DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Groningen Monuments of Meditation and Propaganda De

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Groningen Monuments of Meditation and Propaganda De University of Groningen Monuments of Meditation and Propaganda de Jong, Jan L. Published in: Incontri. Rivista europea di studi italiani DOI: 10.18352/incontri.10214 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2017 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): de Jong, J. L. (2017). Monuments of Meditation and Propaganda: The tombs of Popes Pius III and Pius V. Incontri. Rivista europea di studi italiani, 32(2), 8-25. https://doi.org/10.18352/incontri.10214 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 25-09-2021 Anno 32, 2017 / Fascicolo 2 / p. 8-25 - www.rivista-incontri.nl – http://doi.org/10.18352/incontri.10214 © The author(s) - Content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License - Publisher: Werkgroep Italië Studies, supported by Utrecht University Library Open Access Journals Monuments of Meditation and Propaganda The tombs of Popes Pius III and Pius V* Jan L. de Jong For Henk van Veen This study discusses the gap between the arrangements that two prominent persons made for their own tombs, ordering them already while alive, and the changes wrought to them by others after their deaths, (re)shaping their memory for specific purposes. Focusing on two important cardinals, the two central questions to be answered are: what did Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini, who was to become Pope Pius III, and Michele Ghislieri, future Pope Pius V, want their tombs to look like and why? And how and why did others afterwards reshape the way these popes would be remembered? Before these questions can be addressed adequately, a few introductory remarks are necessary. Introduction A tomb is, first of all, a place to be buried. However, devices such as an inscription or a representation in stone or some other material, also make it a place of commemoration. Initially, it is the buried person who draws the attention of the tomb’s visitors and arouses their memory. On further consideration, however, the person(s) who set up the tomb and devised its inscriptions and other features demand(s) just as much attention. It was, after all, this person (or these persons) who steers the visitors’ memory through the wording of the inscription on the tomb and the selection of other features. Moreover, this same person usually has his/her name mentioned on the tomb, thus presenting him/herself as a respectful relation, thanks to whom the memory of the deceased will live on. A tomb, in other words, tells just as much − and perhaps even more − about the person(s) who set it up as it does about the deceased who is buried in it. It is this understanding that has gradually expanded the scope of studies of Italian tomb monuments made during the Renaissance (c.1400-1600). Apart from biographical * All churches mentioned in the text are in Rome, unless explicitly specified otherwise. Also except when mentioned otherwise, all translations from the Latin are mine. Quotations from the Bible are after the Douay-Rheims translation. I am very grateful to drs. Marieke Nugteren, Charlotte van ter Toolen and Emma de Jong, for their help and advice, and to Maarten van Deventer for his photographs. In preparing this paper, I have made thankful use of R.U. Montini, Le tombe dei papi, Roma, A. Belardetti, 1957, which contains good, concise information on all the papal tombs. In the notes of this paper, however, I refer to more specialized or detailed (and more recent) literature. I have decided to ignore the book by W.J. Reardon, The Deaths of the Popes: Comprehensive Accounts, Including Funerals, Burial Places and Epitaphs, Jefferson, N.C., McFarland & Co., 2004, as the information it offers is very arbitrary; moreover, the transcriptions of the epitaphs are often inaccurate and some of the translations (in particular those of the sixteenth century epitaphs) betray complete unfamiliarity with papal matters, if not with Latin. 8 studies about the deceased, which mostly consider his/her tomb as a kind of documentation, traditional art historical studies have concentrated on the individual artists who made the tombs, discussing these monuments mainly within the context of (the development of) their oeuvre.1 Other studies have focused on such aspects as (the development of) various types of monuments.2 Next to these readings, a growing number of studies have widened the scope by paying attention to the persons who commissioned these tombs and their reasons to do so,3 and to the even wider societal context, for instance of specific groups of buried people or commissioners.4 Yet another approach is followed in studies that specifically take into account the location of a tomb in a church and/or in relation to other tombs, thus explaining the tomb’s position literally and figuratively.5 A useful tool for all these (and other) approaches is the Requiem website, which in a systematic way offers historical and art historical information on the tombs of popes and cardinals from the early modern period (1420- 1798). The website was launched in 2001 as an on-going project, but does not seem to have been updated for at least five years.6 This brief survey is primarily based on studies of tombs in Rome, as this is what my contribution will concern. It is, of course, too