DOCSLIB.ORG

Wet Deposition of PCDD/Fs in Taiwan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wet Deposition of PCDD/Fs in Taiwan Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 18: 2600–2611, 2018 Copyright © Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research ISSN: 1680-8584 print / 2071-1409 online doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2018.07.0270 Wet Deposition of PCDD/Fs in Taiwan Yen-Yi Lee1, Wen-Che Hou1*, Jinning Zhu2*, Weiwei Wang2* 1 Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan 2 School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 246011, China ABSTRACT In 2017, the seasonal variations in the wet deposition fluxes of total-PCDD/Fs-WHO2005-TEQ in ambient air were evaluated in Taiwan. The results showed the annual wet deposition fluxes of total-PCDD/Fs-WHO2005-TEQ to be –2 –1 –2 42.5 pg WHO2005-TEQ m month , and the seasonal distributions were 53.3, 62.9, 26.7 and 27.1 pg WHO2005-TEQ m –1 month in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. The average Stot of total-PCDD/Fs-WHO2005-TEQ was 12300. There were obvious seasonal variations in Stot, for which the values were 13840, 6540, 8280 and 20540 in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The average concentration of total-PCDD/Fs-WHO2005-TEQ in the rain were –1 0.453, 0.176, 0.218 and 0.649 pg WHO2005-TEQ L in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively. Atmospheric deposition is the major removal pathway for PCDD/Fs. The results of this study provide an evaluation of the adverse effects of PCDD/Fs exposure on human health, and provide a reason for the government to be concerned and to enact better control on air pollution. Keywords: PM2.5; PCDD/Fs; Wet deposition; Scavenging ratio. INTRODUCTION and windblown particulates. On the other hand, vehicular emissions, industrial exhaust gases, power plants, and open Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of solid burning are major anthropogenic sources (Pipalatkar et al., and liquid particles suspended in the air (Ghosh et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2015; Tseng et al., 2014). According to previous studies, the concentration of 2016; Hsu et al., 2017). According to Frank et al. (2006), PM is affected by both its physical characteristics, the weather condition, including temperature, humidity, rain including size morphology, composition and porosity, and scavenging, and wind speed, and the local geography, such its chemical characteristics, such as the composition of as topography and surface soil, can be important factors ionic components, trace metals, and organic carbon (Schmid contributiong to ambient PM concentrations. Besides et al., 2007; Hu et al., 2012). Depending on its aerodynamic primary sources, directly emitted pollutants, the secondary diameters, PM is classified into four categories: PM2.5 (less sources, which are usually formed through photochemical than 2.5 µm), PM10 (less than 10 µm), and TSP (total reaction should also be taken into consideration. Therefore, suspended particles, less than 100 µm). In recent decades, environmental conditions and saturation ratios are important several epidemiological studies have interlinked a positive factors related to the ambient concentration of PM from correlation between exposure and health impact. Moreover, both primary sources and secondary sources (Harrison et due to its health impact, especially in the case of fine al., 1997; Marcazzan et al., 2001; Frank et al., 2006). particulates (PM2.5), PM has become one of the most Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and notorious forms of air pollution (Saldarriaga-Norena et al., polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) have the similar 2009; Wang et al., 2014; Liao et al., 2015; Lu et al., 2016). structures and are defined as persistent organic pollutants The major sources of PM can be divided into two major (POPs). The emission sources of PCDD/Fs are very categories: naturally formed and anthropogenic. Natural multivariate. Similar