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CLEVELAND

$116sti°atecL

Published in Fourteen Fapfcs.

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H. R. PAGE & CO. 1559.

(& ""^ J CLEVELAND.

®fe Tis true that French adventurers, English traders and emissaries of the church embarked * a upon the Western waters, navigating- its rivers and skirting along the lake coast in primi­

tive craft, but neither the one nor the other left any impress upon the,savagery of the aborigi­

nal occupant of the soil, or upon the equal savagery of nature. The adventurer came and returned

to recount what he had achieved; the trader pocketed his profits and was content; and the mis­ sionary, actuated wholly by a sentiment which found no responsive echo in. the breast -of the

savage denizen of the wilderness, vanished. They left no footprint behind, and to them no honor

can be accorded beyond that freely given to all venturesome :sp'irits, be the motive of their daring

what it may. It was left to the fearless, hardy, thrifty, money-loving New Englander, descendant

of the irascible, bigot-hating, witch-burning Puritans, to hew a way through the wilderness,

drive back the savage, overcome the terrors, and win the soil to man's service; to stamp his indi­

viduality upon the domain in indelible characters, which a century of time has not dimmed or

weakened, and to him, and him alone, belongs the honor of having laid the corner-stone of that

vast edifice, Western civilization. The "Yankee," native to the soil, was the adjutant, not of the

thought, but of the active, propelling force which has created a garden out of a desert, and planted

cities on the hill-tops and in the valleys of a continent.—the continent still called "the West," of

which the "Western Reserve" of the sovereign state of Ohio is a bright and choice spot, and of

which the historian Bancroft has said: "The average grade of intelligence in its population

exceeds that of any equal area of people on the globe."

Cleveland the metropolis of this favored section, is at the present time a city of over

260 000 inhabitants, built upon a gravelly plain at the mouth of the Cunahoga river, on the south

shore of Lake Erie, elevated about eighty feet above the water level; 170 miles southwest from

Buffalo, and 225 miles northeast from Cincinnati. The history of the city contains nothing of a startling character, as its citizens, from the inception, have been conservative, law-abiding and peaceable, preferring at the outset to crowd the

original occupants of the town site out by the gentle persuasion of firewater and gewgaws, rather

than drive him with fire and sword; and ever after, a gentle but none the less determined course

has been pursued, which has at times won for the city the reproachful title "old fogy"; but the

narrative has its own peculiar interest, and to that we now address ourselves.

By a neat, or as the Yankee himself would term it, a "cute" bit of diplomacy, the colony of

Connecticut secured from Charles II. of England, in 1662, a grant of land covering a vast territory, •

and this notwithstanding the fact that the colony had, more or less openly, favored Cromwell,

who had been instrumental, indirectly at least, in having the royal donor's royal father's head

cut off. The charter making the grant was made famous, some years later, by an equally "cute"

trick of the same colonists; the story of the "Charter Oak" is one familiar to every school-boy

and need not be recited here. By the terms of this charter, a verbose screed, the colonists were

granted many political rights and enlarged liberties, and, what in all probability they valued

quite as highly-land; a goodly domain it was too, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean,

and including all the territory between the parallels of latitude which embrace the present state

of Connecticut.

King Charles and his royal contemporaries dealt out these parcels of American soil in a

very lavish manner, no one of them having any regard for what the others might have previously

bestowed, and not being over-cautious as to their own prior bestowals; as a consequence subsequent

confusion as to title arose. These differences as to ownership were, however, amicably adjusted

at the close of the Revolutionary War, Connecticut ceding to the Federal government, as did the

other states of the Union, her vast Western possessions, "reserving" a tract covering over three

lillion acres, constituting the northeastern portion of the state of Ohio, a tract then designated mil

and since known as the "Western Reserve."

In 179s, Connecticut sold these lauds to the Connecticut Land Company, an incorporation

composed of forty-eight of her own citizens, for one million two hundred thousand dollars. This

transaction conveyed three and a half-million acres, and a supposed surplus was disposed of by the

thrifty state to an "Excess Company." When a survey was made it was ascertained that the first

»d purchaser had nearly 50,000 acres less than it had bargained for, and the "Excess Company" namec was landless. The proceeds of the sale were set aside forever as a permanent school fund, the earn­ ings of which have ever since been sufficient to maintain the entire state system of public schools.

The Land Company lost no time in putting its acquisition on the market, as on the fourth day of July of the year following, 1796, a surveying party landed on the banks of Couneaut

Creek, and there drove the first stake, pitched their camp and forthwith proceeded to celebrate the day in approved style, New England Rum contributing largely to the patriotic demonstration.

This party was made up as follows: General Moses Cleveland, superintendent, agent for, and a considerable stockholder in the Laud Company; Augustus Porter, deputy superintendent and principal surveyor; Seth Pease,astronomer and surveyor; Amos Spofforcl, John Milton Holley, Rich­ ard M. Stoddard and Moses Warren, surveyors; Joshua Stow, commissary; Theodore Shepard, physician; Joseph Tinker, boatman; 'and the following general employes: George Proudfoot

Samuel Forbes, Stephen Benton, Samuel Hungerford, Samuel Davenport, Anizi Atwater, Elisha

Ayrs, Norman Wilcox, George Gooding, Samuel Agnew, David Beard, Titus V. Munson, Charles

Parker, Nathaniel Doan, James Hacket, Olney F. Rice, Samuel Barnes, Daniel Shulay, Joseph

Mclntyre, Francis Gray, Amos Stowell, Amos Barber, Win. B. Hall, Asa Mason, Michael Coffin,

Thomas Harris, Timothy Dunham, Shadrach Beuham, Wareham Shepard, John Briant, Joseph

Landon, Ezekiel Morley, Luke Hauchett, James Hamilton, John Lock, Stephen Burbank. With this party came also Elijah Gun and wife, who remained at Conneaut; and Job B. Stiles and wife, also Nathan Chapman and Nathan Peny, traders; thirteen horses and a number of cattle were brought.

Some weeks later, General Cleveland and a detachment of the party embarked in an open boat and proceeded westward, reaching the mouth of the Cuyahoga river on the 22nd day of July,

1796. Having with some difficulty effected a landing on the eastern bank of the river, clambered up the bluff to the broad and level plain, eighty feet above the calm, blue waters of the lake, the party went into camp, and the first city of the "Reserve" was born into the sisterhood of

"Future Greats." A survey was commenced forthwith, and on the first of October the first map of the site was made by Amos Spofford; the map bears the title, "Original plan of the town and village of Cleveland, Ohio, Oct. 1, 1796." The public (Monumental) square is shown, also the streets: Superior, Water, Mandrake, Union, Vineyard (South Water),

Bath Lake, Erie, Federal (St. Clair, east from Erie), Maiden Lane (Michigan), Ontario, Huron and Ohio, fourteen in number. The original (two-acre) lots, two hundred and twenty in number, are also shown, with the names of parties who had selected and pur­ chased: Stiles, lot 53, northeast corner of Bank and Superior streets; Landon, lot 77, di­ rectly opposite, on the south side of Superior street; Bauni, lot 65, sixteen rods east of the Public Square; Shepard, lot 69, and Chapman, lot 72, all on the north side of

Superior street; Stoddard, lot 49, northeast corner of Water and Superior streets. "Pease's

Hotel," the euphonious title given to the surveyor's cabin, presided over by Mr. and Mrs.