short to be exhaustive and it does not pretend to be representative of the wider field of studies of Italian Renaissance tombs. Yet a few more words should be added to this short outline: not for the sake of completeness, but because of a lacuna. There are hardly any publications that systematically study the inscriptions (usually written in Latin) on the tombs. Iiro Kajanto’s 1980 book on Latin epitaphs of Medieval and Renaissance Rome is a rare exception.7 An interesting aspect of this book is that it shows how epitaphs − just like other inscriptions − bring in an understanding of tombs that seems largely overlooked in the present attention for societal aspects, namely that tombs also functioned as ‘instruments’ for meditation. It was particularly the epitaphs that spurred people to think about matters of life, death and the afterlife. Tombs were therefore not only 1 For instance: M. Kühlenthal, ‘Andrea Bregno in Rom’, in: Römisches Jahrbuch der Bibliotheca Hertziana, 32 (1997/1998), pp. 179-272. 2 J. Götzmann, Römische Grabmäler der Hochrenaissance. Typologie - Ikonographie – Stil (Beiträge zur Kunstgeschichte des Mittelalters und der Renaissance, 13), Münster, Rhema, 2010. 3 Two examples are: M.J. Gill, ‘Death and the Cardinal: The Two Bodies of Guillaume d’Estouteville’, in: Renaissance Quarterly, 2, 54 (2001), pp. 347-388; A. Ladegast, ‘Liturgie und Memoria bei den Ammanati Grabmälern in S. Agostino. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Grabmalsstrategie’, in: A. Karsten & P. Zitzlsperger (eds.), Vom Nachleben der Kardinäle. Römische Kardinalsgrabmäler der Frühen Neuzeit, Berlin, Mann, 2010, pp. 67-98. 4 Some examples are: A. Karsten, ‘Gräber für Gelehrte? Anmerkungen zu den römischen Papst- und Kardinalsgrabmälern im Zeitalter der Katholischen Reform’, in: T. Maissen & G. Walther (eds.), Funktionen des Humanismus. Studien zum Nutzen des Neuen in der humanistischen Kultur, Göttingen, Wallstein, 2006, pp. 303-324; P. Zitzlsperger, ‘Requiem - die römischen Papst- und Kardinalsgrabmäler der Frühen Neuzeit. Ergebnisse, Theorien und Ausblicke des Forschungsprojekts’, in: idem, Vom Nachleben der Kardinäle, Berlin, Mann, 2010, pp. 23-65; J.L. de Jong, 'Moeders en monumenten: Graftombes voor en door moeders in Rome tussen 1400 en 1600', in: Roma Aeterna, 2, 4, (2016), pp. 44-63. 5 S. de Blaauw, ‘Grabmäler statt Liturgie? Das Presbyterium von Santi Apostoli in Rom als private Grablege 1474 – 1571’, in: W. Maier, W. Schmid & M.V. Schwarz (eds.), Grabmäler. Tendenzen der Forschung an Beispielen aus Mittelalter und früher Neuzeit, Berlin, Mann, 2000, pp. 179-199; G. Schelbert, ‘SS. Apostoli a Roma. Il coro-mausoleo rinascimentale e il triconco rinato', in: S. Frommel (ed.), La place du choeur: architecture et liturgie du Moyen Âge aux temps modernes (Itinéraires percorsi, 1), Paris, Picard, 2012, pp. 101-112. 6 ‘Requiem. Die Römischen Papst- und Kardinalsgrabmäler der frühen Neuzeit’, http://requiem- projekt.de/db/. For a critical review, see J. Kohl, ‘Requiem. Die römischen Papst- und Kardinalsgrabmäler der Frühen Neuzeit’, in: H-Soz-Kult, 03.09.2005, www.hsozkult.de/webreview/id/rezwww-100. 7 I. Kajanto, Classical and Christian: Studies in the Latin Epitaphs of Medieval and Renaissance Rome, Helsinki, Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, 1980. Vincenzo Forcella’s Iscrizioni delle chiese e d’altri edificii di Roma dal secolo XI fino ai giorni nostri, Roma, Cecchini, 1869-84, is an extremely helpful documentation of epitaphs and inscriptions, but not an analytical study. 9 monuments of representation of the dead and their surviving relations, they were also ‘vehicles’ that urged the viewers to reflect on their own life and the inescapable moment of passing away.8 This aspect was crucial for − amongst many others − the German scholar Nathan Chytraeus (Nathan Kochhaff or Kochhafe, 1543-98), who in 1594 published a book on the delights of travelling in Europe.9 For him, the most valuable part of visiting other cities and countries was the chance to read epitaphs and other inscriptions.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tables of Contemporary Chronology, from the Creation to A. D. 1825
    : TABLES OP CONTEMPORARY CHUONOLOGY. FROM THE CREATION, TO A. D. 1825. \> IN SEVEN PARTS. "Remember the days of old—consider the years of many generations." 3lorttatttt PUBLISHED BY SHIRLEY & HYDE. 1629. : : DISTRICT OF MAItfE, TO WIT DISTRICT CLERKS OFFICE. BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the first day of June, A. D. 1829, and in the fifty-third year of the Independence of the United States of America, Messrs. Shiraey tt Hyde, of said District, have deposited in this office, the title of a book, the right whereof they claim as proprietors, in the words following, to wit Tables of Contemporary Chronology, from the Creation, to A.D. 1825. In seven parts. "Remember the days of old—consider the years of many generations." In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled " An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ;" and also to an act, entitled "An Act supplementary to an act, entitled An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ; and for extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." J. MUSSEV, Clerk of the District of Maine. A true copy as of record, Attest. J MUSSEY. Clerk D. C. of Maine — TO THE PUBLIC. The compiler of these Tables has long considered a work of this sort a desideratum.