to PM, the sources of PCDD/Fs can sources include volcanic eruptions, wood burning, sea salts, be divided into anthropogenic sources and natural sources. According to previous research, anthropogenic activities account for the major emissions, including municipal solid waste incinerators, medical waste incinerators, traffic * Corresponding author. emission (Hashimoto et al., 1990; Ni et al., 1999; Oh et E-mail address: [email protected] (W.C. Hou); al., 1999; Prange et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2017b). POPs [email protected] (J. Zhu); are semi-volatile and hydrophobic compounds. These [email protected] (W. Wang) characteristics increase their resistance to environmental Lee et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 18: 2600–2611, 2018 2601 degradation and their ability to accumulate in soil, water, County, Chiayi in Chiayi City, Puzi and Xingang in Chiayi and food (Hu et al., 2009; Cheruiyot et al., 2015, 2016; County, Erlin, Changhua and Siansi in Changhua County, Chi et al., 2016; Redfern et al., 2017). Moreover, PCDD/Fs Dali, Xitun, Shalu, Zhongming and Fengyuan in Taichung tend to be adsorbed on the surfaces of particulate matter City, Shilin, Tatung, Zhongshan, Guting, Songshan, (Wang et al., 2010; Huang et al., 2011a; Lee et al., 2016). Yangming and Wanhua in Taipei City, Taitung and According to Wang et al. (2010), ambient transport is the Guanshan in Taitung County, Annan, Shanhua, Xinying major PCDD/Fs disperse route. Besides their persistency, and Tainan in Tainan City, Magong in Penghu County. the toxicity of PCDD/Fs is also a major concern to scientists. The health impact of PCDD/Fs has been proven by several Scavenging Ratio previous studies (Liem et al., 2000; Montesano and Hall, Due to the slightly solubility, the flux of PCDD/F wet 2001). Long-term exposure to PCDD/Fs can cause damage deposition in the form of take vapor dissolution into rain to the immune system, retardation in the development of and the removal of suspended particulates by precipitation the endocrine system, and destruction of the reproductive must be taken into consideration. functions (Bock and Köhle, 2006). Since PCDD/Fs are The gas scavenging ratio (Sg) can be estimated by: semi-volatile compounds, gas-particle partitioning plays an important role. The partitions of PCDD/Fs include between Sg = RT/H (1) surface soil and water and between gas and particle phases in the atmosphere, which usually differ due to different Sg: the gas scavenging ratio of PCDD/Fs (dimensionless); concentrations, pollutant properties, vapor pressures, and R: the universal gas constant (82.06 × 10–6 m3 atm mol–1 K–1); the atmospheric temperature (Pankow, 1987; Chang et al., T: ambient temperature (K); 2004; Lee et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2017a, b). Both dry and wet H: the Henry constant (m3 atm mol–1). deposition are important pathways for removing PCDD/Fs Moreover, meteorological factors and particle from the air to the soil and water system (Welsch-Pausch et characteristics are both important influences of particle al., 1995; Horstmann and McLachlan, 1997; Lohmann and scavenging. The concentrations of the gas phase in the air Jones, 1998; Ren et al., 2007). The dry deposition is an (Sg) should also be taken into consideration. Therefore, the important route for PCDD/Fs to transfer from air to land or gas scavenging ratio can be calculated by: water. While the wet deposition is a combination removal pathway of PCDD/Fs from vapor to rain and precipitation Sg = Crain,dis/Cg (2) (Lohmann and Jones, 1998). Therefore, due to different weather conditions, the concentrations will vary from area to Sg: the gas scavenging ratio of PCDD/Fs (dimensionless); area. This study focuses on seasonal variations in atmospheric Crain,dis: the dissolved-phase concentration of PCDD/Fs in wet deposition fluxes of total-PCDD/Fs-WHO2005-TEQ in the raindrop; different areas in Taiwan. In addition, seasonal variations in Cg: the concentration of PCDD/Fs in the gas phase. the scavenging