Stiles, was built on the line between lots 202 and 203, between Union street and the river, and on lot 201, northwest from the hotel, was located "the store."

The town was named after its founder, who invariably spelled his name with the'

"a" in the first syllable, but the letter is omitted in Spofford's map; in papers and corres­ pondence of the times the name is written both ways.

The laud was laid out into city, two-acre, lots, ten-acre lots adjoining, beyond these twenty-acre lots, and still more remote one hundred-acre lots; the prices fixed therefor being respectively fifty, thirty, forty and one hundred dollars per lot, twenty per cent, pay­ able in cash and the balance in three equal annual installments, it being made a condition that the purchaser should settle on his land within a year. No "boom" in real estate marks the early history of the embryo city; on the contrary, town lots were for many years a drug on the market; fever and ague, malaria, mosquitoes and lack of rations, especially of rum, bred discontent in the colony. The town struggled for existence.

Four years after its christening, 1S00, it had a population of seven, and after a quarter of a century had rolled by the census taker could score but one hundred and fifty souls.

Having completed the survey of this, the first permanent settlement within the limits of Cuyahoga count)', the surveying party returned to the East, leaving Job Stiles

and family and Edward Paine in sole possession. Their cabin was located near the present site of the Commercial National Bank. General Cleveland accompanied the re- turnincr party and, so far as can be ascertained, never after visited the city which bears his name.

On Sunday, June 4th, 1797, the second surveying party arrived in open boats,

havin°" been forty-five days en route. David Eldridge, one of the party, was drowned in Grand river on the day previous, in an attempt to swim his horse over the stream'.

I he bodjr was recovered, brought to Cleveland and buried in a lot, selected as a bury­ ing ground, on the corner of Ontario and Prospect streets.

The- party of 1797 was made up as follows: Seth Hart, superintendent; Seth

Pease, principal surveyor; R. M. Stoddard, Moses Warren, Amzi Atwater, Joseph Xandon,

Amos Spofford, Wareham Shepard, Phineas Barker, Nathaniel Redfield, surveyors; Theo­ dore Shepard, physician; and the following employes: Col. Ezra Waite, Thomas Gun,

Peleg Waterman, Major Win. Shepard, Hubbard T. Linsley, David Eldridge, Minor Bick- nel, Josiah Barse, Jotham Atwater, • Oliver Culver, Daniel Holbrook, 'Stephen Gilbert,

Nathaniel Doan, David Clark, Solomon Gidings, Samuel Forbes, James Stoddard, Ezekiel

Morley, Thomas Tupper, Chester Allen, James Berry, Berry Nye, Joseph Nye, Asa Masou, Eli

Kellogg, William Barker, Eli Canfield, John Doane, Joseph Tinker, Samuel SpafTord, Lot

Sanford, Alpheus Choate, William Andrews, Mathew L. Gilgore, E. Chapman, David

Beard, Solomon Shepard, William Tinker, Alexander Allen, George Gidings, James

Stoddard, Enoch Eldridge, Charles Parker, Job Coe, Eli Rowley, Clark Reynolds, Wil­ liam Stoddard, John Hine and Sylvester Smith.

This party laid out the ten-acre lots, locating North Highway (St. Clair street),

Central Highway (Euclid avenue) and South Highway (Kinsman street, now Woodland avenue).

Elijah Gun and Judge Kingsbury removed from Conneaut, the latter going to

Newburg in the fall. Lorenzo Carter and Ezekiel Hawley came also, bringing their

families.

This was a year of events in the community. In addition to the arrivals just re­ corded came a nameless stranger—the first white child born in Cuyahoga county; Mrs.

Job Stiles, the mother, and an Indian squaw, in the entire absence of another white woman, her sole attendant. Later in the same year Miss Chloe Inches, an inmate of

Mai. Carter's household, was married to William Clement, of Erie. Edward Paine opened a o-eneral store, thus earning a place in history as the first merchant of Cleveland.

The following comprised the resident population at the close of the year: Lorenzo Car­

ter and Rebecca Carter, Alouzo, Henry, Laura (Mrs. Strong), Mercy (Mrs. Abell, and Betsey (Mrs. Chatham), their children; Mrs.. Clement (nee Inches), James Kingsbury and

Eunice Kingsbury and three children; Amos S., Almon and Abigail (Mrs. Sherman);

Ezekiel Hawley and Lucy Hawley and one child; Elijah Gun aud Anna Gun and one child; Pierre Meloche, Peleg Washburn, who died the same year;-—twenty-one souls in all.

In 179S came Rudolphus Edwards and Nathaniel Doan and their families, nine persons. Ninety-two days were consumed in their journey from Chatham, Conn. The colony suffered from lack of food, especially flour and salt, and to add to the prevading gloom, every member of the community was prostrated in the fall with fever-and-ague.

As rapidly as. strength would admit families removed to the hills and to Newburg, and in

January of the year following, when Doan moved to "Doans Corners," Major Carter's was the o\i]y 'white family residing in the city, and this condition of things continued for a period of fifteen mouths.

In the spring of 1799 W. W. Williams and Major Wyatt built a grist-mill at

Newburg, the nether-stone of which constitutes one of the ornamental features of the

Square at the present time. Several families took up claims in that village during the year, while not one came to swell the population of ague-shaken Cleveland. In fact,

Newburg was assuming importance and was by many regarded as the more promising site for a city, while Cleveland was regarded as a trading station, known as "a small vil­ lage on the lake shore, six miles from Newburg."

In 1800 several settlers, including David Clark and Amos Spofford, arrived, and now came also David Bryant, from Virginia, bringing with him a still, which was set up under the hill and became forth with a place of genera] resort, the goods manufactured therein—wheat whisky—inspiring many frolics and quite as many brawls. It ma}^ fairly be said in this connection, that the refinement and culture which is the boast of the present generation of Clevelanders had not at that period, nor did it for some years there­ after find root in the soil, much less had it blossomed into promise of a crop. The wave of infidelity which at this period swept over all quarters of the globe, had apparently touched even this remote corner. Religion was ridiculed and open demonstrations in mock­ ery of Christianity were not infrequent. Alcohol was king. With each returning summer a considerable number of Indians camped on the west bank of the river, and their winter's spoils of furs and skins was soon converted into "firewater." On more than one occasion

the peace and safety of the colony was threatened through the effects of the stimulant

upon the red man, but Major Carter, having acquired an influence over the chiefs and

' medicine men, succeeded on each occasion in averting a climax: at one time the gift of

two gallons of whisky appeased the threatened vengeance of an entire tribe.

Miss Sarah Doan opened a township school this year, but the chronicles, fail to in­

form us as to the curriculum.

The citizens were in the broadest sense of the term a law into themselves, as they

were provided with neither court of justice or of record: disputes were adjusted as conven­

ience and the temper of the disputants suggested, and transactions in real estate were re­

corded in Marietta until 1797, when the business was taken to Steubenville. In neither

case, however, was there any warrant in law to make the business legal; this naturally

created uneasiness and a sense of insecurity as to possession, and efforts were made to

cure the evil, which were brought to a successful issue in 1S00 by the creation of Trum­

bull county, with eight townships: Youngstowu, Warren, Hudson, Vernon, Richfield,

Middlefield, Painesville and Cleveland, with the county seat at Warren. Governor St. Clair

ordered an election to be held in October "for the purpose of electing one person to

represent the county in the Territorial Legislature." The total vote cast at this election,

which was held at Warren, under the viva voce system, was forty-two, of which number

General Edward Paine received thirty-eight.

