Gianni La Bella L'umanesimo Di Paolo VI

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Gianni La Bella L'umanesimo Di Paolo VI Il pontificato di Paolo VI è stato determinante Gianni La Bella, insegna Storia Gianni La Bella per la storia della Chiesa contemporanea, contemporanea all’Università di Modena Gianni La Bella in una stagione ponte in cui vengono definiti e Reggio Emilia. Studioso del fenomeno i “decreti attuativi” delle grandi costituzioni religioso in Europa e del cristianesimo conciliari, frutto dell’aggiornamento voluto latinoamericano in epoca contemporanea. L’umanesimo di Paolo VI dal Vaticano II. Questo volume intende Tra le sue più recenti pubblicazioni: Pio X ricostruire una delle dimensioni, spesso e il suo tempo, il Mulino, Bologna 1955; rimaste in ombra negli studi sul pontificato: Pedro Arrupe. Un uomo per gli altri, L’umanesimo L’umanesimo di Paolo VI il suo decisivo contributo a quel processo il Mulino, Bologna 2007; Roma e l’America di profondo rinnovamento, tanto sul terreno Latina. Il Resurgimiento cattolico RubbettinoUniversità metodologico, che dei contenuti della Dottrina sudamericano, Guerini e Associati, sociale della Chiesa, espressione di quel nuovo Milano 2012. umanesimo integrale, plenario, solidale e aperto al trascendente che è stato la bussola con cui ha cercato, lungo tutta la sua vita, di riconciliare quella scissione tra fede e cultura, stabilendo un dialogo con la modernità. Un contributo originale e innovativo, che Giovanni Paolo II e Benedetto XVI hanno riconosciuto come vincolante, il punto di riferimento, la pietra miliare del magistero sociale della Chiesa del XX e XXI secolo. In copertina: foto Felici, Roma Rubbettino Università e 19,00 Gianni La Bella L’umanesimo di Paolo VI Rubbettino © 2015 - Rubbettino Editore 88049 Soveria Mannelli - Viale Rosario Rubbettino, 10 - tel (0968) 6664201 www.rubbettino.it A Graziano e Roberto, che l’affetto e la memoria viva rendono sempre presenti nella nostra vita Introduzione Un invito appassionato ad approfondire la figura e l’opera di Giovanni Battista Montini viene dal beato Giovanni Paolo II. Ricevendo i membri dell’Istituto Paolo VI, il 26 gennaio 1980, così lo motiva: «Studiate con amore Paolo VI. Mentre vive- va, non sempre fu capito; portò la croce, subì le “ingiurie” e gli “sputi” […]. Così l’amore diventa un gesto di riparazione alla sua memoria, e nello stesso tempo, un fattore potente per penetrare lo Spirito e averne una comprensione migliore. Studiatelo con rigore scientifico. La verità farà giustizia a questo grande papa che per quindici anni ha riempito il mondo di verità e di giustizia. Studiatelo con la certezza che la sua eredità spirituale continua ad arricchire la Chiesa […]»1. Un debito di gratitudine che il papa rende pubblico nell’incipit della Redemptor hominis, l’enciclica programmatica del suo pontificato, attento a non lasciar cadere nulla del suo illuminato magistero2. Quello di Paolo VI è un pontificato segnato da uno strano destino, che il tempo ha relegato, per una serie di circostanze, ai margini della storia. Quasi un intermez- zo, un «pontificato di transizione», schiacciato tra due grandi papi, giganti dello Spirito, che l’hanno preceduto e che gli sono succeduti: il popolarissimo Giovanni XXIII, il papa buono, quello del discorso alla luna, che ha commosso il mondo con la sua tenerezza, e il nuovo Mosè, Giovanni Paolo II, il globe-trotter di Dio, acclamato, già all’indomani della sua morte: «santo subito». Una stagione, quella 1. Giovanni Paolo II, Udienza ai membri dell’Istituto Paolo VI, 26 gennaio 1980, in Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, (d’ora in poi Insegnamenti G.P. II), Città del Vaticano 1981. 2. «Si deve gratitudine a Paolo VI – scrive Wojtyla –, perché, rispettando ogni particella di verità contenuta nelle varie opinioni umane, ha conservato in pari tempo il provvidenziale equilibrio del timoniere della Barca. La Chiesa, che attraverso Giovanni Paolo I e quasi subito dopo di lui, ho avuto affidata, non è certamente scevra da difficoltà e da tensioni interne. Nello stesso tempo, però, essa interiormente più premunita contro gli eccessi dell’autocriticismo: si potrebbe dire che è più critica di fronte alle diverse sconsiderate critiche, e più resistente rispetto alle varie “novità”, più matura nello spirito di discernimento, più idonea a estrarre dal suo perenne tesoro “cose nuove e cose antiche” (Mt 13,52), più centrata sul proprio mistero, e, grazie a tutto ciò, più disponibile per la missione della salvezza di tutti: Dio “vuole che tutti gli uomini siano salvati e arrivino alla conoscenza della verità” (1Tm 2,4)». Redemptor hominis, in Enchiridion delle encicliche, 8, Giovanni Paolo I – Giovanni Paolo II (1978-2003), Bologna 1998, p. 29. 