ratio and the total-PCDD/Fs-WHO2005-TEQ The particle scavenging ratio is defined as the ratio of concentrations in the rain in different areas in Taiwan are the concentration of the particle phase in a raindrop compared and discussed. divided by the concentrations of the particle phase in the air, where Sp, can be calculated by: MATERIALS AND METHOD Sp = Crain,particle/Cp (3) Sample Collection In this study, the meteorological data, including ambient where Sp: the particle scavenging ratio of PCDD/Fs temperature and rainfall, were collected from 48 local air (dimensionless); quality stations in 9 cities and 13 counties in 2017 in Taiwan. Crain,particle: the particle-phase concentration of PCDD/Fs in The PCDD/F concentration and gas-particle partition data the raindrop; were retrieved from our previous study (Lee et al., 2018). Cp: the concentration of PCDD/Fs in the particle phase. The name and the location of the 48 air quality stations are The total precipitation scavenging is the sum of gas and as follows: Dongshan and Yilan in Yilan County, Hualien particle scavenging (Stot) can be calculated by: in Hualien County, Kinmen in Kinmen County, Chushan, Nantou and Puli in Nantou County, Pingtung, Hungchun Stot= Sg (1 – Φ) + Sp × Φ (4) and Chaojhou in Pingtung County, Sani, Miaoli and Toufen in Miaoli County, Dayuan, Zhongli, Pingchen, Stot: the total scavenging ratio of PCDD/Fs (dimensionless); Taoyuan, Longtan and Guanyin in Taoyuan City, Daliao, Φ: the fraction of PCDD/Fs bound to particles. Siaogang, Renwu, Tsoying, Linyuan, Qianqiu, Meinung, Due to a lack of real measured data or the particle Fuxing, Nanzih, Fongshan and Ciaotou in Kaohsiung City, scavenging ratios of PCDD/Fs, the Sp (Sp was 42000) values Keelung in Keelung City, Matsu in Lienchiang County, of OCDD and OCDF measured by Eitzer and Hites (1989) Douliou, Lunbei and Mailiao in Yunlin County, Sanchong, were averaged and used here. Tucheng, Yonho, Xizhi, Banqiao, Linkou, Tamsui, Cailiao, Xindian, Xinzhuang and Wanli in New Taipei City, Wet Deposition Hsinchu in Hsinchu City, Zhudong and Hukou in Hsinchu Wet deposition is the removal of particles in the 2602 Lee et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 18: 2600–2611, 2018 atmosphere by precipitation (rainfall and cloud droplets).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Iafor the International Academic Forum Introduction
    A Study of Comfort Elements Combine with Local Mascot The Case of Yunlin Townships Wen-Ying Chiu, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan Wen-Shan Chang, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan The Asian Conference on the Social Sciences 2017 Official Conference Proceedings Abstract Yunlin County, which located in south-west of Taiwan, west of the Taiwan Strait and consists of twenty townships. Due to its plain ground and fertile soil environment advantages which suits for agriculture, it has been being the main supplier of rice and vegetables, which had made a great contribution to Taiwan. Although there is an official mascot “KIMONCHAN” representing Yunlin County, there is no mascot for township individually. The mascot should contain affinity which let people feel close, harmless and being kind. The purpose of this study is looking for a method to combine those elements and to improve those to create a new harmless mascot for the townships. At the beginning of the research, the researchers will use Secondary Qualitative Study for the collection of mascot design. And analysis the color, and comfort elements, and combine the two data collection. After the completion of the data collection, researchers use focus groups to conduct interviews on design background students to get those who have Basic Aesthetics and Design Sensitivity for the mascot’s opinion and the image of Yunlin local towns. The contents of the interview after the integration of the mascot in accordance with the results of the prototype design, prototype design is complete, the use of prototype for the comfort of the in-depth interview.