The local event of the year 1S01 was the Celebration Ball, held at Major Carter's

double log mansion on the Fourth of July; some twenty gentlemen and half as many

ladies • the crcmc de la creme of society—the entire adult population—were present. At

each recurring annual meeting of the "Early Settlers' Association" incidents of this brill­

iant occasion are recalled and recounted with gusto. Whisky, tempered with maple

sugar constituted the "refreshments"; the fair dames were arrayed in calico, the brave

youths in homespun and gingham; tallow dips lit up the festive scene and Major Samuel

Jones "fiddled and called off."

Early in the summer Samuel Huntington, a lawyer, removed from Youngstowu and

took up a permanent residence in Cleveland. He had erected a house of hewn logs, an aristocratic mansion, on the present site of the American House, and began at once to accumulate honors, being elected a member of the first Constitutional Convention, over which he presided; elected first senator from the county Trumbull; appointed Judge of the

Supreme Court in 1803 and elected Governor of the state in 1808.

The first town-meeting was held at the house of Judge Kingsbury in April, 1802, resulting in the election of the following officers:—Rudolph us Edwards, Chairman;

Nathaniel Doan, Town Clerk; Amos Spofford, Timothy Doan and William W. Williams,

Trustees; Samuel Hamilton and Elijah Gun, Appraisers of Houses; Ebenezer Ayrs, Lister;

Samuel Huntington, Nathaniel Doan and Samuel Huntington, Supervisors of Highways;

William W. Williams and Samuel Huntington, Overseers of the Poor; Lorenzo Carter and

Nathan Chapman, Fence Viewers; Ezekiel Hawley and Richard Craw, Constables—surely a fine array of "Pub. Funcs" for a community numbering less than fifty souls. There was no scramble for these places of trust and responsibility, as many of the officers elect paid the penalty prescribed, two dollars, rather than serve. The records of this and a number of years following coiisist almost entirely of recorded "ear marks" for cattle and swine.

The Overseers of the Poor exercised their authority by ordering the impecunious and vagrant to leave, which mandate was rarely if ever obe3^ed.

The first frame house was erected this year by Major Carter, on the hill west of

Water street, north of Superior lane; it was destroyed by fire before . fully completed; soon after, Amos Spofford made better success of a similar venture near the west end of Superior street, on the south side.

Mosquitoes and gnats swarmed forth from the malaria-breeding swamps on the low ground west of the river during the summer months, and at all seasons the larger, if no more ferocious and bloodthirsty, denizens of the wilds roamed abroad, at times even enter­ ing the precincts of the city, despoiling the hen-roosts and robbing the pig pens. Personal en­ counters with the depredators were not frequent, but it is recorded that in 1802 a man killed a bear with a hoe on Water street near the present lighthouse, and Mr. Huntington had a lively encounter with wolves in the swamp which then lay at the corner of Euclid and Willson avenues, defending himself with an umbrella, his only weapon.

The Rev. Badger preached one sermon this year animadverting severely and causti- cally on the general and specific depravity of the community.

Real estate had steadily depreciated in value, city lots being freely offered at less

than half the original price of fifty dollars without takers. Creditors reluctantly accepted

large blocks in payment for small debts, and the general outlook was by no means

cheerful or inspiring.

Of the succeeding year an ancient letter-writer says: "A healthy year, marked

by increased immigration." Ohio' had been erected into a state and admitted into the

Union. An election was held on October nth at which, in Cleveland, twenty-two votes

were cast, from which—the only means at hand of estimating the population—we are

forced to conclude that the "increased immigration" was to a degree imaginary.

Alexander Campbell, a Scotchman, set up a store near the junction of Union and

Mandrake lanes, trading beads and ribbons for the skins remaining in possession of the

Indians after a visit to the brewery.

The first indictment found on the Reserve was against Major Carter for an as­

sault on James Hamilton, of Newburg. The Major pled guilty, but his bearing was so

gallant that the plaintiff got rather the worst of it.

ThisJ same year Menompsey, a Chippewa medicine man, was' murdered by Big Son—

a Seneca brave. Big Son accused the medicine man of killing rather than curing his wife—

and after toning up his courage with liberal potations of Bryant's whisky, knifed him to

death, in the path leading up the hill-side from the Still House. Major Carter appeased

the wrath of the Chippewas, who threatened vengeance, by a present of two gallons of the

same whisky, which was drank by the members of both tribes over the grave of the de­

ceased, and nothing further resulted.

During the year a second frame house was erected by Amos Spofford, on the brow

of the hill, at the foot of Superior street.

That harmony did not prevail in the community is evidenced by the one notable

event of 1804, the election of militia officers. This notable election was held at the house

of Tames Kingsbury on May 7th, and resulted in the choice of Lorenzo Carter, as cap­

tain- Nathaniel Doan, as lieutenant, and Samuel Jones, as ensign. Eight influential citi­

zens objected, and set their names to a protest, in which it was set forth, among other things, that "We also consider the man who is returned as chosen captain ineligible to the office. Firstly, by giving spirituous liquors to the voters previous to the election. Sec­

ondly, on account of having frequently threatened to set the savages against the inhabi­ tants. All which charges. we consider provable and able to be substantiated by good and sufficient witnesses." This document was signed by Thadeus Lacey, Rodolphus Edwards,

Joel Thorp, James Hamilton, Win. W. Williams, Amos Spofford and Robert Carr. No

result seems to have followed, as Carter continued as commander of the forces until the

next election, when he retired on his honors. The incident conveys its own moral.

A post-office was established the same year and a weekly mail was delivered and

sent out. Two years later the receipts for the first quarter amounted to two dollars

and eighty-three cents.

In June of the year following a final settlement was had with the Indians, who still

laid claims to the lands within the Land Company's purchase, lying west of the river.

The meeting for the purpose of adjusting the difference was to have been held in Cleve­

land, but the. western Indians refused to come and the treaty was concluded at Ogontz,

near Sandusky. Many of the Indians wept bitterly on signing the final agreement which

alienated them forever from the land. While the commissioners were waiting in Cleveland

for the arrival of the tardy Indians, Hon. Gideon Granger is said to have predicted that

"within fifty years an extensive city will occupy these grounds and vessels will sail di­

rectly from this port into the Atlantic ocean." Whether the honorable gentleman was

merely "giving his hearers taffy," or whether his prophetic soul inspired the words, we may

not even guess, but fifty years later Cleveland was a city of 25,000 population and not

many years later cargoes of petroleum were shipped direct to Liverpool and Antwerp.

The government having closed the lake coast to free trade with Canada, Cleveland

was made a port of entry and John Walworth was appointed Collector by President

lefferson. The first clearance was issued to the schooner "Good Intent" from Painesville,

a town which was at that time of much greater commercial importance than Cleveland.

Henrv Carter the eleven-year-old son of the Major, was drowned at the mouth of

the river and, notwithstanding longhand diligent search, the body could not be recovered.

On the 20th day of May Nathaniel Doan was elected Captain of "the seventh company of the second battalion of the first regiment of the fourth division of the

Ohio Militia," but it was not until the next year that the Captain called out his command to the first "training," the event of the year. His company numbered fifty mew, the en- tire available male force in the community.

In 1S06 the company's lands west of the Cuyahogo were surveyed by Abraham

Tappan and Anson Sessions. The Carters made a purchase of considerable extent soon after and erected the Red House, opposite Superior street.

