible, and a critical environmental ethic that extends moral and legal consideration to nonhumans. The framework and ethic are then applied to two hypothetical situations involving real-world technology—animal-like robot companions and humanoid sex robots. Additionally, the book approaches the subject from multiple perspectives, providing a comparative study of legal cases on animal rights and the rights of nature from around the world and insights from structured interviews with leading experts in the field of robotics. Ending with a call to rethink the concept of rights in the Anthropocene, suggestions for further research are made. An essential read for scholars and students interested in robot, animal, and environmental law, as well as those interested in technology more generally, the book is a ground-breaking study of an increasingly relevant topic, as robots become ubiquitous in modern society. Joshua C. Gellers is an associate professor of Political Science at the University of North Florida, Research Fellow of the Earth System Governance Project, and Core Team Member of the Global Network for Human Rights and the Environment. His research focuses on the relationship between the environment, human rights, and technology. Josh has published work in Global Environmental Politics, International Environmental Agreements, and Journal of Environment and Development, among others. He is the author of The Global Emergence of Constitutional Environmental Rights (Routledge 2017). Rights for Robots Artificial Intelligence, Animal and Environmental Law Joshua C. Gellers First published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 Joshua C. Gellers The right of Joshua C. Gellers to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis .com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 9780367211745 (hbk) ISBN: 9780429288159 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India To Allie, my sunshine, and Lillie Faye, our sky. Contents List of figures viii List of tables ix Acknowledgments x List of abbreviations xi Introduction 1 1 Rights for robots: Making sense of the machine question 15 2 Getting to rights: Personhoods, statuses, and incidents 28 3 The rights of animals: In search of humanity 62 4 The rights of nature: Ethics, law, and the Anthropocene 104 5 Rights for robots in a posthuman ecology 140 Index 171 Figures 2.1 Conceptual map of properties/mechanisms, personhoods, statuses, and positions/incidents 49 5.1 Multi-spectral framework for determining personhoods 155 Tables 3.1 Comparison of animal rights cases 91 4.1 Comparison of rights of nature cases 129 Acknowledgments Many individuals assisted me in the completion of this book in ways big and small. I wish to recognize them here as a token of my gratitude. Thanks to my editor at Routledge, Colin Perrin, who saw promise in the project that later blossomed into this book. In the environmental domain, David Boyd, Erin Daly, Anna Grear, Craig Kauffman, David Vogel, and participants in the “Earth System Governance 4.0” panel at the 2019 Mexico Conference on Earth System Governance supplied key insights that helped me look at robots through an ecological lens. A num- ber of experts on artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics welcomed this outsider into conversations about philosophical and legal issues surrounding intelligent machines. They include Joanna Bryson, Mark Coeckelbergh, Kate Devlin, Daniel Estrada, David Gunkel, Paresh Kathrani, and Noel Sharkey. I am humbled by those roboticists and technologists who were willing to be interviewed for this project. These gracious interviewees include Kate Darling, Yoshikazu Kanamiya, Takayuki Kanda, Ryutaro Murayama, Atsuo Takanishi, Fumihide Tanaka, Yueh- Hsuan Weng, and Jinseok Woo. I could not have conducted field research in Japan without the financial support of a faculty development grant from my insti- tution, the University of North Florida (UNF). At UNF, I am grateful for Mandi Barringer, who let me talk about robots with her students, and Ayan Dutta, who took the time to discuss swarm robotics with me. Also, I am deeply appreciative of the work put in by Patrick Healy, who transcribed all of my interviews. Thanks to my mom, dad, and Aunt Diane, who encouraged my love of science and science fiction; my brother Brett and sister-in-law Jessica, who met my robotic musings with healthy skepticism; my late uncle Tuvia Ben-Shmuel Yosef (Don Gellers), whose advocacy for the Passamaquoddy Tribe in Maine has deservedly earned him posthumous justice and acclaim; my dog Shiva, who participated in several lay experiments that confirmed her possession of consciousness, intelligence, and intentionality; and my dear wife Allie, whose unyielding love for me might only be surpassed by the patience she has exhibited throughout this entire process. There’s no one else with whom I’d rather be self-quarantined. Abbreviations Association of Professional Lawyers for Animal Rights (AFADA) Artificial Intelligence (AI) Community Environmental Legal Defense Fund (CELDF) Center for Great Apes (CGA) Human–Robot Interaction (HRI) Information Ethics (IE) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Nonhuman Rights Project (NhRP) Rights of Nature (RoN) Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) Introduction Theodore: Cause you seem like a person, but you’re just a voice in a computer. Samantha: I can understand how the limited perspective of an un-artificial mind would perceive it that way. You’ll get used to it.1 Can robots have rights? This question has inspired significant debate among phi- losophers, computer scientists, policymakers, and the popular press. However, much of the discussion surrounding this issue has been conducted in the limited quarters of disciplinary silos and without a fuller appreciation of important macro- level developments. I argue that the so-called “machine question” (Gunkel, 2012, p. x), specifically the inquiry into whether and to what extent intelligent machines might warrant moral (or perhaps legal) consideration, deserves extended analysis in light of these developments. Two global trends seem to be on a collision course. On the one hand, robots are becoming increasingly human-like in their appearance and behavior. Sophia, a female-looking humanoid robot created by Hong Kong–based Hanson Robotics (Hi, I Am Sophia…, 2019), serves as a prime example. In 2017, Sophia captured the world’s imagination (and drew substantial ire as well) when the robot was granted “a citizenship” by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Hatmaker, 2017). While this move was criticized as a “careful piece of marketing” (British Council, n.d.), “eroding human rights” (Hart, 2018), and “obviously bullshit” (J. Bryson quoted in Vincent, 2017), it elevated the idea that robots might be eligible for certain types of legal status based on how they look and act. Despite the controversy surrounding Sophia and calls to temper the quest for human-like appearance, the degree to which robots are designed to emulate humans is only likely to increase in the future, be it for reasons related to improved functioning in social environ- ments or the hubris of roboticists. On the other hand, legal systems around the world are increasingly recogniz- ing the rights of nonhuman entities. The adoption of Ecuador’s 2008 Constitution marked a watershed moment in this movement, as the charter devoted an entire 2 Introduction chapter to the rights of nature (RoN) (Ecuador Const., tit. II, ch. 7). Courts and legislatures different corners of the globe have similarly identified rights held by nonhumans—the Whanganui River in New Zealand, the Ganges and its tributaries in India, the Atrato River in Colombia, and Mother Nature herself (Pachamama) in Ecuador (Cano-Pecharroman, 2018). In the United States, nearly 100 municipal ordinances invoking the RoN have been passed or pending since 2006 (Kauffman & Martin, 2018, p. 43). Many more efforts to legalize the RoN are afoot at the subnational, national, and international levels (Global Alliance for the Rights of Nature, 2019). All of this is happening in tandem with legal efforts seeking to pro- tect animals under the argument that they, too, possess rights. While animal rights litigation has not had much success in the United States (Vayr, 2017, p. 849), it has obtained a few victories in Argentina, Colombia, and India (Peters, 2018, p. 356). These worldwide movements cast doubt on the idea that humans are the only class of legal subjects worthy of rights. These trends speak to two existential crises facing humanity. First, the rise of robots in society calls into question the place of humans in the workforce and what it means to be human.
Recommended publications
  • Artificial Intelligence and the Ethics of Self-Learning Robots Shannon Vallor Santa Clara University, Svallor@Scu.Edu