    [Show full text]
  • Establishing the Tudor Dynasty: the Role of Francesco Piccolomini in Rome As First Cardinal Protector of England
    2017 IV Establishing the Tudor Dynasty: The Role of Francesco Piccolomini in Rome as First Cardinal Protector of England Susan May Article: Establishing the Tudor Dynasty: The Role of Francesco Piccolomini in Rome as First Cardinal Protector of England Establishing the Tudor Dynasty: The Role of Francesco Piccolomini in Rome as First Cardinal Protector of England1 Susan May Abstract: Between 1492 and 1503, Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini (1439–1503) was the first officially appointed Cardinal Protector of England. This paper focuses on a select few of his activities executed in that capacity for Henry Tudor, King Henry VII. Drawing particularly on two unpublished letters, it underscores the importance for King Henry of having his most trusted supporters translated to significant bishoprics throughout the land, particularly in the northern counties, and explores Queen Elizabeth of York’s patronage of the hospital and church of St Katharine-by-the-Tower in London. It further considers the mechanisms through which artists and humanists could be introduced to the Tudor court, namely via the communication and diplomatic infrastructure of Italian merchant-bankers. This study speculates whether, by the end of his long incumbency of forty-three years at the Sacred College, uncomfortably mindful of the extent of a cardinal’s actual and potential influence in temporal affairs, Piccolomini finally became reluctant to wield the power of the purple. Keywords: Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini; Henry VII; early Tudor; cardinal protector; St Katharine’s; Italian merchant-bankers ope for only twenty-six days following his election, taking the name of Pius III (Fig. 1), Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini (1439–1503) has understandably been P overshadowed in reputation by his high-profile uncle, Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, Pope Pius II (1458–64).
    [Show full text]
  • The Borgias: “Truth” Vs Reality
    1 The Borgias: “Truth” vs Reality By Theodore Kemna Introduction As I described often in class for the last few months pre-quarantine, my research for our semester long project had been on the weirder and more taboo Popes, with my research question being “What absurd stories of old Popes are true and what are myths?” Unfortunately, through my research, though I came across some very odd stories from all over the history of the catholic church, I ended up focusing on the biggest of the more well known papacy-centric collections of tales, the saga of the Borgias, which made my research question more “What absurd stories about Alexander VI are true and what are myths?” by the end. Though in the course of my research some of the information that first piqued my interest has been disproven as most likely myths, I don’t wish to rob the class of these stories. That’s why I have decided to present the information as a “Truth” vs Reality article, in which I will first outline the “truth” of the stories as often outlined and believed in our modern day society, then counter and compare it with the reality of the actual situation. With that out of the way, here it is, presented in all it’s glory. “The Truth” of The Borgias In late July 1492, Pope Innocent VIII died, and the Cardinals of the Vatican were assembled to vote for his successor. In the center of this vote were two men, Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere and Cardinal Rodrigo de Borgia.