In 1807 "tne scheme of a Lottery for improving the navigation between Lake

Erie and the river Ohio, through the Cuyahoga and Muskingum rivers," was published.

There were 12,800 tickets at five dollars each, 3,568 prizes aggregating $64,000, the prizes payable in cash, subject to a deduction of twelve aud a half per cent. The scheme wis authorized by the Legislature, the object being to raise a fund of $12,000 to be ex­ pended as suggested, thus opening up communication, through the two rivers aud an overland porterage of seven miles, with the Ohio. The lottery scheme did not succeed, al­ though a number of tickets were sold, and the Cuyahoga was never made navigable be­

yond the city limits. The incident is suggestive of the spirit of the times.

The following extract fron a letter gives a clear idea of the situation at this juncture:

"At that time (1S07) the family of Governor Huntington was composed of his wife, childern—

the number I do not recollect—aud one female domestic, Patty Ryan, who came with him

from Connecticut: another, a Miss Cobb, who also came with him but had returned. All

the families on the city, or ten-acre lots, or the lands adjoining at that time, that I recol­

lect and I think that I recollect all—were Amos Spafford, Gilbert, Nathan Perry,

Lorenzo Carter, Samuel Huntington, John Walworth and an Irish family I have forgot­

ten. * * * There were the remains of some two or" three buildings along the banks

of the river one of which, I was told, had been occupied as a store by a Scotchman by

the name of Alexander Campbell." Mr. Bryant's distillery was included in "the remains

of some two or three buildings," but the exact date or the cause of its collapse cannot be

ascertained.

In 1808 a party consisting of Stephen Gilbert, Joseph Plumb, Adolphus Spofford,

Mr Gilmore and Mary Billinger set out in an open boat for Black river. When about half way a squall capsized the craft and the entire party, with the exception of Mr.

llumb, was drowned. In commenting on this event an early chronicler says: "Of

eighteen deaths which had occurred within this settlement during the twelve years of its existence, eleven were by drowning," and naively closes the statement'. by saying: "There had been no physicians nearer than Hudson and Austinburg up to this time."

This year Major Carter built a thirty-ton schooner, which he named "The Zephyr."

She was built and launched at the foot of Superior street aud may be considered the

first craft launched in Cleveland. The craft was destroyed by lire near Black Rock

soon after.

In the following year, 1S09, Joel Thorp and Alexander Simpson each built a

schooner of about sixty tons' measurement, the former named the "Sally" and the latter

christened the "Dove." The export trade for this year amounted to fifty dollars.

In 1809 the county of Cuyahoga was created and Cleveland became the county-

seat, "and," says a letter-writer of the period, "several respectable characters will remove

to that town." Seven families constituted the population at this period. Amos Spofford

was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature.

In the year following, Nathan Perry, Sr., Augustus E. Gilbert, and Nathaniel Doan,

all residents of Cleveland, were elected Associate Judges of the county. The "respectable

characters" arrived in the persons of Alfred Kelly and David Long, the former being the

first lawyer and the latter the first physician to practice their respective professions. On

June 5th the Court of Common Pleas held its first session in the store of Elias and Har­

vey Murray, being organized with Benjamin Ruggles as Presiding Judge; the Associate

Judges, John Walworth, Clerk, Smith S. Baldwin, Sheriff. The session was occupied in

trying indictments for petit larceny, selling whisky to Indians, and selling foreign goods

without a license. Murray and Bixby built the "Ohio," a sixty-ton schooner, which in

1812 became one of Commodore Perry's naval fleet. Major Carter erected the first ware­

house built of logs, on the lake shore, near the junction of Meadow and Spring streets.

A second warehouse was built on the river in the following year by Elias and Harvey

Murray. These, with Carter's small warehouse on the west side of the river, accommo­

dated the lake traffic until 1S16. -The year 1S11 was barren of incident.

Cleveland did not play an important part in the War of 1812, only two incidents in connection with that strife finding a place in local history. In the fall of 1S12 the entire population was aroused at two o'clock in the morning by the cry—"The British and

Indians are coining!" and incontinently took to their heels, seeking safety in the hills. A fleet of vessels had been seen coming down the lake, and a panic-stricken woman had ridden from Huron to bring the news that the enemy was on a cruise of destruction. The ves­ sels were conveying. Hull's troops from the scene of a disgraceful fiasco'. On the 19th of

June, 1S13, the British fleet actually appeared off the harbor, with the evident intention of attempting a landing. A thunder-storm intervened and the fleet disappeared in the dark­ ness. A small stockade had been built near the foot of Seneca street, called Fort Hunt­ ington. It Avas under command of Major Jessup, U. S. A., aud used as a military prison.

In Jul}-, Major General William Henry Harrison, commander of the armies of the North­ west, and suite visited the port on a tour of inspection.

On'June 24th, Omic, an Indian, was hanged in the northwest corner of the Square, for the murder of two white trappers. The tragic event had its ludicrous phases, not only in the circumstances but in the chronicle of the event. Major Jones, commander of the militia, which had been called out to render the occasion an impressive one, not being up in his tactics, managed to inextricably entangle his troops in an endeavor to form a hollow square around the scaffold. Omic, the star, failed to behave like a well-bred Indian, and could only be persuaded to be swung off after Major Carter, the master of ceremonies, had given him two pints of whisky. In reporting the affair, Hon. E. Whittlesey states that a terrific storm aroae immediately after the hanging, "aud all scampered off but Omic."

The first court-house was in course of construction at the time of the hanging and was completed the same year. It was a two-story structure, thirty by forty feet in size, the sheriff's quarters and the jail occupying the ground floor, the upper story being the court-room—located near the curb line of the northwest corner of the square, midway be­ tween the present court-house aud the stone church. It remained standing until 1828.

In 1S41 there were thirty-two buildings on the east aud four on the west side of the river. A village charter was granted under which in the succeeding spring, 1815,

Alfred Kelly was elected President, the total vote cast being twelve. In 1816 a chartered company built a pier into the lake, which, however, withstood the storms of but one brief season. The Commercial Bank of Lake Erie, was opened, with

Leonard Case as its first President. The bank outlived the pier, but failed in 1820, to be re-established in 1832. The assessed value of real estate in the city in 1816 was $21,065.

In 1S17 the first school-house owned by the corporation was erected on the corner of nank and St. Clair streets, where the Keunard House now stands—a one-story frame.

The sehool held therein was by no means a free school.

Up to this period the religious element had been in the minority; in fact, the ear­ ly comers seem to have quite entirely forgotten their early training, and to have imbibed as freely of skepticism and infidelit}^ as they did of Bryant's whisky. The events recorded in the New Testament were caricatured aud parodied in a manner to have scandalized the

Puritan ancestors, had they been there to see. Gradually, however, morality came to the front, asserting itself in 1S17 in the form of a religious organization, that of the Episcopal Church, with the Rev. Roger Searls as pastor. Services were held in private residences until eleven years later, when a church was built on the corner of St. Clair and Seneca streets.

On the 31st of July, 1S18, Andrew Logan issued the initial number of the first newspaper, "The Cleveland Gazette and Commercial Record,—"a sheet about the size of one of these pages. The florid promise of a regular weekly issue was violated, and after a precarious existence of a few months it yielded up the ghost.