    Artificial Intelligence and the Ethics of Self-Learning Robots Shannon Vallor Santa Clara University, [email protected]

    Santa Clara University Scholar Commons Philosophy College of Arts & Sciences 10-3-2017 Artificial Intelligence and the Ethics of Self-learning Robots Shannon Vallor Santa Clara University, [email protected] George A. Bekey Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.scu.edu/phi Part of the Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Vallor, S., & Bekey, G. A. (2017). Artificial Intelligence and the Ethics of Self-learning Robots. In P. Lin, K. Abney, & R. Jenkins (Eds.), Robot Ethics 2.0 (pp. 338–353). Oxford University Press. This material was originally published in Robot Ethics 2.0 edited by Patrick Lin, Keith Abney, and Ryan Jenkins, and has been reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press. For permission to reuse this material, please visit http://www.oup.co.uk/academic/rights/permissions. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts & Sciences at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND 22 THE ETHICS OF SELF - LEARNING ROBOTS Shannon Va ll or and George A. Bekey The convergence of robotics technology with the science of artificial intelligence (or AI) is rapidly enabling the development of robots that emulate a wide range of intelligent human behaviors.1 Recent advances in machine learning techniques have produced significant gains in the ability of artificial agents to perform or even excel in activities for­ merly thought to be the exclusive province of human intelligence, including abstract problem-solving, perceptual recognition, social interaction, and natural language use.
  • Identity Theft Literature Review