    [Show full text]
  • Tackling the “Five Shortages”
    April 2018 | Vol. 48 | Issue 4 THE AMERICAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE IN TAIPEI IN OF COMMERCE CHAMBER THE AMERICAN Tackling the “Five Shortages” 應對台灣的「五缺」 TAIWAN BUSINESS TOPICS TAIWAN April 2018 | Vol. 48 | Issue 4 Vol. April 2018 | 中 華 郵 政 北 台 字 第 INDUSTRY FOCUS 3 FOOD INDUSTRY FINANCIAL SECTOR ENTREPRENEURS 5000 號 執 照 登 記 為 雜 誌 交 寄 ISSUE SPONSOR Published by the American Chamber Of NT$150 Commerce In Taipei Read TOPICS Online at topics.amcham.com.tw 4_2018_Cover 2.indd 1 2018/4/9 上午7:22 CONTENTS NEWS AND VIEWS 7 AmCham President’s Message Zooming Out in the Year of the Dog APRIL 2018 VOLUME 48, NUMBER 4 一○七年四月號 狗年退一步看更遠 9 Taiwan Briefs Publisher 發行人 By Timothy Ferry William Foreman 傅維廉 Editor-in-Chief 總編輯 12 Issues Don Shapiro 沙蕩 Collaborative Approach to Food Associate Editor 副主編 Tim Ferry 法緹姆 Safety 產官攜手迎接食安新氣象 Art Director/ 美術主任/ 6 Editorial Production Coordinator 後製統籌 By Timothy Ferry Katia Chen 陳國梅 Welcoming the Taiwan Travel Act Manager, Publications Sales & Marketing 廣告行銷經理 欣迎《台灣旅行法》 Caroline Lee 李佳紋 Translation 翻譯 Kevin Chen, Yichun Chen, Charlize Hung, Andrew Wang COVER SECTION 陳又銘, 陳宜君, 洪兆怡, 王先棠 Tackling the “Five Shortages” 應對台灣的「五缺」 American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei 129 MinSheng East Road, Section 3, 7F, Suite 706, Taipei 10596, Taiwan 14 “Five Shortages” Inhibit P.O. Box 17-277, Taipei, 10419 Taiwan Growth and Investment Tel: 2718-8226 Fax: 2718-8182 e-mail: [email protected] 「五缺」有礙投資發展 website: http://www.amcham.com.tw 名稱：台北市美國商會工商雜誌 Amid continuing concern that 發行所：台北市美國商會 the lack of sufficient land, water, 臺北市10596民生東路三段129號七樓706室 電話：2718-8226 傳真：2718-8182 power, manpower, and talent Taiwan Business Topics is a publication of the American may impact Taiwan’s economic Chamber of Commerce in Taipei, ROC.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Coastal Protection Based on Risk Maps
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 19 June 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201806.0291.v1 Peer-reviewed version available at Water 2018, 10, 988; doi:10.3390/w10080988 1 Article 2 Assessment of Coastal Protection Based on Risk 3 Maps: A Case Study on Yunlin Coast, Taiwan 4 Wei-Po Huang 1,*, Jui-Chan Hsu 2 , Chun-Shen Chen 3 and Chun-Jhen Ye 4 5 1,* Department of Harbor and River Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, 6 [email protected] 7 2 Department of Harbor and River Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan 8 [email protected] 9 3 Water Resources Planning Institute, Water Resources Agency, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Taiwan, 10 Taichung, Taiwan; [email protected] 11 4 Department of Harbor and River Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan, 12 [email protected] 13 * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-2-2462-2192 ext.6157 14 15 Abstract: In this study, we used the natural and anthropogenic characteristics of a coastal region to 16 generate risk maps showing vulnerability and potential hazards, and proposed design criteria for 17 coastal defense and land use for the various kinds of risks faced. The Yunlin coast: a first-level 18 protection area in mid-west Taiwan, was then used as an example to illustrate the proposed design 19 criteria. The safety of the present coastal defenses and land use of the Yunlin coastal area was 20 assessed, and coastal protection measures for hazard prevention were proposed based on the 21 generated risk map.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Insured Financial Institutions （PDF）