    [Show full text]
  • Timeline1800 18001600
    TIMELINE1800 18001600 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 8000BCE Sharpened stone heads used as axes, spears and arrows. 7000BCE Walls in Jericho built. 6100BCE North Atlantic Ocean – Tsunami. 6000BCE Dry farming developed in Mesopotamian hills. - 4000BCE Tigris-Euphrates planes colonized. - 3000BCE Farming communities spread from south-east to northwest Europe. 5000BCE 4000BCE 3900BCE 3800BCE 3760BCE Dynastic conflicts in Upper and Lower Egypt. The first metal tools commonly used in agriculture (rakes, digging blades and ploughs) used as weapons by slaves and peasant ‘infantry’ – first mass usage of expendable foot soldiers. 3700BCE 3600BCE © PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 1 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 3500BCE King Menes the Fighter is victorious in Nile conflicts, establishes ruling dynasties. Blast furnace used for smelting bronze used in Bohemia. Sumerian civilization developed in south-east of Tigris-Euphrates river area, Akkadian civilization developed in north-west area – continual warfare. 3400BCE 3300BCE 3200BCE 3100BCE 3000BCE Bronze Age begins in Greece and China. Egyptian military civilization developed. Composite re-curved bows being used. In Mesopotamia, helmets made of copper-arsenic bronze with padded linings. Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, first to use iron for weapons. Sage Kings in China refine use of bamboo weaponry. 2900BCE 2800BCE Sumer city-states unite for first time. 2700BCE Palestine invaded and occupied by Egyptian infantry and cavalry after Palestinian attacks on trade caravans in Sinai. 2600BCE 2500BCE Harrapan civilization developed in Indian valley. Copper, used for mace heads, found in Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Sumerians make helmets, spearheads and axe blades from bronze.
    [Show full text]
  • Polarization and Conflict in the Papal States
    DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 12911 Habemus Papam? Polarization and Conflict in the Papal States Francisco J. Pino Jordi Vidal-Robert JANUARY 2020 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 12911 Habemus Papam? Polarization and Conflict in the Papal States Francisco J. Pino University of Chile and IZA Jordi Vidal-Robert University of Sydney and CAGE JANUARY 2020 Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world’s largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. ISSN: 2365-9793 IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9 Phone: +49-228-3894-0 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] www.iza.org IZA DP No. 12911 JANUARY 2020 ABSTRACT Habemus Papam? Polarization and Conflict in the Papal States* We study the effect of divisions within the elite on the probability of internal conflict in the Papal States between 1295 and 1846.
    [Show full text]
  • PIUS AENEAS REDUX: PIUS II, ENEA SILVIO PICCOLOMINI1 As
    ALDEN SMITH PIUS AENEAS REDUX : PIUS II, ENEA SILVIO PICCOLOMINI 1 As do all popes, Pius II had a given name; in his case, it was a name laden with history, specifically Roman history. On 18 October 1405 that future pope was born as Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini – Aeneas Silvius – a name that recalls both Rhea Silvia, the vestal virgin who gave birth to Romulus and Remus, the legendary eighth-century founders of Rome, and, of course, also harks back to Aeneas, the twelfth-century founder of Rome with a name beyond legend, for it was he who transformed Trojan into Roman. Years later, that ancient forebear, made famous in his Virgilian incarnation, would influence Enea in his choice of papal name, Pius, which alongside his given name echoes the famous appellation of the Aenei d’s epony - mous character, “pius Aeneas” 2. This connection is made explicit by his poetic biographer Giovanni Antonio Cam - pano in a poem written to celebrate Enea as the new Pope Pius II (III 23, 17-27 3): Eneas Pius et sacros poetas et letas facili manu Camenas affert in Latium suum, o, boni dii, quantum letitie huic dedistis anno! 20 Non hic Dardanios refert Penates, aut raucum Phrygie gregem Cybeles, sed Iesum dominum deum Latinum. Grandis Roma suos habet triumphos, Eneamque suum vident Quirites. 25 Quid maius potuere dii benigni largiri Latio, quid et Camenis? Pius Aeneas brings sacred poets and happy Muses with his easy hand to his own Latium, O, good gods, how much joy have you given to this year! This man does not bring back the household gods of Troy or the noisy crowd of Phrygian Cybele, but he brings Jesus, the Lord of the Latin gods.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardinal Enea Silvio Piccolomini and the Development of Cardinal Protectors of Nations by Michael Von Cotta-Schönberg
    CARDINAL ENEA SILVIO PICCOLOMINI and the Development of Cardinal Protectors of Nations by Michael von Cotta-Schönberg n the 16th and 17th centuries an important instrument of papal gov- Iernment was the formal office of Cardinal Protector of Nations. This institution was the result of a development that began in the late Middle Ages and gained momentum in the 15th century in spite of opposition and ambivalence on the part of some popes who feared that such ar- rangements would lead to cardinals becoming dependent on secular princes. Enea Silvio Piccolomini became a cardinal in 1456 and was elected pope already in 1458. As a cardinal he actively sought to become the privileged representative of a number of European princes, especially from the German sphere, including the Emperor, Frederick III, and the King of Denmark, Christian 1. His correspondence as a cardinal1 and a number of letters from the Danish Court to the Papal Court from that period2 provide valuable documentation on the development of the office of Cardinal Protec- tors of Nations which has until now only been sparsely studied.3 1 Published soon after his death as well as in the Opera Omnia editions of 1551 and 1571. 2 Extant only in a copy made in the 17th century, held in the Royal Library, Copen- hagen. 3 Studies of the development of the office of Cardinal Protector of Nations are few, cf. Olivier Poncet: The Cardinal-protectors of the Crowns in the Roman Curia dur- ing the first Half of the Seventeenth Century: the Case of France. In: G.