On the first of September of the same year, the first steamboat launched 011 Lake

Erie, the "Walk-in-the-Water," steamed into the harbor, amid the smoke and thunder of artillery and the cheers of the assembled population; the salute was answered in kind from the deck of the unique craft. During the }^ear two additiuiial warehouses were erected on the river, one b}^ Levi Johnson and Dr. Long, the other by John Blair, just below that of Leonard Case and Captain Win. Gay lord, built two years earlier.

Notwithstanding Mr. Logan's journalistic fiasco, Ziba Wiles launched the "Cleveland

Herald" the same year. Wiles was a frugal and industrious and withal a brainy man, a practical printer, editor, proprietor, reporter, compositor and pressman combined, and his paper had a continuous existence until it was merged with the "Plain Dealer" and lost its identity. The first stage-coach line, that of the Ohio Stage Company, went into operation between Cleveland aud Columbus in 1820, followed very soon thereafter by a line to

Norwalk and in the year following by lines to Pittsburgh and Buffalo.

Cleveland had now passed the period of adolescence. A quarter of a century had gone by since Moses Cleveland had first set his "Moses staff" in the virgin soil of; the

Western Reserve. A heretofore precarious tenure of existence had grown into an as­ sured future of stability and prosperity. It had become a county-seat, having a fully equipped court ot justice and of record, an established local government, a growing commerce, and regular lines of communication with the outside world. Her history up to this period has been one of matters, insignificant in themselves, related, not because of inherent interest, but to reflect the conditions and circumstances of her tardy develop­ ment—a history of individuals rather than of events.

The second quarter of a century was entered upon under auspicious circumstances.

A tide of prosperity set in, aud from a petty village of less than two hundred souls, increase followed increase. In the first five years the population had more than doubled; the next five years it had again doubled; in five years more it had multiplied itself by five, and at the close of the second quarter of a century Cleveland had grown into a community having over 10,000 population. The history of the town now becomes one of events rather than of individuals, and of events having a significance beyond their mere immediate effects, and this significance can be appreciated only by following it to a sequence; hence the narrative may no longer be told with profit chronologically, as has thus far been done.

The entire overland carrying trade had, up to this period, been carried on by the lumbering, swan-backed, Conestoga wagons, drawn by four or six sturdy draught horses, which were never driven out of a walk, whose high-reaching hames were surmounted by tinkliuo' bells; but the days of these land ships were now numbered. The first knell of their doom was sounded in 1827, when the Ohio canal was opened to Akron with imposing ceremonies; five years later the canal was opened to the Ohio river, and in 1841 the Ohio and Pennsylvania canal was opened through to Pittsburgh. The trade bv these artificial highways was quite heavy. The coal fields in the central part of the state served for many years to sustain the Ohio canal, but the traffic within the past ten years has been insignificant.

As early as 1749 the commercial importance of the mouth of the Cuyahoga river had been recognized, and a trading post established in 1786 did a thriving busi­ ness. When the city was laid out landings were provided, one at the foot of Vineyard, now South Water street, another at the foot of St Clair street. Vessels were compelled to make use of lighters, as they could not enter the harbor until 1S28, when a congressional appropriation of $5,000 had been expended in building piers and improving the channel.

The lake commerce developed rapidly; fine vessels were built for the carrying trade, and soon palatial steamboats plowed the blue waters. Competition grew brisk, and rates be­ came correspondingly low; so great was the rivalry in 1835-36 that steamboat runners paid a premium to passengers rather than see them embark on the opposition line. In 1844, • the lake trade amounted to over $20,000,000. But from that date it, in its turn, so far as the passenger traffic is concerned, succumbed to the speedier railroad.

Thirteen organized steamer lines and a large fleet of sailing craft, the aggregate tonnage exceeding 55,000 tons, now represent Cleveland's lake trade, and places her far ahead of any of the lake cities in this respect. The iron ore receipts at this port approxi­ mate 5,000,000 tons annually.

Cleveland did not, however, secure direct railroad facilities until 1S51, in which year the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati railroad was opened to Columbus. A few years later the following roads were opened:- The Cleveland and Pittsburgh; the Cleveland,

Paiuesville & Ashtabula, afterwards named the Cleveland & Erie, and now the Lake Shore; the Cleveland & Mahoning; the Cleveland & Toledo; and later, the Atlantic & Great

Western now the New York, Pennsylvania & Ohio; the Now York, Chicago & St Louis; the Valley, and the Cleveland & Canton.

A notable event in connection with the opening of the canal to Akron in 1827, was the first introduction of coal as a fuel. The coal was brought by the canal from the mines of Henry Newberry, and hawked through the streets in a vain endeavor to secure a purchaser. The citizens were skeptical, did not believe the "stone" would burn, it was dirty, wood was good enough for them, and it was refused as a gift conditioned on a fair trial. Philo Scovill was finally persuaded to take a small quantity at two dollars per ton

and test it in the grates of the Franklin House. '

Previous to 1S34 Cleveland had but one church edifice, "Old Trinity," on the corner

01 bt Clair and Seneca streets, religious services being held in private residences. During

this year the Presbyterians, who had organized in 1820, built the "Stone church," on the

corner of Ontario street and the Square. Twice the structure was badly damaged by fire,

but the main walls still form a part of the structure now standing. A Methodist organi­

zation was formed in 1825, an<^ a liberal-minded citizen of "down East" sent the society a

deed of the lot on the northeast corner of Ontario street and the Square, the site of the

new Savings Bank building. No one was found willing to pay for recording the deed. It was returned to the donor, and for many years thereafter the Methodists were without a church. In 1832 the Baptists organized, and four years later erected a church on the corner of Champlain and Seneca streets. The building still stands, but is now de­ voted to worldly uses. The first Roman Catholic church was built in 1835, on Columbus street—a frame structure, intended to accommodate, worshippers from both sides of the river.

It still stands, but in ruinous dilapidation. In 1S35 the first Bethel church, for sailors, was built on the side hill, between Superior aud South Water streets. The building was re­ moved in 1851 to make' way for the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati railroad, and a handsome brick erected on the corner of Water and Johnson streets. In later years de­ nominational organizations have vied with each other in the erection of costly temples of worship, many of which arc beautiful examples of modern church architecture. A bird's-eye view of the city discovers a multitude of spires and towers springing from two hundred churches temples and synagogues, located on all sides, many in the heart of the city, and upon the most desirable and valuable sites.

In 1S2S the. log house having become inadequate, a new court-house was built in the southwest quarter of the Square, where the rustic bridge now stands. The structure was of brick two stories in height, and crowned with a double turreted cupola. It made an imposiucr appearance, and within its portals a generation of law-makers and law-expounders whose after years were crowned with success first made themselves heard. Four years later a new jail was built on Champlain street, just in rear of the court-house. For thirty years these two structures served their purpose, and when taken down their timbers were found as sound as when put up.

Many public improvements were inaugurated and carried out in the decade. In

1829 a market house was established, and the first fire-engine purchased, at a cost of $285.

In 1S31 Prospect street was laid out, from Ontario to Erie streets. In 1833 River street

was laid out from Superior to Main street, and in 1834 a large number of streets was

added to the list.

In 1 S31 John Ballard & Co. erected a foundry, the first iron works put iu operation

111 the city, but as twenty years or more elapsed before this industry assumed any impor­

tance, further narrative is reserved.

A steadily increasing flow of immigration from the East had set in, augmented by the introduction of steam navigation on the lakes. Cleveland was receiving her quota.

In 1835 tne rush reached its maximum. Every means of transportation was taxed to its

utmost, aud the steamboats were crowded to overflowing. At the end of the year Cleve­ land had a resident population of 5,080.