    401 INSURED FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS 2021/5/31 39 Insured Domestic Banks 5 Sanchong City Farmers' Association of New Taipei City 62 Hengshan District Farmers' Association of Hsinchu County 1 Bank of Taiwan 13 BNP Paribas 6 Banciao City Farmers' Association of New Taipei City 63 Sinfong Township Farmers' Association of Hsinchu County 2 Land Bank of Taiwan 14 Standard Chartered Bank 7 Danshuei Township Farmers' Association of New Taipei City 64 Miaoli City Farmers' Association of Miaoli County 3 Taiwan Cooperative Bank 15 Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation 8 Shulin City Farmers' Association of New Taipei City 65 Jhunan Township Farmers' Association of Miaoli County 4 First Commercial Bank 16 Credit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank 9 Yingge Township Farmers' Association of New Taipei City 66 Tongsiao Township Farmers' Association of Miaoli County 5 Hua Nan Commercial Bank 17 UBS AG 10 Sansia Township Farmers' Association of New Taipei City 67 Yuanli Township Farmers' Association of Miaoli County 6 Chang Hwa Commercial Bank 18 ING BANK, N. V. 11 Sinjhuang City Farmers' Association of New Taipei City 68 Houlong Township Farmers' Association of Miaoli County 7 Citibank Taiwan 19 Australia and New Zealand Bank 12 Sijhih City Farmers' Association of New Taipei City 69 Jhuolan Township Farmers' Association of Miaoli County 8 The Shanghai Commercial & Savings Bank 20 Wells Fargo Bank 13 Tucheng City Farmers' Association of New Taipei City 70 Sihu Township Farmers' Association of Miaoli County 9 Taipei Fubon Commercial Bank 21 MUFG Bank 14
    [Show full text]
  • Formosa Plastics Corporation Corporate Social Responsibility Report Contents
    2015 Formosa Plastics Corporation Corporate Social Responsibility Report Contents 01 A Message from the Management Team 1. About the Report 3. Transparent and Honest Corporate Governance 05 1.1 Overview 37 3.1 Shareholders: A Trustworthy Corporation 05 1.2 Report Guidelines for Investors 06 1.3 Report Compilation Process 45 3.2 Customers: A Corporation that Grows with Its Customers 07 1.4 Stakeholder Identication and Communication 47 3.3 Suppliers and Contractors: Creating a Business Relationship based on Mutual 09 1.5 Identication of Critical Issues Trust and Interests 13 1.6 Risk Management 14 1.7 Corporate Social Responsibility Objectives 15 1.8 CSR Achievements at a Glance 2. Company Overview 23 2.1 Company Prole 4. A Happy and Healthy Work Environment 25 2.2 Management Philosophy 26 2.3 Main Products and Market Share 53 4.1 Protection of Human Rights and Recruitment 34 2.4 Participation in External Associations 56 4.2 Rights and Welfare of Employees 34 2.5 Economic Performance 62 4.3 Human Capital Cultivation 64 4.4 A Safe and Healthy Work Environment 5. Environment Sustainability 7. Social Welfare 71 5.1 Commitment to Environmental 119 7.1 Charitable Donations Protection 121 7.2Promotion of Medical Services and Education 74 5.2 Environmental Accounting 126 7.3 Social Assistance 75 5.3 Water and Energy Conservation and Greenhouse Gas Reduction 82 5.4 Energy Conservation in the Ofce 82 5.5 Environmental Protection at the Plant 90 5.6 Product Safety and Health Responsibility Appendix 135 1. Global Reporting Initiative 146 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Agriculture Landscape Planning Based on Biotop Area Factor in Yunlin, Taiwan
    AGRICULTURE LANDSCAPE PLANNING BASED ON BIOTOP AREA FACTOR IN YUNLIN, TAIWAN Su-Hsin Lee1 and Jing-Shoung Hou2 1Professor, Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University NO.162, Heping East Rd., Section1, Taipei, Taiwan; Tel: +886-2-77341665 Email: [email protected] 2Professor, Department of Landscape Architecture at Tung-Hai University NO.20-5, Lane 128, Sec. 3 Chung-Gone Rd., Taichung 407, Taiwan; Tel: +886-4-24635298 Email: [email protected] KEY WORDS: landscape planning, agriculture, BAF ABSTRACT: Agriculture has been the primary industry in Yunlin area for hundreds years. It contributes to industrial and living landscape which continuously represents vivid cultural landscape of the area. The strategies of landscape planning in Yunlin area not only emphasis on improving landscape and environment, but also focus on sustaining agricultural culture through landscape planning. In addition, ecological consideration and adapt-for-environment land use guidelines should be applied for local environmental development in order to meet the goal of sustainable environment planning. In this case, Yunlin area’s local industries and economy can continuously develop in the process of landscape improvement considering social, economic, and ecological dimensions. The strategies demonstrate the concept of green infrastructure (G.I.). Therefore, this study uses biotope area factor (BAF) to analyse environmental resource of Yunlin area in order to contribute to agricultural landscape planning. The results show: 1)Yunlin area can be categorised into different sub-area of land use according to BAF. The categories include agriculture land, forest land, transportation land, water conservancy land, building land, public infrastructure land, recreation and leisure land, mining land, and the land for other use.
