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Güneş Enerjisi Güneş Enerjisi Şafaktan Günbatımına “From Dawn Till Dusk” 2000 W TOPLUM Yıllık Kişi Başı Enerji Tüketimi = 2000 x 24 x 365 = 17,520 kWh Güncel Kullanım Ülke (kW) ABD 12 Hindistan 1 Çin 1.5 İsviçre 5 Avrupa 6 İsviçre 5 Neden Temiz Enerji ? • CO2 salım değerleri acilen azaltılmalı • Fosil yakıtların tükenme riski var • Çevresel ve Sağlık sorunları Güneş Enerjisi %35 Yeryüzünden uzaya geri yansıtılır %43 yer ve atmosfer tarafından ısı radyasyonu olarak tutulur %22 Su buharlaştırır: yağmur ve su döngüsünü sağlar %0.2 Rüzgar ya da atmosferik kinetik enerjiyi oluşturur %0.02 bitkilerin fotosentezini oluşturur Güneş Enerjisi Yaz mevsiminde, açık bulutsuz bir günde 1m2 alana yaklaşık 10 kWh güneş enerjisi düşer. Yaz mevsimi, parçalı bulutlu günlerde 1m2 ye yaklaşık 6 kWh güneş enerjisi düşmektedir. Kış mevsiminde en iyi durumlarda bu değer 4 – 5 kWh/m2 dir En kötü kış koşullarında, bulutlu havalarda bu değer 1 kWh/m2 ye ya da daha düşük değere iner. GÜNEŞ •Güneş sisteminin merkezinde yer alan G2V sınıfında bir yıldızdır. •G2V sınıfı yüzey sıcaklığının bir göstergesidir. •Beyaz renklidir; fakat atmosferde kırılan ışınlar sarı olarak görmemize neden olur. •Sistem kütlesinin %99.8’ini olşturur. •Çapı Dünya’nın çapından 109 kat daha büyüktür. •Ağırlığı Dünya’nın ağırlığının 330.000 katıdır. •%74’ünü Hidrojen, %24’ünü Helyum geri kalan kütlesini ise farklı elementler oluşturur. •Yoğunluğu Dünya’nın yoğunluğunun dörtte biri kadardır. •Yüzey sıcaklığı 5500 C, çekirdek sıcaklığı ise 15.6 milyon C. •Güneş ışınları Dünya’ya 8.5 dakikada gelir. •Dünya’ya Güneş’ten 174 PetaWatt‘lık (174 x 1015 W)güç akışı olur ve bunun %30’u tekrar uzaya yansır. İç Yayınım çekirdek kuşağı Çekirdek Yüzey Güneş’in Yapısı Güneş insanoğlunun her zaman ilgisini çekmiştir. Ona hep saygı duymuş ve değer vermiştir. Zaman algısını onun üzerine inşa etmiştir. Fakat günümüzde insanoğlunun dünya ve uzay hakkındaki algısı değişmiş, böylelikle güneşten farklı şekillerde yararlanma arzusu doğmuştur. Güneş Enerjisi Güneş yeryüzüne insanların enerji tüketiminden 35,000 kez daha çok enerji göndermektedir. Başka deyişle dünyaya gönderilen bir tek günlük enerji insanların geçtiğimiz 27 yılda tükettiğinden daha fazladır. Güneş enerjisi bilinen en temiz enerji kaynağıdır. Tüm sorun serbest fotonlardan oluşan bu enerjini kullanılabilir enerji haline getirilmesidir. Günümüzde dünya enerji üretiminin yalnızca %0.03 güneşten üretilmektedir. Güneş enerjisi endüstrisi her yıl %33 büyümekte ancak bu büyüme oranı yine de yetersiz kalmaktadır. Dünyamıza Güneş’ten gelen enerjinin dağılımını gösteren harita Bu haritada da Avrupa’da 1 metrekarelik alana düşen güç değerleri gözükmektedir. Ülkemiz, dönenceler arasında kalan ülkelere göre daha az Güneş enerjisi alsa da Avrupa’daki şanslı ülkelerden biri... GÜNEŞ KOLLEKTÖRLERİ... Güneş kollektörleri uzun Kollektör zamandan beri ülkemizde de kullanılmaktadır. Güneş kollektörleri, üzerine düşen güneş ışınlarını emerek, kollektörün içinde bulunan borulardan geçen soğuk suyu ısıtır, böylelikle fazladan enerji harcamamıza gerek kalmadan sıcak su Su tankı ihtiyacımızı karşılamış Pompa oluruz. GÜNEŞ KOLLEKTÖRLERİ... Özellikle tatil beldelerinde kullanım suyunu ısıtmak için bu sistemden