In 1836 Cleveland was chartered as a city.

On the west side of the river was the village of Brooklyn. Richard Lord and Josiah

Barber had acquired large tracts, and the Carters had purchased lands immediately after

the first survey. In 1814 there were but three habitable houses in that quarter.

In 1819 Josiah Barber erected a cabin and others followed, but it was not until 1831 that anything like a "boom" came. It was a lively one, and made up in

vim and vigor for its tardiness. In the year named, the "Buffalo Company" purchased the

Carter farm laid it out in town lots, and proceeded forthwith to cover the low ground with warehouses aud the hillside with residences. A large brick hotel was erected, and named

the "Massasoit House." A ship canal, connecting the river and old river bed, was exca­ vated A fierce rivalry was engendered between the two towns. Improvements and counter improvements were projected and entered upon. A speculative fever set in; the west side

reaping by far the largest margin. Lots were sold at fabulous prices. Five lots on the old river bed were sold in 1834 for more than they could be purchased for at the present

time A well devised scheme of reconciliation and consolidation failed through mutual jealousy, and immediately delegates from both sides of the river hastened to Columbus to secure city chart­ ers. The west-siders won the race, and "Ohio City" secured a charter some days in advance.

The factions became more active and aggressive. Land sharks aud speculators held high carnival. Jealousy was fanned into passion, resulting in the Bridge war, which culminated in riot aud bloodshed in 1837. Briefly told, the story of the strife is this. James S. Clark, who owned laud on both sides of the river, for his own convenience and profit, bridged the river at Columbus street. The west-siders claimed that the bridge diverted travel. Clark, foreseeing the storm, donated the bridge to the city of Cleveland. Cleveland claimed juris­ diction. This was denied by Ohio City, and a large party of her citizens, armed with saws, axes, crowbars and other destructive implements, proceeded to the bridge, with the avowed purpose of destroying it. Clevelanders, under the lead of several officials, rallied in force to repel the enemy. A swivel gun, loaded to the muzzle with bullets, was planted at the east end of the bridge, but no one seems to have dared to "touch off" the death- dealing machine. The west-siders made a gallant dash, spiked the gun, blew up two abutments and cut away the draw of the bridge. Blood flowed freely from many gashes, ugly wounds were dealt out somewhat promiscuously, but no one was fatally injured.

The sheriff of the county and the city marshal arrested aud jailed a few ringleaders, who were fined and set at large. The courts settled the matter, and the bridge was repaired, but it was not until 1S55 that the rivalry was dispelled by the union of the two cities.

The public school system was adopted the same year that the city charter was secured 1S36; and Messrs. John Willey, Andrew Hay don and Daniel Word were ap­ pointed by the City Council on the first Board of Managers, and an ordinance was passed making the first tax levy for school purposes. The system was put in opera­ tion early the next year, but lack of funds restricted the scope of work materially.

In iS\Q the St Clair street Academy was purchased for $6,000. Lots were purchased and buildings erected on Prospect street, near Sheriff, and on Rockwell street. The former still stands; the latter was removed in 1870 to make room for a larger structure.

The academy building remained until 1S49, when it, too, gave way to a larger building; aud this was in turn converted into headquarters for the fire department, and is at present occupied by the department. In 1S5S a Central High School building was erected on Euclid avenue, near Erie street, and in 1878 the present magnificent structure on

AVilson avenue, having a capacity for nine hundred and forty scholars, was first occupied; and the Ehiclid avenue building was taken possession of, and has since been used for the offices and assembly rooms of the Board of Education and for the Public Library. The schools remained under the control of the City Council until 1859, when a Board of Edu­ cation was created. This body was dependent upon the Council for funds until 1868, when it was made entirely independent, making its own levy of taxes, and expending the fund in its own discretion. The histor}^ of the public school system of the city, thau which no finer, more ably conducted and successful can be found in this broad land of free schools, is one of early struggle, crowned by ultimate victory such as its founders and their suc­ cessors ma}- well be proud of. To recount this history in any detail would occupy more space than this work contemplates.

The political history of the city is thus briefly told. At the date of attaining to cityship, 1S36, the population was a little over 5,000, the city being divided into three wards. At the first election, under the charter, 580 votes were cast, the Hon. John W.

Willey being elected mayor, his opponent being Leonard Case. Each of the three wards

was represented by one alderman and three council men. In 1850 the fourth ward was created. In 1853 the board of alderman was abolished, to be recreated in 1881, and again abolished in 1S84; .the reformer first demanding it as "a check on hasty legislation,"

and then crying out against it as an encumbrance, a delusion and a snare; and in this

day the reformer is still abroad in the land, his restless activity directed to the attain­

ment of the unattainable, through the "Federal Plan." At the first meeting of the City

Council held April 15, 1836, Sherlock J. Andrews was elected president and Henry B.

Payne city clerk and attorney. A fire department was organized, Henry Cook being ap­

pointed chief thereof, and the town pump, near the court-house, was ordered to be repaired.

A "city watch" police department was. established the same year. "The estimated expenses

for city purposes was $16,745, exclusive of that needed for the support of the poor. (The

municipal expenditures in 1889 were $1,512,098.76; for school purposes, $610,317.17; mak­ ing a total of $2,122,414.93-) In l854 three new wards' were created; in 1854 the annexa- tion of Ohio City brought four additional wards into the city; in r86; additional territory was divided into four wards; another ward was created in 1S70; in 1872 the village of East

Cleveland was annexed, making two new wards; in 1873 Newburg was taken into the fold, counting one ward; in 1884 political exigency divided the same territory into twenty- five wards, and two years later a similar incentive cut the city up into forty wards.

Cleveland may hi regards:! as a Republican city, that party having carried seven out of the

last ten annual elections, although the intelligent aud discriminating voter has at times asserted his independence; notably in 1882, when a Republican majority of 3,294 in the previous year was wiped out and the Democratic ticket elected by a majority of 886; again in 18S4, when a Republican majority of 3,495 replaced the Democratic majority of 3,688 of the previous year. In 1887 the Democratic ticket was again elected by a majority of 3,332, the Republicans having had a majority in 18S6 of 1,339 and turned the tables again in

1888 with a majority of 2,053. The management of municipal affairs has been fairly repu­ table, the embezzlement of half a million of city funds by City Treasurer, Thomas Ar- worthy, in 1888, being the only notable incident of discovered crookedness in the city's his­ tory; but, so entirely "conservative" have been the powers, that the half century and more has rolled over the city without bringing in its train any event worthy of note to which the powers could be said to be contributory. The Cleveland of to-day owes her oreatness, her beaut}', her power in the world of trade, and her proud rank among the great cities of the county to the energy, enterprise, judgment and tact of her private citi­ zens aud nothing whatever to those to whom her public, affairs have been entrusted.

Following closely on the heels of the speculative activity of 1835 came the panic of

1816 when wildcat banks toppled to ruin 011 all sides. For four years Cleveland made no advance. The products of the farm at this period were so far in excess of the demand that a wholly agricultural people could not sustain itself. Farmers were feeding un­ til rashed orai 11 to their swine; a bushel of wheat was worth the price of postage on a letter to New England; farming land was worth but one dollar and a quarter per acre, and the hio-hest price paid for farm labor was thirteen dollars per month. There needed some development of the forces which would direct human energies into another channel, to hold together the fabric of a young civilization and stimulate it to further growth. It came in the form of railroads. This potent civilizer opened up the great West, giving to Ohio a wonderful impetus, and a dozen years later making possible that modern mira­ cle, Chicago. Not only -were the railroads to give Cleveland the assurance of a future, but the great ore fields of Lake Superior gave up their treasure, and, meeting the coal from eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania on the threshhold, transformed the puny, struggling market town into a manufacturing center of the first class.

