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GÉNERO SPIRILLUM INTEGRANTES: CONDORI BAUTISTA ROBERTO CONDORI YUJRA MARUJA GARCIA CONDE ANAHI NINETH DOCENTE: Dr. JHON QUISBERT ARUQUIPA MATERIA: MICROBIOLOGIA CARRERA: MEDICINA “Conserva en tu hogar y ocupará tu lugar; el roedor vector de Spirillum puede enfermar del fiebre espirilar”. EL ALTO- BOLIVIA 2013 SINONIMIA O NOMBRES SPIRILLUM MINUS ALTERNATIVOS. AGENTE ETIOLÓGICO Esta enfermedad es conocida como: “Fiebre por mordedura de ratas” (FMR) oRBF DE LA FIEBRE POR (Feverfor Bite of Rats); en Japón se lo conoce como SODOKU(término MORDEDURA DE japonés donde 'so'' es rata y 'doku'' veneno ), es causada por Spirillum minus. Según otros datos se los RATA conoce como: mursu muris “SODUKU, enfermedad febril causada por espiroqueta Spironema (SODOKU) o Spirochaeta morsus murisy Fiebre espirilar. El agente etiológicoprincipalment e es conocida con el nombre Spirillum minus, pero también como Spirillum morsus muris, Spirochaeta muris, Spirochaeta morsus minus, Spirilla morsus minus, Spirillum minor (aunque mal dicha). 1 AGRADECIMENTO Y DEDICATORIA. A NUESTROS PADRES POR SU APOYO INCONDICIONAL. A NUESTRO QUERIDO DOCENTE JHON QUISBERT POR INCENTIVAR LA INVESTIGACION. Y POR SOBRE TODO A DIOS POR DARNOS EL CONOCIMIENTO Y LA SABIDURIA. 2 INDICE INDICE…………………………………………………………………………………………pag.3/4 I. INTRODUCCIÓN…………………………………………………………………….pag.5 II. ANTECEDENTES…………………………………………………………………….pag.6 III. JUSTIFICACIÓN……………………………………………………………………..pag.7 IV. OBJETIVOS………………………………………………………………………………. A. GENERAL…………………………………………………………………………… B. ESPECÍFICOS V. MARCO TEÓRICO. 1. DEFINICIÓN. 2. SINONIMIA O NOMBRES ALTERNATIVOS. 3. TAXONOMIA. 4. CARACTERÍSTICAS. 5. ESPECIES DE SPIRILLUM. 6. PATOLOGÍA. 7. DIAGNÓSTICO. 8. DIAGNOSTICO DIFERENCIAL. 9. TRATAMIENTO……………………………………………………………………………. 10. PREVENCIÓN Y PROFILAXIS. PARTICIPACIÓN DE SPIRILLUM EN LA BIORREMEDIACIÓN……………………………. 11. ACERCA DEL VECTOR…………………………………………………………….. VI. DISCUCIÓN. ………………………………………………………………………………………... VII. CONCLUSIÓN……………………………………………………………………………………. VIII. RECOMENDACIÓN…………………………………………………………………………… 3 IX. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS………………………………………………. 1. FUENTE PRIMARIA. 2. FUENTE SECUNDARIA. 3. FUENTE TERCIARIA. X. ANEXOS. 4 FIEBRE POR MORDEDURA DE RATAS (Spirillum minus) I. INTRODUCCIÓN. La fiebre por mordedura de rata es causada por dos especies bacterianas, Spirillum minus y Streptobacillus moniliformis; en el presente trabajo nos enfocaremos mas al Spirillum minus, pero sin dejar de lado las otras especies de Spirillum y a S. moniliformis porque es el que en mayor proporción presenta esta enfermedad y además que nos permite el diagnóstico diferencial. Las dos bacterias producen enfermedades que son conocidas respectivamente como: fiebre por mordedura de ratas, Sodoku o fiebre espirilar , provocada por S. minus y fiebre estreptobacilar o La fiebre de Haverhill por S. moniliformis. En EE. UU. La fiebre por mordedura de rata es generalmente causada por el S. moniliformis, un bacilo pleomórfico Gram negativo. Este organismo también ha sido llamado Streptothrix muris ratti, Nocardia muris, Actinomyces muris, Actinobacillus muris, Proactinomyces muris, Haverhilliamultiformis, y Asterococcus muris. Mientras que el S. minus es comúnmente causante de la fiebre por mordedura de rata en Asia, es un organismo espiral corto Gram- negativo con dos o tres vueltas. Se ha publicado relativamente poco acerca de S. minus; nunca se ha desarrollado en medios artificiales y no está bien caracterizado. La distribución geográfica de Spirillum minus pueden encontrarse en todo el mundo; sin embargo, es común en Asia. También se han registrado casos en habitantes de África. y como se mencionó no esta caracterizado muy bien por tanto no existe mucha información acerca de este Spirillum. En cuanto a Morbilidad y mortalidad algunos autores afirman que “la incidencia de la fiebre por mordedura de rata parece incrementar con el aumento de la popularidad de las ratas como mascotas”. “El índice de mortalidad para la fiebre espirilar por mordedura de rata no tratada es de aproximadamente un 7% y un 10%”. Con una mayor proporción de mortalidad por S. moniliformis no tratadas, aproximadamente en un 10% y un 13% de los pacientes. 