yararlanılmaktadır. Çatıya yerleştirilmiş bir güneş kollektör sistemi FOTOVOLTAİK PANELLER (PV PANELS) FOTOVOLTAİK ETKİ Fotovoltaik paneller, fotovoltaik etki uyarınca elektrik üretirler. Fotovoltaik etki, birtakım malzemelerin (yarı iletkenlerin) ışığa maruz bırakılması durumunda, üzerlerinde gerilim oluşmasıdır. Bu etki ilk olarak 1839 yılında Alexandre Edmond Becquerel tarafından ortaya konulmuştur. Fakat ilk güneş hücresinin üretilmesi 1950’li yılları bulmuştur. FOTOVOLTAİK ETKİ PV gözeler, (fotovoltaik gözeler) ışık enerjisini elektrik enerjisine çevirirler. Özel bir malzemenin üzerine fotonlar düştüğünde malzemenin elektrik üretmesine fotovoltaik etki denir. Bu özel malzeme yarı iletkendir. Elektronik elemanların üretiminde kullanılan yarı iletken malzemeler PV gözelerinin de temel ana maddesidir, bu malzemeler ikiye ayrılır; Monokristal silikon (verimi ve fiyatı yüksek) Polikristal silikon (düşük verimli ancak ucuz) FOTOVOLTAİK ETKİ Güneş gözleri için tipik verim %16 civarındadır. Böylece bulutsuz güneşli bir günde 1mm2’lik panelden 160W güç alınabileceği anlaşılabilir. Özel malzemeler kullanılarak bu değer daha yüksek değerlere çıkarılabilir, ancak fiyat her zaman kısıtlayıcı olur. PV panellerin yapılmış olduğu yarı iletken malzeme elektronları hareketlendirmede çok etkin değildir. Bunun nedeni yarı iletken malzemelerin elektronların oldukça kararlı olmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu nedenle elektronları harekete geçirmek için özel bir tip metal ızgara yarı iletken malzemenin üzerine konur. Ancak metal ızgaralarının konması yarı iletkenlerin üzerini bir miktar örttüğü için verimin azalmasına neden olabilir. Günümüzde yarı iletkenlerin üzerine gölge oluşturmayacak ızgara malzemeleri üzerine araştırmalar sürmektedir, en iyi aday SnO2’dir FOTOVOLTAİK PANELLER... Fotovoltaik panellerin temel bileşeni silisyum elementidir ve silisyum doğada kum taneciklerinde bulunur. Kum çeşitli ısıl ve kimyasal süreçlerden geçirilerek, silikon külçeleri (silicon ingots) haline getirilir. Bu külçelerden çok ince silikon pullar (silicon wafers) elde edilir ve bu pullardan çeşitli işlemler sonucu güneş hücreleri oluşturulur. FOTOVOLTAİK PANELLER... Fotovoltaik paneller, güneş hücrelerinin bir araya getirilmesiyle oluşturulur. Böylelikle daha fazla elektrik enerjisi üretilebilmektedir. Monokristal Gözeler (c-Si) Bu tip gözeler büyük kristal parçalardan ince silikon tabakalar halinde dikkatlice kesilerek oluşturulurlar . Birkaç inçlik tabakalardan paneller oluştururlar. En verimli güneş hücreleridir, fakat fiyatları da diğer hücrelere göre pahalıdır. Verimleri %40’lara kadar ulaşmaktadır, fakat ticari kullanım için üretilenler %15-20 arasındadır. Verim değerlerine göre maliyetlerini amorte etme süreleri 2-6 yıl arasında değişmektedir. Polikristal Gözeler (poly-Si ) Kare döküm külçelerden ince silikon parçalar halinde kesilerek oluşturulurlar. Monokristal hücre tipine göre üretimi daha kolay ve ucuzdur. Silikon tabakaları Polikristal forma sokmak daha kolaydır. Bu hücrelerden panel oluşturmak daha basittir, fakat Monokristal gözelere göre daha düşük verime sahiptirler. Genellikle %10-15’lik verim oranındaki gözelerden ticari amaçlı üretim yapılmaktadır. Maliyetlerini amorti etme süreleri verimlerine göre 2-5 yıl kadardır. Thin-Film