It may not be uninteresting to give the relative size of the four leading cities of the state, at this period, to wit: Cincinnati, population 46,338. Cleveland, 6,071; Dayton, 6,067;

Columbus, 6,048. The population of the same cities in 1880 was: Cincinnati, 253,139;

Cleveland, 160,146; Columbus, 51,647; Dayton, 36,678. Cincinnati had multiplied herself by five and a half times; Columbus, eight and a half times; Da3'ton, six and a half times; and Cleveland, the youngest of the quartet, twenty-six and a third times.

Not counting Ballard's iron foundry, built in 1S2S, the history of Cleveland's indus­ trial development may be said to be embraced within three periods; the first dating from the founding of the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Company in 1835, which company built in

1842 the first locomotive west of the Allegheny mountains. Within the same period, in

1S40, the Wm. A. Otis Iron Works were erected. The second period dates from the found­ ing of the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company by Henry Chisholm in 1857, now one of the largest concerns in the world, from which, in 1868, the first Bessemer steel was turned out.

During this period (1859) the Cleveland Paper Company went into operation; a number of furnaces and minor manufacturing establishments were built. The third period begins with the'development of the petroleum fields of Pennsylvania and the founding of the Standard Oil

Company, by John D. Rockefeller and his confreres, in 1S68. This concern, the largest and most powerful private enterprise in the world, in 1S70 refined in its Cleveland works over one-third of the entire Pennsylvania product, having a daily refining capacity of

20 000 barrels • turning out from its monster cooperage over 9,000 iron bound oil barrels ner day. It would be impossible to even enumerate the establishments erected within this period the products of which embrace almost every artificial means invented by man's o-euius to enhance his comfort and well-being, employing tens of thousands of artisans and bringing millions of treasure from every quarter. Only a few having a distinctive bearing may be cited : In 1868 the first iron vessel floated on the lakes was launched from Blais- delPs ship-yard. To-day the Globe Iron Works Company, and the Cleveland Ship Building

Company, successor to the Cuyahoga Furnace Company, are fully equipped for the con­ struction of the largest iron and steel craft, and are the most extensive works of the kind in the country. Iu 1S76 Mr. C. F. Brush developed his discovery of the arc dynamo for electric light, and immense works were erected for the construction of electric light­ ing machinery, which have never been able to fill the demand made upon them.

The police census of 1886 enumerates 1,016 distinctive manufacturing establishments within the city limits.

Of events which should find a place in the history of the city, as marking its on­ ward course, but which have occurred within the easy recollection of the rising generation, and upon which the mould of time has not yet thrown its softening influence, nothing more than a passing mention need be made, leaving it to the future historian to adorn the tale and apply the moral.

In 1845 the Legislature created the State Bank of Ohio, under which act three banks were organized in this city, the Commercial, the Merchants' and the City. The Society for

Savings, organized the same year, is the largest concern of the kind in the country. There are at present nine National Banks, and some twenty savings societies and private banking houses.

In 1S47 The Lake Erie Telegraph Company filed the first request to erect poles and wires in the streets of the city. The extension of the telegraph system throughout the West, the consolidation of the various organizations, is largely due to the energy, fore­ sight and great executive abilities of Mr. Jeptha H. Wade, and Cleveland became, from the early days of telegraphing until Mr. Wade retired from the head of the corporation, the center of the Western system. The history of the telegraph exceeds the brightest pao-e of fairy lore. Had the growth of the city kept pace with the growth in volume of business done over the wires, Cleveland would now be a city of at least 5,000,000. In this same year the first steps were taken by the city and county jointly looking to the con­ struction of an Infirmary. The Scrauton avenue building was constructed the year follow- in jr. In 1879 a large addition was built, and in 1889 it was still further enlarged by the erection of a fine hospital department. In 1848 the Weddell House was erected, the Kennard in 1S56, to be followed in later years by the Forest City, the Stillman, and the Hollenden, not yet completed; Cleve­

land standing to-day without a peer, among'cities of its class, in point of hotel accommoda­

tions.

In 1849 the Cleveland Gas Light and Coke Company laid its first pipes in Superior,

Ontario, River, Mervvin and Canal streets. In 18S8, 4,500 gas lamps, 5,064 vapor lamps aud 47 electric arc lamps lit up indifferently well the 450 miles of streets within the corporate limits. In 1S49 official action began for the creation of a water-works sys­ tem. Water was first sent through the pipes on the tenth day of September, 1856. Ten years later the first tunnel was built, and in 18S8 another was begun, to be completed in

1890. The pumping capacity of the present works is 70,000,000 of gallons per da}-', which is distributed through 252 miles of pipe to over 160,000 consumers.

In 1850 the Youug Men's Christian Association was organized, with few members and less dollars. The fine structure now being erected on the corner of Erie and Prospect streets attests its growth and prosperity.

In 1856 was erected the present government building, occupied as a post-office, Cus­ tom-house and U. S. Court-rooms. Previous to this date the post-office was a migratory affair.' In 1806 it was located in the top story of a building on Superior street, near Water street; in 1816 on the South side of Superior street, opposite Bank street; in 1S30 on the north side of Superior, the present site of the Johnson House; in 1S49 iu the Herald building on Bank street; in 1853 on the west side of Water, near St. Clair street. At this period there were three theaters in active operation: "Foster's Varieties," now the Acad­ emy of Music; the Athenaeum on the south side of Superior street, opposite Bank street, aud the Center street theatre, on Frankfort street, near Bank street.

In 1858 the Cleveland (Case) Library was incorporated. In 1S76 Mr. Case gave to the association the building it partially occupies, valued at $300,000. The same year the court-house south of the Square was erected; the Seneca street annex and the jail followed in 1875-76.

On the tenth day of September, 1S60, the first line of street cars was put into opera­ tion between the Square and Wilson avenue, on Kinsman street, now Woodland avenue. Uvei a hundred miles are now in operation and under construction, and in no city are

the accommodations excelled: Electricity and horses furnish the power, and a cable

road is now being constructed. The statue of Commodore Perry was unveiled on the same

day, then occupying the center of the junction of Superior and Ontario street, the entire

square being at the time enclosed.

All things came to a stand in April, 1S61. On the fifteenth day of that memorable

month President Lincoln issued the first call for troops; on the twenty-second Camp Tay­

lor was formed in a grove on Woodland avenue, east of Willson avenue; two weeks later

the famous Seventh Ohio regiment was formed, and early in May, on a bright Sunday

morning, it departed for the scene of strife, to return four years later, on the eleventh of

June, arriving on a Sunday morning as bright and cloudless as that which witnessed its

departure. The history of the regiment is one of continuous fighting and marching, its

achievements being among the most brilliant and dashing of any during the war.