    [Show full text]
  • Participant Selection for Crowdsourcing Disaster Information
    Disaster Management and Human Health Risk III 231 Participant selection for crowdsourcing disaster information E. T.-H. Chu1, C.-Y. Lin1, P. H. Tsai2 & J. W. S. Liu3 1Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, ROC 2Institute of Manufacturing Information and Systems, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, ROC 3Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan, ROC Abstract Experiences with past major disasters tell us that people with wireless devices and social network services can serve effectively as mobile human sensors. A disaster warning and response system can solicit eye-witness reports from selected participants and use information provided by them to supplement surveillance sensor coverage. This paper describes a natural formulation of the participant selection problem that the system needs to solve in order to select participants from available people given their qualities as human sensors and the costs of deploying them. For this, we developed a greedy algorithm, named PSP- G, that first calculates the benefit-to-cost (B2C) factor of each participant. It then dispatches participants to regions according to participants’ B2C. We compared PSP-G with the two well-known optimization methods, BARON and BONMIN. The results show that PSP-G delivers a near optimal solution with a low time complexity. In particular, the time PSP-G needs can be merely one tenth of the execution time of the existing optimization methods, which makes PSP-G a practical solution for emergency needs in disaster areas. Keywords: crowdsourcing, social network, disaster management. 1 Introduction Despite advances in sensor technologies, disaster surveillance and response systems cannot always rely solely on sensors and sensor networks/systems for surveillance data to acquire situation awareness and support decisions.
    [Show full text]
  • Non Binding Translation for Convenience Only
    Non binding translation 6.4 SceneryFor and convenience leisure only Scenic beauty and leisure environment surveys for this project were carried out in August 2016 and May 2017. The survey results were similar and there was not much change in the overall environment. Photos of scenic spots from the two surveys are shown in Figure 6.4-1. Provincial Highway 61 at the estuary of Provincial Highway 61 at the estuary of Old Huwei River (2016.08.18) Old Huwei River (2017.05.06) Santiaolun Fishing Harbor (2016.08.18) Santiaolun Fishing Harbor (2017.05.06) Shoal south of Santiaolun Fishing Harbor Shoal south of Santiaolun Fishing Harbor (2016.08.18) (2016.05.06) Figure 6.4-1 Photos of the project's scenic spots taken during surveys in 2016 and 2017 6-312 Non binding translation For convenience only Observation platform on the western Observation platform on the western embankment of Gangxi Village embankment of Gangxi Village (2016.08.18) (2017.05.06) On the Aogu Wetland embankment On the Aogu Wetland embankment (2016.08.18) (2017.05.06) Dongshih Fisherman's Wharf (2016.08.18) Dongshih Fisherman's Wharf (2017.05.06) Figure 6.4-1 Photos of the project's scenic spots taken during surveys in 2016 and 2017 (continued) 6.4.1 Environmental scenic beauty I. Survey and analysis of the current development site scenic beauty status The wind farm is located off the coasts of Sihu Township and Kouhu Township, Yunlin County. Provincial Highways 17 and 61 (Western Coast Expressway) and County Roadways 155, 160, 164, and 166 are the main traffic access ways along the coast of Yunlin and Chiayi.