    [Show full text]
  • A Papal Hall of State: Ceremony And
    A PAPAL HALL OF STATE: CEREMONY AND MULTIFUNCTIONALITY IN THE BORGIA APARTMENT by EMILY BROWN KELLEY TANJA JONES, COMMITTEE CHAIR HEATHER MCPHERSON MINDY NANCARROW A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the joint program in Art History in the Graduate Schools of The University of Alabama and The University of Alabama at Birmingham TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2014 Copyright Emily Brown Kelley 2014 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Situated on the second level (piano nobile) of the Vatican Palace, overlooking the south side of the Belvedere Courtyard, are eight rooms or sale that comprised the papal apartment of the Spanish native, Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia, born c. 1431; r. 1492-1503). These spaces once hosted powerful cardinals and heads of state for diplomatic or religious matters. They also served as Alexander VI’s private living spaces. During meetings or meals with the Borgia pope, guests encountered a visual array of opulent fresco programs that included fictive tapestries along the lower half of the wall surface, vibrant narrative lunettes on the upper half, and lavishly gilded vault programs decorated by Bernardino Pinturicchio (1454-1513) and his workshop during 1492-94. Combining iconographic study, examination of primary source documents regarding court ceremony and use of the space, and architectural analyses of Roman palazzi from the period, this thesis offers the first sustained consideration of the multiple, and often overlapping, functions that the eight rooms of the Borgia apartment likely served during Alexander VI’s pontificate. Such an effort is especially important as Alexander VI’s apartment in the Vatican Palace represents the oldest surviving decorated papal apartment in Rome.
    [Show full text]
  • Cardinal Enea Silvio Piccolomini and the Development of Cardinal Protectors of Nations Michael Cotta-Schønberg
    Cardinal Enea Silvio Piccolomini and the Development of Cardinal Protectors of Nations Michael Cotta-Schønberg To cite this version: Michael Cotta-Schønberg. Cardinal Enea Silvio Piccolomini and the Development of Cardinal Pro- tectors of Nations. Fund og Forskning, 2012, 51, pp.49-76. hprints-00827914 HAL Id: hprints-00827914 https://hal-hprints.archives-ouvertes.fr/hprints-00827914 Submitted on 29 May 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Cardinal Enea Silvio Piccolomini and the Development of Cardinal Protectors of Nations By Michael von Cotta-Schönberg 1 The present text was published in Fund og Forskning i Det Kongelige Biblioteks Samlinger [Finds and Research in the Collections of the Royal Library], 51 (2012) 49-76. Some minor errors in the printed version have been corrected, including Sea instead of See. 2 Author Michael von Cotta-Schønberg is Deputy Director General at The Royal Library, Copenhagen, and University Librarian at University of Copenhagen. His university degrees are in philosophy (bach. Phil., Louvain 1965) and psychology (Mag. Art., Copenhagen). Abstract This article deals with the development of Cardinal Protectors of Nations in the 15th century. It is based partly on texts examined by Josef Wodka (1938), partly on the correspondence of Cardinal Enea Silvio Piccolomini published in the Opera Omnia edition of 1571 and the correpondence of King Christian 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cardinal's Sin. Punished by Syphilis in Renaissance Rome Auteur/Author
    Sex: a Cardinal’s Sin. Punished by Syphilis in Renaissance Rome Raimond-Waarts, Loes L.; Santing, Catrien Citation Raimond-Waarts, L. L., & Santing, C. (2010). Sex: a Cardinal’s Sin. Punished by Syphilis in Renaissance Rome. Leidschrift|Priesters, Prostituees En Procreatie. Seksuele Normen En Praktijken In De Middeleeuwen En Vroegmoderne Tijd, 25(December), 169-182. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/73162 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/73162 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Artikel/Article: Sex: a Cardinal’s Sin. Punished by Syphilis in Renaissance Rome Auteur/Author: Loes L. Raimond-Waarts, Catrien Santing Verschenen in/Appeared in: Leidschrift, 25.3 (Leiden 2010) 169-182 © 2010 Stichting Leidschrift, Leiden, The Netherlands ISSN 0923-9491 E-ISSN 2210-5643 Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden No part of this publication may be gereproduceerd en/of vermenigvuldigd reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, zonder schriftelijke toestemming van de or transmitted, in any form or by any uitgever. means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. Leidschrift is een zelfstandig Leidschrift is an independent academic wetenschappelijk historisch tijdschrift, journal dealing with current historical verbonden aan het Instituut voor debates and is linked to the Institute for geschiedenis van de Universiteit Leiden. History of Leiden University. Leidschrift Leidschrift verschijnt drie maal per jaar in appears tri-annually and each edition de vorm van een themanummer en biedt deals with a specific theme. hiermee al vijfentwintig jaar een podium Articles older than two years can be voor levendige historiografische downloaded from www.leidschrift.nl.
