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Resisting Austerity: the Spatial Politics of Solidarity and Struggle in Athens, Greece

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Resisting Austerity: the Spatial Politics of Solidarity and Struggle in Athens, Greece Resisting Austerity: The Spatial Politics of Solidarity and Struggle in Athens, Greece Athina Arampatzi Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Geography December 2014 1 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. © 2014 The University of Leeds and Athina Arampatzi 2 Acknowledgements This thesis would have not been completed without the generosity and encouraging support of several people throughout this project. First, I am deeply thankful to everyone I collaborated with during the conduct of fieldwork in Athens and especially the activists from the Residents’ Committee and the Solidarity Network of Exarcheia. This research project was made possible due to the input and ideas of all the respondents, participants, friends and comrades who took time to share their experiences and insights and whose commitment became a driving force of inspiration and a glimpse of a hopeful future. Special thanks to my good friends and colleagues Paschalis Samarinis, Georgia Alexandri, Dimitra Spanou and Monia Cappuccini for sharing, caring and making fieldwork in Athens exciting and fun. Further, I would like to express my gratitude to the Urban Studies Foundation for funding this research over the period of three years and the Human Geography Research Group at the University of Glasgow for providing this opportunity in the first place. I owe a warm thanks to my supervisors, Paul Routledge and Danny MacKinnon, for giving me the chance to develop my initial ideas into a research project and secure funding. Their aspiring guidance, support, wisdom and friendly advice have been a constant source of motivation that kept me going throughout this long journey. A big thanks to the ‘Glasgow family’ Laura- Jane Nolan, Paul Griffin, Neil Gray and Dave Featherstone for facilitating the first steps of this project and for their interest and friendship since. I would also like to thank the people from the ‘Cities and Social Justice’ Human Geography Research Cluster at the University of Leeds for welcoming me to my new academic home and for sharing brilliant ideas and good times-special thanks to Marie-Avril Berthet, Ana Cabrera, Vicky Habermehl, Federico Venturini and Paul Chatterton. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family in Greece- Anastasia, Panos and Christos- for their ongoing care, unwavering support and encouragement and for teaching me the meaning of social justice. 3 Abstract Recent protests occurring in cities around the world have articulated opposition to the ongoing crisis of neoliberal globalization and its outcomes in diverse geographical contexts. From the Spanish ‘Indignados’ to the occupation of Syntagma square in Athens, Greece and the US Occupy movement, emerging forms of contentious politics have reignited critical debates on cities and social movements. However, the underlying processes through which these emerge and develop, as well as their possibilities and limitations in articulating challenges to the latest phase of neoliberal restructuring and austerity, remain nascent. This thesis addresses these underdeveloped analytical foci on emergent contentious politics in austerity-driven contexts through the case of Athens, Greece. Situated within broad debates on cities and the geographies of social movements, it draws on qualitative data gathered during fieldwork and critical engagement in struggles in Athens to examine the processes that enable contentious practices to materialize and expand across space. In particular, I suggest that austerity politics and their outcomes on the city’s population have triggered grassroots responses that contest austerity and produce practical alternatives to address precipitating social reproduction needs. These are articulated through resistance and solidarity practices, which are grounded in local contexts, i.e. neighbourhoods across Athens, and become mutually constituted to broader alternatives and counter-austerity politics that unfold spatially across the city and beyond. In accounting for these, I develop the ideas of ‘struggle communities’ and ‘urban solidarity spaces’ that demonstrate: firstly, the process of the emergence and development of resistance and solidarity practices at the neighbourhood level and their relational links outwards; and, secondly, the process of the expansion of these across city space, nationally and through links to European anti-austerity movements, i.e. networking and cooperation tactics among local initiatives, the formation of a social/ solidarity economy and broader strategies of social empowerment and change. 4 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………..3 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………...