    [Show full text]
  • Atmospheric PM2. 5 and Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxin
    Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: 2829–2846, 2017 Copyright © Taiwan Association for Aerosol Research ISSN: 1680-8584 print / 2071-1409 online doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2017.10.0382 Atmospheric PM2.5 and Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxin and Dibenzofuran in a Coastal Area of Central Taiwan Chung-Ling Chen1, Shih-Tsung Tang1, Jinning Zhu2*, Sheng-Lun Lin3** 1 Institute of Ocean Technology and Marine Affairs, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan 2 School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 246011, China 3 Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan ABSTRACT Atmospheric PM2.5 and PCDD/Fs have received much more attention in recent years due to their harmful properties. In this study, the PM2.5 and PCDD/Fs in the ambient air and the atmospheric dry and wet depositions were investigated in a coastal area of central Taiwan. During 2014, 2015 and 2016, the mean PM2.5 concentrations in Yunlin were 29.6, 26.6 and –3 26.3 µg m , respectively. The mean values of PM2.5/PM10 ratios were in an order of Lunbei (averaged at 0.55) > Taisi (averaged at 0.54) > Mailiao (averaged at 0.363). The modeled PCDD/Fs concentration at Yunlin were 0.0380, 0.0346 and –3 0.0324 pg WHO2005-TEQ m during 2014 to 2016. The observed concentration of total-PCDD/Fs-WHO2005-TEQ at –3 Yunlin in January and August were 0.089 and 0.00538 pg WHO2005-TEQ m , and the modeled concentration were 0.0598 –3 and 0.0176 pg WHO2005-TEQ m .
    [Show full text]
  • Religion in Modern Taiwan
    00FMClart 7/25/03 8:37 AM Page i RELIGION IN MODERN TAIWAN 00FMClart 7/25/03 8:37 AM Page ii TAIWAN AND THE FUJIAN COAST. Map designed by Bill Nelson. 00FMClart 7/25/03 8:37 AM Page iii RELIGION IN MODERN TAIWAN Tradition and Innovation in a Changing Society Edited by Philip Clart & Charles B. Jones University of Hawai‘i Press Honolulu 00FMClart 7/25/03 8:37 AM Page iv © 2003 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 08 07 0605 04 03 65 4 3 2 1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Religion in modern Taiwan : tradition and innovation in a changing society / Edited by Philip Clart and Charles B. Jones. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8248-2564-0 (alk. paper) 1. Taiwan—Religion. I. Clart, Philip. II. Jones, Charles Brewer. BL1975 .R46 2003 200'.95124'9—dc21 2003004073 University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Designed by Diane Gleba Hall Printed by The Maple-Vail Book Manufacturing Group 00FMClart 7/25/03 8:37 AM Page v This volume is dedicated to the memory of Julian F. Pas (1929–2000) 00FMClart 7/25/03 8:37 AM Page vi 00FMClart 7/25/03 8:37 AM Page vii Contents Preface ix Introduction PHILIP CLART & CHARLES B. JONES 1. Religion in Taiwan at the End of the Japanese Colonial Period CHARLES B.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Anopheline Mosquitoes of Taiwan: Annotated Catalog and Bibliography1