5 Para la prevención de esta enfermedad se aconseja evitar la exposición a las ratas, especialmente las ratas silvestres. Se deben controlar las poblaciones de ratas silvestres cerca de los hogares; hacer limpieza en los hogares y no dejar alimentos expuestos al medio ambiente. Se deben evitar los alimentos y agua potencialmente contaminados. La pasteurización de la leche y la esterilización del agua potable disminuyen el riesgo de fiebre de Haverhill. El Centro para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (Centers forDisease Control and Prevention, CDC) de EE. UU. Recomienda que “las personas que han sido mordidas por una rata deben buscar una atención médica e informen acerca de su historia de exposición a fin de asegurar que la fiebre por mordedura de rata sea considerada en el diagnóstico diferencial”. II. ANTECEDENTES. La fiebre por mordedura de rata es una rara enfermedad propagada por roedores infectados. Causada por dos bacterias diferentes (Streptobacillus moniliformis o Spirillum minus), las cuales se encuentran en las bocas de roedores. En el pasado se presentaron a clínicas, pacientes con signos y síntomas de Escalofríos, Fiebre, Ganglios linfáticos inflamados sobre todo Erupciones rojas o púrpuras. Otros pacientes presentaban síntomas similares como Escalofríos, Fiebre, pero con dolor, enrojecimiento o hinchazón articular y Salpullido. Se pudo llegar al diagnóstico, en los primeros pacientes mencionados era causada por un espirilo del género Spirillum minus y el segundo por un bacilo Streptobacillus moniliformis, los vectores transmisores eran las ratas y que ambas bacterias causaban la enfermedad común que hoy se conoce como “fiebre por mordedura de ratas”, pero que se diferencian en algunas sintomatologías, periodos de incubación, diagnóstico y en otros. Estas enfermedades sobresalen más en: Asia. Europa. América del Norte. La mayoría de las personas infectadas es a través del contacto con orina o secreciones 6 provenientes de la boca (mordedura), los ojos o la nariz de un animal infectado (en este caso las ratas). Pero también pueden estar involucrados otros animales como las ardillas, comadrejas, conejos, gatos y otros. III. JUSTIFICACIÓN. Es bueno conocer otras especies de menor patogenia, bacterias a las que alguna vez pasamos desapercibidas por enfocarnos en bacterias patógenas de mayor incidencia. En nuestro medio se puede encontrar roedores, entre estos las ratas que se encuentran en los extremos o alrededor de la ciudad, en el área rural debido a que conservan leguminosas posterior a las cosechas realizadas. Todos corremos el riesgo de ser mordidos alguna vez por las ratas, por tanto decidimos enfocarnos en la investigación de este género, sabiendo que la fiebre por ratas es un trastorno zoonótico que se contrae la por la mordedura de las ratas o roedores, por consumo de alimentos lácteos contaminadas (S. moiliformis) y esto puede afectar a gran parte de la población si no se toma las precauciones necesarias. Poco se sabe del género Spirillum, sin embargo entre las que se destaca en este género es el Spirillum minus que causa la “fiebre por mordedura de ratas”. 7 IV. OBJETIVOS. A. GENERAL. Describir adecuadamente las especies, patogenia y otras características del género Spirillum. B. ESPECÍFICO. Describir cuál es el agente etiológico de la fiebre por mordedura de ratas. Conocer la clínica del genero Spirillum. Describir sobre el vector que contrae el género Spirillum. Determinar el modo de crecimiento del genero Spirillum. Conocer enfermedades relacionadas con el género Spirillum. 8 V. MARCO TEÓRICO. A. FIEBRE CAUSADA POR SPIRILLUM EN EL HOMBRE. 1. EL GÉNERO SPIRILLUM. Genero de bacterias espirales y curvas de la familia Spirillacea, que consta de células pequeñas, rígidas y helicoidales con flagelos bipolares, son organismos móviles y microareófilos o aerobios; se encuentra en aguas dulces y saladas que contienen materia orgánica.1 EL único representante patógeno de los espirilos es el agente etiológico de Sodoku; el Spirillum, que pertenece a la familia espirillaceae algunos autores incluyen a los Spirillum en el orden de las espiroquetas ILUSTRACIÓN 1. (TOMADA DE HTTP://WWW.WRONGDIAGNOSIS.COM/ME) 2. TAXONOMIA. A través de la historia de la microbiología puede verse, que no era fácil conseguir la separación neta entre los distintos tipos bacterianos ni en caracteres morfológicos, ni fisiológicos. No se conocían mecanismos de intercambio genético claros que situaran en unos límites definidos a una especie bacteriana concreta, y por supuesto, resultaba muy complicado situar en zonas geográficas determinadas a la mayoría de las especies bacterianas conocidas porque eran prácticamente cosmopolitas. En 1838 Ehrenberg distingue cinco géneros bacterianos que incluye en el Reino Animal. Este autor habla de Bacterium, Vibrio, Spirillum, Spirochaeta y Spirodiscus, según las bacterias se presentaran en forma de bacilos rígidos, bacilos flexibles, espirales rígidas, espirales flexibles y espirales aplastadas respectivamente. 9 1GABRIELA BEBER, MARCO BURGOS, PILAR CAMPS. “ diccionario médico de Dorland”. 27° edición. Madrid. 2006. En 1872, Cohn, asigna por vez primera a las bacterias una naturaleza vegetal y distingue 6 géneros: Micrococcus (esféricos), Bacterium (bacilos cortos), Bacillus(bacilos largos), Vibrio (bacilos largos ligeramente curvados), Spirillum (espiralesrígidas)