………4 TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………..5 ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL……………………………………………………………9 TABLES…………………………………………………………………………………...10 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………...11 1.1. INTRODUCING THE ‘GREEK CRISIS’ AND GRASSROOTS RESPONSES…………………………………………………………………………....11 1.2. POLITICIZING THE CRISIS: FROM AUSTERITY TO RESISTANCE AND SOLIDARITY…………………………………………………………………………...13 1.3. SITUATING MY RESEARCH: RESEARCH AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND QUESTIONS…………………………………………………………………………....18 1.4. OUTLINING THE THESIS CONTENTS………………………………………....22 2. NEOLIBERAL RESTRUCTURING, URBAN POLITICS AND CONFLICT…………………………………………………………………………..……26 2.1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………….26 2.2. CONCEPTUALIZING NEOLIBERALISM……………………………………….27 2.3. NEOLIBERAL URBAN GOVERNANCE AND ENTREPRENEURIALISM……………………………………………………………..33 2.4. ‘ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP’ AND ‘CIVIC ENGAGEMENT’ IN URBAN POLITICS……………………………………………………………………………….37 2.5. URBAN CONFLICT: FROM ‘URBAN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS’ TO FRAGMENTED STRUGGLES………………………………………………...………40 2.6. RE-CLAIMING URBAN DEMOCRACY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE IN THE CITY.................................................................................................................................44 2.7. CONCLUDING REMARKS: TOWARDS ACCOUNTS OF THE SPATIALITIES OF CONTENTIOUS POLITICS…………………………………………….………….49 3. GEOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS………………………...……………52 3.1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………...…..52 3.2. CONCEPTUALIZING SOCIAL MOVEMENTS………………………………….53 3.2.1. THE ‘RESOURCE MOBILIZATION’ APPROACH………………….…….54 3.2.2. THE ‘POLITICAL PROCESS’ APPROACH……………………………..…55 3.2.3. THE ‘NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS’…………………………………..…..56 3.2.4. ‘URBAN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS’………………………………..………..58 5 3.2.5. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS OPPOSING NEOLIBERAL GLOBALIZATION: TOWARDS NEW PARADIGMS…………………………………………………..60 3.3. CONCEPTUALIZING ‘SPACE’, ‘PLACE’ AND ‘SCALE’………………...……62 3.3.1. THE POLITICS OF PLACE………………………………………...……….63 3.3.2. THE POLITICS OF SCALE…………………………………………………66 3.3.3. RELATIONAL SPACE AND NETWORKS…………………………...……68 3.4. GEOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS………………………………..…..72 3.4.1. SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND PLACE………………………………..……72 3.4.2. PLACE AND SCALAR STRATEGIES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS……………………………………………………………….……..75 3.4.3. NETWORKS OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS……………………………...….77 3.4.4. SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT STRATEGIES OF MOVEMENTS AND STATE POWER………………………………………………………………...…..83 3.5. CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………………………………87 4. METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OF RESEARCH…………………………….92 4.1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….…………92 4.2. METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS…………………………………………..93 4.2.1. QUALITATIVE METHODOLOGY IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………..…..93 4.2.2. SCHOLAR-ACTIVISM: THEORY (IS) IN ACTION…………………...….97 4.3. RESEARCH STUDY RATIONALE: KEY GROUPS AND MOVEMENTS, EXARCHEIA AND ATHENS………………………………………………...………101 4.3.1. EXARCHEIA GROUPS………………………………………………….…108 4.4. RESEARCH METHODS, DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS……...……111 4.4.1. RESEARCH METHODS AND TECHNIQUES……………………….…..111 4.4.2. METHODOLOGICAL CONTEXT AND DATA COLLECTION………………………………………………………...…………..116 4.4.3. DATA ANALYSIS: CODING AND CATEGORIZING THE EMPIRICAL MATERIAL………………………………………………………………………..119 4.5. CRITICAL ENGAGEMENT, POSITIONALITY AND THE ETHICS OF STRUGGLE……………………………………………………………………………121 4.6. CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………..…………127 5. POLITICIZING THE CRISIS: COUNTER- AUSTERITY POLITICS IN ATHENS, GREECE…………………………………………………………….………128 5.1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………….…………..128 5.2. FROM NEOLIBERAL DEVELOPMENT TO AUSTERITY: THE GREEK ‘SUCCESS STORY’ UNRAVELLED…………………………………………..…….129 6 5.3. CONTEXTUALIZING SOCIAL MOVEMENTS IN ATHENS, GREECE……………………………………………………………………………….133 5.4. GROUNDING STRUGGLE AND SOLIDARITY PRACTICES IN EXARCHEIA AND ATHENS……………………………………………………………...…………137 5.4.1. THE COMMITTEE OF RESIDENTS’ INITIATIVE OF EXARCHEIA: FORGING COMMUNITY BONDS THROUGH PLACE-BASED ORGANIZING……………………………………………………….……………139 5.4.2. THE EXARCHEIA TIME BANK ‘WITH TIME’ AND THE SOLIDARITY NETWORK OF EXARCHEIA: BUILDING ON PLACE-BASED SOLIDARITIES AND CONNECTIONS ACROSS THE CITY…………………………………….145 5.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS: TOWARDS ‘STRUGGLE COMMUNITIES’ AND ‘URBAN SOLIDARITY SPACES’…………………………………………………..155 6. THE SPATIALITIES OF RESISTANCE IN ATHENS AND EXARCHEIA: TOWARDS ‘STRUGGLE COMMUNITIES’…………………………..…………….158 6.1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………..……….158 6.2. THE ‘SQUARES’ MOVEMENT’ AND THE OCCUPATION OF SYNTAGMA SQUARE……………………………………………………………………………….159 6.3. THE CITY CENTER OF ATHENS AND THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF EXARCHEIA: A GEOGRAPHICAL NODE OF STRUGGLES AND ‘INCUBATOR’
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