English 1302 Spring Semester Monday Wednesday Thursday 9 March 2018
STUDENT 1- 794, 833, 835,872, 874, 875, 876 STUDENT 2- 855, 860, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869 STUDENT 3- 836,870, 871 STUDENT 4- 832, 837, 877, 878 STUDENT 5- 793, 839, 840, 845, 851, 852, 873
Orginal Text Glossing Translations
793.) Her wæron reðe forebecna cumene ofer Norðanhymbra land 7 land folc earmlice bregdon: þet wæron ormete ligræscas, 7 wæron geseowene fyrene dracan on þam lyfte fleogende. Þam tacnum sona fyligde mycel hunger, 7 litel æfter þam þæs ilcan geares on .vi. idus Ianuarii earmlice heðenra manna hergung adiligode Godes cyrican in Lindisfarenaee þurh reaflac 7 mansleht. 7 Sicga forðferde on .viii. kalendas Martii . Her: Noble excellent Wæron: to be am are is was were Reðe: righteous right just Forebecna: burn up Cumene: hi eft Ofer: over, above Norðanhymbra: North Umbria Land: arth land soil territory realm province district landed property country (not town Folc: folk people nation tribe a collection or class of persons laity troop army Earmlice: 1. miserable (1) attended with misery (2) expressing misery piteous (3) piteous deplorable 2. poor mean wretched sorry 3. adv ~líce (1) miserably wretchedly (2) piteously (3) pitiably meanly Bregdon: move, swing, draw (a sword), weave, knit (the rings of a mail coat); feign, pretend Þet: after that, then Ormete: boundless, unlimited Ligræscas: Lightning a flash of lightning bright light Wæron: to be am are is was were Geseowene: see, look, perceive, consider Fyrene: A sin crime peccaturn crirnen Dracan: a dragon sea-monster serpent the serpent the devil standard representing a dragon or serpent ~n blód dragon’s blood a pigment obtained from the dragon’s blood- tree On: on at Þam: those Lyfte: air sky clouds atmosphere on ~e on high aloft Fleogende: flying winged Þam: those Tacnum: token symbol sign signal mark indication suggestion portent marvel wonder miracle evidence proof standard banner Sona: sound a musical sound music vocal or instrumental be ~e aloud loudly
Fyligde: follow, observe, obey Mycel: magna on turbo on men on mid past on maxima turbine mid turbine in is word twig on past rough water surge Hunger: Hunger Litel: for a short time Æfter: after according to; afterwards along through among Þam: those Þæs: the that Ilcan: same Geares: year tó ~e in this year yearly tribute name of the rune for g gehwyrft ~es anniversary On: on at Idus: idus Ianuarii: lanuarii Earmlice: 1. miserable (1) attended with misery (2) expressing misery piteous (3) piteous deplorable 2. poor mean wretched sorry 3. adv ~líce (1) miserably wretchedly (2) piteously (3) pitiably meanly Heðenra: Manna: man Hergung: harrying ravaging raid invasion attack plunder booty harrowing Adiligode:suffering, sick Godes: a god image of a god God the (Christian) Deity godlike person Cyrican: church In: with in Lindisfarenaee: Lindisfarne Þurh: through Reaflac: apine robbery spoliation plundering 2. what is taken spoil booty plunder Mansleht: manslaughter Sicga: nobleman in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria Forðferde: wentforth On: on at Kalendas: kalendas Martii: martii
Throughout the Land of Northumbria, as well as throughout the year, there were fires and floods. Storms raged throughout causing lightning and thunder to put people in panic and cause misery. In that same year, churches were destroyed by men who slaughtered multiple people. Siga, a nobleman in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, died during that time.
794.)Her Adrianus papa Offa cining forðferden, Æðelred Norðanhymbra cining wæs Her- Noble excellent Adrianus- only, single, an empress, a co-operator, a nephew, to force Papa- pope Offa- King of Mercia Cining- a king forðferden, - for go Æðelred- Æthelréd third son of Æthelwulf and brother of Alfred the Great. Æthelred was king of Wessex for five years 866 to 871 AD 2. Æthelréd Atheling the second son of Edgar. Æthelréd was king of Wessex Mercia and Northumbria for 38 years 978 to 1016 AD. 3. Æthelréd Æðeréd a Mercian nobleman all variants of Æðelræd Norðanhymbra- a border or margin, to strive Cining- a king Wæs- to be am are is was were Pope Adrian and Offa, King of Merica, died on the fourth day of August. Ethelred, King of Northumbrians, was ofslagan fram his agenre þeode on .xiii. kalendas Mai, Ceolwulf biscop Eadbald ofslagan- ideals, knowledge, selflessness Fram- from His- personal pronoun third person singular genitive masculine or neuter Agenre- own proper peculiar proper (gram) ~ cyre freewill ágnes þonces voluntarily spontaneously Þeode- a nation people On- on or at .xiii.- 13 Kalendas- missionary, celebration, one of the services of the church Mai, -May Ceolwulf- Proper Noun, king of Mercia Biscop- a bishop Eadbald- Eadbald son of Ethelbert Slain by his own people, on the thirteenth day of May, bishop Eadbald and Ceowulf biscop of þan lande aforon, Ecgferð feng to Myrcene rice þy ilcan geare forðferde. Biscop- a bishop Of- of, out of, with Þan- irrigated land Lande- earth land soil territory realm province district landed property country aforon, - to go out depart march travel to go out of or from a place s6 to remove lead out Ecgferð- trip, tour, journey, time Feng- grip grasp embrace capture prey booty To- to Myrcene- protector, patron, guardian, advocate Rice- power authority reign referring to sovereigns or to others in authority Þy- the that Ilcan- to whitewash or to bind with splints Geare- promptly, readily, entirely, altogether forðferde. – wentforth retired the land. They took the government of Merica and died that same year. Eadbriht onfeng rice on Cent, þam wæs oðer nama nemned Præn. Æðelheard Eadbriht- King of Northumbria Onfeng- material things Rice- power authority reign referring to sovereigns or to others in authority On- on or at Cent, - Kent the county of Kent Þam- those Wæs- to, be, am, are, is, was, and were Oðer- word speech Nama- name Nemned- before named Præn. – King of Kent Æðelheard- Adalhard Eadbert, whose other name is Pryn, acquired the Kingdom of Kent, and Alderman ealdorman forðferde on kalendas Augustii . þa hæðenan on Norðhymbrum hergodon ealdorman- old forðferde- wentforth on- on or at kalendas- the first day of the month Augustii . – August Þa- the, that, those, when Hæðenan- heathen On- on or at Norðhymbrum- Northumbria Hergodon- to destroy Ethelherd died on the first day of August. The heathen armies destroyed the Northumbrians Ecgferðes mynster æt Donemuþe berefodon, þær heora heretogena sum ofslægen Ecgferðes- Proper Noun Mynster- monastery nunnery mother-church minster cathedral Æt- noun= eating or preposition= at, next to, by Donemuþe- a place at the mouth of Don berefodon, - with acc. of person (or thing) despoiled Þær- to rush Heora- sword Heretogena- commander or general Sum- some Ofslægen- to kill or wound by a blow, to kill, slay Plundered by the Monastery of King Everth at the mouth of the river wearð, eac heora scipu sume þurh oferweder wurdon tobrocene, heora feala þær wearð, - worth eac- with heora- sword scipu- ship sume- some þurh- through oferweder- storm tempest wurdon- to come to be to be made to arise come be tobrocene, -to break, break into pieces Heora- sword Feala- many or much Þær- to rush Though, there some leaders were slain, and their ships shattered adruncon, sume cuce to þam stæðe comon, þa man sona ofsloh æt ðære ea muðan. adruncon, -to drink up, quench thirst Sume- some Cuce- alive and vivus To- to Þam- those Stæðe- shore bank, riverbank, the land boarding on water comon, - to come þa- the, that, those, and when man- a citizen sona- sound or musical sound ofsloh- a wound by blow, to kill, slay, to kill a living object Æt- to or at Ðære- the, that Ea- running water, stream muðan. – mouth of a river by the violence of the waves, those who escaped alive to the shore, were displaced at the mouth of the river
832 Her hæðene men oferhergodon Sceapege.
Her hæðene men oferhergodon Sceapege
Her- adv. HERE, in this world, at this time Hæðene- Add:I. the belief and practice of a heathen people Men- men Oferhergodon- took over Sceapege- loaction
Translation- Heathen men overran the Isle of Shepey.
833 Her Ecgbriht cining gefeaht wið .xxv. sciphlæsta æt Carrum, þær wærhð mycel wæl Her- noble excellent Ecgbriht- King of Wessex Cining- a king Gefeaht- a battle Wið- towards .xxv. - 25 Sciphlæsta- the body of (fighting) men on a ship ship-load crew Æt- to or at Carrum, - 1. a stone rock scar 2. Charmouth in Dorsetshire at the mouth of the river Carr = the Norman Charr or Charmouth Þær- to rush or there wærhð- was Mycel- magna on turbo on men on mid past on maxima turbine mid turbine in is word twig on past rough water surge Wæl- slaughter carnage King Egbert fought with thirty-five pirates at Charmouth, where slaughter was made, geslagen, þa Deniscan ahton wælstowe geweald. Hereferð Wigferð .ii. biscopas geslagen, - to strike down to gain by fighting win conquer wæl ~ to slaughter þa- the, that, those, when Deniscan- the Danish men, the Danes Ahton- had owned or possessed Wælstowe- place of slaughter, battle field Geweald. - might, power, possession Hereferð- Name: Proper Noun, Hereferth Wigferð- Name: Proper Noun, Wigen .ii. - 2 Biscopas- to begin, confirmation And the Danes possessed the field. Two bishops, Hereferth and Wigen, forðferdon, Duda Osmod .ii. ealdormen forðferdon. forðferdon, -went forth Duda- Name: Proper Noun, Dudda Osmod- Name: Proper Noun, Osmod .ii. -2 Ealdormen- old forðferdon. -went forth and two ealdormen, Dudda and Osmod, died this year
835 Her com micel sciphere on Wæstwealas, hi to anum gecyrdon wið Ecgbriht Her- noble excellent Com- to come Micel- great, intense, much, many Sciphere- 1. a collection of ships of war a naval force fleet a fleet of war squadron (usu. hostile) 2. the men of a ship of war crew of a warship On- on or at Wæstwealas, -West Wales Hi- ne if they with all might served not the illustrious lord bt To- to Anum- alone, solely, by this alone Gecyrdon- to turn or convert Wið- towards or against Ecgbriht- King of Wessex In this year, a great naval force came into West-Wales, joined by people, who began war against Egbert, Wæstseaxna cining wuniende wæron. Þa fyrdode him togeanes wið him feaht æt Wæstseaxna- West Saxons Cining- a king Wuniende- to reside or dwell wæron. -to, be, am, are, is, was, were Þa- the, that, those, when Fyrdode- to go with an army, to march Him- them Togeanes- prep in opposition to against towards to before in return in reply Wið- towards or against Him- them Feaht- fought Æt- to or at The West Saxon king. When he heard this, he advanced his army against them and fought at Hengestesdune þær ægðer aflymde ge þa Wealas ge þa Deniscan. Hengestesdune- Hengist’s Hill Þær- to rush or there Ægðer- either, each, both Aflymde- to cause or to flee Ge- or Þa- the, that, those, when Wealas- foreigner Ge- or Þa- the, that, those, when Deniscan. -the Danish men, the danes Hengeston, where he put to flight both the Welsh and the Danes
836 Her Ecgbriht cining forðferde, 7 hine ær hæfde Offa Myrcena cining 7 Byrhtric Wæstsæxna her: (adv.) here Ecgbriht, Ecgbryht: (prop name) Ecgbryht, Egbert cining: (masc noun) king Forðferde: wentforth hine: (sing masc) he, she, it ær: (adv) formerly, earlier, before (forms: æror, ærurcompar); hæfde: (verb) have Offa: (proper name) Offa (forms: Offan gen) Myrcena: (masc. noun) Mercians, Mercia cining: (masc noun) king Byrhtric: (other forms: Beorhtric); king of Wessex from 786 to 802 Wæstsæxna: probably West Saxons
This year, King Egbert died. Offa, king of Mercia, and Bertic, king of the West Saxons,
cining aflymde .iii. gear of Angelcynnes lande on Francland ær he cining wære. 7 se Ecgbriht cining: (masc noun) king aflyman: (wk verb) put to flight, drive away; cause to flee (forms: aflymde) .iii.: three gear: (dat sing noun) year of: (prep) of, from, out of; of: (adv) out, away, off Angelcynn: (prop name) the English people; England (forms: Angelcynnes) lande: land, territory, realm, province, district on, an: (prep) on, in, onto, into Francland: France ær: (adv) formerly, earlier, before (forms: æror, ærurcompar); he: (sing masc) he, she, it cining: (masc noun) king beon: (anom verb) to be (forms wære) se: (demonst) the, that; (in pl) those Ecgbriht, Ecgbryht: (prop name) Ecgbryht, Egbert
drove out of England for three years to France before he was to be the king. Egbert
rixade .xxxvii. winter 7 .vii. monðas, 7 feng Æþelwulf his sunu to Westseaxna rice, and Æðelstan rixade: rule, dominate, oppress .xxxvii.: 37 winter: winter, year .vii.: 7 Monðas: (n.) month feng: (masc noun) grasp Æþelwulf: (Prop. name) Æþelwulf his: (sing masc) he sunu: (masc noun) son to: (prep.) to, into; for, from, as a; (adv.) too Wæstsæxna: probably West Saxons rice: (adj) powerful, mighty, rich And: and
ruled for 37 winters and 7 months. Later, his son, Ethelwulf, took the West Saxon kingdom and became a very powerful king.
Æðelstan his oðer sunu feng to Cantwara rice 7 to Suðrigan 7 to Suðseaxna rice. his: (sing masc) he oþer, oðer: (adj and pron) other, another, a second, one (of two) sunu: (masc noun) son feng: (masc noun) grasp to: (prep.) to, into; for, from, as a; (adv.) too Cantwaraburh, Cantwara burg: (prop name) Canterbury rice: (adj) powerful, mighty, rich Suðrigan: Surrey to: (prep.) to, into; for, from, as a; (adv.) too Suðseaxna: Sussex rice: (adj) powerful, mighty, rich Æðelstan: prop. name; eldest son of Edward the Elder, was king of Wessex around 937
He gave his eldest son, Athelstan, became the kingdom of Surrey, Sussex, Essex, and Kent.
836: This year, King Egbert died. Offa, king of Mercia, and Bertic, king of the West Saxons, drove out of England for three years to France before he was to be the king. Egbert ruled for 37 winters and 7 months. Later, his son, Ethelwulf, took the West Saxon kingdom and became a very powerful king.
837 Her Wulfheard ealdorman gefeaht æt Hamtune wið .xxxiii. sciphlesta 7 þær mycel wæl gesloh 7 sige nam; 7 þy geare forðferde Wulfheard. 7 Æþelhelm ealdorman gefeaht wið þa Deniscan on Port mid Dorsætum, 7 se ealdorman wærð ofslægen, 7 þa Deniscan ahton wælstowe geweald. 1 Her Wulfheard ealdorman gefeaht æt Hamtune wið .xxxiii. sciphlesta
Her- adv. HERE, in this world, at this time Ealdorman- an elderman, ALDERMAN, senator, chief, duke, a nobleman of the highest rank Gefeaht- A battle Æt- ate Wið- towards Sciphlesta- pirates Translation- Wulfheard fought with 33 pirates at Hamton.
2 þær mycel wæl gesloh
Þær- adv. There, where. Mycel- v. micel. Wæl- es; n. I. in a collective sense, the slain, the dead, a number of slain, Gesloh- struck. Translation- he died
3 sige nam
Sige- es ; m. Victory, triumph. I. success in war Nam- e ; f. Seizure of property belonging to one which is in the hands of another Translation- but they won and obtained the victory
4 þy geare forðferde Wulfheard.
Þy- v. þe. Geare- pl. f. Furniture, GEAR for horses; apparatus Forðferde- a person Wulfheard-a person Translation- they got riches
5 Æþelhelm ealdorman gefeaht wið þa Deniscan on Port mid Dorsætum,
Æþelhelm- person Þa- adv. conj. Then, when Deniscan- The Danish men, the Danes; Dānĭci viri, Dāni On- an ; prep. adv. A. with dat. or inst Port- es; m. n. I. a port, haven Mid- With; at the root of the various meanings lies the idea of association, of being together. Dorsætum- Inhabitants or men of Dorsetshire, people of Dorsetshire in a body
Translation- Ethelhelm also, with the men of Dorsetshire, , fought with the Danish army in Portland-isle
6 se ealdorman wærð ofslægen, Se- I. a demonstrative adjective, the, that Ealdorman- an elderman, ALDERMAN, senator, chief, duke, a nobleman of the highest rank Wærð- adj. Good Ofslægen- person Translation- They put up a good fight
7 þa Deniscan ahton wælstowe geweald.
Ahton- had, owned, possessed Þa- adv. conj. Then, when Wælstowe- location Geweald- I. power, strength, might, efficacy; potestas Translation- But in the end the Danes won.
839.) Her wæs mycel wælsleht on Lundene 7 on Cantwic 7 on Rofescæstre. Her: Noble excellent Wæs: to be am are is was were Wælsleht: masc noun: deadly battle, slaughter On: on at Lundene: London On: on at Cantwic:Canterbury On: on at Rofescæstre: Rochester
There was slaughters in London, Canterbury, and Rochester.
840.) Her Ædelwulf cining gefeaht æt Carrum wið .xxxv. sciphlesta, 7 þa Deniscan ahton wælstowe geweald. Her: Noble excellent Ædelwulf: Ragnar Ulfson Cining:a king Gefeaht:A battle prælium Æt: at, near, by, from Carrum: the place a naval engagement near Xxxv: 35 Sciphlesta: shipload Þa: the that those Deniscan: Danish wk nom/acc pl þá ~an the Danes the Danish men Ahton:had owned possessed Wælstowe: place of slaughter battlefield o clear away an Geweald: might power possession control command dominion bridle protection subjection groin pudenda muscles of the neck? (his) ~es of his own accord. intentionally
King Ethetwulf fought with naval forces against Danes, however they could not overcome the power of the Danes and lost.
845.) Her Earnulf dux mid Sumorsæton 7 Ealchstan biscop 7 Osric dux mid Dorsæton gefuhton æt Pedredan muþan wið Deniscne here 7 þær mycel wæl geslogon 7 sige namon. Her: Noble excellent Earnulf: Arnulf emperor of Germany from 887 – 899 AD nephew of Charlemagne Dux: Dux Mid: with Sumorsæton: people of Somerset Ealchstan: Ealhstan Biscop: a bishop Osric: osirc Dux: Dux Mid: with Dorsæton: Alfoward Bishop Gefuhton: 1. to fight 2. to gain by fighting obtain by fighting win Æt: at, near, by, from Pedredan: Parret Muþan: mouth (of a river) estuary 2 entrance to a house door Wið: towards against Deniscne: Danish wk nom/acc pl þá ~an the Danes the Danish men Þær: to rush Mycel: magna on turbo on men on mid past on maxima turbine mid turbine in is word twig on past rough water surge Wæl: slaughter carnage ~ gesléan to slaughter field of battle usu in pl dead bodies Geslogon: to strike down to gain by fighting win conquer wæl ~ to slaughter Sige: sinking setting (of the sun) Namon: take
Noble Arnulf with men from Somerset, Dorsaeton, and Bishop Ealhstan fought against Danes at the River Parret. Eventually the Danes lost and Arnulf won.
851.) Her Ceorl ealdorman gefeaht wið heðene men mid Defenescire æt Wicgeanbeorge 7 þær mycel wæl geslogon 7
With the people from Devonshire, Aldorman Ceorl, fought the Danes at Wemburg. After a great fight and the slaughter of many, Ceorl won. That same year King Athelstan, fought on the river, was able capture ships and destroy the rest of the Danish ships from that battle. For the first time, the Danes stayed in winter, by the Thanet Isle. The same year, multiple ships came and took over Canterbury, and London defeating King Bertulf, who is the King of Mercia. They then crossed the river Thames to get to Surrey. At Ockley, Ethelwulf and Ethalbald lead the West Saxon army, and defeated the Danes like no one has ever scene, to this day.
