Näin on Aina Tehty Seremonialliset Poikkeamat Ja Näkemykset Paavi

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Näin on Aina Tehty Seremonialliset Poikkeamat Ja Näkemykset Paavi TAMPEREEN YLIOPISTO Timo Haanpää NÄIN ON AINA TEHTY SEREMONIALLISET POIKKEAMAT JA NÄKEMYKSET PAAVI INNOCENTIUS VIII:N SEREMONIAMESTARI JOHANN BURCHARDIN MUISTIINPANOISSA Pro gradu -tutkielma Tampere 2017 Tampereen yliopisto Yhteiskuntatieteiden tiedekunta HAANPÄÄ TIMO: Näin on aina tehty. Seremonialliset poikkeamat ja näkemykset paavi Innocentius VIII:n seremoniamestari Johann Burchardin muistiinpanoissa Pro gradu -tutkielma, 123 s. Historia Kesäkuu 2017 Pro gradu -tutkielmani selvittää, miten paavillisia seremonioita ja niiden poikkeamia määritettiin Roomassa vuosina 1484–1492. Ratkon tätä selvittämällä, ketkä esittivät näkemyksiä asiasta, millaisia ne olivat, mistä poikkeamat johtuivat ja mitä niistä seurasi. Tarjoan myös mallin poikkeamien jaottelulle selvittämällä, millaisia ne olivat. Seremoniakeskusteluihin osallistui monia tahoja, mutta seremonioiden tärkeimpiä määrittäjiä olivat paavi, kardinaalit ja seremoniamestarit. Poikkeamiin suhtauduttiin virheinä, koska ne erosivat siitä toimitustraditiosta, joka katsottiin erinäisten syiden takia sopivaksi. Seremoniallisen toiminnan ja kehityksen sekä traditiopoikkeamien kannalta merkityksellinen oli niiden syy ja seuraus; kokemuksellinen seremoniatraditio. Sen ohella seremonioita määritti kirjallisiin ohjeisiin perustunut tapatraditio. Traditiot vaikuttivat yhdessä ja erikseen seremonioiden muotoon. Seremonioilla oli suuri merkitys, sillä niillä kunnioitettiin Jumalaa ja osoitettiin paavin istuimen valtaa. Tästä syystä kirkolliset seremoniatahot pyrkivät ylläpitämään oikeana pitämiänsä seremonioiden muotoja. Kahden erilaisen tradition ja muiden näkemysten kohtaamiset johtivat moniin keskusteluihin ja riitoihin seremonioiden muodosta. Lähteenäni toimivat seremoniamestari Johann Burchardin seremonialliset muistiinpanot. Ne antavat harvinaisen tilaisuuden päästä käsiksi seremonioiden usein piiloon jäävään varsinaisten toimitusten maailmaan. Muistiinpanoissa ääneen pääsevät seremoniallisina toimijoina muun muassa Burchard, paavi Innocentius VIII, kardinaalit, maallikot ja ulkomaiset lähettiläät. Metodisesti hyödynnän laadullista tutkimusta, joka nojautuu rituaalivirhetutkimuksen ja mikrohistoriallisen lähestymistavan toisiaan muistuttaviin periaatteisiin. Burchardin merkinnät kertovat traditiopoikkeamista, joiden antamien vihjeiden pohjalta esiin hahmottuu laajoja seremonioiden muotoa määrittäneitä toisistaan eroavia, mutta myös yhteistoiminnassa olleita seremoniallisia käsitystapoja. Tutkielmani tulokset ovat merkityksellisiä rituaalivirhetutkimuksen, mutta myös uskontoa ja kirkon seremoniallista kehitystä ja valtarakenteita koskevan tutkimuksen suhteen. Tutkielmassani nähdään, millaista seremoniallinen elämä oli käytännössä kuuriassa. Sen kautta huomataan, ettemme tiedä vielä läheskään kaikkea seremonioiden toimittamisen valtasuhteista tai seremoniallisen kehityksen taustatekijöistä. Yksi tärkeimmistä tuloksistani on se, että traditiopoikkeamat loivat vahvoja käsityksiä seremonioiden muodosta ja saattoivat muuttaa sitä jopa pysyvästi. Tällaisen voiman herättämä ajatus on yleistettävissä myös laajemmin elämään: virheiden tuoma kehitys ja luoma tieto saattavat olla usein merkityksellisempiä kuin tiedostamme. Asiasanat: Johann Burchard, Liber Notarum, seremonia, poikkeama, traditio, traditiopoikkeama, virhe, virhekäsitykset, seremoniakäsitykset, traditiokäsitykset, kokemustieto, kokemustraditio, rituaali, epäonnistuminen, liturgia, kuuria, Innocentius VIII, seremoniamestarit, kardinaalit, paavius, 1400-luku, seremoniallinen kehitys, kirkko, renessanssipaavius, keskiaika, renessanssi. Sisällysluettelo 1. Johdanto ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Tutkimuskysymys ..................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Lähdemateriaali ......................................................................................................................... 6 1.3. Aiempi rituaalivirhe- ja kuurian seremoniatutkimus .............................................................. 11 1.4. Metodi ja rituaaliteoria ............................................................................................................ 17 2. Seremoniamestarin virkatehtävät ja käsitteet ............................................................................. 21 2.1. Seremoniallisten muistiinpanojen tarve .................................................................................. 22 2.2. Käsitteet .................................................................................................................................. 28 3. Jumalanpalveluselämä – toisteisuus opettaa muotoja ja traditioita ........................................... 