    Identity Theft Literature Review

    The author(s) shown below used Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice and prepared the following final report: Document Title: Identity Theft Literature Review Author(s): Graeme R. Newman, Megan M. McNally Document No.: 210459 Date Received: July 2005 Award Number: 2005-TO-008 This report has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. To provide better customer service, NCJRS has made this Federally- funded grant final report available electronically in addition to traditional paper copies. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. This document is a research report submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice. This report has not been published by the Department. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. IDENTITY THEFT LITERATURE REVIEW Prepared for presentation and discussion at the National Institute of Justice Focus Group Meeting to develop a research agenda to identify the most effective avenues of research that will impact on prevention, harm reduction and enforcement January 27-28, 2005 Graeme R. Newman School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany Megan M. McNally School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark This project was supported by Contract #2005-TO-008 awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. Points of view in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S.
  • New Undergrad Bulletin.Qxp

    New Undergrad Bulletin.Qxp

    The Felician Sisters conduct three colleges: Felician College Lodi and Rutherford, New Jersey 07644 Villa Maria College Buffalo, New York 14225 Madonna University Livonia, Michigan 48150 MADONNA UNIVERSITY The , the first initial of Madonna, is a tribute to Mary, the patroness of Madonna University. The flame symbolizes the Holy Spirit, the source of all knowledge, and signifies the fact that liberal arts education is the aim of Madonna University whose motto is Sapientia Desursum (Wisdom from Above). The upward movement of the slanted implies continuous commitment to meeting the ever growing educational needs and assurance of standards of academic quality. The box enclosing the is symbolic of unity through ecumenism. The heavy bottom line of the box signifies the Judeo-Christian foundation of the University. (The Madonna University logo was adopted in 1980) Madonna University guarantees the right to equal education opportunity without discrimination because of race, religion, sex, age, national origin or disabilities. The crest consists of the Franciscan emblem, which is a cross and the two pierced hands of Christ and St. Francis. The Felician Sisters' emblem is the pierced Heart of Mary, with a host symbolizing the adoration of the Eucharist through the Immaculate Heart, to which the Community is dedicated. The University motto, Sapientia Desursum, is translated “Wisdom from Above”. MADONNA UNIVERSITY Undergraduate Bulletin Volume 38, 2004 - 2006 (Effective as of Term I, 2004) Madonna University 36600 Schoolcraft Livonia, Michigan 48150-1173 (734) 432-5300 (800) 852-4951 TTY (734) 432-5753 FAX (734) 432-5393 email: [email protected] Web site: http://www.madonna.edu Madonna University guarantees the right to equal educational opportunity without discrimination because of race, religion, sex, age, national origin, or disabilities.
  • Coil Loop for Exhaust-Air Energy Recovery

    Coil Loop for Exhaust-Air Energy Recovery

    Coil loop for exhaust-air energy recovery An exhaust-air energy-recovery system can reduce utility costs by capturing and using energy that would normally be lost to the Devices (including total- exhaust air stream. energy wheels and heat pipes) other than the coil A coil loop can be applied either to the primary supply-air system loop described here can or to independent systems such as the dedicated ventilation exchange sensible and/or system that serves a laboratory. The effectiveness of the coil latent heat for energy loop typically ranges from 45 percent to 60 percent for recovery. recovering sensible heat. Figure 4–2 illustrates how the coil loop works. During the heating season (Inset A), heat extracted from the exhaust air stream (EA) warms the air brought into the building. Operation of the coil loop is limited to prevent the supply-air temperature from exceeding the cooling set point. (This condition is most likely to occur on mild days during the spring and fall.) Preconditioning the outdoor air (OA) in this manner reduces the heating load, which in turn reduces the energy consumption of the HVAC system. Figure 4–2 Operating modes for coil-loop energy recovery Inset A • winter operation Inset B • summer operation Coil-loop operation reverses during the cooling season (Inset B). Sensible heat is extracted from the air brought into the building and is rejected to the cooler and drier exhaust air stream. This time, preconditioning by the coil loop reduces the cooling load and, in turn, the energy consumption of the HVAC system.
  • The Robot in Healthcare