852.) Her on þis tima leot Ceolred abbot of Medeshamstede 7 þa munecas Wulfrede to hande þet land of Sempigaham to þet forewearde þet æfter his dæi scolde þet land into þe minstre, 7 Wulfred scolde gifen þet land of Sliowaforda into c, 7 Medeshamstede scolde gife ilca gear into þe minstre sixtiga foðra wuda 7 twælf foður græfan 7 sex foður gearda 7 twa tunn(n)an fulle hlutres aloð 7 twa slægnæt 7 sex hund hlafes 7 ten mittan Wælsces aloð 7 ilca gear an hors 7 þrittiga scillinga 7 ane næht gefeormige. Her wæs wið se cining Burhred 7 Ceolred ærcebiscop and Tunberht biscop 7 Cenred biscop 7 Alhhun biscop 7 Berhtred biscop 7 Wihtred abbot 7 Werhtherd abbot, Æðelheard ealdorman, Hunberht ealdorman 7 feola oðre. Her: Noble excellent On: on at Þis: this Tima: time period space of time lifetime fixed time favorable time opportunity a metrical unit forðgewiten tíd/tíma past tense Leot: Ceolred: ship Abbot: an abbot Of: of out of with Medeshamstede: Peterborough Þa: the that those when Munecas: A monk Wulfrede: wolf To: to Hande: hand side (in defining position) power control possession charge agency person regarded as holder or receiver of something brad ~ palm on ~ gán to yield swíðre/winstre ~ right/left hand on gehwæðere ~ on both sides on ~ ágiefan tó ~a lætan to hand over (to) on ~a sellan to give a pledge promise bargain plegian mid ~um to clap hands tó ~a healdan hold (land) of another weorpan1 tó ~a to hand over weorpan1 ~a on to lay hands on (a person) wel on ~ favorably ymb ~ at once bám ~um twám zealously Þet: after that, then Land: earth land soil territory realm province district landed property country (not town) ridge in a ploughed field æhte ~ landed property gelætan néah ~ approach the shore? wéste ~ waste land desert Of: of out of with Sempigaham: suddenly, all at once, immediately To: to Þet: after that, then Forewearde: condition bargain agreement treaty assurance outpost scout Þet: after that, then Æfter: after, according to; afterwards; along, through, among, for His: his Dæi: deed, action Scolde: should Þet: after that, then Land: earth land soil territory realm province district landed property country (not town) ridge in a ploughed field æhte ~ landed property gelætan néah ~ approach the shore? wéste ~ waste land desert Into: into Þe: thee Minstre: monastery Wulfred: wolf Scolde: should Gifen: to present endow glorify ge~ to enrich with gift Þet: after that, then Land: earth land soil territory realm province district landed property country (not town) ridge in a ploughed field æhte ~ landed property gelætan néah ~ approach the shore? wéste ~ waste land desert Of: of out of with Sliowaforda: 'Ford over the River Slea’ 'muddy stream' Into: into Medeshamstede: Peterborough He: he Scolde: should Gife: gift grace to present endow glorify ge~ to enrich with gifts Ilca: in bracket for only substitute as a rule for strong forms see in weak declension as adjective Gear: year tó ~e in this year yearly tribute name of the rune for g gehwyrft ~es anniversary Into: into Þe: thee Minstre: monastery Sixtiga: six Foðra: Wuda: wood forest grove tree the Cross Rood wood timber 2 ship spear-shaft Twælf: twelth Foður: Græfan: bush bramble grove thicket brush-wood (for burning) fuel to dig dig up grave engrave carve chisel Sex: sex Foður: Gearda: yard garden fence enclosure enclosed place court residence dwelling home region land in ~um at home in the world hedge Twa: twice tú swá lange twice as long tunn(n)an: tun cask barrel Fulle: to complete fill up perfect Hlutres: clear, pure Aloð: ale Twa: twice tú swá lange twice as long Slægnæt: killer, slaye Sex: sex Hund: hundred in compounds decade hound dog A sea-hound Hlafes: loaf cake bread food sacramental bread Ten: to pull tug draw drag row (boat) draw together withdraw take entice allure induce lead bring bring up educate bring to attract arrogate bring forth produce restrain betake oneself to go roam ge~ dispute ge~ string up play (instrument) getogen lengthened long (of vowels) Mittan: a measure bushel to meet meet with find Wælsces: murderous shaft (kenning for "spear) battle, slaughter Aloð: ale Ilca: in bracket for only substitute as a rule for strong forms see in weak declension as adjective Gear: year tó ~e in this year yearly tribute name of the rune for g gehwyrft ~es anniversary An: one pl each every one all ~ and (æfter) ~ one by one ~es hwæt some single thing a part a an alone one sole single solitary only another (in this sense it is used also in the weak form sé ána hé ána and with a pl.) lonely? singular unique single each every one all (gen pl ánra) any sole alone of its kind singular unique without an equal a certain one some one one other ~ æfter ~um one after another tó ~um tó ~um from one to another þæt ~ for ~ this one thing for one thing only ~es hwæt anything literally anything of all Hors: horse Þrittiga: thirty Scillinga: 1. as a denomination of English money (encoined) a shilling (consisting of a varying number of pence) silver coin 2. as denoting foreign money the word is used to translate various words: argenteos denarius etc. Ane: one pl each every one all ~ and (æfter) ~ one by one ~es hwæt some single thing a part a an alone one sole single solitary only another (in this sense it is used also in the weak form sé ána hé ána and with a pl.) lonely? singular unique single each every one all (gen pl ánra) any sole alone of its kind singular unique without an equal a certain one some one one other ~ æfter ~um one after another tó ~um tó ~um from one to another þæt ~ for ~ this one thing for one thing only ~es hwæt anything literally anything of all Næht: night darkness Gefeormige: entertain, look after, polish off Her: Noble excellent Wæs: to be am are is was were Wið: towards against Se: the tha Cining: a king Burhred: Burgred of Mercia Ceolred: ship Ærcebiscop: arc bishop And: and against Tunberht: Tunberht was a medieval Bishop of Lichfield. Tunberht was consecrated between 841 and 845 and died between 857 and 862. Biscop: a bishop Cenred: Cenred son of Ceolwald and father of Ine king of Wessex Biscop: a bishop Berhtred: Beornhæth was an Anglo-Saxon nobleman in Northumbria in the reign of King Ecgfrith. He was the first of his family to come to notice Biscop: a bishop Wihtred: Wihtred was king of Kent from about 690 or 691 until his death. He was a son of Ecgberht I and a brother of Eadric Abbot: an abbot Werhtherd: means worthy army Abbot: an abbot Æðelheard: noble, excellent Ealdorman: old not only in age in knowledge hence an elder man homo an alderman senator chief duke a nobleman the highest rank holding an office inferior only to that the king Feola: file Oðre: other
At this time, Abbot Ceolred from Peterborough, declared that the land Sepingham would be under the control of Wulfred, with the condition that when he dies, it will become the churches land. As well as, the land called Sleaford to Peterborough, and they would send gifts to the monastery every year. All of this was made with King Burgred of Mercia as the witness, Archbishop Ceolnoth, Bishops Turnberht, Cenred, Berhted, Wihtred, Abbots Werhthred, Weftheard, Alderman Ethelherd and Hunburt, and many others were the witness’.
855- 1. Her hæþene men ærest on Sceapege ofer winter sæton. þy ilcan geare gebocade Æðelwulf cining Her: her adv: here; (in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entries:) in this year Hæþene: hæðen adj and masc noun: heathen, pagan (forms: hæþena nom sing masc; hæðenan, hæþnan nom pl, acc/gen sing masc; hæþene, hæðene, hæðne acc sing fem; nom/acc pl masc/fem; hæðenes, hæþenes gen sing masc; hæðenra gen pl; hæðnum, hæþenum, hæðenum dat pl) Men: man(n), mon(n) masc noun: man, person (forms: men(n) nom/acc pl; dat sing; monna, manna gen pl; mannes, monnes gen sing; monnum, mannum dat pl) man, mann, mon pron: one, anyone (used to form passive sense) Ærest: ærest, ærost adv: first ærest adj: first (forms: ærest neut acc sing; æresta masc nom sing; æreste nom sing fem; ærestan dat sing masc) On: on, adverb. on; in. Sceapege: shepey island Ofer: ofer, ofor prep: over, above, across, throughout, during, after, without, against, ofer bæc adv: backwards, away, ofer middeneaht: after midnight, ofer masc noun: edge, shore (forms: ofre dat sing Winter: winter masc noun: winter, year (forms: winter nom/acc pl; wintra gen pl; dat/gen sing; wintre dat sing; wintres, wintrys gen sing; wintrum dat pl Sæton: sætan wk verb: lie in wait for, ambush Þy: þý Pronoun the that - Demonstrative pronoun singular instrumental masculine or neuter Ilcan: ilca adj and pron: same (forms: ilcan, ylcan acc/dat/gen sing masc/fem/neut; ilce nom/acc sing neut Geare: gear neut noun: year (forms: gear nom/acc pl; geare dat sing; geara gen pl; geares gen sing; gearum dat pl) þy geare, þæs geares: in that year Gebocade: deeded Æðelwulf: Æþelwulf prop name: Aethelwulf Cining: Old English cining Modern English a king The pagans were the first to stay throughout the winter on Shepey Island. The same year the English King Aethelwulf deeded 1. teoðan dæl his landes ofer eal his rice Gode to lofe 7 him selfum ecre hæle. And þy ilcan geare ferde to teoðan: teoða adj: tenth (forms: teoðan acc sing masc) dæl: dæl, gedal masc noun: portion, part, share, lot, piece; division, separation (forms: gedale, dæle dat sing) dæl neut noun: valley, abyss (forms: dala, dalo acc pl) his: his Pronoun - Personal pronoun third person singular genitive masculine or neuter landes: land, lond neut noun: land, country, dry land (forms: land nom/acc pl; landa gen pl; lande, londe dat sing; landes, londes gen sing; londum dat pl) ofer: ofer, ofor prep: over, above, across, throughout, during, after, without, against, ofer bæc adv: backwards, away, ofer middeneaht: after midnight, ofer masc noun: edge, shore (forms: ofre dat sing eal: Old English eal Modern English from or past his: his Pronoun - Personal pronoun third person singular genitive masculine or neuter rice: rice adj: powerful, mighty, rich (forms: rica masc nom sing (se rica: the mighty one); rican dat sing masc; ricne acc sing masc; ricost superl; ricostan superl nom pl masc; ricra gen pl; ricum dat pl); rice neut noun: kingdom, rule (forms: rice dat sing; rices gen sing) Gode: god masc noun: God; heathen god (usually in pl.) (forms: goda gen pl; godas, godes, godo nom pl; gode dat sing; godes gen sing; godum dat pl) To: to prep: to, into; for; from; as a (weorce to leane: "as a reward for (their) work"; to hearran: "as a superior"); to adv: too, also; excessively, very Lofe: lof neut noun: praise, glory, reputation (forms: lofe dat sing) Him: he, heo (hio), hit pers pron: he, she, it (forms: him, heom, hym dat masc/neut sing, dat pl; hine, hyne, hiene acc sing masc; his, hys gen sing masc/neut; hit, hyt nom/acc sing neut: it; hie, heo, hi, hy, hig, hige (Ex 307) nom/acc pl; hie, hi, hig fem acc sing; hire, hyre, hiere fem dat/gen sing; acc sing/pl neut; heora, hyra, hiera, hiora gen pl) Selfum: self pron: (him, her, etc.) self, own (forms: selfe nom sing neut; nom pl masc; selfes, sylfes, seolfes gen sing masc; selfra, sylfra gen pl; selfa, seolfa, sylfa, sylf, seolf, sylfa nom sing masc; selfa nom sing fem; selfe nom pl masc; seolfan nom pl masc; sylf, silf nom/acc sing masc/neut; nom sing fem; sylfe acc sing fem, nom/acc sing masc/neut; sylfan acc sing fem; sylfne, selfne, seolfne acc sing masc; sylfre gen sing fem; sylfum, selfum dat sing masc; dat pl) Ecre: ece adj: eternal (forms: eca, ecea nom sing masc; ecean, ecan acc/dat/gen sing masc/neut/fem; eces gen sing neut; ecne acc sing; ecre gen sing fem); Hæle: hæle masc noun: man, hero And: and, ond conj: and Þy: after that; conj and adv because, since, on that account; therefore; then; the ilcan: ilca adj and pron: same (forms: ilcan, ylcan acc/dat/gen sing masc/fem/neut; ilce nom/acc sing neut) geare: Geare: gear neut noun: year (forms: gear nom/acc pl; geare dat sing; geara gen pl; geares gen sing; gearum dat pl) þy geare, þæs geares: in that year ferde: geferan, færen wk verb: go, travel; accomplish, obtain, bring (forms: feran pl pres subj/indic; ferde, geferde, færde 3rd pers sing pret indic; ferdon, færdon pl pret indic; fere 1st pers sing pres indic; ferende pres part) to: To: to prep: to, into; for; from; as a (weorce to leane: "as a reward for (their) work"; to hearran: "as a superior"); to adv: too, also; excessively, very A tenth portion of his land across the country for his mighty God, for his eternal glory. And he traveled for his personal hero the same year. 1. Rome mid mycclum wurðscipe 7 þær wunade .xii. monað, 7 he feng to Karles dohter Francna cining þa Rome: Rom prop name: Rome (forms: Rome dat sing) Mid: mid prep: with, by means of, together with, among mid þy þe, mid þi ðe: when mid adv: also, in addition, with (something previously mentioned) Mycclum: micel, mycel adj and pron: great, much (forms: maran compar acc/inst sing masc/fem; compar acc pl fem; miclan, micelan acc/dat/gen sing masc/neut/fem; micla nom sing masc; nom pl fem; micle, mycle, miccle nom/acc sing neut; acc sing fem; nom/acc pl masc/fem; inst sing masc/neut; micelne acc sing masc; micelre, mycelre dat/gen sing fem; micles, miceles, miccles gen sing; miclum, myclum, mycclum, micclum dat pl; dat sing masc/neut (also as adverb: "greatly, very"); mæst superl; mæsta superl nom sing masc; mæstan superl acc/dat sing masc, acc sing fem; mæste superl dat sing neut, superl acc pl neut, superl nom/acc/dat sing fem; mæstne superl acc sing masc) Wurðscipe: the state of being worthy Þær: þær, ðær, ðar, þar adv and conj: there, where; in such a case where Wunade: wuna 1. M(-n/-n) habit, custom, practice, rite Monað: monað, monaþ masc noun: month (forms: monðes gen sing) He: he, heo (hio), hit pers pron: he, she, it (forms: him, heom, hym dat masc/neut sing, dat pl; hine, hyne, hiene acc sing masc; his, hys gen sing masc/neut; hit, hyt nom/acc sing neut: it; hie, heo, hi, hy, hig, hige (Ex 307) nom/acc pl; hie, hi, hig fem acc sing; hire, hyre, hiere fem dat/gen sing; acc sing/pl neut; heora, hyra, hiera, hiora gen pl) Feng: feng masc noun: grasp (forms: fenge dat sing) To: to prep: to, into; for; from; as a (weorce to leane: "as a reward for (their) work"; to hearran: "as a superior"); to adv: too, also; excessively, very Karles: Carl prop name: Karles( forms: carl) Dohter: dohtor, dohter, dæhter fem noun: daughter (forms: dæhter, dehter dat sing; dohtor nom/acc pl; gen sing; dohtra acc/gen pl; dohtrum dat pl) Francna: franca masc noun: the franks (forms: francan acc/dat sing; nom pl) Cining: a king Þa: þa, ða adv and conj: then, when; it being the case that þa . . . þa . . . : when . . . then To Rome with many to worship there to become worthy, The King of the Franks, King Karles, gave him his daughter then 1. he hamweard wæs 7 gesund ham com 7 þæs ymbe .ii. gear forðferde, 7 his lic lið on Wintanceastre, 7 he he: he, heo (hio), hit pers pron: he, she, it (forms: him, heom, hym dat masc/neut sing, dat pl; hine, hyne, hiene acc sing masc; his, hys gen sing masc/neut; hit, hyt nom/acc sing neut: it; hie, heo, hi, hy, hig, hige (Ex 307) nom/acc pl; hie, hi, hig fem acc sing; hire, hyre, hiere fem dat/gen sing; acc sing/pl neut; heora, hyra, hiera, hiora gen pl) hamweard: adv homewards, towards home, on the way home wæs: wesan- to soak, macerate; ooze; dye gesund: adj sound, safe, whole, uninjured, healthy, prosperous ham: ham masc noun: home, dwelling, estate (forms: ham, hame dat sing; hames gen sing ) ham adv: home com: cuman- to come, approach, get to, attain þæs: adv afterwards; thence; accordingly, according as; therefore; because; therefore, wherefore, because, that ymbe: ymb, ymbe, embe prep: about, around; after gear: gear neut noun: year (forms: gear nom/acc pl; geare dat sing; geara gen pl; geares gen sing; gearum dat pl) forðferde: to depart, die his: his Pronoun - Personal pronoun third person singular genitive masculine or neuter lic: body, corpse lið: licgan, licgean Class 5 str verb: lie, be situated, extend; lie dead (forms: læg, leg 3rd pers sing pret indic; læge 3rd pers sing pret subj; lagon, lægon pl pret indic; licgað pl pres indic; licge 3rd pers sing pres subj; licgende pres part; licgendre pres part dat sing fem; ligeð 3rd pers sing pres indic; ligst 2nd pers sing pres indic; lið, liþ 3rd pers sing pres indic) on: on, an prep: on, in, onto, into Wintanceastre: Wintanceaster prop name: Winchester (forms: Wintanceastre dat) He: he, heo (hio), hit pers pron: he, she, it (forms: him, heom, hym dat masc/neut sing, dat pl; hine, hyne, hiene acc sing masc; his, hys gen sing masc/neut; hit, hyt nom/acc sing neut: it; hie, heo, hi, hy, hig, hige (Ex 307) nom/acc pl; hie, hi, hig fem acc sing; hire, hyre, hiere fem dat/gen sing; acc sing/pl neut; heora, hyra, hiera, hiora gen pl) He went home safe, after 2 years he died in Winchester, he rixade .ix. gear. He wæs Ecgbrihting. 7 þa fengon his .ii. sunu to rice: Æðelbald to Westseaxna rice and to Suðrigean, 7 he rixade .v. gear rixade: rixian, ricsian wk verb: rule, dominate, oppress (forms: rixode, ricsode 3rd pers sing pret indic) .ix.: 9 Gear: gear neut noun: year (forms: gear nom/acc pl; geare dat sing; geara gen pl; geares gen sing; gearum dat pl) He: He: he, heo (hio), hit pers pron: he, she, it (forms: him, heom, hym dat masc/neut sing, dat pl; hine, hyne, hiene acc sing masc; his, hys gen sing masc/neut; hit, hyt nom/acc sing neut: it; hie, heo, hi, hy, hig, hige (Ex 307) nom/acc pl; hie, hi, hig fem acc sing; hire, hyre, hiere fem dat/gen sing; acc sing/pl neut; heora, hyra, hiera, hiora gen pl) Wæs: to be; happen Ecgbrihting: Ecgbryht prop name: Ecgbryht (forms: Ecgbryhtes gen sing) Þa: þa, ða adv and conj: then, when; it being the case that Fengon: feng masc noun: grasp (forms: fenge dat sing); on, an prep: on, in, onto, into His: his: his Pronoun - Personal pronoun third person singular genitive masculine or neuter .ii.: 2 Sunu: sunu masc noun: son (forms: suna nom/acc/gen pl; suno nom/acc pl; sunu dat sing, acc/gen pl; sunum dat pl) To: to prep: to, into; for; from; as a (weorce to leane: "as a reward for (their) work"; to hearran: "as a superior") rice: rice adj: powerful, mighty, rich (forms: rica masc nom sing (se rica: the mighty one); rican dat sing masc; ricne acc sing masc; ricost superl; ricostan superl nom pl masc; ricra gen pl; ricum dat pl); rice neut noun: kingdom, rule (forms: rice dat sing; rices gen sing) Æðelbald: Æþelbald prop name: Aethelbald To: to prep: to, into; for; from; as a (weorce to leane: "as a reward for (their) work"; to hearran: "as a superior"); to adv: too, also; excessively, very Westseaxna: Westseaxe masc pl noun: West Saxons (forms: Wesseaxna, Westseaxna gen pl; Westseaxum dat pl) Rice: rice adj: powerful, mighty, rich (forms: rica masc nom sing (se rica: the mighty one); rican dat sing masc; ricne acc sing masc; ricost superl; ricostan superl nom pl masc; ricra gen pl; ricum dat pl); rice neut noun: kingdom, rule (forms: rice dat sing; rices gen sing And: and, ond conj: and To: To: to prep: to, into; for; from; as a (weorce to leane: "as a reward for (their) work"; to hearran: "as a superior"); to adv: too, also; excessively, very Suðrigean: southern-region He: He: he, heo (hio), hit pers pron: he, she, it (forms: him, heom, hym dat masc/neut sing, dat pl; hine, hyne, hiene acc sing masc; his, hys gen sing masc/neut; hit, hyt nom/acc sing neut: it; hie, heo, hi, hy, hig, hige (Ex 307) nom/acc pl; hie, hi, hig fem acc sing; hire, hyre, hiere fem dat/gen sing; acc sing/pl neut; heora, hyra, hiera, hiora gen pl) Rixade: rixian, ricsian wk verb: rule, dominate, oppress (forms: rixode, ricsode 3rd pers sing pret indic) .v.: 5 Gear: gear neut noun: year (forms: gear nom/acc pl; geare dat sing; geara gen pl; geares gen sing; gearum dat pl) Ruled for 9 years, he was the son of Ecgbryht. Then his two sons took the kingdom od the south region and the west Saxons. He ruled for 5 years.