    Pacific Insects 4 (3) : 615-649 October 10, 1962 NON-ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES OF TAIWAN: ANNOTATED CATALOG AND BIBLIOGRAPHY1 By J. C. Lien TAIWAN PROVINCIAL MALARIA RESEARCH INSTITUTE2 INTRODUCTION The studies of the mosquitoes of Taiwan were initiated as early as 1901 or even earlier by several pioneer workers, i. e. K. Kinoshita, J. Hatori, F. V. Theobald, J. Tsuzuki and so on, and have subsequently been carried out by them and many other workers. Most of the workers laid much more emphasis on anopheline than on non-anopheline mosquitoes, because the former had direct bearing on the transmission of the most dreaded disease, malaria, in Taiwan. Owing to their efforts, the taxonomic problems of the Anopheles mos­ quitoes of Taiwan are now well settled, and their local distribution and some aspects of their habits well understood. However, there still remains much work to be done on the non-anopheline mosquitoes of Taiwan. Nowadays, malaria is being so successfully brought down to near-eradication in Taiwan that public health workers as well as the general pub­ lic are starting to give their attention to the control of other mosquito-borne diseases such as filariasis and Japanese B encephalitis, and the elimination of mosquito nuisance. Ac­ cordingly extensive studies of the non-anopheline mosquitoes of Taiwan now become very necessary and important. Morishita and Okada (1955) published a reference catalogue of the local non-anophe­ line mosquitoes. However the catalog compiled by them in 1955 was based on informa­ tion obtained before 1945. They listed 34 species, but now it becomes clear that 4 of them are respectively synonyms of 4 species among the remaining 30.
    [Show full text]
  • Hirschmanniella Oryzae H. Mucronata (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae)
    Plant Pathology Bulletin 15:197-210, 2006 Hirschmanniella oryzae H. mucronata (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) 1 2 3 4 5,6 1 2 3 4 5 6 [email protected] +886-4-22876712 95 8 15 . 2006. Hirschmanniella oryzae H. mucronata (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) . 15 : 197-210 2004 12 22 Hirschmanniella oryzae (van Breda de Haan, 1902) Luc & Goodey, 1964 8 H. mucronata (Das, 1960) Luc & Goodey, 1963 H. oryzae H. mucronata (morphometrics) DNA (ribosomal DNA, rDNA) ( 5.8S 18S 28S ITS-1 ITS-2) SEM GenBank rDNA 1001 bp 962 bp 84.6 % DNA Hirschmanniella oryzae Hirschmanniella mucronata 1902) Luc & Goodey, 1964, H. spinicaudata (Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1944) Luc & Goodey, 1964 (Hirschmanniella Luc & Goodey, 1964) (15) (1,11,16) H. oryzae Tylenchida 58 % 25 % (12) (18) (migratory endoparasitic) 23 (19) (rice root nematode) 7 H. belli Sher, 1968; H. gracilis (de Man, 1880) Luc & Goodey, 1964; H. imamuri Sher, 1968; H. mexicana (1,11,13,16,17,21) (14) (Chitwood, 1951) Sher, 1968; H. mucronata (Das, 1960) 1969 1970 Luc & Goodey, 1963; H. oryzae (van Breda de Haan, 198 15 3 2006 H. oryzae H. gracilis (Hirschmanniella spp.) (2) 1995 1 2 Table1. The origins of rice root nematode populations 42 investigated Species Code Origin H. oryzae Hory1 Puyan( ), Changhua County 2004 12 Hory2 Sanhsing( ),Yilan County 30 Hory3 Jian( ), Hualien County (SEM) Hory4 Chaozhou( ), Pingtung County Hory5 Fuli( ), Hualien County (morphometrics) DNA (ribosomal Hory6 Tsautuen( ), Nantou County DNA, rDNA) Hory7 Yuanli( ), Miaoli County H. oryzae H. mucronata Hory8 Kuantien( ), Tainan County Hory9 Wufeng( ), Taichung County Hory10 Meinong( ), Kaohsiung County Hory11 Minsyong( ), Chiayi County H.
    [Show full text]