    The Robot in Healthcare

    Mundanely Miraculous: The Robot in Healthcare Norman Makoto Su∗, Leslie S. Liuy, and Amanda Lazary ∗School of Informatics and Computing yBiomedical and Health Informatics Indiana University Bloomington University of Washington [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT The texts which surround our everyday lives and the methods As both hero and villain, robots have played prominent roles by which their meaning is conveyed are powerful forms of in media such as films and books. Now, robots are no longer knowledge [25]. Discursive strategies socially construct a re- hidden away from the public conscious in fictive worlds or ality that we intersubjectively [4] share on what robots are and real-life factories. Robots are becoming a real part of our should be; at the same time, it narrowly delimits what robots everyday encounters in environments such as healthcare set- are not. Hence, our encounters with real-life robots are neces- tings. In this paper, we describe a discourse analysis of 60 sarily influenced by discourse. Scholars have found that scifi, YouTube videos that showcase robots in healthcare activities. traditional stories, religious texts, and cultural mores shape or Our narrative weaves three discourses that construct visions reinforce attitudes towards robots [8, 19, 16, 28]; for exam- of the healthcare robot: (1) the miraculous robot as the robot ple, users interacting with robots that do not meet their “ex- that enhances patient care; (2) the mundane robot as the in- pectations” may feel uncomfortable and have difficulty with nocuous robot that integrates into the workflow seamlessly; accepting robots’ professed benefits [8].
  • Man As 'Aggregate of Data'

    Man As 'Aggregate of Data'

    AI & SOCIETY https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-018-0852-6 OPEN FORUM Man as ‘aggregate of data’ What computers shouldn’t do Sjoukje van der Meulen1 · Max Bruinsma2 Received: 4 October 2017 / Accepted: 10 June 2018 © The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Since the emergence of the innovative field of artificial intelligence (AI) in the 1960s, the late Hubert Dreyfus insisted on the ontological distinction between man and machine, human and artificial intelligence. In the different editions of his clas- sic and influential book What computers can’t do (1972), he posits that an algorithmic machine can never fully simulate the complex functioning of the human mind—not now, nor in the future. Dreyfus’ categorical distinctions between man and machine are still relevant today, but their relation has become more complex in our increasingly data-driven society. We, humans, are continuously immersed within a technological universe, while at the same time ubiquitous computing, in the words of computer scientist Mark Weiser, “forces computers to live out here in the world with people” (De Souza e Silva in Interfaces of hybrid spaces. In: Kavoori AP, Arceneaux N (eds) The cell phone reader. Peter Lang Publishing, New York, 2006, p 20). Dreyfus’ ideas are therefore challenged by thinkers such as Weiser, Kevin Kelly, Bruno Latour, Philip Agre, and Peter Paul Verbeek, who all argue that humans are much more intrinsically linked to machines than the original dichotomy suggests—they have evolved in concert. Through a discussion of the classical concepts of individuum and ‘authenticity’ within Western civilization, this paper argues that within the ever-expanding data-sphere of the twenty-first century, a new concept of man as ‘aggregate of data’ has emerged, which further erodes and undermines the categorical distinction between man and machine.
  • Communication and Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities and Challenges for the 21St Century David J

    Communication and Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities and Challenges for the 21St Century David J

    communication +1 Volume 1 Article 1 Issue 1 Futures of Communication August 2012 Communication and Artificial Intelligence: Opportunities and Challenges for the 21st Century David J. Gunkel Northern Illinois University, [email protected] Abstract This essay advocates for a significant reorientation and reconceptualization of communication studies in order to accommodate the opportunities and challenges introduced by increasingly intelligent machines, autonomous decision making systems, and smart devices. Historically the discipline of communication has accommodated new technology by transforming these innovations into a medium of human interaction and message exchange. With the computer, this transaction is particularly evident with the development of computer-mediated communication (CMC) in the later half of the 20th century. In CMC, the computer is understood and investigated as a more-or-less neutral channel of message transfer and instrument of human interaction. This formalization, although not necessarily incorrect, neglects the fact that the computer, unlike previous technological advancements, also occupies the position of participant in communicative exchanges. Evidence of this is already available in the science of AI and has been explicitly described by some of the earliest writings on communication and the computer. The essay therefore 1) demonstrates that the CMC paradigm, although undeniably influential and successful, is insufficient and no longer tenable and 2) argues that communication studies needs to rework its basic framework in order to address and respond to the unique technological challenges and opportunities of the 21st century. Keywords Communication, Artificial Intelligence, Alan Turing, Media Studies, Computer Mediated Communication, Computers Gunkel / Communication and AI Introduction In a now well-known and often reproduced New Yorker cartoon by Peter Steiner, two dogs sit in front of an Internet-connected computer.
  • SPARKS ACROSS the GAP: ESSAYS by Megan E. Mericle, B.A