To proceed further would be to trench upon the current record of the times. Since

the war Cleveland has outgrown herself. She has spanned the broad valley which separates

the west from the east side by a vast viaduct of iron and stone (completed in 187S), and

by two .lesser structures of iron (1SS6 and 18S9). A harbor of safety begun in 1875, w^>

when completed, give her the finest harbor on the lakes, enclosing two hundred and forty

acres of smooth and safe water. Her park area has been widely extended by the purchase

in 1S73, for $235,000, and the improvement of Lake View Park; the purchase in 1879, for

$50,000, of the South Side Park, and the princely gift, in 1SS0, of Mr. J. H. Wade, of

Wade Park. The organization of the Case School of Applied Science and of Adelbert Col­

lege, and the erection of commodious stone structures by both institutions in 18S5-S6 gives

to Cleveland a pre-eminence in the world of letters second to none in the country. Many

of the old and unsightly landmarks which have stood on her main thoroughfares, a re­

proach to their owners and a blemish on the fair fame of. the city, have been removed, and

blocks equal to any in point of architectural beauty and modern appointments erected in their place. On all sides are found evidences of prosperity, refinement and wealth. ?T?^;\A. .-*^VV»^^

GARFIELD'S MONUMENT, LAKE VIEW CEMETERY, SCENE IN RIVERSIDE CEMETERY,

SCENE IN LAKE VIEW CEMETERY, RESIDENCE OF L, H, MALONE,

RESIDENCE OF M, A, BRADLEY, WATER STREET FROM ST, CLAIR STREET, SOUTH, SCENE IN RIVERSIDE CEMETERY,

VAULT IN LAKE VIEW CEMETERY, RESIDENCE OF R, K, WINSLOW.

RESIDENCE OF S, T, EVERETT, SCENE IN GORDON'S PARK, VAULT IN WOODLAND CEMETERY, SOLDIERS' MONUMENT, WOODLAND CEMETERY, RESIDENCE OF C, E, GROVER,

RESIDENCE OF J, W, BRITTON, SCENE IN PUBLIC SQUARE, FOUNTAIN IN WADE'S PARK,

SCENE IN BEYERLES PARK, RESIDENCE OF GEORGE W, PACK.

RESIDENCE OF J, H. WADE, J.R, CLEVELAND HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. SCENE IN RIVERSIDE CEMETERY, SCENE IN RIVERSIDE CEMETERY, STANDARD OIL COMPANY'S WORKS, NORTH PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH,

PLYMOUTH CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH, RESIDENCE OF E, R, PERKINS,

RESIDENCE OF JUDGE W, W, BOYNTON, FAIRMOUNT PUMPING STATION, FOUNTAIN IN WOODLAND CEMETERY, SCENE IN WOODLAND CEMETERY, RESIDENCE OF S, H, CHISHOLM,

RESIDENCE OF C, W, BINGHAM, HOUSE OF REFUGE AND CORRECTION, SCENE IN MODOC PARK,

SCENE IN LAKE VIEW PARK, RESIDENCE OF STEVENSON BURKE,

RESIDENCE OF CAPT, A, P, WINSLOW, CITY HALL THE LENNOX, SCENE IN RIVERSIDE CEMETERY-, MONUMENT IN LAKE VIEW CEMETERY, BRADLEY & MCBRIDE BLOCK, RESIDENCE OF CHARLES SEMON,

RESIDENCE OF S, A, FISHBLATE, SCENE IN BEYERLES PARK, PERRY'S MONUMENT, SCENE IN ST, JOHN'S CEMETERY, JEWISH ORPHAN ASYLUM, SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, ST, PAUL'S CHURCH, ST, IGNATIUS COLLEGE, RESIDENCE OF D, Z, NORTON,.

RESIDENCE OF THOMAS WILSON, CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL, SCENE IN RIVERSIDE CEMETERY. SCENE IN WOODLAND CEMETERY, RESIDENCE OF 0 W, DIEHL,

RESIDENCE OF W, H, CAINE, INTERIOR OF ST, BRIDGET'S CATHOLIC CHURCH, SCENE IN GORDON'S PARK,

RESIDENCE OF HON, M, P, RANNEY, NEW COURT HOUSE, ST, JOHN'S CHURCH,

-*.

RESIDENCE OF A, F, HOUSE, CUYAHOGA FALLS, — -. -

RESIDENCE OF J, H, VAN DORN,

RESIDENCE OF H. H, POWELL, BUILDING OF THE SOCIETY FOR SAYINGS, SCENE ON BROADWAY AND ONTARIO STREETS,

BROADWAY WEST FROM AXTELL STREET, LffiXX

POST OFFICE AND CUSTOM HOUSE, EUCLID AVE, M, E, CHURCH, EUCLID AVE, C0NGL, CHURCH, SCENE ON THE RIVER—BOATS UNLOADING ORE, RESIDENCE OF J, W, CONGER,

RESIDENCE OF A, L, BASSETT, CLEVELAND ROLLING MILL CO.'S OFFICE, INTERIOR OF THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY NAME, VIEW ON RIVER,

LOOKING EAST ON ST, CLAIR STREET,- CASE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE, ST, STANISLAS1 CHURCH (POLISH,) ST, STEPHEN'S CHURCH.

REV. F. KOLASZEWSKI, PASTOR. REV. C. REICHLIN, PASTOR, ORE DOCKS ON THE RIVER, RESIDENCE OF S, ANDREWS,

RESIDENCE OF L, A, SACKET, ST, MICHAELS CHURCH, (UNDER CONSTRUCTION,)

RESIDENCE OF T, S, SANFORD, PERRY PAYNE BUILDING, ••^•••B M '•'•

CLEVELAND CITY HOSPITAL,

PRIVATE SURGICAL HOME FOR WOMEN, BANK STREET, NORTH FROM SUPERIOR; URSULINE CONVENT,

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY, WATER WORKS, :—La—— ——

RESIDENCE OF C, F, BRDSH,

RESIDENCE OF CHARLES HICKOX, ST, BRIDGET'S CHURCH AND SCHOOL ST, PETER'S CHURCH, RESIDENCE OF R, E, BURDICK, RESIDENCE OF J, C, WEIDEMAM, SCENE IN GORDON'S PARK,

VIEW OF ORE DOCKS, -Ul*lll»l

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PROTESTANT ORPHAN ASYLUM, FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, ST, JOHN'S CATHEDRAL RT. REV. R. GILMORE, D. D, REV. T. P, THORPE, PASTOR. SCENE ON RIVER—LAKE STEAMERS UNLOADING ORE, RESIDENCE OF CHARLES THOMAS.

RESIDENCE OF GEORGE HERMAN, CENTRAL YIADUCT, JENNINGS AVE, RESIDENCE OF HENRY G, SLATMYER, RESIDENCE OF A, R, TEACHOUT, CITY INFIRMARY HOSPITAL,

CITY INFIRMARY, ADELBERT COLLEGE, <^*

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CHURCH OF THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION, ST, JOSEPH'S CHURCH, REV. A. R. SIDLEY, PASTOR. SCENE ALONG THE RIVER, RESIDENCE OF MARY H, SEVERANCE,

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RESIDENCE OF I, N, TOPLIFF, RESIDENCE OF S, H, MATHER, RESIDENCE OF F, L WENHAM, THE SAVINGS AND TRUST CO,, AND STONE BUILDINGS, MASONIC TEMPLE,

SCENE ON PEARL STREET, THE HOLLENDEN. SPENCERIAN BUSINESS COLLEGE,

MERIDEN BLOCK, UPPER CUYAHOGA FALLS, RESIDENCE OF DR. J, STRONG,

RESIDENCE OF JAMES CORRIGAN, RESIDENCE OF D, LEUTY, RESIDENCE OF D, P, EELLS,