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    AQUATIC MICROBIAL ECOLOGY Vol. 47: 123–139, 2007 Published May 16 Aquat Microb Ecol Archaeal and bacterial community composition of a pristine coastal aquifer in Doñana National Park, Spain Ana Isabel López-Archilla1,*, David Moreira2, Sergio Velasco1, Purificación López-García2 1Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain 2Unité d’Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR CNRS 8079, Université Paris-Sud, bâtiment 360, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France ABSTRACT: We studied the biological activity and prokaryotic diversity associated with 2 samples of different physico-chemical characteristics in a pristine coastal aquifer at Doñana National Park, south-western Spain. Sulphate reduction, denitrification and iron-metabolising activities were detected in the aquifer, as well as different enzymatic activities related to the degradation of labile and complex pools of organic matter. Prokaryotic diversity was assessed by environmental 16S rRNA gene amplification, cloning and sequencing. Bacterial diversity was greater in the shallower aquifer sample (49S1, 15 m depth), including members of the Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, Nitrospirae, some divergent lineages and the candidate divisions SPAM, OP3, OP11, ‘Endomicrobia’ or Termite Group 1 and a novel division-level group including denitrifying bacteria associated to anaerobic methane-oxidising archaea, whereas only Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were detected in the deeper sample (56S, 80 m depth). By contrast, archaea seemed much more diverse in the deeper aquifer sample, with members of the Methanomicrobiales, ANME2-related Methanosarcinales and other divergent lineages, whereas only Group I Crenarchaeota were detected in the shallower sam- ple. Betaproteobacteria were the most abundant and diverse group in both sample libraries, together with the Gammaproteobacteria in the deeper and more saline 56S sample.
  • The Gammaproteobacteria

    The Gammaproteobacteria

    Chapter 11 The Prokaryotes: Domains of Bacteria and Archaea © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Prokaryotes © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Domain Bacteria . Proteobacteria . From the mythical Greek god Proteus, who could assume many shapes . Gram-negative . Chemoheterotrophic © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Alphaproteobacteria Learning Objective 11-1 Differentiate the alphaproteobacteria described in this chapter by drawing a dichotomous key. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Alphaproteobacteria . Pelagibacter ubique . Discovered by FISH technique . 20% of prokaryotes in oceans . 0.5% of all prokaryotes . 1354 genes © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Alphaproteobacteria . Human pathogens . Bartonella − B. henselae: cat-scratch disease . Brucella: brucellosis . Ehrlichia: tickborne © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Alphaproteobacteria . Obligate intracellular parasites . Ehrlichia: tickborne, ehrlichiosis . Rickettsia: arthropod-borne, spotted fevers − R. prowazekii: epidemic typhus − R. typhi: endemic murine typhus − R. rickettsii: Rocky Mountain spotted fever © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.1 Rickettsias. Slime layer Chicken Scattered embryo cell rickettsias Nucleus Masses of rickettsias in nucleus A rickettsial cell that has Rickettsias grow only within a host cell, just been released from a such as the chicken embryo cell shown host cell here. Note the scattered rickettsias within the cell and the compact masses of rickettsias in the cell nucleus. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Alphaproteobacteria . Wolbachia: live in insects and other animals © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Applications of Microbiology 11.1a Wolbachia are red inside the cells of this fruit fly embryo. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Applications of Microbiology 11.1b In an infected pair, only female hosts can reproduce.