860- 1. Her Æðelbald cining forðferde, 7 his lic lið æt Scireburnan, 7 feng Æðelbriht to eallum þam rice his Her: Her: her adv: here; (in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entries:) in this year Æðelbald: Æþelbald prop name: Aethelbald Cining: a king Forðferde: forþferan wk verb: die (forms: forþferde 3rd pers sing pret indic) His: his Pronoun - Personal pronoun third person singular genitive masculine or neuter Lic: body, coprse Lið: lið: licgan, licgean Class 5 str verb: lie, be situated, extend; lie dead (forms: læg, leg 3rd pers sing pret indic; læge 3rd pers sing pret subj; lagon, lægon pl pret indic; licgað pl pres indic; licge 3rd pers sing pres subj; licgende pres part; licgendre pres part dat sing fem; ligeð 3rd pers sinhois brother g pres indic; ligst 2nd pers sing pres indic; lið, liþ 3rd pers sing pres indic) Æt: æt prep: at, near, by, from Scireburnan: Scireburne prop name: Sherborne, Dorset (forms: Scireburnan dat sing) Feng: feng masc noun: grasp (forms: fenge dat sing) Æðelbriht: Æþelbryht prop name: Aethelbryht (forms: Æþelbryhtes gen sing) To: To: to prep: to, into; for; from; as a (weorce to leane: "as a reward for (their) work"; to hearran: "as a superior"); to adv: too, also; excessively, very Eallum: eall, eal, all adj and pron: all (forms: ealla acc pl fem; ealle, alle nom/acc pl; acc sing fem; acc sing neut; ealles gen sing masc/neut; ealne, alne acc sing masc; ealra gen pl (sometimes used adverbially: "in all, altogether"); ealre, eallre dat/gen sing fem; ealle dat sing as adv: entirely; eallum, eallon, allum dat pl (as adv: "entirely")) Þam: þǽm [] masc, neut dative def art, pl dative def art. to/for the; be ~, on ~ thereon, therein; éac ~ in addition to this, besides this, also, moreover; ǽr ~ þe before; æfter ~ after, later, next, after that (fashion); for ~ (þe) therefore, on that account, for that reason, because; on ~ þe in this, in that Rice: rice adj: powerful, mighty, rich (forms: rica masc nom sing (se rica: the mighty one); rican dat sing masc; ricne acc sing masc; ricost superl; ricostan superl nom pl masc; ricra gen pl; ricum dat pl); rice neut noun: kingdom, rule (forms: rice dat sing; rices gen sing) His: his Pronoun - Personal pronoun third person singular genitive masculine or neuter This year king Athelbald died at sherborne, his wealthy brother Aethelbryht took power and 1. broðor. 7 on his dæge com mycel sciphere up 7 abræcon Wintanceastre, 7 wið þone here fuhton Osric 2. broðor: broðor, broþor, broður, broþur masc noun: brother; monk (forms: broðer gen sing; broðor dat/gen sing; nom/acc pl; broþra gen sing; broðru, gebroðru,, gebroþru, gebroðra nom pl; broðrum dat pl) 3. on: on, adverb. on; in. 4. his: his Pronoun - Personal pronoun third person singular genitive masculine or neuter 5. dæge: dæg masc noun: day (forms: dæge dat sing; dæges gen sing; daga gen pl; dagas nom/acc pl; dagum dat pl) 6. com: cuman- to come, approach, get to, attain 7. mycel: micel, mycel adj and pron: great, much (forms: maran compar acc/inst sing masc/fem; compar acc pl fem; miclan, micelan acc/dat/gen sing masc/neut/fem; micla nom sing masc; nom pl fem; micle, mycle, miccle nom/acc sing neut; acc sing fem; nom/acc pl masc/fem; inst sing masc/neut; micelne acc sing masc; micelre, mycelre dat/gen sing fem; micles, miceles, miccles gen sing; miclum, myclum, mycclum, micclum dat pl; dat sing masc/neut (also as adverb: "greatly, very"); mæst superl; mæsta superl nom sing masc; mæstan superl acc/dat sing masc, acc sing fem; mæste superl dat sing neut, superl acc pl neut, superl nom/acc/dat sing fem; mæstne superl acc sing masc) 8. sciphere: sciphere masc noun: fleet, naval force (forms: scipherge, sciphere dat sing) 9. up: up, upp prep and adv: up, upon 10. abræcon: ábrecan [] sv/t4 3rd pres ábricþ past ábræc/ábrǽcon ptp ábrocen to break, break to pieces, break down, conquer, vanquish, take by storm, capture, violate, destroy, assault; sv/i4 to break out, away, forth 11. Wintanceastre: Wintanceaster prop name: Winchester (forms: Wintanceastre dat) 12. Wið: wíðig [] m (-es/-as) withe, withy, willow; band, fetter, fillet, garland (1); compounds with bed~, bróc~, ford~, gráf~, léah~, mǽd~, mere~, mór~, pól~, pytt~, slǽd~, þýfel~ 13. Þone: þonne, ðonne, þænne conj and adv: then, when; than; than that 14. þonne, þon conj: than 15. Here: here masc noun: army, host, multitude (forms: herga gen pl; hergas nom/acc pl; herge, herige, here dat sing; herges, heriges, heres gen sing; hergum dat pl) 16. Fuhton: feohtan Strong sv/t3 to fight combat strive ge~ gain by fighting win on ~ to attack fight against ~ mid hweorfendum sigum to fight with varying success 17. Osric: Osric prop name: Osric 18. Came to attain a great naval fleet to conquer Winchester with Ealdorman Osric 19. ealdorman mid Hamtunescire 7 Æðelwulf ealdorman mid Barrucscire, 7 þone here geflymdon 7 wælstowe geweald ahton. 20. Ealdorman: ealdormann, ealdorman, ealdormon, aldorman, aldormon masc noun: ealdorman, noble; overseer, master (forms: aldormen nom pl; aldormonnes gen sing; ealdormannum dat pl) 21. Mid: mid prep: with, by means of, together with, among 22. Hamtunescire: hampshire 23. Æðelwulf: Æþelwulf prop name: Aethelwulf 24. Ealdorman: ealdormann, ealdorman, ealdormon, aldorman, aldormon masc noun: ealdorman, noble; overseer, master (forms: aldormen nom pl; aldormonnes gen sing; ealdormannum dat pl) 25. Mid: : mid prep: with, by means of, together with, among 26. Barrucscire: naked, unclothed aurhtority 27. Þone: the, that 28. Here: here masc noun: army, host, multitude (forms: herga gen pl; hergas nom/acc pl; herge, herige, here dat sing; herges, heriges, heres gen sing; hergum dat pl) 29. Geflymdon: geflieman; drive, hunt; to put to flight 30. Wælstowe: place of slaughter, battlefield 31. Geweald: might, power possession; control, command, dominion; bridle; protection; subjection; groin; pudenda; muscles of the neck 32. Ahton: ágan [] 1. irreg v/t 3rd pres áh/ágon past áhte ptp geágen to own, possess, have, obtain; have control over, take charge of; to make another to own or possess give, give up, deliver, restore; have to pay, owe; have to do; ~ út find out, discover; ~ wælstówe geweald to obtain possession of the battlefield, conquer; 2. pret 3rd sing of onginnan 33. Of Hampshire, Ealdorman Aethelwulf commanded the army to take control 34. 7 se Æðelbriht rixade .v. gear, 7 his lic lið æt Scirburnan. 35. Se: he, she, that, is 36. Æðelbriht: Æþelbryht prop name: Aethelbryht (forms: Æþelbryhtes gen sing) 37. Rixade: rixian, ricsian wk verb: rule, dominate, oppress (forms: rixode, ricsode 3rd pers sing pret indic) 38. .v: 5 39. Gear: gear neut noun: year (forms: gear nom/acc pl; geare dat sing; geara gen pl; geares gen sing; gearum dat pl) 40. His: his Pronoun - Personal pronoun third person singular genitive masculine or neuter 41. Lic: body, corpse 42. lið: lið: licgan, licgean Class 5 str verb: lie, be situated, extend; lie dead (forms: læg, leg 3rd pers sing pret indic; læge 3rd pers sing pret subj; lagon, lægon pl pret indic; licgað pl pres indic; licge 3rd pers sing pres subj; licgende pres part; licgendre pres part dat sing fem; ligeð 3rd pers sing pres indic; ligst 2nd pers sing pres indic; lið, liþ 3rd pers sing pres indic) 43. æt: æt prep: at, near, by, from 44. Scirburnan: Scireburne prop name: Sherborne, Dorset (forms: Scireburnan dat sing) 45. This year Aethelbryht died in Sherborne. 865-Her sæt se hæðene here on Tenet 7 genam frið wið Cantwarum, 7 Cantware heom feoh Her: her adv: here; (in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entries:) in this year Sæt: sætan wk verb: lie in wait for, ambush Se: se demonst: the, that (in pl, those) Hæðene: hæðen adj and masc noun: heathen, pagan (forms: hæþena nom sing masc; hæðenan, hæþnan nom pl, acc/gen sing masc; hæþene, hæðene, hæðne acc sing fem; nom/acc pl masc/fem; hæðenes, hæþenes gen sing masc; hæðenra gen pl; hæðnum, hæþenum, hæðenum dat pl) Here: here masc noun: army, host, multitude (forms: herga gen pl; hergas nom/acc pl; herge, herige, here dat sing; herges, heriges, heres gen sing; hergum dat pl) On: on, an prep: on, in, onto, into Tenet: the isle Genam: genamn [] adj of the same name frið: fríð [] adj stately, beautiful wið wíðig [] m (-es/-as) withe, withy, willow; band, fetter, fillet, garland (1); compounds withbed~, bróc~, ford~, gráf~, léah~, mǽd~, mere~, mór~, pól~, pytt~, slǽd~, þýfel~ Cantwarum: Cantware [] m pl Kentish men, inhabitants of Kent; gen Cantwara; dat Cantwarum Cantware: Cantware [] m pl Kentish men, inhabitants of Kent; gen Cantwara; dat Cantwarum Heom: heom [] dat 3rd pers pron them; dat pl of hé, héo, hit Feoh: feoh [] n (féos/-) cattle, herd; moveable goods, property; money, riches, treasure; wið licgendum féo for ready money; name of the rune for f 1. Here the pagan army wait on the isle of genamn with the men of Kent who promised riches 2. beheton wið ðam friðe, 7 on þam feohbehate se herniht up bestæl 7 oferhergode ealle Cent eastewarde. 3. Beheton: behátan [] sv/t7 (often w.d. person) 3rd pres behǽteþ past behét/on, beheht/on ptp beháten to promise, vow, pledge oneself; threaten 4. Wið: wíðig [] m (-es/-as) withe, withy, willow; band, fetter, fillet, garland (1); compounds with bed~, bróc~, ford~, gráf~, léah~, mǽd~, mere~, mór~, pól~, pytt~, slǽd~, þýfel~ 5. ðam: þǽm [] masc, neut dative def art, pl dative def art. to/for the; be ~, on ~ thereon, therein; éac ~ in addition to this, besides this, also, moreover; ǽr ~ þe before; æfter ~ after, later, next, after that (fashion); for ~ (þe) therefore, on that account, for that reason, because; on ~ þe in this, in that 6. friðe: : friþ, frið masc noun: peace, security, tranquility (forms: friðe, friþe dat sing; friðes, friþes gen sing) 7. on: on [] 1. prep w.d.i.a. (local) on, upon, on to (but ofer is more common); up to, among; in, into, within; (temporal) in, during, at, on, about; against, towards; according to, in accordance with, in respect to; for, in exchange for; ~ gehwæðere hand on both sides; ~ hand gán irreg v/i to yield; áswengan ~ cast upon; ~ sittan1 (1) to assail, attack; (2) to press on, weigh down; ~ winnan to attack; 2. adv on; forward, onward; continuously, forþ ~; ~ riht rightly; ~ ǽr adv formerly; ~ án continuously, in concert; at once, forthwith; ~ tíde at the proper time; ~ bæcling/bæclinga/bæclinge gewend having one’s back turned; ~ secgan to bring a charge against; 3. pres 3rd sing of unnan; 4. see ond, and 8. þam: þǽm [] masc, neut dative def art, pl dative def art. to/for the; be ~, on ~ thereon, therein; éac ~ in addition to this, besides this, also, moreover; ǽr ~ þe before; æfter ~ after, later, next, after that (fashion); for ~ (þe) therefore, on that account, for that reason, because; on ~ þe in this, in that 9. feohbehate : feohbehát [] n (-es/-) promise of money 10. se: se demonst: the, that (in pl, those) 11. here: here masc noun: army, host, multitude (forms: herga gen pl; hergas nom/acc pl; herge, herige, here dat sing; herges, heriges, heres gen sing; hergum dat pl) 12. hine: hine [] 1. masculine pron him; accusative of hé; 2. see heonon 13. on: on: on [] 1. prep w.d.i.a. (local) on, upon, on to (but ofer is more common); up to, among; in, into, within; (temporal) in, during, at, on, about; against, towards; according to, in accordance with, in respect to; for, in exchange for; ~ gehwæðere hand on both sides; ~ hand gán irreg v/i to yield; áswengan ~ cast upon; ~ sittan1 (1) to assail, attack; (2) to press on, weigh down; ~ winnan to attack; 2. adv on; forward, onward; continuously, forþ ~; ~ riht rightly; ~ ǽr adv formerly; ~ án continuously, in concert; at once, forthwith; ~ tíde at the proper time; ~ bæcling/bæclinga/bæclinge gewend having one’s back turned; ~ secgan to bring a charge against; 3. pres 3rd sing of unnan; 4. see ond, and 14. niht: niht [] f (-e/-) night (as opposed to day); night, darkness (as opposed to light), a time dark as night; often used in enumerations where modern English uses days; used to mark an occasion or a point of time; as a division or period of time; [gen/dat sing ~e; gen/dat pl ~a/~um] 15. up: úp [] adv up; up stream, up country (inland); upwards; lǽtan ~ to put ashore; ~ átéon to draw up, move away; gelógian ~ to lay by, deposit; ~ árǽran to bring up, raise up, exalt; ~ weallan to rise (of a river) 16. bestæl: bestǽlan [] wv/t1b to lay a charge against, convict 17. oferhergode: oferhergian [] wv/t2 to overrun, ravage 18. ealle: entirely, wholly,fully, quite 19. Cent: Kent, the county of Kent 20. Eastewarde: eastward 21. For peace, therein the promise of money, the army waited to overrun the county of Kent eastward 866- 1. Her feng Æðelred Æðelbrihtes broðor to Westseaxna rice. And þy ilcan geare com mycel hæðen here on Angelcynnes land 7 wintersetle namon æt Eastenglum 7 þær gehorsade wurdon, 7 hi heom wið frið genamon. 2. Her: her adv: here; (in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entries:) in this year 3. Feng: feng masc noun: grasp (forms: fenge dat sing) 4. Æðelred: Æþelred, Æþered prop name: Aethelred (forms: Æþelredes gen) 5. Æðelbrihtes : Æþelbryht prop name: Aethelbryht (forms: Æþelbryhtes gen sing) 6. Broðor: broðor, broþor, broður, broþur masc noun: brother; monk (forms: broðer gen sing; broðor dat/gen sing; nom/acc pl; broþra gen sing; broðru, gebroðru,, gebroþru, gebroðra nom pl; broðrum dat pl) 7. To: to,into 8. Westseaxna: west saxons 9. Rice: rice adj: powerful, mighty, rich (forms: rica masc nom sing (se rica: the mighty one); rican dat sing masc; ricne acc sing masc; ricost superl; ricostan superl nom pl masc; ricra gen pl; ricum dat pl); rice neut noun: kingdom, rule (forms: rice dat sing; rices gen sing) 10. And: conj and; but; or 11. Þy: after that; conj and adv because, since, on that account; therefore; then; the Ilcan: ilca adj and pron: same (forms: ilcan, ylcan acc/dat/gen sing masc/fem/neut; ilce nom/acc sing neut) Geare: Geare: gear neut noun: year (forms: gear nom/acc pl; geare dat sing; geara gen pl; geares gen sing; gearum dat pl) þy geare, þæs geares: in that year Com: cuman- to come, approach, get to, attain mycel: micel, mycel adj and pron: great, much (forms: maran compar acc/inst sing masc/fem; compar acc pl fem; miclan, micelan acc/dat/gen sing masc/neut/fem; micla nom sing masc; nom pl fem; micle, mycle, miccle nom/acc sing neut; acc sing fem; nom/acc pl masc/fem; inst sing masc/neut; micelne acc sing masc; micelre, mycelre dat/gen sing fem; micles, miceles, miccles gen sing; miclum, myclum, mycclum, micclum dat pl; dat sing masc/neut (also as adverb: "greatly, very"); mæst superl; mæsta superl nom sing masc; mæstan superl acc/dat sing masc, acc sing fem; mæste superl dat sing neut, superl acc pl neut, superl nom/acc/dat sing fem; mæstne superl acc sing masc) hæðen: hǽðen [] 1. adj heathen, heathenish, pagan; 2. m (hǽðnes/hǽðnas) gentile, heathen man (especially of the Danes) here: here masc noun: army, host, multitude (forms: herga gen pl; hergas nom/acc pl; herge, herige, here dat sing; herges, heriges, heres gen sing; hergum dat pl) on: on [] 1. prep w.d.i.a. (local) on, upon, on to (but ofer is more common); up to, among; in, into, within; (temporal) in, during, at, on, about; against, towards; according to, in accordance with, in respect to; for, in exchange for; ~ gehwæðere hand on both sides; ~ hand gán irreg v/i to yield; áswengan ~ cast upon; ~ sittan1 (1) to assail, attack; (2) to press on, weigh down; ~ winnan to attack; 2. adv on; forward, onward; continuously, forþ ~; ~ riht rightly; ~ ǽr adv formerly; ~ án continuously, in concert; at once, forthwith; ~ tíde at the proper time; ~ bæcling/bæclinga/bæclinge gewend having one’s back turned; ~ secgan to bring a charge against; 3. pres 3rd sing of unnan; 4. see ond, and Angelcynnes: Angelcynn [] n (-es/-) the English people; England Land: land [] n (-es/-) earth, land, soil; territory, realm, province, district; landed property; country (not town); ridge in a ploughed field; ǽhte ~ landed property; gelǽtan néah ~ approach the shore?; wéste ~ waste land, desert Wintersetle: wintersetl [] n (-es/-) winter-quarters Namon: niman1 [] sv/t4 3rd pres nimð past nóm/on, nam/námon ptp genumen 1. to take, receive, get; 2. to take keep, hold; 3. to take, catch; 4. to contain; 4a. to occupy; 5. to take (with one), bear, carry, bring; 6. to take (to one), give; 7. to take forcibly, hold, seize, catch, take away, grasp, pluck up, carry off, take away; 8. to adopt, appropriate; 9. to betake oneself, go; 10. to experience; to suffer, tolerate; 11. ge~ grasp, comprehend; ge~ take to wife; ge~ sv/r4 to collect oneself; hé hine genam he collected himself; 12. in a metaphorical sense; frið ge~ make peace; andan ~ to take umbrage, offence; bysne niman be/æt w.d. to take example by/from; casum ~ to take a case (of the government of verbs); eard ~ to take up one’s abode; fréondrǽdenne ~ to take friendship; frið ~ wið to make peace with; geléafan ~ to believe; geþéodrǽdenne ~ wið to associate with; graman ~ to take offence, feel angry; láre ~ to accept teaching; lufe ~ tó to take an affection for; mód ~ to take courage; on ~ to take effect on; on gemynd ~ to bear in remembrance, recollect; on hæft ~ to take captive; sibbe ~ to make terms with; sige ~ to gain victory; tó gemæccan ~ to take to wife; tó suna ~ to adopt as a son; wæpna ~ to take up arms; ware ~ to take care; weg ~ to take, go one’s way; wícstówa ~ to pitch a camp; se nimenda dǽl the participle æt: æt prep: at, near, by, from Eastenglum: Eastengle pl prop noun: East Anglians; East Anglia (forms: Eastengle dat sing; Eastenglum dat pl) Þær: þær, ðær, ðar, þar adv and conj: there, where; in such a case where Gehorsade: horse-mounted Wurdon: weorðan [] sv/i3 3rd pres wíerþ past wearþ/wurdon ptp is geworden 1. absolute, (1) to come to be to be made, to arise, come, be; (2) to come to pass, to be done, to happen, to take place, befall, come, be; þá wearþ micel gefeoht then much fighting took place; (2a) when the object affected by what happens is given; 2. to become, be made, be, (1) with predicative substantive; (2) with predicative adjective, to get, grow; þá wearþ hé druncen then he got drunk; (3) with prepositional phrase; héo wearþ mid cilde she was made with child; (4) with adverb, (a) where the subject is given; (b) with impersonal construction; wearþ mé on hige léohte it was made light for me on hay; 3. with prepositions (see 4 also), (a) ~ of w.d., to come from, be caused by, be produced from or by; hwý þæt ís mæge weorþan of wætere why that ice may be produced from water; (b) ~ on w.a., (1) to get into a state of being, feeling, to become the adjective connected with the noun, get; gif hé wierþ on ungeþylde if he gets impatient; þá wearþ Holofernus on gytesálum he grew merry; (2) to get into a state of action, to come to be doing something, to fall to an action, to take to; þonne hit on ryne wierþ when it gets running; híe weorðaþ on murcnunga they fall grumbling; (3) to come to be something, become, turn into; hé mé is geworden on hǽlu he turned into my salvation; (c) ~ tó w.d., (1) of change in material condition, to become, turn to; þu eart dúst, and tó dúste wierst thou art dust, and will turn to dust; (2) of the state or condition to which things come, of the event of matters, to become, have as issue, come to; ǽlc þing wierþ tó náhte each thing comes to naught; tó hwon sculon wit weorðan what is to become of us?; (3) where a character or function is taken by anything, to become, turn, turn to; mé tó ealdorbanan weorðeþ wráðra sum some fell one will become the destroyer of my life; ic tó meldan wearþ I turned informer; (4) where a result is brought about, to become, prove a source of; séo oferung þé wearþ tó sáre the superabundance proved a source of sorrow; (5) to become, be an object of; ic eom geworden mannum tó leahtrunge and tó forsewennesse I was an object of derogation and contempt for men; (d) ~ æt to be at something; þá wurdon híe æt sprǽce they were at speaking; 4. implying movement, change of position, (1) literal, to come, get (a) with prepositions; þonne hé betwux ús and hire wierþ then he comes between us and her; gif híe on þǽm wuda weorðaþ if they get in the wood; hé wearþ him on ánum scipe he got him (reflex) on board a ship; (b) with adverbs; gif éage of weorþ if an eye comes out; gif fót of weorþ if a foot comes off; hé wearþ him áwege he went away, got off; híe sume inne wurdon some of them got inside; (2) figurative; Adames cynn onféhþ flǽsce, weorðeþ foldræste æt ende Adam’s race shall receive flesh shall come to the end of its rest on Earth; 5. as an auxiliary with