    SPARKS ACROSS the GAP: ESSAYS by Megan E. Mericle, B.A

    SPARKS ACROSS THE GAP: ESSAYS By Megan E. Mericle, B.A. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing University of Alaska Fairbanks May 2017 APPROVED: Daryl Farmer, Committee Chair Sarah Stanley, Committee Co-Chair Gerri Brightwell, Committee Member Eileen Harney, Committee Member Richard Carr, Chair Department of English Todd Sherman, Dean College o f Liberal Arts Michael Castellini, Dean of the Graduate School Abstract Sparks Across the Gap is a collection of creative nonfiction essays that explores the humanity and artistry behind topics in the sciences, including black holes, microbes, and robotics. Each essay acts a bridge between the scientific and the personal. I examine my own scientific inheritance and the unconventional relationship I have with the field of science, searching for ways to incorporate research into my everyday life by looking at science and technology through the lens of my own memory. I critique issues that affect the culture of science, including female representation, the ongoing conflict with religion and the problem of separating individuality from collaboration. Sparks Across the Gap is my attempt to parse the confusion, hybridity and interconnectivity of living in science. iii iv Dedication This manuscript is dedicated to my mother and father, who taught me to always seek knowledge with compassion. v vi Table of Contents Page Title Page......................................................................................................................................................i
  • S Ing 2018 Cours

    S Ing 2018 Cours

    018 Cours Sing 2 Letter From the Executive Director Another year has begun, the Bayer Center’s nineteenth year of work and service to our vigorous, More than a village, it’s going to take a sector to solve these challenges. But let’s review what we active, questing nonprofit community…this year will be one in which we continue to explore the know about our fellow nonprofits. They are tenacious, resourceful, determined, on occasion fierce questions of leadership and efficacy of the nonprofit sector. In late January, we will release the in their service, ready to work against significant odds, filled with talented, educated, caring people. findings of our latest research, What Now? How will the impending retirement of nonprofit leaders This is only part of what I know from all my years working beside and with you. Like our Rosie the change the sector?. Although it clearly is also What’s Next?, we titled it What Now?. Because what Riveter icon, WE CAN DO IT…if we’ll talk about it and confront the challenges and rise to the needs we found was this huge story of change, loss and opportunity is not one that has received much of society one more time! attention. Although individual organizations may be confronting this reality, it does not seem that we as a group are figuring out strategies for replacing what could be 69% of our current workforce over Let us find common cause in the beauty of our missions, the necessity of our work and our love for the next ten years…nor are we effectively addressing how best to grow our younger leaders into each other and our beloved community.

  • Teen Stabbing Questions Still Unanswered What Motivated 14-Year-Old Boy to Attack Family?

    Save $86.25 with coupons in today’s paper Penn State holds The Kirby at 30 off late Honoring the Center’s charge rich history and its to beat Temple impact on the region SPORTS • 1C SPECIAL SECTION Sunday, September 18, 2016 BREAKING NEWS AT TIMESLEADER.COM '365/=[+<</M /88=C6@+83+sǍL Teen stabbing questions still unanswered What motivated 14-year-old boy to attack family? By Bill O’Boyle Sinoracki in the chest, causing Sinoracki’s wife, Bobbi Jo, 36, ,9,9C6/Ľ>37/=6/+./<L-97 his death. and the couple’s 17-year-old Investigators say Hocken- daughter. KINGSTON TWP. — Specu- berry, 14, of 145 S. Lehigh A preliminary hearing lation has been rampant since St. — located adjacent to the for Hockenberry, originally last Sunday when a 14-year-old Sinoracki home — entered 7 scheduled for Sept. 22, has boy entered his neighbors’ Orchard St. and stabbed three been continued at the request house in the middle of the day members of the Sinoracki fam- of his attorney, Frank Nocito. and stabbed three people, kill- According to the office of ing one. ily. Hockenberry is charged Magisterial District Justice Everyone connected to the James Tupper and Kingston case and the general public with homicide, aggravated assault, simple assault, reck- Township Police Chief Michael have been wondering what Moravec, the hearing will be lessly endangering another Photo courtesy of GoFundMe could have motivated the held at 9:30 a.m. Nov. 7 at person and burglary in connec- In this photo taken from the GoFundMe account page set up for the Sinoracki accused, Zachary Hocken- Tupper’s office, 11 Carverton family, David Sinoracki is shown with his wife, Bobbi Jo, and their three children, berry, to walk into a home on tion with the death of David Megan 17; Madison, 14; and David Jr., 11.
  • Duquesne Law Review