34 3.1. Suunnittelu ja muodon toistuvuus käytännössä ...................................................................... 36 3.2. Järjestäytyminen – arvovaltakiistat seremonioiden uhkana .................................................... 39 3.3. Fyysistä toimintaa ja näkyviä poikkeamia .............................................................................. 45 3.4. Suulliset toimitukset – poikkeaman toistuvuus ja sen uhat..................................................... 51 3.5. Jumalanpalvelusten monet esineet ja vaatteet seremoniamestarin päänvaivana .................... 64 3.5.1. Poikkeamia esineiden käytössä ja muodossa ................................................................... 64 3.5.2. Vaatetus – seremoniamestari vastakkain suntion ja kardinaalien kanssa ........................ 73 3.6. Poikkeamia ehtoollisella ja tuhkan jaossa ............................................................................... 83 4. Uskonnollisia juhlia ja paavillista diplomatiaa .......................................................................... 85 4.1. Kulkueet – hengellisyys, diplomatia ja järjestys ..................................................................... 86 4.1.1. Suurten uskonnollisten juhlien kulkueet – myöhästelyä ja tungosta ............................... 86 4.1.2. Muita kulkueita – papiston, lähettiläiden ja maallikoiden mieltymyksiä ja käsityksiä ... 90 4.2. Diplomaattiset vastaanotot – epämiellyttävä poikkeama tietää väkivallan uhkaa .................. 96 5. Hautajaisseremoniat – paavi Sixtus IV:n pulmallinen kuolema ................................................ 98 6. Muut seremoniat – poikkeamat ulottuvat kaikkialle ................................................................ 103 7. Kaksi traditiota ......................................................................................................................... 108 Lähde- ja kirjallisuusluettelo ............................................................................................................ 113 1. Johdanto Elämässämme saattaa olla monia rituaaleja, joista olemme tai emme ole tietoisia niiden arkipäiväisyyden vuoksi. Jopa samoina toistuvia iltatoimia tai tarvetta saada kuppi aamukahvia voidaan pitää rituaaleina. Rituaalin tieteellinen määritelmä on laaja, mutta sen merkittäviä piirteitä ovat muun muassa traditioon perustuva ikiaikaisuus, samana toistaminen, muodon ennakko-ohjeet sekä toimittajien pätevyys.1 Kirkollisessa yhteydessä voidaan rituaalien sijaan puhua seremonioista2, jotka tarkoittavat laajimmassa merkityksessään kaikkia ulkoisia tekoja, joissa kunnioitetaan Jumalaa.3 Kaikilla kirkon seremonioilla – hengellisillä, diplomaattiseen protokollaan perustuvilla ja näitä yhdistävillä – seremonioilla on sama perustarkoitus, Jumalan kunnioittaminen.4 Katolisen kirkon seremonioille ominaista on ollut sekä pysyvyys että muuttuvuus. Seremonioissa on muuttumattomia elementtejä, jotka kuvastavat niiden ikiaikaista jatkuvuutta. Seremonioihin on tuotu ajan kuluessa uusia ja muuttuvia osia, jotka ovat kuvastaneet kirkon syvällisempää kykyä ilmaista ja selittää uskonkappaleita sekä liittää ne osaksi seremonioita. Ikivanhat seremoniamuodot loivat perustan, jonka vahvistukseksi kehitettiin uusia seremoniaan sopivia osia. Siten kirkko pystyi vastaamaan muuttuviin jokapäiväisen elämän vaatimuksiin. Samalla tosin säilytettiin pikkutarkasti varhaisemman tradition tärkeät piirteet ja tekstit.5 Seremonioiden kyky sopeutua aikaan ja uusiin näkemyksiin ei tarkoittanut, että ne olisi voitu toimittaa miten tahansa. Muutoksissa oli kyse pitkän ajan kehityksestä. Ajallisesti lyhyessä hetkessä seremonioiden piti noudattaa toistuvia kaavoja. Kirkon seremonioista tuli keskiajalla yhä yksityiskohtaisempia ja alueellisesti sekä kirkollisesti yksilöllisempiä. Seurakunnan yhteisen jumalanpalveluselämän luominen edellytti siksi kirjoitettua ja pikkutarkkaa tietoa seremonioiden toimittamisesta.6 Tämän seurauksena 800-luvulta eteenpäin Euroopassa kirjoitettiin runsaasti erilaisia seremoniaoppaita.7 Seremonioille, kuten messulle, oli 1 Grimes 2014, 194. 2 Rituaali ja seremonia voidaan nähdä samanlaisena tai eroavana käsitteenä ja ilmiönä. Puhun asiasta lisää käsite-luvussa. 3 Addis & Arnold 1960, 132. Katso myös Crichton 1992a, 9. 4 Partner 1990, 111; Wainwright 1992, 548. 5 Monti 2012, xviii, 4–7; Larson-Miller 1997, ix–x; Petersen et al. 2004, 1; Wainwright 1992, 548; Paravicini-Bagliani 2000, 55; Bell 1992, 123. 6 Harper 1993, 13; Monti 2012, 11–12; Wybrew 1992, 486; Jungmann 1986a, 70, 75, 97; Howell 1992, 285–286; Heffernan 2005, 70–71; Spatz 2005, 306; Krochalis & Matter 2005, 393–394; Hughes 2004, xxx, xxxvi–xxxvii. 7 Monti 2012, 12; Jungmann 1986a, passim, mutta erityisesti 7–127; Krochalis
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