participles, (1) present; ic wurðe siþþan geómriende I was then mourning; (2) past, (a) of transitive verbs, forming a passive voice; éow weorðaþ forgiefen, hwæt gé sprecaþ to you is forgiven what ye speak; (b) of intransitive verbs; þé sunu weorðeþ cumen for thee is a son come; 6. on fléam ~ to flee; ástýred ~ to be or become anxious; ætgrǽpe ~ to seize; tíða/tíðe ~ to become a sharer in, receiver, grantee hi: they heom: heom [] dat 3rd pers pron them; dat pl of hé, héo, hit wið: wíðig [] m (-es/-as) withe, withy, willow; band, fetter, fillet, garland (1); compounds with bed~, bróc~, ford~, gráf~, léah~, mǽd~, mere~, mór~, pól~, pytt~, slǽd~, þýfel~ frið: fríð [] adj stately, beautiful genamon: genǽman [] wvt/1b to take away Here aethelred, Aethelbryht’s brother, took the west saxon power, the same year they attained a great pagan army and set their winter-quarters in East Anglia, punted their horses and left 867- 1. Her for se here of Eastenglum ofer Humbre muðan to Eoferwicceastre on Norðanhymbre. Her: her adv: here; (in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entries:) in this year For: for- [] prefix 1. denotes loss, destruction, deterioration, or gives an opposite sense, or gives strength to the words before which it is placed; forbéodan to forbid, fordéman to condemn; sometimes fór denotes an increase of the signification of the word before which it is placed, and is then generally to be in English very; fóréaðe very easily; or it is a pejorative forbærnan, forrotian; for-, fór-, and fóre- are often confounded, though they are very different in meaning; forséon to overlook, despise; fórséon, fóreséon to foresee; [Ger ver-]; 2. see also fóre-; [it is not connected with the preposition ‘for.’] se: se demonst: the, that (in pl, those) here: here masc noun: army, host, multitude (forms: herga gen pl; hergas nom/acc pl; herge, herige, here dat sing; herges, heriges, heres gen sing; hergum dat pl) of: of [] prep w.d. of, from, out of, off; 1. with the idea of motion, (α) as the opposite of in, into; hé ástáh of þǽm wætere he climbed out of the water; (β) as the opposite of on; Moises éode niðer of þǽm munte tó þǽm folce Moses went down from the mountain to the people; 2. with the idea of direction from, but at the same time continuous connection with an object from which an act or thing proceeds; of þǽm léoma stód from it stretched a ray; Dryhten lócaþ of heofenum the Lord looks from heaven; 3. with the idea of origin or source; þá menn of Lundenbyrg the men of London; of Séaxum cómon Éast-Séaxan and Súþ-Séaxan and West-Séaxan from Saxony came the East, South, and West Saxons; 3a. denoting cause, reason; hé in iermðum wunode þe of his lufan he dwelled in misery, which is from love of him; 4. denoting the agent from whom an action proceeds, by; Æðelstán wæs gecoren tó cyninge of Miercum Aethelstan was chosen as king by the Mercians; 5. denoting the instrument; Hé of 5 hláfum and of twám fiscum fíf þúsend manna gefylde he filled five thousand men with 5 loaves and 2 fish; 6. denoting material or substance, derived from, made of, belonging to; gyld of golde an idol of gold; 7. denoting removal, separation, or privation; Ne þyncþ mé náwiht óðres of þínum spellum it seems to me nothing different from thy stories; w.i.; of þýs andweardan lífe from this present life; náwiht óðres ~ nothing different from; 8. as regards, about, concerning; Fela spella him sægdon þá Beormas ǽgðer ge of hira ágnum lande ge of þǽm landum þe ymb híe útan wǽron Many stories the Bormes told them either about their own lands or about the lands which they were from outside; 9. partitive; Ic nime of þínum gáste I take of your spirit; héo genam of þæs tréowes wæstme she took from the tree’s fruit; 10. marking time; of þǽm dæge from that day; of sunnan úpgange from sunrise; 11. adverbially, off, away, absent (a) denoting separation, removal, privation; ic þé þíne téþ of ábéate I knock out your teeth for you; búton hé him wille fǽhðe of ácéapian unless he will buy off the feud from himself; (b) denoting motion; man sceolde mid sáre on þás woruld cuman, and mid sáre of gewítan one must come into this world with pain, and go from with pain; (c) denoting direction; þǽre þéode þe hé of cóm the people from which he came; (d) denoting origin or source; on þǽre béc þe wé þás of álesan in that book which we choose those from; settan ~ to displace, depose Eastenglum: Eastengle pl prop noun: East Anglians; East Anglia (forms: Eastengle dat sing; Eastenglum dat pl) Ofer: ofer [] 1. prep w.d.a. over, beyond, above, upon, in, across, past; ~ bæc backwards, back; throughout; against, in contravention of, contrary to, beyond; (time) after, through, during, at the end of; more than; in addition to, besides, beyond; (dative for rest, accusative for motion); 2. adv above, on high; to or on the other side; from side to side, across; beyond, above (quantity) Humbre: Humbre prop name: the Humber River (forms: Humbre dat/gen sing) Muðan: muða masc noun: door, opening; mouth or estuary of a river (forms: muðan, muþan acc/dat sing) To: tó [] 1. prep a. w.d. (motion) to, into; ~ emnes abreast of; (rest) at; (figurative direction, object of verb) conducing to, to; fón ~ ríce to ascend the throne; (definition, destination) for, as a; wyrcan ~ wíte contrive as a punishment; in accordance with, according to; (time) at; ~ midre niht at midnight; ~ dæg today; ~ langum fyrste for a long time; (with gerunds) to express purpose, etc.; b. w.g. (of time) at; 2. adv besides, also; too, excessively; thereto; towards, in the direction of; in addition, besides; (adverbial phrases) ~ þám, ~ þæs (1) so (adeo), to such an extent; (2) to that end; (3) moreover, however; ~ hwǽm wherefore; ~ hwæs whither; ~ þám þæt, ~ þý þæt in order that; ~ þon þæt until; ~ þæs þe when, where; ~ hwon, ~ hwý for what, wherefore; ~ sóðum truly; ~ þearfe according to what is needed; þǽr ~ éacan in addition thereto; ne ~ wuhte by no means; ~ him next or nearest to him Eoferwicceastre: Eoforwícceaster [] f (-ceastre/-ceastra) York On: on [] 1. prep w.d.i.a. (local) on, upon, on to (but ofer is more common); up to, among; in, into, within; (temporal) in, during, at, on, about; against, towards; according to, in accordance with, in respect to; for, in exchange for; ~ gehwæðere hand on both sides; ~ hand gán irreg v/i to yield; áswengan ~ cast upon; ~ sittan1 (1) to assail, attack; (2) to press on, weigh down; ~ winnan to attack; 2. adv on; forward, onward; continuously, forþ ~; ~ riht rightly; ~ ǽr adv formerly; ~ án continuously, in concert; at once, forthwith; ~ tíde at the proper time; ~ bæcling/bæclinga/bæclinge gewend having one’s back turned; ~ secgan to bring a charge against; 3. pres 3rd sing of unnan; 4. see ond, and Norðanhymbre: northumbria Here the army went from East Anglia over the mouth of the humber river and destroyed Northumbria, and went upon York, 1. þær wæs mycel unðwærnesse ðere þeode betwux heom sylfum, 7 hi hæfdon heora cining aworpene Osbriht 2. þær: þær, ðær, ðar, þar adv and conj: there, where; in such a case where 3. wæs: wesan- to soak, macerate; ooze; dye 4. mycel: micel, mycel adj and pron: great, much (forms: maran compar acc/inst sing masc/fem; compar acc pl fem; miclan, micelan acc/dat/gen sing masc/neut/fem; micla nom sing masc; nom pl fem; micle, mycle, miccle nom/acc sing neut; acc sing fem; nom/acc pl masc/fem; inst sing masc/neut; micelne acc sing masc; micelre, mycelre dat/gen sing fem; micles, miceles, miccles gen sing; miclum, myclum, mycclum, micclum dat pl; dat sing masc/neut (also as adverb: "greatly, very"); mæst superl; mæsta superl nom sing masc; mæstan superl acc/dat sing masc, acc sing fem; mæste superl dat sing neut, superl acc pl neut, superl nom/acc/dat sing fem; mæstne superl acc sing masc) 5. unðwærnesse: unþwǽrnes [] f (-se/-sa) discord, division 6. ðere: þǽr [] adv, conj there, thither, yonder; where, whither; then; when; though, if, so far as, whilst, provided that; in that respect; 1. local, a. with demonstrative force, 1. there, in that place; 2. thither, to that place; b. with relative force, 1. where, in which, 2. whither, to which place; c. in correlative combinations, 1. ~… þǽr there (where, thither, whither)…where (there, thither, whither), 2. where the two forms are not separated, and may be translated by where, d. with demonstrative and relative force, as in modern where, whither; 2. metaphorical usages, 1. there, in that case, then, 2. when, ~ þǽr then when, 3. in case that, if; 3. preparing the way for the subject, there; 4. in combination with suffixed prepositions the word has the force of a pronoun; see forms given as compounds; when, ~ þǽr where, wherever; ~…of therefrom; ~ wið in regard to that; ~ rihte thereupon, straightaway 7. þeode: þéon [] 1. sv/t1 3rd pres þíehð past þáh/þigon ptp geþigen, sv/t2 3rd pres þíehð past þéah/þugon ptp geþogen to thrive, prosper, flourish, grow, increase, ripen; 1. of persons in respect to either physical or moral growth: (1) absolute; (2) where that, in which the growth, etc., takes place, is stated; (3) where that, in relation to which the growth, etc., takes place, is stated; 2. of things abstract or concrete; 3. be profitable, to become or be great, succeed, excel; lengthen (of days); geþogen adult; 2. wv/t2 see þýwan; 3. wv/t2 3rd pres þéodað past þéode ptp geþéod 2 to perform, do, effect; 4. ge~ to receive, take 8. betwux: betwux [] prep w.d.a. between, among, amongst, amidst; during; ~ þisum meanwhile; ~ þǽm þe whilst 9. heom: he, heo (hio), hit pers pron: he, she, it (forms: him, heom, hym dat masc/neut sing, dat pl; hine, hyne, hiene acc sing masc; his, hys gen sing masc/neut; hit, hyt nom/acc sing neut: it; hie, heo, hi, hy, hig, hige (Ex 307) nom/acc pl; hie, hi, hig fem acc sing; hire, hyre, hiere fem dat/gen sing; acc sing/pl neut; heora, hyra, hiera, hiora gen pl) 10. sylfum: sylfum Pronoun self - pronoun dative singular of self 11. hi: they 12. hæfdon: harbor; haven; port 13. heora: heora [] genitive pl pron their; gen pl of hé, héo, hit 14. cining: a king 15. aworpene: áworpen [] adj divorced, rejected, destroyed, apostate 16. Osbriht: Osbryht prop name: Osbryht 17. Where there was great discord between the people, they rejected king Osbryht 18. ungecynde cining underfengon Ællan, 7 hi late on geare to þam gecyrdon þet hi wið þone here 19. ungecynde: ungecynde [] adj unnatural; alien 20. cining: a king 21. underfengon: underfeng [] 1. m (-es/-as) undertaking, taking in hand; 2. past 3rd sing of underfón 22. Ællan: ælan wk verb: light, kindle (forms: ælað pl pres indic) 23. Hi: they 24. Late: late [] adv late; slowly; at last; lately [cmp lator, spl latost] 25. on: on [] 1. prep w.d.i.a. (local) on, upon, on to (but ofer is more common); up to, among; in, into, within; (temporal) in, during, at, on, about; against, towards; according to, in accordance with, in respect to; for, in exchange for; ~ gehwæðere hand on both sides; ~ hand gán irreg v/i to yield; áswengan ~ cast upon; ~ sittan1 (1) to assail, attack; (2) to press on, weigh down; ~ winnan to attack; 2. adv on; forward, onward; continuously, forþ ~; ~ riht rightly; ~ ǽr adv formerly; ~ án continuously, in concert; at once, forthwith; ~ tíde at the proper time; ~ bæcling/bæclinga/bæclinge gewend having one’s back turned; ~ secgan to bring a charge against; 3. pres 3rd sing of unnan; 4. see ond, and 26. geare: Geare: gear neut noun: year (forms: gear nom/acc pl; geare dat sing; geara gen pl; geares gen sing; gearum dat pl) þy geare, þæs geares: in that year 27. to: to prep: to, into; for; from; as a (weorce to leane: "as a reward for (their) work"; to hearran: "as a superior"); 28. to adv: too, also; excessively, very 29. þam: þǽm [] masc, neut dative def art, pl dative def art. to/for the; be ~, on ~ thereon, therein; éac ~ in addition to this, besides this, also, moreover; ǽr ~ þe before; æfter ~ after, later, next, after that (fashion); for ~ (þe) therefore, on that account, for that reason, because; on ~ þe in this, in that 30. gecyrdon: to turn, turn back, change the direction of motion of 31. þet: þæt [] 1. conj, adv that, so that, in order that, after that, then, thence; ~ þe that; 2. neuter nominative, accusative def art the 32. hi: they 33. wið wíðig [] m (-es/-as) withe, withy, willow; band, fetter, fillet, garland (1); compounds with bed~, bróc~, ford~, gráf~, léah~, mǽd~, mere~, mór~, pól~, pytt~, slǽd~, þýfel~ 34. þone: þonne, ðonne, þænne conj and adv: then, when; than; than that þonne, þon conj: than 35. here: here masc noun: army, host, multitude (forms: herga gen pl; hergas nom/acc pl; herge, herige, here dat sing; herges, heriges, heres gen sing; hergum dat pl) and took Aella who had no natural right. Later that year they changed and turned back in order to fight the pagans, 1. winnende wæron, 7 hi ðeah myccle fyrd gegadorodan 7 þone here sohton æt Eoferwicceastre 7 þa 2. winnende: winnend [] m (-es/-) fighter 3. wæron: wesan [] irreg v/i 3rd pres is past wæs/wǽron ptp is gewesen to be; happen 4. hi: they 5. ðeah: þéah [] 1. conj, adv though, although, even if, that, however, nevertheless, yet, still; whether; ~ þe although; swá ~ nevertheless, yet; ~…~ although, still, yet; 1a. combined with other particles, hwæðere, swá, sé…~; 2. though, although: (1) in clauses which express no uncertainty; (1a) combined with þe; (2) in hypothetical clauses, though, if, even if; (2a) in combination with þe; 3. in correlative clauses; 4. past 3rd sing of þéon 6. myccle: meðelwordum dat pl) micel, mycel adj and pron: great, much (forms: maran compar acc/inst sing masc/fem; compar acc pl fem; miclan, micelan acc/dat/gen sing masc/neut/fem; micla nom sing masc; nom pl fem; micle, mycle, miccle nom/acc sing neut; acc sing fem; nom/acc pl masc/fem; inst sing masc/neut; micelne acc sing masc; micelre, mycelre dat/gen sing fem; micles, miceles, miccles gen sing; miclum, myclum, mycclum, micclum dat pl; dat sing masc/neut (also as adverb: "greatly, very"); mæst superl; mæsta superl nom sing masc; mæstan superl acc/dat sing masc, acc sing fem; mæste superl dat sing neut, superl acc pl neut, superl nom/acc/dat sing fem; mæstne superl acc sing masc) 7. fyrd: fierd [] f (-e/-e) national levy or army; military expedition, campaign; camp 8. gegadorodan: 9. þone: þonne, ðonne, þænne conj and adv: then, when; than; than that þonne, þon conj: than 10. here: here masc noun: army, host, multitude (forms: herga gen pl; hergas nom/acc pl; herge, herige, here dat sing; herges, heriges, heres gen sing; hergum dat pl) 11. sohton: sécan1 [see·chan] irreg wv/t1b 3rd pres sécþ past sóhte ptp gesóht to seek; 1. (1) to try to find, to look for, make search for; (2) to try to get (the source from which a thing is sought marked by tó); ic mannes feorh tó slagan séce I will require man’s life of the slayer; (3) to try to attain an end, strive to effect a purpose, aim at, strive after, make something the object of endeavor; gif hé þone dóm ofer hine sóhte if the other tried to get judgment upon him; híe sóhton hine him tó hláforde and tó mundboran they tried to get him to be their lord and protector; (3a) w.prep. to seek after, try to provide for; man séce ymbe þearfe mínre sáwle; (4) to try to find out by investigation or examination; híe sóhton, hwæt séo synn wǽre they tried to find out what the sin would be; (4a) w.prep. to enquire about; gé sécaþ of þisse; (5) to try to learn by asking, to ask, ask for, inquire; hé þá Dryhtnes willan sóhte he tried to learn what was the will of the Lord; ~on/tó look to for, expect from; 2. to go or come to; (1) to seek a person, to visit, go to; [Ger besuchen]; þá hé þone cyning sóhte when he visited the king; (1a) to seek a person for protection, to take refuge with a person; gif hwilc þéof oþþe réafere gesóhte þone cyning if any thief or reaver took refuge with the king; (2) to seek a place, to visit, resort to; híe þider sóhton they resorted thither; gif híe ǽnigne feld sécan woldon if they should attempt to come into the open country; (3) to go, move, proceed; (4) approach, attain to; 3. to seek with hostile intent (as in to seek a person’s life), to try to get at, to go to attack; híe sóhton míne sáwle they tried to get at my soul; 3a. to attack, pursue, follow; 4. see sýcan 12. æt: æt prep: at, near, by, from 13. Eoferwicceastre: Eoforwícceaster [] f (-ceastre/-ceastra) York 14. Þa: : þa, ða adv and conj: then, when; it being the case that 15. They collected a great army and fought the pagans at York, 16. ceastre bræcon, 7 hi sume inne wurdon, 7 þær wæs ungemet wæl geslægen Norðanhymbra, sume 17. ceastre: ceaster [] f (ceastre/ceastra) 1. a city, fort, castle, town; used as a general term, or applied to foreign towns; 1a. 2 used of heaven, heaven; 1b. 2 used of hell, hell; 2. n (ceastres/-) a city, etc., used of places in England; Exan~ Exeter; 3. the name of a particular place, as Chester, Castor, the city; 18. bræcon: brecan [] 1. sv/t4 3rd pres bricþ past bræc/brǽcon ptp gebrocen to break, shatter, burst, tear; curtail, injure, violate, destroy, oppress; break into, rush into, storm, capture (city); press, force; break or crash through, burst forth, spring out; subdue, tame; 19. hi: they 20. sume: sum [] indef pron some; used as noun w.g.; 1. one of many, part of a whole, a certain one, some one, something, on, an important one, used substantively and (1) governing in the genitive (a) a noun or pronoun, cf the Gothic use of sums; wæs ic þǽra manna sum I was one of the men; sixa ~ one of six; (α) with a possessive pronoun instead of genitive, and with noun inflection; gelícode mé þæt ic éowerne sum mé tó begéate it seems likely to me that I would pour upon some of you to me; (b) a cardinal numeral, (α) one of a company containing the number; Iacob férde hundseofontigra sum Jacob fared one of seventy; (β) one with a company containing the number; wæs Agustinus féowertigra sum Augustinus was one of forty; (γ) uncertain; (2) followed by of; sumne of þǽm wítegum some of the wisemen; (3) where the whole, of which the object denoted by sum is part, is to be inferred from the context; sume (some of the thanes) þǽr bidon some of the thanes remained there; (4) where the word is quite indefinite, some one; sum tó lyt hafaþ someone has too little; (5) where two members or two classes of the same group, or two parts of the same whole, are contrasted, one…another, some…some; ~e…sume some…others; þonne lufaþ sum þæt, sum elles hwæt one loves that, another something else; (6) where a series of individuals or of groups or of parts is enumerated; ~…sum part of it…the rest…; sum féoll wiþ þone weg…sum féoll ofer þornas…sum féoll on gód land some fell by the way…some fell over thorns…some fell on good land; 2. as an adjective, (1) with a noun with or without a qualifying adjective, a certain, some, any, see also (5); sum mann hæfde twegen suna a certain man had two sons; (1a) where two members of the same group are contrasted (some…other); sume láréowas sind beteran þonne sume some teachers are better than others; (2) with a pronoun where later English would use some of; hé gebád mid sumum þǽm fultume he continued with some of the help; sume þá bóceras some of the writers; (3) with óðer; sum óðer wítega some other wiseman; (4) with words denoting measure, some as still used with numerals, one; the use of án, and in later English of the indefinite article with numerals, may be compared with this use of sum; ásend him twá scrúd and sum pund send him two shrouds and some pounds; (4a) where the number is indefinite, some; þá hæfde hé sume hundred scipa then he had about a hundred ships; (5) adverbially or in adverbial phrases; æt ~um cyrre once, on one occasion; ~es, ~ on dǽle to some extent, somewhat 21. inne: inne [] adv in, inside, within a room, house, etc., in-doors; where there is idea of confinement ~ mid/on within a region, with a people; where there is detention; of the inner man; of motion 22. wurdon: weorðan [] sv/i3 3rd pres wíerþ past wearþ/wurdon ptp is geworden 1. absolute, (1) to come to be to be made, to arise, come, be; (2) to come to pass, to be done, to happen, to take place, befall, come, be; þá wearþ micel gefeoht then much fighting took place; (2a) when the object affected by what happens is given; 2. to become, be made, be, (1) with predicative substantive; (2) with predicative adjective, to get, grow; þá wearþ hé druncen then he got drunk; (3) with prepositional phrase; héo wearþ mid cilde she was made with child; (4) with adverb, (a) where the subject is given; (b) with impersonal construction; wearþ mé on hige léohte it was made light for me on hay; 3. with