    [Show full text]
  • The Misunderstood Persona of Pope Pius II
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert Opportunism OR SELF Awareness: THE MISUNDERSTOOD PERSONA OF POPE PIUS II JAIME LEAÑOS UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO USA Date of receipt: 27th of November, 2009 Final date of acceptance: 7th of October, 2010 ABSTRACT This article explores the misconstrued personality regarding one of the most famous rhetorician, humanist, diplomat, and prelate of the Italian Renaissance, Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini (1405-1464), better known by his papal name: Pope Pius II (1458-1464). This work extends beyond studies that focus exclusively on his handling of the affairs at the Council of Basel (1431-1449) and his involvement and support for the Conciliarist movement in which Piccolomini was cast as an opportunist whose “pen was at the service of the highest bidder.” In addition, this study deconstructs the notion of rank opportunism, which currently prevails in the context of his achievements and presents a more rational explanation for his behavior when he switched from being an advocate of the Conciliarst movement to an adamant member of the Holy See. In the process, he adopted a firm stance on crusading, a goal for which he would sacrifice his life leading a crusade against Mohammed II to regain control of the fallen city of Constantinople in May 1453. KEY WORDS Councils, Church, Popes, Bulls, Spain, Muslim, Constantinople, Crusade. CAPITALIA VERBA Consilia, Ecclesia, Papae, Bullae, Hispania, Mahometanus, Constantinopolis, Sacrae Crucis militiae. IMAGO TEMPORIS. MEDIUM AEVUM, V (2011): 243-263. ISSN 1888-3931 243 Imago 5.indb 243 02/10/2012 13:12:09 244 JAIME LEAÑOS Scholarship has yet to portray accurately the motivations of humanist, diplomat, rhetorician and prelate Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini (1405-64), known also as Pope Pius II.
    [Show full text]
  • General Councils of the Fifteenth Century Joseph Vietri a Thesis In
    The Call for a Representative Church: General Councils of the Fifteenth Century Joseph Vietri A Thesis in The Department of Theological Studies Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts (Theological Studies) at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada November 2013 © Joseph Vietri, 2013 ABSTRACT The Call for a Representative Church: General Councils of the Fifteenth Century Joseph Vietri The Catholic Church in the medieval period should not be seen as a monolith. While many maintain the views of a centralized papal monarchy, the reality was much different. In the fifteen century, while reacting to the Great Schism (1378-1417), a group of Christians looked to the early Church and canon law for precedents which allowed general councils to depose ruling pontiffs. These individuals, known as Conciliarists, sought to reform Western ecclesiology by limiting the role of the pope. They did not seek to overthrow papal authority; instead they attempted to curb papal control over Christendom. The pope was to govern within the limitations of doctrine defined by councils. General councils were to hold the role akin to a parliament. Such hopes were lost, however, when the monarchs who originally supported the councils, began to fear chaos the nascent democratic movement produced. Papal authority did win out, through the signing of Concordats, but the call for reform to the Church hierarchy shows a glimmer of hope in a period generally perceived by many as dark. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Jean-Michel Roessli for his mentoring throughout my MA program. His support and encouragement helped greatly in the completion of my degree.
    [Show full text]