9 montiniana, scomparsa prematuramente dall’orizzonte della memoria colletti- va. Nessuno si è meravigliato quando è stato nominato, tanto la sua elezione era prevista e scontata. Il suo nome è sempre stato in cima a ogni pronostico. Nessun papa del Novecento è stato così noto prima di essere eletto e così atteso, fonte di grandi aspettative. Un personaggio che ha riempito le vicende della storia del suo presente ma è scomparso dall’orizzonte quotidiano dei posteri, con una velocità inaspettata. L’oblio di questo «uomo non comune», come lo definisce il cardinal Giuseppe Siri – quello che la storiografia ha considerato il suo storico rivale3 – in una commovente commemorazione nella cattedrale di Genova, è frutto, non solo della nostra labile memoria collettiva, che rimuove in fretta ogni cosa e che ci fa vivere idolatrando il nostro presente, senza farci più sentire orfani di niente e di nessuno, dimenticando uomini e testimoni, sino a ieri considerati unici, ma an- che delle lacune di una storiografia a volte distratta, ideologicamente orientata, o attratta da mode mediatiche che la spingono a concentrare la sua attenzione verso le tendenze del momento. Basta sfogliare alcune importanti sintesi del Novecento per constatare questa immotivata rimozione. Donald Sassoon, nella sua storia dell’Ottocento e del Novecento europeo, non cita mai Paolo VI, mentre si dilunga nell’evocare il mito di Giovanni XXIII e Giovanni Paolo II4. Anche, nel notissimo Il Secolo breve, Eric Hobsbawm ignora il pontificato di Giovanni Battista Montini, mentre si sofferma a lungo, al contrario, su Benedetto XV e Karol Wojtyla5. Un ri- tratto così acuto e penetrante, quello dell’arcivescovo di Genova, che merita di essere riproposto nei suoi passaggi più significativi perché non solo scolpisce il carattere e la personalità umana e spirituale dell’uomo, ma ci offre, allo stesso tempo, una serie di suggerimenti quasi storiografici che ci aiutano a comprenderne il profilo biografico6. Un uomo con un pensiero, apparentemente, non al passo con i tempi ma capace di sorprendere i suoi interlocutori per la sua capacità di offrire risposte 3. B. Lai, Il papa non eletto. Giuseppe Siri cardinale di Santa Romana Chiesa, Roma-Bari 1993. 4. D. Sassoon, La cultura degli europei dal 1800 a oggi, Milano 2011. 5. E. Hobsbawm, Il secolo breve 1914-1991: l’era dei grandi cataclismi, Milano 1993. 6. «Guardava con quei due occhi che apparivano dardi, capiva, recepiva, sintetizzava e immedia- tamente ritornava con perfezione di pensiero e di forma a quello che si era detto. Coglieva a volo sempre e tutto. Scandiva le questioni. Incideva le istruzioni. Dietro a questo imperio intellettuale c’era una capacità emotiva che lo faceva fremente e faceva fremere gli altri […]. Era fatto per guardare le questioni dall’alto e per farle entrare con la vibrazione onesta. Fu di una sensibilità non meno straor- dinaria. Il guaio degli altri si ritorceva in lui sino allo spasimo e allora, se parlava, si udiva quel tono gutturale caratteristico della sua voce, quasi di arco che si spezzasse. Non volle condanne, fu mitissimo con uomini che altri avrebbero giudicato con severità estrema: era la sua reazione interna che glielo vietava […]. Soffriva di tutto. E qui troviamo il suo merito. L’incertezza che talvolta lo afflisse non proveniva da carente rilevamento intellettuale, ma dal timore di fare male a qualcuno e di chiudere a qualcuno le porte del divino perdono. Ne fui io stesso più volte testimone […]. Si sarebbe detto che tutti i mali di questo mondo egli fosse condannato a sentirli in se stesso. Solo la Storia sarà in grado di pronunciarsi con giustizia su questo Uomo non comune». Cfr. «Rivista diocesana genovese», 4, 1978, pp. 156 e ss., citato anche in P. Gheda, Siri, la Chiesa e l’Italia, Genova 2009. 10 pertinenti e penetranti alle sfide e ai problemi del suo tempo, che ha amato nella molteplicità e nella complessità di tutti i suoi atteggiamenti, profani e spirituali. Dopo una breve stagione di entusiasmi, la stampa l’ha dipinto come un uomo algi- do, distaccato e impenetrabile, l’austerità del suo volto l’ha reso indecifrabile per la logica superficiale della politica e dei mass media. I don’t know how love him, «non so come amarlo»: quella canzone, resa famosa dalla nota opera rock Jesus Christ Superstar, ha scritto il giornalista Umberto Broccoli, sembrava fatta su misura per lui7. Un pontificato letto e interpretato attraverso l’immagine del papa «intellettua- le», per questo freddo, eccessivamente equilibrato, che i mezzi di comunicazione di massa non sono riusciti a rappresentare al di fuori di questi clichè, incapaci di comprendere il vero profilo dell’uomo, di capirne, al contrario, la finezza, la mitezza e la sua profonda umanità. È paradossale che sia stato proprio lui, «il papa triste», a scrivere un’esortazione apostolica sul valore profetico della gioia cristiana: Gau- dete in Domino, unico tra tutti i papi della storia. Un papa che il clima ideologico e polarizzato di quegli anni non ha mai sentito amico fino in fondo, perché non schierato né a destra, né a sinistra, secondo le comodità semplificatrici del giorna- lismo politico del tempo. Era di sinistra, quando protestava per i bombardamenti sul Vietnam e riceveva in Vaticano Nikolaj Viktorovich Podgornyj, presidente del presidium del Soviet Supremo e predicava la fine di ogni guerra nel mondo.
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