prepositions (see 4 also), (a) ~ of w.d., to come from, be caused by, be produced from or by; hwý þæt ís mæge weorþan of wætere why that ice may be produced from water; (b) ~ on w.a., (1) to get into a state of being, feeling, to become the adjective connected with the noun, get; gif hé wierþ on ungeþylde if he gets impatient; þá wearþ Holofernus on gytesálum he grew merry; (2) to get into a state of action, to come to be doing something, to fall to an action, to take to; þonne hit on ryne wierþ when it gets running; híe weorðaþ on murcnunga they fall grumbling; (3) to come to be something, become, turn into; hé mé is geworden on hǽlu he turned into my salvation; (c) ~ tó w.d., (1) of change in material condition, to become, turn to; þu eart dúst, and tó dúste wierst thou art dust, and will turn to dust; (2) of the state or condition to which things come, of the event of matters, to become, have as issue, come to; ǽlc þing wierþ tó náhte each thing comes to naught; tó hwon sculon wit weorðan what is to become of us?; (3) where a character or function is taken by anything, to become, turn, turn to; mé tó ealdorbanan weorðeþ wráðra sum some fell one will become the destroyer of my life; ic tó meldan wearþ I turned informer; (4) where a result is brought about, to become, prove a source of; séo oferung þé wearþ tó sáre the superabundance proved a source of sorrow; (5) to become, be an object of; ic eom geworden mannum tó leahtrunge and tó forsewennesse I was an object of derogation and contempt for men; (d) ~ æt to be at something; þá wurdon híe æt sprǽce they were at speaking; 4. implying movement, change of position, (1) literal, to come, get (a) with prepositions; þonne hé betwux ús and hire wierþ then he comes between us and her; gif híe on þǽm wuda weorðaþ if they get in the wood; hé wearþ him on ánum scipe he got him (reflex) on board a ship; (b) with adverbs; gif éage of weorþ if an eye comes out; gif fót of weorþ if a foot comes off; hé wearþ him áwege he went away, got off; híe sume inne wurdon some of them got inside; (2) figurative; Adames cynn onféhþ flǽsce, weorðeþ foldræste æt ende Adam’s race shall receive flesh shall come to the end of its rest on Earth; 5. as an auxiliary with participles, (1) present; ic wurðe siþþan geómriende I was then mourning; (2) past, (a) of transitive verbs, forming a passive voice; éow weorðaþ forgiefen, hwæt gé sprecaþ to you is forgiven what ye speak; (b) of intransitive verbs; þé sunu weorðeþ cumen for thee is a son come; 6. on fléam ~ to flee; ástýred ~ to be or become anxious; ætgrǽpe ~ to seize; tíða/tíðe ~ to become a sharer in, receiver, grantee 23. þær: þær, ðær, ðar, þar adv and conj: there, where; in such a case where 24. wæs: wesan [] irreg v/i 3rd pres is past wæs/wǽron ptp is gewesen to be; happen 25. ungemet: ungemet [] n (-es/-u, -gemeotu) excess, superfluity; immensity; want of moderation 26. wæl: weall [] 1. m (-es/-as) wall, dike, earthwork, rampart, dam; 2 rocky shore, cliff; 2. f (-e/-a) fervor; 3. see wæl; 4. see wiell 27. geslægen: Old English geslægen Modern English in hoc punishment for wrong-doing 28. Norðanhymbra: northumbria 29. Sume: sum [] indef pron some; used as noun w.g.; 1. one of many, part of a whole, a certain one, some one, something, on, an important one, used substantively and (1) governing in the genitive (a) a noun or pronoun, cf the Gothic use of sums; wæs ic þǽra manna sum I was one of the men; sixa ~ one of six; (α) with a possessive pronoun instead of genitive, and with noun inflection; gelícode mé þæt ic éowerne sum mé tó begéate it seems likely to me that I would pour upon some of you to me; (b) a cardinal numeral, (α) one of a company containing the number; Iacob férde hundseofontigra sum Jacob fared one of seventy; (β) one with a company containing the number; wæs Agustinus féowertigra sum Augustinus was one of forty; (γ) uncertain; (2) followed by of; sumne of þǽm wítegum some of the wisemen; (3) where the whole, of which the object denoted by sum is part, is to be inferred from the context; sume (some of the thanes) þǽr bidon some of the thanes remained there; (4) where the word is quite indefinite, some one; sum tó lyt hafaþ someone has too little; (5) where two members or two classes of the same group, or two parts of the same whole, are contrasted, one…another, some…some; ~e…sume some…others; þonne lufaþ sum þæt, sum elles hwæt one loves that, another something else; (6) where a series of individuals or of groups or of parts is enumerated; ~…sum part of it…the rest…; sum féoll wiþ þone weg…sum féoll ofer þornas…sum féoll on gód land some fell by the way…some fell over thorns…some fell on good land; 2. as an adjective, (1) with a noun with or without a qualifying adjective, a certain, some, any, see also (5); sum mann hæfde twegen suna a certain man had two sons; (1a) where two members of the same group are contrasted (some…other); sume láréowas sind beteran þonne sume some teachers are better than others; (2) with a pronoun where later English would use some of; hé gebád mid sumum þǽm fultume he continued with some of the help; sume þá bóceras some of the writers; (3) with óðer; sum óðer wítega some other wiseman; (4) with words denoting measure, some as still used with numerals, one; the use of án, and in later English of the indefinite article with numerals, may be compared with this use of sum; ásend him twá scrúd and sum pund send him two shrouds and some pounds; (4a) where the number is indefinite, some; þá hæfde hé sume hundred scipa then he had about a hundred ships; (5) adverbially or in adverbial phrases; æt ~um cyrre once, on one occasion; ~es, ~ on dǽle to some extent, somewhat 30. Breaking the town, some came in. The northumbrians were slaughtered 31. binnan sume butan, 7 þa ciningas bægen ofslægene, 7 seo lafe wið þone here fryð nam. 32. Binnan: binnan [] 1. prep w.d.a. within, in, inside of, into; 2. adv inside, within, less than, during, whilst 33. Sume: sum [] indef pron some; used as noun w.g.; 1. one of many, part of a whole, a certain one, some one, something, on, an important one, used substantively and (1) governing in the genitive (a) a noun or pronoun, cf the Gothic use of sums; wæs ic þǽra manna sum I was one of the men; sixa ~ one of six; (α) with a possessive pronoun instead of genitive, and with noun inflection; gelícode mé þæt ic éowerne sum mé tó begéate it seems likely to me that I would pour upon some of you to me; (b) a cardinal numeral, (α) one of a company containing the number; Iacob férde hundseofontigra sum Jacob fared one of seventy; (β) one with a company containing the number; wæs Agustinus féowertigra sum Augustinus was one of forty; (γ) uncertain; (2) followed by of; sumne of þǽm wítegum some of the wisemen; (3) where the whole, of which the object denoted by sum is part, is to be inferred from the context; sume (some of the thanes) þǽr bidon some of the thanes remained there; (4) where the word is quite indefinite, some one; sum tó lyt hafaþ someone has too little; (5) where two members or two classes of the same group, or two parts of the same whole, are contrasted, one…another, some…some; ~e…sume some…others; þonne lufaþ sum þæt, sum elles hwæt one loves that, another something else; (6) where a series of individuals or of groups or of parts is enumerated; ~…sum part of it…the rest…; sum féoll wiþ þone weg…sum féoll ofer þornas…sum féoll on gód land some fell by the way…some fell over thorns…some fell on good land; 2. as an adjective, (1) with a noun with or without a qualifying adjective, a certain, some, any, see also (5); sum mann hæfde twegen suna a certain man had two sons; (1a) where two members of the same group are contrasted (some…other); sume láréowas sind beteran þonne sume some teachers are better than others; (2) with a pronoun where later English would use some of; hé gebád mid sumum þǽm fultume he continued with some of the help; sume þá bóceras some of the writers; (3) with óðer; sum óðer wítega some other wiseman; (4) with words denoting measure, some as still used with numerals, one; the use of án, and in later English of the indefinite article with numerals, may be compared with this use of sum; ásend him twá scrúd and sum pund send him two shrouds and some pounds; (4a) where the number is indefinite, some; þá hæfde hé sume hundred scipa then he had about a hundred ships; (5) adverbially or in adverbial phrases; æt ~um cyrre once, on one occasion; ~es, ~ on dǽle to some extent, somewhat 34. Butan: bútan [] 1. prep w.d. (rarely w.a.) out of, outside of, off, round about; except, without, all but, but only; besides, in addition to; in spite of; 2. conj w.ind. except except that, but, only; ~ þæt except; w.subj. unless, save that; w.noun. except, but, besides, if only, provided that; 3. adv without, outside 35. þa: þa, ða adv and conj: then, when; it being the case that ciningas: cynn [] 1. n (-es/-) kind, sort, rank, quality; family, generation, offspring, pedigree, kin, race, people; gender, sex; propriety, etiquette; 2. adv becoming, proper, suitable bægen: begán [] irreg v/t to go over, traverse; get to, come by, fall into; go to, visit, care for, cultivate; inhabit, occupy; surround, beset, overrun; practice, do, engage in, perform, attend to, be diligent about; honor, serve, worship; profess; on borh ~ pledge oneself; útan ~ besiege ofslægene: ofslean Class 6 str verb: kill, strike down (forms: ofslagen, ofslægen past part; ofslægenra past part gen pl (as noun: "of the slain"); ofslogon pl pret indic; ofsloh, ofslog 3rd pers sing pret indic; ofslegene, ofslægene past part nom pl masc; ofslægenne past part acc sing masc) seo: séo [] 1. f (-n/-n) pupil (of eye), apple of the eye; 2. fem demonstrative pronoun he, she, it, that, this; relative pronoun who, which; definite article the; masc nom sé; neut nom/acc þæt; 3. gen sing of sǽ; 4. pres 1st sing of séo; 5. pres 2nd sing subjunctive of béon (wesan) lafe: láf [] f (-e/-a) what is left, remnant, legacy, relic, remains, rest; relict, widow; tó ~e alone; tó ~e béon to remain over; wǽpna/daroða ~ survivors of battle; hamora ~a results of forging, swords wið wíðig [] m (-es/-as) withe, withy, willow; band, fetter, fillet, garland (1); compounds with bed~, bróc~, ford~, gráf~, léah~, mǽd~, mere~, mór~, pól~, pytt~, slǽd~, þýfel~ þone: þonne, ðonne, þænne conj and adv: then, when; than; than that þonne, þon conj: than here: here masc noun: army, host, multitude (forms: herga gen pl; hergas nom/acc pl; herge, herige, here dat sing; herges, heriges, heres gen sing; hergum dat pl) fryð: fríð [] adj stately, beautiful nam: niman [continued from previous definition] 1. to seize, grasp, capture, catch; (1) to get into one’s hands by force or artifice; (a) by war, robbery, legal process, etc.; w.a. cognate: (b) to catch fish, an animal, a bird, etc.; (b α) of an animal, to seize prey; (2) to lay hold of with the hand, to seize and hold; (3) sv/i4 of a plant, to take to that on which it grows, take hold, get rooted; (4) with non-material agent; 2. without the idea of force or art.; (1) with a material object; (a) to take into one’s hand or hold; (α) with the instrumentality of the hand or hands explicitly or implicitly indicated; nim þá girde on þíne hand take the gird into thy hand; (β) with the instrumentality not expressed or considered; nim þín bedd and gá take thy bed and go; (b) to receive into one’s body by one’s own act, take food; (c) to bring, receive, or adopt a person into some relation to oneself; (cc) in reference to marriage or cohabitation; gif Iacob nimð wíf if Jacob takes a wife; (d) to transfer by one’s own direct act something into one’s possession or keeping, to appropriate; (2) with non-material object; (a) to adopt a custom, law, etc.; (b) to assume, charge oneself with a function, responsibility, etc.; (c) to undertake and perform, to take a part; (d) to assume as if one’s own, to assume as if granted; (e) in grammar, to have by right or usage, to take a particular case, ending, etc.; 3. with the idea of choice, purpose, use, treatment, or occupation; (1) with the idea of choice, to pick out from a number, at random or with intention; nim sume tigelan take any tile (out of a number); (2) with the idea of purpose, use, employment, to choose or adopt, in order to use; uton niman þá let us adopt them; (3) to adopt and enter upon a way; (4) with the idea of treatment; (5) with the idea of occupation; (5a) intrans and fig; (α) to have a place in; (β) to take place, occur; (6) to occupy, take up the time or attention of, hold in suspense; hú lang nimst þú úsra sáwla how long will you hold our souls in suspense; 4. to obtain from a source, model, etc., derive; (1) to obtain by one’s own act from some source, material or nonmaterial; nim þǽr góde éagesealfe get a good eyesalve from the materials used; (2) to infer, deduce; Dryhten nam of þisse wísan a lord deduced from this wise-man; (3) to get information, evidence, etc., by inquiry, questioning, etc.; 5. to take something given or offered; híe sóhton tó nimenne hwilchwegu they sought to take something; (1) to receive something given, bestowed, allotted, etc.; (1a) to receive a person delivered over to one’s keeping; (1b) to receive something inflicted, undergo, have done to one; (2) to receive or get in payment, as wages, fine, tribute, etc.; gif man nime æfesne on swínum if one takes special pasturage on swine; (3) to receive, accept, exact a promise, engagement, oath, etc.; hé nam his áð he accepted his oath; (4) to receive something offered, not to refuse, receive willingly, accept; (5) to accept as true or correct; ne ealle nimað þás word not all take this word as true; (6) to accept with the mind or will in some specified way; (7) to include, contain; 6. of intellectual action, (1) to receive and hold with the intellect; (a) to apprehend, understand; (b) to keep in mind; (2) to begin to have or be affected by a feeling or state of mind; (3) to conceive and exercise courage, pity, etc.; 7. with nearly the force of make or do; 8. with the idea of movement or removal, (1) to carry, convey, cause a person to go with one, conduct, lead; (1a) to move to a state or condition, to promote to a rank; (2) to carry a thing with one, bring to a person or place, draw to oneself; (3) to take away, remove; (a) without employing violence; (a α) where the point from which a thing is moved is marked by a preposition; (b) with the idea of violence, deprivation; (b α) with prepositions; (c) of removal by death or decay; (4) to deliver, hand over; (5) to bring to mind; (6) sv/i4 to move oneself, proceed; (6a) to get on, develop, flourish; 9. intransitive use in idiomatic combination with preposition; hé nimð æt mé, man ne nimð geféan fram éow; hé nimð of mínre handa; 10. in combination with adverbs, forming the equivalent of compound verbs; some within and some without, then the kings were killed, where the pupils made peace with the army of pagans 1. þy ilcan geare gefor Ealhstan biscop, 7 he hæfde þet biscoprice æt Scireburnan .l. winter, 7 his lic lið þær on tune. 2. Þy: : after that; conj and adv because, since, on that account; therefore; then; the 3. Ilcan: ilca adj and pron: same (forms: ilcan, ylcan acc/dat/gen sing masc/fem/neut; ilce nom/acc sing neut) 4. Geare: Geare: gear neut noun: year (forms: gear nom/acc pl; geare dat sing; geara gen pl; geares gen sing; gearum dat pl) þy geare, þæs geares: in that year 5. Gefor: gefaren to die s6 ptp gefaren to attack overcome capture obtain 6. Ealhstan: prop name: Ealhlstan 7. Biscop: a bishop 8. He: Personal pronoun third person singular nominative masculine 9. Hæfde: to have possess own hold keep retain entertain cherish look after carry on esteem consider be subject to experience get obtain assert aux verb in pres. perfect have ~ for consider ge~ hold keep from restrain preserve yfle ge~ afflict torment on gewuna ~ to be accustomed to ~ gemæne to have or hold in common 10. Þet: þæt [] 1. conj, adv that, so that, in order that, after that, then, thence; ~ þe that; 2. neuter nominative, accusative def art the 11. biscoprice: a bishopric 12. æt: æt prep: at, near, by, from 13. Scireburnan: Scireburne prop name: Sherborne, Dorset (forms: Scireburnan dat sing) 14. .l.: 1 15. winter, 7 16. his: his Pronoun - Personal pronoun third person singular genitive masculine or neuter 17. lic: body corpse 18. lið: lið: licgan, licgean Class 5 str verb: lie, be situated, extend; lie dead (forms: læg, leg 3rd pers sing pret indic; læge 3rd pers sing pret subj; lagon, lægon pl pret indic; licgað pl pres indic; licge 3rd pers sing pres subj; licgende pres part; licgendre pres part dat sing fem; ligeð 3rd pers sing pres indic; ligst 2nd pers sing pres indic; lið, liþ 3rd pers sing pres indic) 19. þær: þær, ðær, ðar, þar adv and conj: there, where; in such a case where 20. on: on [] 1. prep w.d.i.a. (local) on, upon, on to (but ofer is more common); up to, among; in, into, within; (temporal) in, during, at, on, about; against, towards; according to, in accordance with, in respect to; for, in exchange for; ~ gehwæðere hand on both sides; ~ hand gán irreg v/i to yield; áswengan ~ cast upon; ~ sittan1 (1) to assail, attack; (2) to press on, weigh down; ~ winnan to attack; 2. adv on; forward, onward; continuously, forþ ~; ~ riht rightly; ~ ǽr adv formerly; ~ án continuously, in concert; at once, forthwith; ~ tíde at the proper time; ~ bæcling/bæclinga/bæclinge gewend having one’s back turned; ~ secgan to bring a charge against; 3. pres 3rd sing of unnan; 4. see ond, and 21. tune: tún [] m (-es/-as) enclosure, garden, field, yard; farm, manor; homestead, dwelling, house, mansion; group of houses, village, town; on ~ gán to appear to men 22. The same year bishop Eahlstan, who was bishopric of sherborne 1 winter, was attacked and left in the town 868- Her for se ilca here innan Myrce to Snotingham 7 þær wintersetle namon; and Burhcred Her: her adv: here; (in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entries:) in this year For: for- [] prefix 1. denotes loss, destruction, deterioration, or gives an opposite sense, or give strength to the words before which it is placed; forbéodan to forbid, fordéman to condemn; sometimes fór denotes an increase of the signification of the word before which it is placed, and is then generally to be in English very; fóréaðe very easily; or it is a pejorative forbærnan, forrotian; for-, fór-, and fóre- are often confounded, though they are very different in meaning; forséon to overlook, despise; fórséon, fóreséon to foresee; [Ger ver-]; 2. see also fóre-; [it is not connected with the preposition ‘for.’] Se: sé [] 1. masc demonstrative pronoun he, she, it, that, this; relative pronoun who, which; definite article the; fem nom séo; neut nom/acc þæt; 2. see sǽ; 3. see swá ilca: ilca adj and pron: same (forms: ilcan, ylcan acc/dat/gen sing masc/fem/neut; ilce nom/acc sing neut) here: here masc noun: army, host, multitude (forms: herga gen pl; hergas nom/acc pl; herge, herige, here dat sing; herges, heriges, heres gen sing; hergum dat pl) innan: innan [] 1. prep w.g.d.a. from within; within, in, into; (1) w.g. within; (2) w.d. in; local (a) of rest, within; innan healle within a hall; (b) of motion or direction, within, in; hé éode innan þǽm mynstre he went within the monastery; (2.2) of time, within the limits of a period, in; híe wendon innan þǽre middanwintres tíde they went within the limits of midwinter time; (2.3) within a person; (3) w.a. into; 2. adv within, inside, in, (1) in reference to a place or thing; (2) in reference to a person, within the body; (2a) where the non-physical part of man is in question, mind, heart, soul; inwardly, in the mind, heart, etc., in respect to the spiritual part of man Myrce: Mierce [] m pl Mercians; Mercia; [lit. borders; compare mearc] To: to prep: to, into; for; from; as a (weorce to leane: "as a reward for (their) work"; to hearran: "as a superior"); to adv: too, also; excessively, very Snotingham: notignham Þær: þær, ðær, ðar, þar adv and conj: there, where; in such a case where Wintersetle: wintersetl [] n (-es/-) winter-quarters Namon: niman1 [] sv/t4 3rd pres nimð past nóm/on, nam/námon ptp genumen 1. to take, receive, get; 2. to take keep, hold; 3. to take, catch; 4. to contain; 4a. to occupy; 5. to take (with one), bear, carry, bring; 6. to take (to one), give; 7. to take forcibly, hold, seize, catch, take away, grasp, pluck up, carry off, take away; 8. to adopt, appropriate; 9. to betake oneself, go; 10. to experience; to suffer, tolerate; 11. ge~ grasp, comprehend; ge~ take to wife; ge~ sv/r4 to collect oneself; hé