Hücreler Bu tip hücrelerde silikon atomları düzgün bir kristal kafes oluşturacak biçimde dizilmemiştir. Silikon, destek bir alt katman üzerine çok ince bir tabaka şeklinde yerleştirilmiştir. Verimi arttırmak için çok sayıda katmanın farklı yöntemlerle karıştırılması sonucu farklı dalga genliklerindeki ışınların soğurulması sağlanır. Diğer panellere göre üretimi daha kolay ve ucuzdur. Diğer bir artısı ince film tabakalardan oluştuğu için esnek bir yapıda olmasıdır. Verimleri %6-%8 arasında değişmektedir. Fakat havanın kapalı olduğu günlerde kristal yapıdaki panellere göre daha çok ışık soğurur. Bu Paneller kristal paneller ile birleştirilerek karma Hammaddeler bir yapıda daha verimli olarak kullanılmaktadır. Maliyetini Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) yaklaşık 3 yılda karşılamaktadır. Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) Amorphous Silicon (a-Si ) FOTOVOLTAİK PANELLER... GÜNEŞ GÖZELERİ Ticari bir güneş hücresi ve teknik özellikleri görülmektedir. Göze Üreticileri ve Verim Değerleri En iyi panel, verimi en yüksek panel değildir. Manufacturer = Solar Company; Brand Maliyet ve yıllık enerji üretimi kriterleri de ID = Specific solar module identification code; module name panel seçiminde önemli rol oynar. STC (W) = Standard Testing Conditions Rating; Density (W) = Efficiency per area; Efficiency(%) = Energy conversion efficiency; Kaynak: http://sroeco.com/solar/most-efficient-solar-panels Tier = Solar Panel Efficiency Tier. 1 is highest, 5 is lowest FOTOVOLTAİK PANELLER... Panellerin ürettiği gerilim öncelikle belirli devreler aracılığı ile kullanıma uygun hale getirilir. Kullanıma uygun hale getirilen elektrik enerjisi ya bir akü grubuna ya da evirici aracılığıyla şebekeye aktarılır. FOTOVOLTAİK PANELLER... FOTOVOLTAİK PANELLER... EN YÜKSEK GÜÇ NOKTASI İZLEYİCİSİ (MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKER – MPPT) EN YÜKSEK GÜÇ NOKTASI İZLEYİCİSİ (MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKER – MPPT) MPPT devresi, bir güneş gözesinin gerilimini ve akımını ayarlayarak güneş gözesinden en yüksek gücün alınmasını sağlarlar. Böylece güneş gözelerinin karakteristikleri göze önüne alınarak alınabilecek en yüksek alınmış olur. MPPT devreleri en yüksek güç noktasını belirlemek amacıyla çeşitli algoritmalar kullanırlar. Bu algoritmalar, Boz ve gözle yöntemi: Bu yöntemde, çalışma gerilimi belli bir yönde bozularak dP/dV değerine bakılır. dP/ dV değeri pozitif ise dP/dV değeri negatif olana dek aynı yönde ilerlenir. Artımsal İletkenlik Yöntemi: Bu yöntemde, PV gözenin artımsal iletkenliği yani dI/dV, dP/dV’nin işaretini bulmak için kullanılır. Sabit Gerilim Yöntemi: Bu yöntemde, PV göze gerilimi daha önce belirlenmiş bir değere ayarlanır (örnek olarak, en büyük göze geriliminin 0.76 katı). Gözenin açık devre gerilimi ölçmek için kimi zaman yükün kaynaktan ayrılması gerekir. GÜNEŞ SANTRALLERİ • Termal Güneş Santralleri • PV Güneş Santralleri Termal Güneş Santralleri Termal Güneş Santralleri Termal Güneş Santralleri Kapasite Termal Güneş Santrali Ülke (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems ABD 354 Solnova Solar Power Station İspanya 150 Andasol Solar Power Station İspanya 150 Extresol Solar Power Station İspanya 100
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