    Duquesne Law Review

    DUQUESNE LAW REVIEW ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: THINKING ABOUT LAW, LAW PRACTICE, AND LEGAL EDUCATION FOREWORD Jan M. Levine SYMPOSIUM ARTICLES THE GHOST IN THE MACHINE: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Emily Janoski-Haehlen & IN LAW SCHOOLS Sarah Starnes THE AUTOMATION OF LEGAL REASONING: CUSTOMIZED AI TECHNIQUES FOR THE PATENT FIELD Dean Alderucci MIND THE GAP: TECHNOLOGY AS A LIFELINE FOR PRO SE CHILD CUSTODY APPEALS Katherine L.W. Norton AI REPORT: HUMANITY IS DOOMED. SEND LAWYERS, Ashley M. London & GUNS, AND MONEY! James B. Schreiber MURRAY EXCELLENCE IN SCHOLARSHIP LECTURE James Forman Jr. STUDENT ARTICLES SAVING THE ELECTRONIC PERSON FROM DIGITAL ASSAULT: THE CASE FOR MORE ROBUST PROTECTIONS OVER OUR ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDS Danielle M. Mrdjenovich THE GUTTING OF THE PEER REVIEW PROTECTION ACT: HOW REGINELLI V. BOGGS WEAKENED THE PROTECTION OF MEDICAL PEER REVIEW IN PENNSYLVANIA AND WHY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY MUST ACT TO RESTORE THAT PROTECTION Samuel C. Nolan “GRANDFAMILIES” AMID THE OPIOID CRISIS: AN INCREASING REASON TO UPDATE PENNSYLVANIA’S OUTDATED INTESTACY LAWS Joanne L. Parise ILLEGITIMATE MEDICAL PURPOSE: RESOLVING THE FUNDAMENTAL FLAW IN CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS INVOLVING PHYSICIANS CHARGED WITH OVERPRESCRIBING PRESCRIPTION OPIOIDS Jacob C. Hanley VOLUME 58, NUMBER 1 WINTER 2020 Duquesne Law Review Volume 58, Number 1, Winter 2020 © DUQUESNE UNIVERSITY, 2019-2020 Artificial Intelligence: Thinking About Law, Law Practice, and Legal Education Foreword Jan M. Levine................................................................................................................. 1 Symposium Articles THE GHOST IN THE MACHINE: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN LAW SCHOOLS Emily Janoski-Haehlen & Sarah Starnes .................................................................... 3 THE AUTOMATION OF LEGAL REASONING: CUSTOMIZED AI TECHNIQUES FOR THE PATENT FIELD Dean Alderucci............................................................................................................. 50 MIND THE GAP: TECHNOLOGY AS A LIFELINE FOR PRO SE CHILD CUSTODY APPEALS Katherine L.W.
  • Doctor Who and the Zarbi Free

    Doctor Who and the Zarbi Free

    FREE DOCTOR WHO AND THE ZARBI PDF Bill Strutton | 176 pages | 11 Jul 2017 | Ebury Publishing | 9781785940545 | English | London, United Kingdom How to Find a Doctor That one time in Portugal,where the guy who illustrated the cover for Doctor Who and the Zarbi decided to create the Rocket Men, instead of drawing actual Menoptras. Zarbi from planet Vortis, Doctor Who. First published by Frederick Muller Ltd. This edition, published by White Lion infeatures Tom Baker, then the Doctor, on the cover - despite Doctor Who and the Zarbi the original illustrations of William Hartnell within. Radio Times 27 March-2 April Keep reading. On the back cover, the First Doctor was originally drawn to look younger, only to be covered with a more accurate illustration. This beautiful piece of artwork from the original Doctor Who Annual Cover Published by World Distributors. This piece used to hang on the wall of the company Directors office but an order was given, when the company ceased into skip all the artwork archive. This original cover was rescued by one of the World Doctor Who and the Zarbi employees and kept safe for the last 17 years. Very proud to be the owner of this iconic original piece. According to artist Stanley Freeman who worked at World Distributors, it was him who created the cover art. In earlyhe created the cover for the first Doctor Who Annual, until now generally credited to Walter Howarth. A photo of William Hartnell to follow in the post. I must admit my memory is a bit woolly on the sub-cast on the cover.