hine genam he collected himself; 12. in a metaphorical sense; frið ge~ make peace; andan ~ to take umbrage, offence; bysne niman be/æt w.d. to take example by/from; casum ~ to take a case (of the government of verbs); eard ~ to take up one’s abode; fréondrǽdenne ~ to take friendship; frið ~ wið to make peace with; geléafan ~ to believe; geþéodrǽdenne ~ wið to associate with; graman ~ to take offence, feel angry; láre ~ to accept teaching; lufe ~ tó to take an affection for; mód ~ to take courage; on ~ to take effect on; on gemynd ~ to bear in remembrance, recollect; on hæft ~ to take captive; sibbe ~ to make terms with; sige ~ to gain victory; tó gemæccan ~ to take to wife; tó suna ~ to adopt as a son; wæpna ~ to take up arms; ware ~ to take care; weg ~ to take, go one’s way; wícstówa ~ to pitch a camp; se nimenda dǽl the participle and: and, ond conj: and Burhcred: fort; fortress, town Here the army went into Mercia inside Nottingham, and placed theur winter-quarters Myrcena cining and his witan bædon Æðelred Westseaxna cining 7 Ælfred his broðor þet hi him Myrcena: Mierce [] m pl Mercians; Mercia; [lit. borders; compare mearc] Cining: a king And: and, ond conj: and his: his Pronoun - Personal pronoun third person singular genitive masculine or neuter witan: wita, gewita masc noun: wise man, king's councillor; witness; (in pl) council (forms: witan gewitan, wiotan, gewytan nom/acc pl; witena, wiotena gen pl; witum, wytum dat pl) bædon: bædan wk verb: urge, impel (forms: gebæded past part) Æðelred: Æþelred, Æþered prop name: Aethelred (forms: Æþelredes gen) Westseaxna: west saxon Cining: a king Ælfred: Ælfred prop name: Alfred (forms: Ælfrede dat sing) His: his Pronoun - Personal pronoun third person singular genitive masculine or neuter Broðor: broðor, broþor, broður, broþur masc noun: brother; monk (forms: broðer gen sing; broðor dat/gen sing; nom/acc pl; broþra gen sing; broðru, gebroðru,, gebroþru, gebroðra nom pl; broðrum dat pl) Þet: þæt [] 1. conj, adv that, so that, in order that, after that, then, thence; ~ þe that; 2. neuter nominative, accusative def art the hi: they him: him [] pron him, them; dative singular of hé; dative plural 3rd person; mid ~ selfum by himself Burhcred, The king of the mercians,seeked Aethelred and his brother Alfred in order to 1. fultumedon þæt hi wið þone here gefuhton, 7 þa færdon hi mid Wæstsæxa fyrde inon Myrcene 2. fultumedon: fultum masc noun: help, support (forms: fultume dat sing; fultumes gen sing) 3. þæt: þæt [] 1. adv after that, then; 4. hi: they 5. wiðwíðig [] m (-es/-as) withe, withy, willow; band, fetter, fillet, garland (1); compounds with bed~, bróc~, ford~, gráf~, léah~, mǽd~, mere~, mór~, pól~, pytt~, slǽd~, þýfel~ 6. þone: þonne, ðonne, þænne conj and adv: then, when; than; than that þonne, þon conj: than 7. here: here masc noun: army, host, multitude (forms: herga gen pl; hergas nom/acc pl; herge, herige, here dat sing; herges, heriges, heres gen sing; hergum dat pl) 8. gefuhton: gefeohtan Strong sv/t3 1. to fight 2. to gain by fighting obtain by fighting win 9. þa: þa, ða adv and conj: then, when; it being the case that þa . . . þa . . . : when . . . then 10. færdon: geferan, færen wk verb: go, travel; accomplish, obtain, bring (forms: feran pl pres subj/indic; ferde, geferde, færde 3rd pers sing pret indic; ferdon, færdon pl pret indic; fere 1st pers sing pres indic; ferende pres part) 11. hi: they 12. mid: with, in conjunction with 13. Wæstsæxa: west saxon 14. Fyrde: national levy or army; military expedition, campaign; camp 15. Inon: innan, innon adv and prep: within, in, inside; into 16. Myrcene: mercians; mercia 17. Help him fight against the army. Then they went witht the west saxon army into Mercia 18. oþ Snotingaham 7 þone here metton þær on þam geweorce 7 hine inne besetton, 7 þær nan 19. oþ: oð, oþ conj: until 20. Snotingaham: nottingham 21. Þone: then; therefore, wherefore; et; while, when 22. Here: here masc noun: army, host, multitude (forms: herga gen pl; hergas nom/acc pl; herge, herige, here dat sing; herges, heriges, heres gen sing; hergum dat pl) 23. Metton: gametan wk verb: meet, encounter 24. Þær: where, wherever 25. On: on, an prep: on, in, onto, into 26. Þam: to/ for the 27. geweorce: cloud, darkness, mist 28. hine: híwen [] n (híwnes/-) household 29. inne : inside, within 30. besetton: besettan [] wv/t1a to put, place, set near, appoint; own, keep, occupy; beset, cover, surround with, adorn; besiege, invest; institute, set going 31. þær: þær, ðær, ðar, þar adv and conj: there, where; in such a case where 32. nan: nan pron: none, not one (forms: nanne, nænne acc sing masc; nanre dat sing fem) 33. Until Nottingham, and met the army and without a heavy fight 34. hefilic gefeaht ne wearð.,7 Myrce frið namon wið þone here 35. hefilic: hefelic adj: heavy, serious 36. gefeaht: gefeaht Strong Neuter Noun, A battle prælium 37. ne: ne negative particle: not, nor 38. wearð: worth, value, amount, price 39. Myrce: Myrce, Mierce pl masc noun: Mercians, Mercia (forms: Mierce dat; Myrcena, Miercena, Miercna gen pl; Myrcon, Myrcan dat pl) 40. Frið: friþ, frið masc noun: peace, security, tranquility (forms: friðe, friþe dat sing; friðes, friþes gen sing) 41. Namon: nama, noma masc noun: name (forms: naman, noman acc/dat/gen sing; nom/acc pl) 42. wið: wið, wiþ prep: with, against; near, beside; in exchange for; (w. gen) towards, to, against, onto 43. þone: þonne, ðonne, þænne conj and adv: then, when; than; than that 44. þonne, þon conj: than 45. here. here masc noun: army, host, multitude (forms: herga gen pl; hergas nom/acc pl; herge, herige, here dat sing; herges, heriges, heres gen sing; hergum dat pl) 46. The Mercians made peace with the army there 869- 1. Her for se here eft to Eoferwicceastre 7 þær sæt an gear. 2. Her: her adv: here; (in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entries:) in this year 3. For: for prep: for, on account of; before, in the presence of; before (temporal), during; before (spatial), in front of for fem noun: going, journey, way of life (forms: fore acc sing) 4. Se: se demonst: the, that (in pl, those) 5. Here: here masc noun: army, host, multitude (forms: herga gen pl; hergas nom/acc pl; herge, herige, here dat sing; herges, heriges, heres gen sing; hergum dat pl) 6. Eft: eft adv: again, afterward, back, in turn, in answer 7. To: to prep: to, into; for; from; as a (weorce to leane: "as a reward for (their) work"; to hearran: "as a superior"); to adv: too, also; excessively, very 8. Eoferwicceastre: Eoforwicceaster prop name: the city of York (forms: Eoforwicceastre dat sing) 9. Þær: þær in adv: therein, in it, into it 10. Sæt: sætan wk verb: lie in wait for, ambush 11. An: an, on, .i., I numeral and pron: one, alone (forms: ane acc/dat sing fem; nom pl masc; anes gen sing masc/neut; anne, ænne acc sing masc; anra gen pl; anre dat/gen sing fem; anum dat sing masc/neut) 12. Gear: gear neut noun: year (forms: gear nom/acc pl; geare dat sing; geara gen pl; geares gen sing; gearum dat pl) 13. Here the army left for York and waited there a year.
870 Her for se here ofer Myrce innon Eastængle 7 wintersetle namon æt Ðeodforda. 7 on þam her: (adv.) here. for: (prep) for, on account of; before, in the presence of; before (temporal), during; before (spatial), in front of/ for fem noun: going, journey, way of life se: (demonst) the, that; (in pl) those here: (masc noun) army, host, multitude ofer, ofor: (prep) over, above, across, throughout, during, after, without, against Myrce, Mierce: ( pl masc noun) Mercians, Mercia innon: (adv and prep) within, in, inside; into Eastængle: (maybe: Eastengle (pl prop noun) East Anglians; East Anglia wintersetl: (strong neuter noun) winter-quarters namon: (pl pret indic) take æt: (prep) at, near, by, from; (masc noun): food Þeodford: (prop name) Thetford, Norfolk (forms: Þeodforda dat sing) on, an: (prep) on, in, onto, into þam: (masc/neut dat sing) the, that
This year, the army went through Mercia and into East Anglia. They prepared their winter- quarters with food in Thetford. In that geare Sancte Ædmund cining him wið gefeaht, 7 þa Deniscan sige naman 7 þone cining geare: (dat sing noun) year sancte: (adj) saint Ædmund cining: (masc noun) king him: (masc/neut sing) he, she, it wið: towards gefeaht: (3rd pers sing pret indic) fight þa: (nom or acc pl) the, that Deniscan: (nom pl masc) Danish sige: (str. masc. noun) victory success triumph; success in war; forgiefan to grant victory naman, noman: ( acc/dat/gen sing) name þone: (masc acc sing) the, that cining: (masc noun) king
year, King Edmund fought the Danish and succeeded. The king ofslogon 7 þet land eall geeodon. 7 fordiden ealle þa mynstre þa hi to comen. On þa ilcan ofslogon: (pl pret indic) kill, strike down þæt, þet : (adv) after that, then land, lond: (neut noun) land, country, dry land eall: (adv) entirely, easily, indeed geeodon: (pl pret indic) go; take place; (w/ ge- prfx) observe, carry out; overrun, occupy fordiden: idk ealle: (dat sing as adv) entirely þa: (nom or acc pl) the, that mynster (neut noun) monastery, minster (forms: mynstre dat sing) þa: (nom or acc pl) the, that hi: they to: (prep.) to, into; for, from, as a; (adv.) too Cuman, comen: (irregular verb) to come on: (prep) on, in, onto, into þa: (nom or acc pl) the, that ilca: (adj and pron) same (forms: ilcan, ylcan acc/dat/gen sing masc/fem/neut)
then struck down all the land and all the monasteries that they came across. tima þa comon hi to Medeshamstede, beorndon 7 bræcon, slogon abbot 7 munecas 7 eall tima: (weak masculine noun) time, hour þa: (nom or acc pl) the, that comon:(pl pret indic) come, arrive hi: they to: (prep.) to, into; for, from, as a; (adv.) too Medeshamstede: (strong masculine noun) Peterborough Beorndon: burning Bræcon, bræcan: (vb.) break, burst, destroy; break, transgress (a commandment) slogon: (pl pret indic) beat, forge; kill; strike; erect (a tent) Abbod, abbot: (masc noun) abbot [a man who is the head of an abbey of monks] Munecas: (pl. n.) a monk eall: (adv) entirely, easily, indeed
At the same time, they arrived at Peterborough, burning and breaking, and killing abbots and monks and everything
þet hi þær fundon, macedon hit þa þet ær wæs ful rice, þa hit wearð to nan þing. 7 þy geare þæt, þet : (adv) after that, then hi: they þær, ðær, ðar, þar adv and conj: there, where; in such a case where fundon: (v.) find macedon hit: (pers pron) he, she, it þa: (nom or acc pl) the, that þæt, þet : (adv) after that, then ær: (adv) formerly, earlier, before beon: (anom verb) to be (wæs imper sing) ful: (adj)full; very; entirely rice: (adj) powerful, mighty, rich þa: (nom or acc pl) the, that hit: (pers pron) he, she, it wearð: worth; weard masc noun: guardian, protector, lord, king; weard fem noun: guardianship, oversight, responsibility; weard adv: towards, to to: (prep.) to, into; for, from, as a; (adv.) too nan: ( pron) none, not one (forms: nanne, nænne acc sing masc; nanre dat sing fem) þing, ðing, þincg, þingc: (neut noun) thing; meeting, assembly; contest; circumstance þy: (adv and conj) for that reason; because geare: (dat sing noun) year that they had found. Macedon, which had before been powerful and rich was stripped of its worth and was now nothing. That year gefor Ceolnoþ arcebiscop. Gefaran, gefor: (str verb) go, travel; proceed Ceolnoþ: (prop name) Ceolnoth arcebiscop: (strong masculine noun) archbishop
Archbishop Ceolnoth died.
870: This year, the army went through Mercia and into East Anglia. They prepared their winter- quarters with food in Thetford. In that year, King Edmund fought the Danish and succeeded. The king then struck down all the land and all the monasteries that they came across. At the same time, they arrived at Peterborough, burning and breaking, and killing abbots and monks and everything that they had found. Macedon, which had before been powerful and rich was stripped of its worth and was now nothing. That year Archbishop Ceolnoth died.
871 Her rad se here to Readingum on Westseaxe, 7 þes ymb .iii. niht ridon twegen eorlas up; her: (adv.) here. rad: (fem noun) ride, expedition, journey, road (forms: rade dat sing) se: (demonst) the, that; (in pl) those here: (masc noun) army, host, multitude to: (prep.) to, into; for, from, as a; (adv.) too Readingas pl prop name: Reading (Berkshire), west of London (forms: Readingum dat) on, an: (prep) on, in, onto, into Westseaxe: (masc pl noun) West Saxons þes: (demonst pron) this (in plural: these) Ymbe, Ymb: (prep) around, about, by .iii.: roman numeral 3 niht: (fem noun) night (forms: nihta gen pl; nihte, neahte) Ridon: (str. verb) to ride twa, .ii. : (numeral) two (twegen, twegin, twægen masc/neut nom) eorlas, eorl: (pl. noun) men, warrior, leaders up, upp: (prep and adv) up, upon
This year the army road to Reading in Wessex. In three nights they rode two warriors up
þa gemette Æðelwulf ealdorman hie on Englafelda 7 heom þær wið gefeaht 7 sige nam, 7 þa: (nom or acc pl) the, that gemetan: (wk verb) meet, encounter (forms: gemeted past part; mette, gemette, gemitte 3rd pers sing pret indic) Æðelwulf: (strong masculine noun) Æthelwulf eldest son of Egbert and father of Alfred the Great. Æthelwulf was king of Wessex from 837 to 855 AD ealdorman: old not only in age, in knowledge hence an elder man; an alderman, senator chief, duke, a nobleman; the highest rank holding an office inferior only to that the king hie: her on: (prep) on, in, onto, into Englafeld: (prop name) Englefield, Berkshire (forms: Englafelda dat sing) heom: (pers pron) he, she, it þær: there wið: towards gefeohtan: (str verb) fight; (with ge- prefix) get by fighting (forms: feaht, gefeaht) sige: (str. masc. noun) victory success triumph; success in war; forgiefan to grant victory niman: (pres nimð; past nóm/on, nam/námon ptp genumen) 1. to take, receive, get; 2. to take keep, hold; that met with Alderman Ethelwulf in Englefield, where he fought against them and took victory.
wearð þær se oþer ofslægen þæs nama wæs Sidrac. Ða ymb .iiii. niht Æðelred cining 7 wearð: worth; weard masc noun: guardian, protector, lord, king; weard fem noun: guardianship, oversight, responsibility; weard adv: towards, to þær: there se: (demonst) the, that; (in pl) those oþer, oðer: (adj and pron) other, another, a second, one (of two) ofslean: (str verb) kill, strike down (forms: ofslagen, ofslægen past part) se, þæs : (demonst) the, in that nama, noma: (masc noun) name (forms: naman, noman) beon: (anom verb) to be (wæs imper sing) Sidrac þa, ða : (adv and conj) then, when; the, that Ymbe, Ymb: (prep) around, about, by .iiii.: roman numeral four niht: (fem noun) night (forms: nihta gen pl; nihte, neahte) Æðelréd: (str. masc. noun) 1. Æthelréd third son of Æthelwulf and brother of Alfred the Great. Æthelred was king of Wessex for five years 866 to 871 AD 2. Æthelréd Atheling the second son of Edgar. Æthelréd was king of Wessex Mercia and Northumbria for 38 years 978 to 1016 AD. 3. Æthelréd Æðeréd a Mercian nobleman all variants of Æðelræd cining: (masc noun) king
There one of the killed was named Sidrac. About four nights later, King Ethered and King
Ælfred his broðor þær mycle fyrd to Rædingum gelæddon 7 wið þone here gefuhton, 7 þær Ælfred: (Strong Masculine Noun) Alfred the wise king of Northumbria for twenty years 685-705 AD. He was educated in Ireland for the Church and was the first literary king of the Anglo-Saxons his, hys: (gen sing masc/neut) he, it broðor, broþor, broður, broþur: (masc noun) brother; monk þær: there micle, mycle, miccle: (nom/acc sing neut) great, much fyrd, fierd: (fem noun) army, military campaign to: (prep.) to, into; for, from, as a; (adv.) too ræding: (strong feminine noun) reading [rædingum plural ver.] Gelædan, gelæddon : (wk verb, pl.) lead, conduct, take, bring, do wið: towards þone: (masc acc sing) the, that here: (masc noun) army, host, multitude gefuhton: (pl pret indic) fight; get by fighting þær: there
Alfred, his brother, led their great army to Reading, where they fought. wæs mycel wæl geslægen on gehwaðere hand, 7 Æðelwulf ealdorman wearð ofslægen, 7 beon: (anom verb) to be (wæs imper sing) micel, mycel: (adj and pron) great, much wæl: (neut noun) corpse; litter of corpses on a battlefield Slean: (str verb) beat, forge; kill; strike; erect (a tent) (forms: geslægen past part) on, an: (prep) on, in, onto, into gehwaðere
hand, hond: (fem noun) hand; side Æðelwulf: (strong masculine noun) Æthelwulf eldest son of Egbert and father of Alfred the Great. Æthelwulf was king of Wessex from 837 to 855 AD ealdorman: old not only in age, in knowledge hence an elder man; an alderman, senator chief, duke, a nobleman; the highest rank holding an office inferior only to that the king wearð: worth ofslean: (str verb) kill, strike down (forms: ofslagen, ofslægen past part)
There were many corpses on the battlefield of those killed from either hand, Alderman Ethelwulf being one of the slain, þa Deniscan ahton wælstowe geweald. And ymb .iiii. niht gefeaht Æðered cining 7 Ælfred þa: (nom or acc pl) the, that Denisc: (adj) Danish (forms: Deniscan nom pl masc) agan, agon: (wk verb) own, possess, have; control, rule (ahton pl pret indic) wælstow: (fem noun) battlefield (lit. place of slaughter) (forms: wælstowe) geweald, gewald: (neut noun) might, power, control, command And: and Ymbe, Ymb: (prep) around, about, by .iiii.: roman numeral four niht: (fem noun) night (forms: nihta gen pl; nihte, neahte) gefeohtan: (str verb) fight; (with ge- prefix) get by fighting (forms: feaht, gefeaht) Æðeréd: The name of a king and a Mercian nobleman; Æthelred third cining: (masc noun) king Ælfred: (Strong Masculine Noun) Alfred the wise king of Northumbria for twenty years 685-705 AD. He was educated in Ireland for the Church and was the first literary king of the Anglo-Saxons
But the Danish had control of the battlefield. And after about four nights of fighting, King Ethered and Alfred fought his broðor wið ealne ðone here on Æscesdune, 7 hi wæron on twam gefylcum: on oðrum his, hys: (gen sing masc/neut) he, it broðor, broþor, broður, broþur: (masc noun) brother; monk wið: towards ealne: always ðone: (pronoun) the that here: (masc noun) army, host, multitude on, an: (prep) on, in, onto, into Æscesdune: the hill of the ash-tree on the Ridgeway in Berkshire where Alfred and his elder brother king Ethelred first routed the Danes hi: they beon: (anom verb) to be (forms wæron, waron, wæran, wærun pl pret indic) on, an: (prep) on, in, onto, into twa, .ii. : (numeral) two (forms twam masc/neut dat) gefylce: (neut noun: army, division (forms: gefylcum, gefylcium) on, an: (prep) on, in, onto, into oþer, oðer: (adj & pron) other, another, a second, one (of two) (forms: oðrum, oþrum, oðran dat pl) with all of the army on Ashdown, and were victorious. The two armies of wes Basecg 7 Halfdene ða hæðene ciningas, 7 on oðrum wæron þa eorlas. 7 ða feaht se beon: (anom verb) to be (forms: wes, wæs imper sing) Basecg Healfdene, Halfdene: (prop name) King Healfdene; king of the Danes, son of Beowulf the Scylding, and father of Hrothgar þa, ða : (adv and conj) then, when; the, that hæðen: (adj and masc noun) heathen, pagan (forms: hæþene, hæðene, hæðne sing fem) cining: (masc noun) king(s) (forms: ciningas, kyningas nom/acc pl) on, an: (prep) on, in, onto, into oþer, oðer: (adj & pron) other, another, a second, one (of two) (forms: oðrum, oþrum, oðran dat pl) beon: (anom verb) to be (forms wæron, waron, wæran, wærun pl pret indic) þa, ða : (adv and conj) then, when; the, that eorlas, eorl: (pl. noun) men, warrior, leaders þa, ða : (adv and conj) then, when; the, that gefeohtan: (str verb) fight; (with ge- prefix) get by fighting (forms: feaht, gefeaht) se: (demonst) the, that; (in pl) those
Heathen kings Bagsac and Healfden separated into two divisions of the heathenkings and another with the earls. cining Æðered wið ðara cininga getruman, 7 þær wearð se cining Bagsecg ofslægen, 7 cining: (masc noun) king Æðeréd: The name of a king and a Mercian nobleman; Æthelred third wið: towards se: (demonst) the, that; (in pl) those (forms: ðara, þæra, ðæra, þære gen pl) cining: (masc noun) king(s) (forms: cyninga gen pl) getruma: (masc noun) troop, army, company (forms: getruman dat sing) þær: there wearð: worth se: (demonst) the, that; (in pl) those cining: (masc noun) king Bachsecg, Bagsecg: (prop name:) Bachsecg (one of the two commanding vikings of the Great Army that set up camp at Reading, and invaded Wessex in the winter of 870/871.) ofslean: (str verb) kill, strike down (forms: ofslagen, ofslægen past part
King Ethered then fought with the kings’ troops, and King Bagsac was striken down.
Ælfred his broðor wið þara eorla getruman, 7 þær wearð Sidrac eorl ofslægen se ealda 7 Ælfred: (Strong Masculine Noun) Alfred the wise king of Northumbria for twenty years 685-705 AD. He was educated in Ireland for the Church and was the first literary king of the Anglo-Saxons his, hys: (gen sing masc/neut) he, it broðor, broþor, broður, broþur: (masc noun) brother; monk wið: towards þara: (gen. pl. of se) those eorla, eorlas: (gen pl. noun) men, warrior, leaders getruma: (masc noun) troop, army, company (forms: getruman dat sing) þær: there wearð: worth Sidrac: name eorl: (pl. noun) men, warrior, leaders ofslean: (str verb) kill, strike down (forms: ofslagen, ofslægen past part se: (demonst) the, that; (in pl) those eald: (adj) old (forms: ealda, alda nom sing masc)
Alfred and his brother fought with the troops of the eorls, where Earl Sidrac the elder,
Sidrac se geonga 7 Osbearn eorl 7 Fræna eorl 7 Harold eorl, 7 þa hergas begen geflymde, Sidrac: name se: (demonst) the, that; (in pl) those geong: (adj) young (forms: geonga, gioncga, iunga nom sing masc) Osbearn: (prop name) Osbearn (some Danish Earl) eorl: (pl. noun) men, warrior, leaders Fræna: (prop name) Fraena eorl: (pl. noun) men, warrior, leaders Harold: (prop. name) eorl: (pl. noun) men, warrior, leaders þa, ða: (adv and conj) then, when; the, that here, hergas: (masc pl. noun) army, host, multitude bu: (pron and adj) both (forms:begen masc nom/acc) Geflymde: (MAYBE: drive out, cast out, put to flight)
Earl Sidrac the younger, Earl Osbern, Earl Fraena, and Earl Harold were defeated. They put both troops to flight feala þusenda ofslagenra, 7 onfeohtende wæron oð niht. 7 ðæs ymb .xiiii. niht gefeaht feala: (pron and adv) many, much þusend: (numeral) thousand (forms: þusenda, þusendra gen pl) Ofslagenra: (past part gen pl) kill, strike, down; (noun) of the slain onfeohtan: (str verb) fight (forms: onfeohtende pres part) beon: (anom verb) to be (forms wæron, waron, wæran, wærun pl pret indic) oð: to niht: (fem noun) night se: (demonst) the, that; (in pl) those (forms: ðæs masc/neut gen sing) ymb: (prep) around, about, by .xiiii.: roman numeral 14 niht: (fem noun) night gefeohtan: (str verb) fight; (with ge- prefix) get by fighting (forms: feaht, gefeaht)
Many, thousands were killed fighting until the night. On the fortnight of this fighting,
Æðered cining 7 Ælfred his broðor wið þone here æt Basingum, 7 þar þa Deniscan sige Æðeréd: The name of a king and a Mercian nobleman; Æthelred third cining: (masc noun) king Ælfred: (Strong Masculine Noun) Alfred the wise king of Northumbria for twenty years 685-705 AD. He was educated in Ireland for the Church and was the first literary king of the Anglo-Saxons his, hys: (gen sing masc/neut) he, it broðor, broþor, broður, broþur: (masc noun) brother; monk wið: towards þone: (masc acc sing) the, that here: (masc noun) army, host, multitude æt: (prep) at, near, by, from; (masc noun): food Basingum: (str. Masc. noun) the name of a place Basing old Basing near; cloaks þar adv and conj: there, where; in such a case where þa, ða : (adv and conj) then, when; the, that Denisc: (adj) Danish (forms: Deniscan nom pl masc) sige: (str. masc. noun) victory success triumph; success in war; forgiefan to grant victory
King Ethered and King Alfred his brother fought with the army at Basing, where the Danish were victorious genamon. 7 þæs ymb twægen monðas gefeaht Æðered 7 Ælfred his broðor wið þone here Geniman: (str verb w. acc or gen) take (forms: genamon, genaman pl pret indic) se, þæs : (demonst) the, in that ymb: (prep) around, about, by twa, .ii. : (numeral) two (twægen masc/neut nom) Monðas: (n.) month gefeohtan: (str verb) fight; (with ge- prefix) get by fighting (forms: feaht, gefeaht) Æðeréd: The name of a king and a Mercian nobleman; Æthelred third Ælfred: (Strong Masculine Noun) Alfred the wise king of Northumbria for twenty years 685-705 AD. He was educated in Ireland for the Church and was the first literary king of the Anglo-Saxons his, hys: (gen sing masc/neut) he, it broðor, broþor, broður, broþur: (masc noun) brother; monk wið: towards þone: (masc acc sing) the, that here: (masc noun) army, host, multitude
Around two months after, King Ethered and Alfred his brother fought with the army
æt Mæredune, 7 hi wæron on twam gefylcum, 7 hi butu geflymdon 7 lange on dæg sige æt: (prep) at, near, by, from; (masc noun): food Mæredune hi: they beon: (anom verb) to be (forms wæron, waron, wæran, wærun pl pret indic) on, an: (prep) on, in, onto, into twa, .ii. : (numeral) two (forms twam masc/neut dat) gefylce: (neut noun: army, division (forms: gefylcum, gefylcium) hi: they butu: (pron and adj) both geflymdon lange: (adj.) long on, an: (prep) on, in, onto, into dæg: (masc noun) day sige: (str. mas. Noun) victory success triumph; success in war; forgiefan to grant victory
They were in two divisions, both put to flight, enjoying victory during the day. ahton, 7 þar wearð mycel wælsliht on hwæðre hand, 7 þa Dæniscan ahton wealstowe ahton: (wk verb, pl) own, possess, have; control, rule þar adv and conj: there, where; in such a case where wearð: worth mycel: (adj and pron) great, much wælsliht: (masc noun) deadly battle, slaughter on, an: (prep) on, in, onto, into hwæðre: yet; however hand, hond: (fem noun) hand; side þa, ða : (adv and conj) then, when; the, that Dæniscan: Danes ahton: (wk verb, pl) own, possess, have; control, rule wealstowe, wælstow: (fem noun) battlefield (lit. place of slaughter)
There was much slaughter on either hand, but the Danes possessed the battlefield. geweald, 7 þær Hæhmund biscop ofslagen 7 feala godra manna. 7 æfter þisum gefeohte geweald, gewald: (neut noun) might, power, control, command þær: there Hæhmund Biscop: bishop ofslean: (str verb) kill, strike down (forms: ofslagen, ofslægen past part) feala: (pron and adv) many, much godra: (masc noun) God; heathen god manna: (masc noun) man æfter, after: (prep and adv) after, according to; afterwards; along, through, among, for þes, þisum: (demonst pron) this (in plural: these) gefeohte: (neut noun) fight, battle
There, Bishop Heahmund was killed with many other good men. After this battle com mycel sumerlida to Readingum. 7 þæs æfter Eastron gefor Æðered cining, 7 he rixade Com: came, to come mycel: (adj and pron) great, much sumorlida: (masc noun) summer naval force to: (prep.) to, into; for, from, as a; (adv.) too Readingas: (pl prop name) Reading (Berkshire), west of London (forms: Readingum dat) þæs : (demonst) the, in that æfter, after: (prep and adv) after, according to; afterwards; along, through, among, for Eastron: Easter Gefaran, gefor: (str verb) go, travel; proceed Æðeréd: The name of a king and a Mercian nobleman; Æthelred third cining: (masc noun) king he: (pers pron) he,she, it rixade: rule, dominate, oppress came a great army in the Summer in Reading. And after Easter, died King Ethered.
.v. gear, 7 his lic lið æt Winburnan mynster. Ða feng Ælfred Æðelwulfing his broðor to .v.: five gear: (neut noun) year his, hys: (gen sing masc/neut) he, it ic: (neut noun) body; likeness lid neut noun: ship æt: (prep) at, near, by, from; (masc noun): food Winburne: (prop name) Wimborne, Dorsetshire (forms: Winburnan) mynster (neut noun) monastery, minster ða : (adv and conj) then, when; the, that feng: (masc noun) grasp Ælfred: (Strong Masculine Noun) Alfred the wise king of Northumbria for twenty years 685-705 AD. He was educated in Ireland for the Church and was the first literary king of the Anglo-Saxons Æðelwulfing his, hys: (gen sing masc/neut) he, it broðor, broþor, broður, broþur: (masc noun) brother; monk to: (prep.) to, into; for, from, as a; (adv.) too
Westseaxna rice; 7 þæs ymb .i. monað gefeaht Ælfred cining wið ealne þone here litle Westseaxe: (masc pl noun) West Saxons rice: (adj) powerful, mighty, rich; rice: (neut noun) kingdom, rule þæs : (demonst) the, in that ymb: (prep) around, about, by .i.: one monað: remind, warn, admonish gefeaht: (str verb) fight; (with ge- prefix) get by fighting Ælfred: (Strong Masculine Noun) Alfred the wise king of Northumbria for twenty years 685-705 AD. He was educated in Ireland for the Church and was the first literary king of the Anglo-Saxons cining: (masc noun) king wið: towards ealne: always þone: (masc acc sing) the, that here: (masc noun) army, host, multitude litle: little, small, short
werede æt Wiltune 7 hine lange on dæg geflymde, 7 þa Deniscan ahton wælstowe Werede: (past part masc pl) clothe, cover; defend, protect æt: (prep) at, near, by, from; (masc noun): food Wiltune: Wilton, Wiltshire Hine: (sing masc) he, she, it lange: (adj.) long on, an: (prep) on, in, onto, into dæg: (masc noun) day Geflymde: (MAYBE: drive out, cast out, put to flight) þa, ða : (adv and conj) then, when; the, that Deniscan: (adj, pl mac) Danish ahton: (wk verb, pl) own, possess, have; control, rule wealstowe, wælstow: (fem noun) battlefield (lit. place of slaughter)
geweald. 7 þes geares wurdon .ix. folcgefeoht gefohten wið þone here on þam cinerice be geweald, gewald: (neut noun) might, power, control, command þes: (demonst pron) this (in plural: these) geares: (dat sing noun) year Wurdon: (sub, pl) become, be .ix.: nine folcgefeoht: (neut noun) great battle; engagement fought by the whole national army led by the king gefohten: (str verb) fight; (with ge- prefix) get by fighting wið: towards þone: (masc acc sing) the, that here: (masc noun) army, host, multitude on, an: (prep) on, in, onto, into þam : (demonst) the, in that cinerice be: (prep place) by, near, in, on, upon, with, along, at, to; (time): in, before, while, during
suðan Temese, butan þam þe him Ælfred þes cinges broðer 7 ealdormen 7 ciningas þægnas suðan: (adv: from the south Temese: (prop name: the river Thames butan: (prep: except, except for, without þam : (demonst) the, in that þe: (rel particle) which, that, who him: (masc/neut sing) he, she, it Ælfred: (Strong Masculine Noun) Alfred the wise king of Northumbria for twenty years 685-705 AD. He was educated in Ireland for the Church and was the first literary king of the Anglo-Saxons þes: (demonst pron) this (in plural: these) cining: (masc noun) king(s) (forms: ciningas, kyningas nom/acc pl) Broðer: brother, monk ealdorman: old not only in age, in knowledge hence an elder man; an alderman, senator chief, duke, a nobleman; the highest rank holding an office inferior only to that the king cining: (masc noun) king(s) (forms: ciningas, kyningas nom/acc pl) þægnas: servant, man; officer, minister; nobleman, thane, retainer
oft rada on riden þe man na ne rimde. 7 þæs geares wæron ofslagene .ix. eorlas 7 an oft: (adv) often, frequently rada: riding, expedition/journey by horse on, an: (prep) on, in, onto, into Riden: to ride þe: (rel particle) which, that, who man: (neut noun) sin, crime; man: (indef pron) one; man: (adj) bad, evil, criminal, false na, no: (adv) not, not at all, never ne: (negative particle) not, nor rimde: (3rd pers sing pret indic, verb) count, tell forth, enumerate þæs : (demonst) the, in that geares: (dat sing noun) year beon: (anom verb) to be (forms wæron, waron, wæran, wærun pl pret indic) ofslean: (str verb) kill, strike down (forms: ofslagen, ofslægen past part) .ix.: nine eorlas, eorl: (pl. noun) men, warrior, leaders an: (prep) on, in, onto, into
This year also were slain nine earls, and one king; and the
cyning; 7 þy geare namon Westseaxa frið wið þone here. cyning: (masc noun) king þy: (adv and conj) for that reason; because geare: (dat sing noun) year namon: (pl pret indic) take Westseaxe: (masc pl noun) West Saxons frið: (masc noun) peace, security, tranquilityg wið: towards þone: (masc acc sing) the, that here: (masc noun) army, host, multitude the West-Saxons made peace with the army.
872 Her for se here to Lundenbyrig fram Redingum Her- noble excellent For- for or before Se- the, that Here- army To- to Lundenbyrig- Lundenberg Hundred was a mediaeval hundred located in the southern part of North Frisia in the Danish region of Southern Schleswig, part of the Frisian Uthlande Fram- from Redingum- battle of Redingum The army went to London from Reading þær nam wintersetle, þær- there, to rush nam- seizure, seizure of property wintersetle, -winter-quarters where they chose their winter-quarters þa naman Myrce frið wið þone here. Þa- the, that, those, when Naman- name Myrce- mere Frið- peace, stately beautiful Wið- towards or against Þone- the, that here. – army Then the Mercians made peace with the army.
873 Her nam se here wintersetle æt Turcesige Her: Noble excellent honourable holy sublime Nam: (legal) seizure seizure of property belonging to one which is in the hands of another Se: the that Here: predatory band troop army Wintersetle: winter-quarters Æt: at, near, by, from Turcesige: Torksey
In the winter the army rested near Torskey.
874 Her for se here of Lindesse to Hreopedune þær wintersetle nam þone cining Burgred Her- noble excellent For- for or before Se- the or that Here- army Of- of, out of, with Lindesse- lindsey, the northern part To- to Hreopedune- Proper Noun: city, town, a place Þær- there Wintersetle- winter Nam- seizure seizure of property belonging to one which is in the hands of another Þone- the, that Cining- a king Burgred- to help or to give The army went from Lindsey to Repton, where they took up their winter-quarters, drove the King, ofer sæ adrefdon ymb .xxii. wintra þæs þe he rice hæfde, þet land eall geeodan; he ofer- over or above sæ- sea adrefdon- quilt Ymb- about .xxii. - 22 Wintra- winter Þæs- the, that Þe- the He- he Rice- realm 1. power authority reign referring to sovereigns or to others in authority 2. the district in which power is exercised a kingdom realm diocese 3. the people inhabiting a district a nation hæfde, -to have, possess, own, hold, or keep þet- to make hateful, to chatter, to let out a secret Land- earth, land, soil Eall- all everything without substantive and sometimes governing the genitive geeodan; - with power or with energy, vigorously He- he Over sea, where he reigned for twenty-two winters and took all the land. Then he for to Rome þær sæt, his lic lið on Sancta Marian cyrican on Angelcynnes scole. þy for- for or before to- to Rome- lang and fell ego et horses him in the laws the word is used in technical phrases relating to flogging colloquial to give one a hiding, Rome Þær- to rush, there sæt, - an ambush lurking-place a place where one lies in wait snare gin? ~ healdan to keep the game from avoiding the ambush into which it is being driven his- Personal pronoun third person singular genitive masculine or neuter lic- body corpse lið- limb, member, joint, tip of finger on- on or at Sancta- holy person, Saint Marian- marian Cyrican- in the compound On- on or at Angelcynnes- English people or England scole. - school went to Rome, and remained there till the end of his life. His body lies in the compound of Sancta Maria in the England school. ilcan geare hi sealdon Ceolwulfe anum unwisum cynges þegne Myrcena rice to ilcan- to whitewash, to bind with splints Geare- promptly, readily, entirely, and altogether Hi- ne if they with all might serve not the illustrious lord bt Sealdon- to give something to somebody Ceolwulfe- King of Mercia Anum- alone, solely by this, alone Unwisum- unwise, foolish, ignorant Cynges- Kingston regia villa Þegne- 1. servant one who does service for another minister retainer vassal follower disciple freeman master (as opposed to slave) courtier noble (official as distinguished from hereditary) 2 military attendant warrior hero Myrcena- the inhabitants of the marshy land Rice- realm 1. power authority reign referring to sovereigns or to others in authority 2. the district in which power is exercised a kingdom realm diocese 3. the people inhabiting a district a nation To- to The same year Ceowulf was given the Merica Kingdom healdenne, he him aðas swor gislas sealde þet hit him georo wære swa hwilce dæge healdenne, -bent so as to shoot downwards he- he him- them aðas- oath (judicial) swearing fine for an unsuccessful oath ~ sellan1 to make oath swear ungecoren ~ oath taken by a body of persons generally (as opposed to cyreáþ) cyre~ oath sworn by an accused man and by other chosen persons swor- to swear, swear in speak gislas- hostage sealde- to give or grant Þet- to make hateful, to chatter, to let out a secret Hit- it Him- them Georo- expressed by the context, having ready utterance Wære- to, be, am, are, is, was, were Swa- so or as Hwilce- what, some, any, some one Dæge- day He swore oaths to them, and gave hostages, that they should be ready, swa hi hit habban woldon he geare wære mid him sylfum mid eallum þam þe him swa- so or as hi- ne if they with all might served not the illustrious lord bt hit- it habban- diet a clause woldon- non-quern he- he geare- promptly, readily, entirely, and altogether wære- to, be, am, are, is, was, were mid- with him- them sylfum- self - pronoun dative singular of self mid- with eallum- all everything without substantive and sometimes governing the genitive þam- those þe- thee him- them for he would be ready himself, and all those who remain with him, gelæstan wolden to þæs heres þærfe. Gelæstan- to do or perform Wolden- to will, wish, drive, or press To- to Þæs- the, that Heres- predatory band troop army host multitude battle war devastation þærfe. -expedite shall willingly service the army 875 Her for se here fram Hreopedune, Healfdene for mid sumum þam here on Her- noble excellent For- for, before Se- the, that Here- predatory band troop army host multitude battle war devastation Fram- from Hreopedune, -Proper Noun: city, town, a place Healfdene- a large room forming part of the residence of a great man, in which the social, public life of the household is carried on For- for, before Mid- with Sumum- were from one irritated as a man Þam- those Here- predatory band troop army host multitude battle war devastation On- on or at This year the army went from Repton ; and Healfden as the army advanced against Norðanhymbre nam wintersetle be Tinan þære ea, se here þet land geeode oft Norðanhymbre- the people or province in the north Nam- seizure seizure of property belonging to one which is in the hands of another Wintersetle- winter Be- by, near, to Tinan- annoy, irritate Þære- the, that ea, - running water, water stream, river se- the, that here- predatory band troop army host multitude battle war devastation þet- to make hateful, to chatter, to let out a secret Land- earth, land, soil Geeode- to catch, catch animals/fish Oft- often, frequently The Northumbrians, and he fixed his winter-quarts by the Tine river. The army took over the land, gehergode on Pehtas on Strætlædwealas; for Godrum Oscytel Anwend þa þry gehergode- to harry, ravage on- on or at Pehtas- the Picts On- on or at Strætlædwealas; - Strathclyde Welsh and their Scots who are in Alba For- for, before Godrum- a female given name Oscytel- a medieval Bishop of Dorchester Anwend- applic, to apply Þa- the, that, those, when Þry- life or life path And invaded the Picts and the Strathclyswallians; Guthrum, Oskytel, Anwind, the ciningas of Hreopedune to Grantanbrycge myd mycclum here sæton þær an gear. þy ciningas- independent rulers or sub-kings Of- of, out of, with Hreopedune- Proper Noun: city, town, a place To- to Grantanbrycge- CAMBRIDGE, the chief town in Cambridgeshire, and seat of the University; Cantābrĭgia, agri Cantabrigiensis oppidum primarium myd- a bushel, modius mycclum- not great, moderate, small Here- predatory band troop army host multitude battle war devastation Sæton- to sit down, seated Þær- to rush, there An- continually gear. – annually, year by year Þy- the, that Three kings, went from Repton to Cambridge with the army and stayed there a year. sumera for Ælfred cyning ut on sæ mid sciphere gefeaht wið .vii. sciphlesta heora an sumera- summer for- for, before Ælfred- Alfred the wise king of Northumbria for twenty years 685-705 AD. He was educated in Ireland for the Church and was the first literary king of the Anglo-Saxons Cyning- king, ruler Ut- out On- on or at Sæ- sea Mid- with Sciphere- 1. a collection of ships of war a naval force fleet a fleet of war squadron (usu. hostile) 2. the men of a ship of war crew of a warship Gefeaht- a battle Wið- towards or against .vii. - 7 Sciphlesta- ship Heora- sword An- continually This summer, King Alfred, went to sea with an armed fleet, and fought seven battle ships, he took one ship gefeng þa oðre geflymde. Gefeng- a taking, capture Þa- the, that, those, when Oðre- and ordinal, used as adj. and as subst., always of strong declension. I. when two definite objects are referred to, I. one of two geflymde. – long and dismantled the others. 876 Her hine bestæl se here into Wærham Westseaxna fyrde, siððan wið þone here se Her- noble excellent Hine- him Bestæl- to move, steal away Se- the, that Here- predatory band troop army host multitude battle war devastation Into- into Wærham- to go in quest of and bring back Westseaxna- West Saxons fyrde, -an army, military siððan- afterwards, since wið- towards or against þone- the, that here- predatory band troop army host multitude battle war devastation se- the, that The army moved into Wareham, a fort of the West Saxons. Afterwards, cyning frið nam, him þa gislas sealdon þe on þam here weorþuste wæron to þam cyning- king, ruler frið- peace, beautiful nam, - seizure seizure of property belonging to one which is in the hands of another him- them þa- the, that, those, when gislas- hostage sealdon- to give something to someone Þe- thee on- on or at þam- those here- predatory band troop army host multitude battle war devastation weorþuste- worth, of value Wæron- to, be, am, are, is, was, were To- to Þam- those The king made peace with them; and gave hostages to the most worthy in the army; cyninge, him þa aðas sworon on þam halgan beage, þe hi ær nanre þeode don cyninge, - king, ruler him- them þa- the, that, those, when aðas- swearing fine for an unsuccessful oath sworon- to swear, swear speech on- on or at þam- those halgan- saint beage, - a crown, ring þe- thee hi- ne if they with all might serve not the illustrious lord bt ær- before nanre- a narrow space, a place of small extent Þeode- a nation, people, tribe Don- forms from the northern gospels psalter are doom does in a charter a subjunctive occurs are forms absolute to do act And the King swore oaths on the holy crown, which they would not go before any nation, noldon, þet hi hredlice of his rice foron, hi þa under þam hi nihtes bestælon þære noldon, - to a question Þet- to make hateful, to chatter, to keep a secret Hi- ne if they with all might serve not the illustrious lord bt Hredlice- swiftly Of- of, out of, with His- them Rice- realm 1. power authority reign referring to sovereigns or to others in authority 2. the district in which power is exercised a kingdom realm diocese 3. the people inhabiting a district a nation foron, - gefaren to set forth go travel wander proceed be happen exist act fare get on undergo suffer ge~ die ge~ attack overcome capture obtain west onbútan ~ to go west about hi- ne if they with all might serve not the illustrious lord bt þa- the, that, those, when under- over, under þam- those hi- ne if they with all might serve not the illustrious lord bt nihtes- at night bestælon- to move stealthily steal away steal upon 2 deprive þære-the, that and they would readily leave his kingdom. Under this, the cavalry stole by night into Exeter. fyrde se gehorsade here into Exanceastre þy geare Healfdene Norðanhymbra land fyrde-an army, the military se- the, that gehorsade- to do, to horse, to mount a horse here- predatory band troop army host multitude battle war devastation into- into Exanceastre. -probably, greatly Þy- the, that Geare- promptly, readily, entirely, and altogether Healfdene- a large room forming part of the residence of a great man Norðanhymbra- Northumbria Land- earth, land, soil In that same year, Healfden divided the land of Northumbians; gedælde, hergende weron heora tiligende wæron. Rollo cum suis Normanniam gedælde, - to divide into whole parts Hergende- a plunderer, robber, spoiler Weron- to remain, continue, to live Heora- sword Tiligende- to strive after or for some object wæron. – to, be, am, are, is, was, were Rollo- roll Cum- come or past Suis- still, to rest Normanniam- Normandy So that they became plowers and harrowers. Rolla penetrated Normandy penetrauit et regnauit annis .liii.. penetrauit- penetrate Et- it Regnauit- The Pictish King Annis- a meeting .liii.. – 53 Where he reigned for fifty- three years
877 Her com se here to Exanceastre fram Werham, 7 se sciphere seglode west ymbutan, 7 þa gemette hi mycel yst on sæ, 7 þear forwearð .cxx. scipa æt Swanawic. 7 se cing Ælfred æfter þam gehorsedum here mid fyrde rad oð Exanceastre 7 hi hindan ofridan ne mihte ær hi on þam feastene wæron þær him man to
1 Her com se here to Exanceastre fram Werham, Her- adv. HERE, in this world, at this time
Com- pl. cómon came of cuman.
Se- I. a demonstrative adjective, the, that
Here- an army. Add:I. a body of armed men.
To- a prefix denoting separation, division, like Latin dis-
Exanceastre- location
Fram- adj. Valiant, stout, firm; strēnuus
Werham- a locatin
Translation- Then came the Danish army to Exeter.
2 se sciphere seglode west ymbutan,
Sciphere- es; m. I. a collection of skips of war, a naval force, a fleet of war
Se- I. a demonstrative adjective, the, that
Seglode- sldge
West- []; spve. west[e]mest; adj. Westerly, situated in the west
Ymbutan- about, around, without.
Translation- While the ships sailed west.
3 þa gemette hi mycel yst on sæ
Þa- adv. conj. Then, when
Gemette- painted,
Hi- an interjection
Mycel- v. micel.
Yst- a storm, tempest, whirlwind
On- an ; prep. adv. A. with dat. or inst
Sæ- Sea. The word is found in the following glosses
Translation- And there they found the great sea.
4 þear forwearð .cxx. scipa æt Swanawic.
Þær- adv. There, where. Forwearð- forward
Scipa- person
Æt- ate
Swanawic-a location
Translation- And one hundred ships from Swantic sank.
5 se cing Ælfred æfter þam gehorsedum here mid fyrde rad oð Exanceastre
Cing- a king,
Se- I. a demonstrative adjective, the, that
Ælfred- Alfred the wise, king of Northumbria for twenty years, A.D. 685-705. He was educated in Ireland for the Church, and was the first literary
Æfter- —AFTER; post
Gehorsedum- horses
Mid- With; at the root of the various meanings lies the idea of association, of being together
Fyrde- -fyrde v. in-fyrde.
Rad- e; f. I. riding, going on horseback or in a carriage. v. rǽdwægen
Exanceastre- person
Translation- King Alfred rode his army to Exeter
6 hi hindan ofridan ne mihte ær hi on þam feastene wæron þær him man to
Hindan- adv. From behind, at the back, in the rear, behind
Ofridan- to overtake by riding, overtake
Ne- I. adv. a. Not; non, ne
Mihte- Almighty; omnipotens
Ær- Ocean; pl. The waves of the ocean Feastene- es; n. A fastness, fortress; mūnīmentum
Wæron- female
Him- him
Man- French on from homo). One, anyone, they, people; it is often used with the active voice where modern English would take the passive
Translation- But he could not overtake them.
7 hi him þar foregislas sealdon swa feala swa he habban wolde
Þár- þára.
Foregislas- A hostage given as security for the performance of a promise
Sealdon- person
Swa- IV. 1 a. add: confirming a previous statement
Feala- Many, much; multum, multa
Habban- A. For I and IV substitute:
Wolde- wound
Translation- There they gave him many hostages.
8 mycele aðas sworon
Mycele- micel
Aðas- to bow, bend, turn,
Sworon- . II. add: to swear an oath, where the form of oath is implied in the noun
Translation- Swearing with oaths
9 þa godne frið heoldan.
Godne- ness, e; f. Goodness
Frið- indecl. f. Peace; pax Heoldan- HOLD, keep, grasp, retain, restrain, confine, contain
Translation- there was peace.
10 þa on herfeste gefor seo he(o)ra on Myrcena land
Herfeste- forrest
Gefor- of ge-faran.
Seo- The pupil, apple of the eye
Myrcena- The Mercians, (and as the name of the people is used where modern English uses the name of their country) Mercia [see Green's The Making of England,
Land- LAND as opposed to water or air, earth
Translation- They entered Mercians.
11 hit gedældon sum and sum Ceolwulfe sealdon.
Hit- To hit upon, meet with
Gedældon- . I. to divide a whole into parts.
Sum- Some. I. one of many, part of a whole, used substantively and I.
And- conj. AND; et, atque, ac
Sum- Some. I. one of many, part of a whole, used substantively and I.
Ceolwulfe- wife
Sealdon- To give something (acc.) to somebody (dat. ). I. of voluntary giving, to put. into the possession of a person, transfer ownership from one to another
Translation- They gave to Ceowulf.
878 Her hine bestæl se here on midne winter ofer twelftan niht to Cippanhamme 7 geridan Westseaxna land 7 gesetton 7 mycel þæs folces ofer sæ adræfdon 7 þæs oðres þone mæstan dæl hi geridon butan þam cynge Ælfrede; litle werede unyðelice æfter wudum for 7 on morfestenum. 7 þes ilcan wintra wæs Iweres broðor 7 Healfdenes on Westsexum on Defenanscire, 7 hine mon þær sloh 7 .dccc. manna mid him 7 .xl. manna his heres, 7 þar wæs se guðfana genumen þe hi ræfen heton. 7 þæs on Eastron wrohte Ælfred cyning lytle werede geweorc æt Æðeligaige 7 of þam geweorce wæs winnende wið þone here 7 Sumersætena se del þe þær nehst wæs. Þa on ðere seofeðan Wuhan ofer Eastron he gerad to Ecgbrihtesstane be easton Wealwudu, 7 him comon þær ongean Sumorsæte ealle 7 Willsæte 7 Hamtunscyr se dæl þe hire beheonan sæ wæs 7 his gefægene wæron. 7 he for ymb ane niht of þam wicum to Æglea 7 þæs ymb ane niht to Eðandune 7 þær gefeaht wið ealne here 7 hine geflymde 7 him æfter rad oð þet geweorc 7 þær sæt .xiiii. niht. 7 þa sealde se here him gislas and mycele aðas þet hi of his rice woldon 7 him eac geheton þet heora cyng fulwihte onfon wolde, 7 hi þet gelæston. 7 þæs ymb .iii. wucan com se cyn
1 Her hine bestæl se here on midne winter ofer twelftan niht to Cippanhamme
Her- adv. HERE, in this world, at this time
Hine- v. ge-híne.
Bestæl- pl. -stǽlon stole upon
Se- I. a demonstrative adjective, the, that
Here- an army. Add:I. a body of armed men.
On- an ; prep. adv. A. with dat. or inst
Midne- es; m. Mid-day
Winter- winter
Ofer- prep. adv. I. with dat. generally with the idea of rest; 1. above, over
Twelftan- ord. num. Twelfth
Niht- e; f. : but also with gen. es. I. night (as opposed to day
To- a prefix denoting separation, division, like Latin dis- Cippanhamme- CHIPPENHAM, Wilts; villæ nomen in agro Wiltoniensi
Translation- In mid winter the army stole out to Chippenham.
2 geridan Westseaxna land
Geridan- pp. -riden To ride, reach or obtain by riding, get into one's power, subject
Westseaxna-
Land- land
Translation- They rode over west Saxons land.
3 gesetton
Gesetton- To set, put, fix, confirm, restore, appoint, decree, settle, possess, occupy, place together, compose, make, compare, expose, allay
Translation- the claimed and settled.
4 mycel þæs folces ofer sæ adræfdon
Mycel- v. micel.
Þæs- suitable, seemly, becoming, fit, meet, congruous
Folces- The FOLK, people, common people, multitude, a people, tribe, family; pŏpŭlus, gens, nātio, vulgus, plebs, cīves, hŏmĭnes, exercĭtus, multĭtūdo
Sæ- Sea. The word is found in the following glosses
Translation- pushed many people to the sea.
5 þæs oðres þone mæstan dæl hi geridon butan þam cynge Ælfrede; litle werede unyðelice æfter wudum for
Adræfdon- Leáse welan hí sind,
Oðres- indef. prn. and ordinal, used as adj. and as subst. , always of strong declension. I. when two definite objects are referred to, I. one of two
Þone- Enchanter's nightshade; circæa lutetiana Mæstan- To fatten
Dæl- a part, portion, DEAL; pars, portio
Hi- an interjection
Butan- I. with the dative; cum dativo. 1. out of, against; extra, contra
Cynge- KINGSTON; regia villa
Ælfrede- Alfred the wise, king of Northumbria for twenty years, A.D. 685-705. He was educated in Ireland for the Church, and was the first literary
Litle- small
Werede- a host, troop, band, multitude, crowd
Unyðelice-
Æfter- —AFTER; post
Wudum- wood, 1. the substance of growing trees
For- and inst. I. with the dative; cum dătīvo. 1. FOR, on account of, because of, with, by; pro, propter, per
Translation- They pushed all out except for King Alfred, he and a small band looked for the woods.
6 on morfestenum.
Morfestenum- a location
Translation-the moors.
7 þes ilcan wintra wæs Iweres broðor
Þes- acc. f. sing., n. pl. þás, þǽs
Ilcan- to whitewash
Wintra- to winter, pass the winter Wæs- washing
Iweres- Add:I. one who forms; of mental operation, one who fabricates falsehood.
Broðor- brother
Translation- In the winter the brother came with many ships.
8 Healfdenes on Westsexum on Defenanscire,
Healfdenes- a large room forming part of the residence of a great man, in which the social, public life of the household is carried on
Westsexum- a location
Defenanscire- a person
Translation- he landed in Devonshire.
9 hine mon þær sloh
Mon- v. man.
Þær- adv. There, where.
Sloh- slough, hollow place filed with mire, a pathless, miry place
Translation-he was slain.
10 .dccc. manna mid him
Manna- Man, a man
Mid- With; at the root of the various meanings lies the idea of association, of being together.
Him- himming
Translation- eight hundred men with him.
11 .xl. manna his heres
His- his
Heres- here
Translation- Forty of his.
12 þar wæs se guðfana genumen þe hi ræfen heton.
Þar- þára.
Wæs- washing
Se- I. a demonstrative adjective, the, that
Guðfana- and gúp-fan, es; n. (?) a flag, pennon
Genumen- taken
Þe- particle. I.
Hi- an interjection
Ræfen- engraved, carved; cælatum.
Heton- A. trans. I. to keep watch over, keep in charge.
Translation- they took the war flag called the raven.
13 þæs on Eastron wrohte Ælfred cyning lytle werede geweorc æt Æðeligaige
Þæs- suitable, seemly, becoming, fit, meet, congruous
On- with dat. or inst. I.
Eastron- of eáster, eástor.
Wrohte- I. accusation
Ælfred- Alfred the wise, king of Northumbria for twenty years, A.D. 685-705. He was educated in Ireland for the Church, and was the first literary
Cyning- a king, ruler, emperor; rex, imperator.
Lytle- A servant-maid, female slave
Werede- a host, troop, band, multitude, crowd Geweorc- I. work; ŏpus, ŏpuscŭlus
Æt- eat
Æðeligaige- a location
Translation- King Alfred Raised an army at Athenley.
14 of þam geweorce wæs winnende wið þone here
Of- Of, from, out of, off.
Geweorc- I. work; ŏpus, ŏpuscŭlus
Wæs- washing
Wið- adv. Very, much, exceedingly
Þone- Enchanter's nightshade; circæa lutetiana
Here- An army, a host, multitude, a large predatory band [it is the word which in the Chronicle is always used of the Danish force in England, while the English troops are always the fyrd], hence the word is used for devastation and robbery
Translation- and attacked the Army.
15 Sumersætena se del þe þær nehst wæs. Þa on ðere seofeðan Wuhan ofer Eastron he gerad to Ecgbrihtesstane be easton Wealwudu,
Sumersætena- loaction
Se- I. a demonstrative adjective, the, that
Del- A delving, the act of digging; fossio, Th. Anlct.
Þe- particle. I
Þær- adv. There, where.
Nehst- at last, in the last place; ad ultimum, ultimo
Wæs-washing
Þa- adv. conj. Then, when
On- with dat. or inst. I.
Ðere- The name of a king and a Mercian nobleman. Seofeðan- To bless, consecrate; benedīcĕre, consecrāre
Wuhan- a person
Ofer- adv. I. with dat. generally with the idea of rest; 1. above, over
Eastron- of eáster, eástor.
He- He, she, it
Gerad- Consideration, account, condition, reason, wisdom, prudence, manner; ratio, condition
To- a prefix denoting separation, division, like Latin dis-
Ecgbrihtesstane- location
Be- and instr. 1. BY, near to, to, at, in, on, upon, about, with; juxta, prope, ad, secus, in, cum
Easton- east
Wealwudu- a location
Translation- Sumershire assisted hime then he rode to east side, where they met him.
16 him comon þær ongean Sumorsæte ealle
Him- himming
Comon- to COME, go, happen; venire, ire, accidere, evenire
Þær- adv. There, where.
Ongean- struggle
Sumorsæte- pl. The people or district of Somerset
Ealle- adv. v. eall.
Translation- The people came to meet him.
17 Willsæte
Willsæte- The people of Wiltshire Translation- the People
18 Hamtunscyr se dæl þe hire beheonan sæ wæs
Hamtunscyr- a person
Se- I. a demonstrative adjective, the, that
Dæl- A DALE, den. gulf; vallis, barathrum
Þe- particle. I.
Hire- Take here heóre in Dict.
Beheonan- On this side, close by; cis, citra
Sæ- sea
Wæs- washing
Translation- The part of Hamton by the sea
19 his gefægene wæron.
His- his
Gefægene- Glad, rejoiced; lætus
Wæron- adj. I. ware, aware, having knowledge of something which is to be guarded against
Translation- They celebrated.
20 he for ymb ane niht of þam wicum to Æglea
He- He, she, it
For- and inst. I. with the dative; cum dătīvo. 1. FOR,
Ymb- About, by
Ane- Once, once for all, only, alone; semel, solum, tantum
Niht- but also with gen. es. I. night (as opposed to day)
Of- Of, from, out of, off.
Wicum- A week To- a prefix denoting separation, division, like Latin dis-
Æglea- Skilled in the law, learned, wise; legis peritus, saga-cissimus, sapientissimus
Translation- then after one week he left.
21 þæs ymb ane niht to Eðandune
Þæs- suitable, seemly, becoming, fit, meet, congruous
Ymb- About, by
Ane- Once, once for all, only, alone; semel, solum, tantum
Niht- but also with gen. es. I. night (as opposed to day)
To- a prefix denoting separation, division, like Latin dis-
Eðandune- EDDINGTON. near Westbury, Wiltshire; lŏci nōmen in agro Wiltonensi
Translation- and he headed to eddington.
22 þær gefeaht wið ealne here
Þær- adv. There, where.
Gefeaht- A battle; prælium
Wið- strong
Ealne- Always, quite; semper, prorsus
Here- An army, a host, multitude, a large predatory band [it is the word which in the Chronicle is always used of the Danish force in England, while the English troops are always the fyrd], hence the word is used for devastation and robbery
Translation- there he fought with the army.
23 hine geflymde
Hine- [ = (?) hínan as gehúse = gehúsan, hiwæ = híwan in the same verse] domesticos, Mt. Kmbl. Rush. Geflymde- BURFORD in Oxfordshire
Translation- they gave him their oath.
24 him æfter rad oð þet geweorc
Him- himming
Æfter- after
Rad- cool
Þet- To make hateful
Geweorc- I. work; ŏpus, ŏpuscŭlus
Translation-he left for his kingdom.
25 þær sæt .xiiii. niht.
Þær- adv. There, where.
Sæt- An ambush, a place where one lies in wait
Niht- but also with gen. es. I. night (as opposed to day)
Translation-he got 30 men.
26 þa sealde se here him gislas and mycele aðas þet hi of his rice woldon
Þa- adv. conj. Then, when
Sealde- enerally transitive, but see XII.). I. to set, place, put, cause to take a certain position
Se- I. a demonstrative adjective, the, that
Here- An army, a host, multitude, a large predatory band [it is the word which in the Chronicle is always used of the Danish force in England, while the English troops are always the fyrd], hence the word is used for devastation and robbery
Him- himming
Gislas- A pledge, hostage; obsess And- and
Mycele- great
Aðas- family
Þet- pet
Hi- hi hello
Of- Of, from, out of, off.
His- his
Rice- powerful, mighty, great, possessed of power
Woldon- wound.
Translation- they came to the alter to be baptized.
27 him eac geheton þet heora cyng fulwihte onfon wolde,
Him- himming
Eac- prep. dat. With, in addition to, besides; cum, præter
Geheton- I. to order, command
Þet- pet
Heora- To hear; audire
Cyng- a king
Fulwihte- Baptism; baptismus
Onfon- to take on one's own initiative. 1. to take hold of an object
Wolde- wound
Translation- there they got baptized.
28 hi þet gelæston.
Hi- hi hello
Þet- pet Gelæston- to do, perform, accomplish, fulfil, discharge, execute, pay; făcĕre, perfĭcĕre, patrāre, præstāre, persolvēre
Translation-he did.
29 þæs ymb .iii. wucan com se cyn
Þæs- suitable, seemly, becoming, fit, meet, congruous
Ymb- About, by
Com- come
Se- I. a demonstrative adjective, the, that
Godrum- person
Þrittigum- Thirty
Sum- Some.
Þara- para
Manna- man
Þe- particle. I.
In- in
Here- here
Weorðuste- family
Wæron- wound
Æt- eat
Alre- a person
Translation-he found all the suitable men.
30 þet is wið Æðelingaige,
Þet- pet Is- is
Wið- Wið- strong
Æðelingaige- family
Translation- they had to be strong.
31 his se cyng onfeng þær æt fulwihte,
His- he his
Se- I. a demonstrative adjective, the, that
Cyng- king
Onfeng- laying hold of, seizing
Þær- adv. There, where.
Æt- ate
Fulwihte- Baptism; baptismus
Translation- and they got baptized.
32 he wes .xii. niht mid þam cynge,
He- he she it
Wes- west
Niht- but also with gen. es. I. night
Mid- man
Cynge- king
Translation- twelve nights with the king.
33 he hine mycclum
He- he she it
Hine- [ = (?) hínan as gehúse = gehúsan, hiwæ = híwan in the same verse] Translation- he honored him.
34 his geferan mid fro weorðode.
His- his
Geferan- To go, travel, go on, behave, fare, get on, come, get to a place
Mid- man
Fro- from
Weorðode- to set a value upon
Translation- and gave many presents.