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The Hoard Evidence for the Coins of Alfred

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The Hoard Evidence for the Coins of Alfred THE HOARD EVIDENCE FOR THE COINS OF ALFRED By C. E. BLUNT and R. H. M. DOLLEY BEFORE a full review of the coinage of Alfred can be attempted, it is neces- sary to gather together the hoard evidence, some of which, like the Hook Norton, Bucklersbury, and Leigh-on-Sea finds, has never been published, some, like the Croydon hoard, imperfectly published, and some, like the great Cuerdale hoard, published in a form that makes it very difficult to follow. This paper is an attempt to do this and, although a number of comments are made in connexion with some of the hoards, it is not intended that this paper of itself should fill the much-felt need for a full review. This must follow later. The hoards that contain coins of Alfred can be divided into the following five distinct groups: I. Containing coins of B.M.C. type I (the 'Burgred' type) only. All de- posited in the early years of Alfred's reign. This is a substantial group the characteristics of which are generally similar. II. Consisting of coins later than B.M. C. type I but struck before the capture of London in 886. There is only one small find in this group. III. Containing in the main coins of the London mint; the significant hoard in this small class is Bucklersbury. IV. Containing in the main (so far as the Alfredian element is concerned) coins of southern types. The significant hoard in this group is Leigh-on- Sea (with which may probably be associated Ingatestone). The others were all deposited a quarter of a century or more after Alfred's death. V. Hoards from areas under Scandinavian control. In this group the Cuer- dale hoard of course predominates, but the Stamford hoard is of con- siderable importance as providing an indication of the coinage current in the Danish midlands. GROUP I Beeslon Tor, Staffs. 1924. dep. c. 875 (T 40) This hoard has been admirably described by G. C. Brooke in N.C. 1924, 322-5. Besides 20 coins of Alfred, all of B.M.C. type I and its variants, 18 of which went to the British Museum, it contained the following: Burgred, 20; Archbishop Ceolnoth (of the 'Burgred type'), 1; JEthelwulf, 1; /Ethelred I, 7. The following moneyers of Alfred were found: B.M.C. I Bosa (2) Ethelmund Dunn Ethered Eadulf Ethelulf Elbere Heabearht Elelaf Torhtmund Etheleah Wine Ethelere Wulfeard THE HOARD EVIDENCE FOR THE COINS OF ALFRED 221 B.M.C. la Tidbearht B.M.C. lb Biarnred Wulfeard Ethelere B.M.C. Ic Diarulf Cheltenham, Glos. 1924. dep. c. 875 (T 82) This small hoard was said to have consisted of five coins, two of which are now in the Cheltenham Museum. In view of the statement in the Inventory that the only coin of Alfred described was of B.M.C. 'type XIII var a?', which would have been of considerable significance in the context of this find, the actual coins at Cheltenham are illustrated here (PL XVI, 21-22) through the courtesy of the curator. These, it will be seen, are a coin of Alfred B.M.C. type I, moneyer Heremod, and one of Burgred of B.M.C. type 'c', moneyer Duda. Dunsforth, Yorks. 1860. dep. c. 873 (T 146) This hoard comprises, as far as is known, 6 of Burgred, 2 of yEthelred I and the following 6 of Alfred, all of B.M.C. I: Bosa Dunn Byrhelm Ethelmund Dann (= Dunn?) Heremod Gainford, Durham. 1864. dep. c. 873 (T 167) A small hoard of 1 Burgred and 3 Alfred. The latter described as follows: B.M.C. la Sigeric .... ildesreth Ic (He)rebald The hoard is mentioned in Arch. Aeliana 1865 but the account there adds nothing to the summary in the Inventory. Gravesend, Kent. 1838. dep. c. 871 (T 176) This large hoard of 552 coins, all but one Anglo-Saxon, had only one coin of Alfred and must have been deposited early in his reign. The coin of Alfred is B.M.C. I, moneyer Deigmund, and is in the British Museum (B.M.C. 162). Hook Norton, Oxon. 1848. dep. c. 873 (T —) Mrs. J. S. Martin informs us that the manuscript register and minutes of the Department of Coins and Medals, British Museum, give some particulars of a small hoard found with two skeletons in a cottage garden at Hook Norton, Oxon., in 1848. Thirteen coins are mentioned of which descriptions are only available of the five that the British Museum were successful in buying: Burgred B.M.C. 'a' Lulla = B.M.C. 361 Alfred B.M.C. I Bosa = ,,160 Sigestef = „ 168 la Dunn = „ 174 lb Manninc = „ 176 London, Waterloo Bridge. 1884 or earlier, dep. c. 873 (T 256) There is a lamentably brief account of this substantial hoard in N.C. 1884, THE HOARD EVIDENCE FOR THE COINS OF ALFRED 222 349-50. Of about 100 coins seen by N. Heywood 96 were of Burgred and 1 of jEthelred I. He lists the moneyers and types of these. The hoard was obviously 'suppressed'. No coins with this find-spot occur in the British Museum Cata- logue published in 1887. There is no mention in Heywood's account of any coins of Alfred, but in the Carlyon-Britton sale (1913), lot 337, there is a coin of Alfred B.M.C. I, moneyer Herewulf, that is described as from' the Waterloo Railway Bridge find'. This is likely to be the same hoard. The cataloguer reads the moneyer Herevis but fortunately the coin is illustrated and the correct reading is clear. Trewhiddle, Cornwall. 1774. dep. c. 873. (T 362) In this important hoard there are said to have been two coins of Alfred, one of B.M.C. I, moneyer Sigestef, the other of B.M.C. XIV, moneyer Fran- bald. Considerable doubts, however, have arisen as to the accuracy of the list of coins published by Jonathan Rashleigh a century after the find was made, and it is now believed that the Franbald coin should be excluded. This would bring the hoard in line with the other hoards of the reign which, whenever they contain coins of B.M.C. I, never contain any later types. Croydon, Surrey. 1862. dep. c. 875 (Till) In the Numismatic Chronicle for 1862, the Rev. Henry Christmas, a well- known collector of the period, described the discovery in June of that year of a hoard of some 250 Anglo-Saxon coins. Workmen had chanced upon the hoard when engaged in ballasting 'the new line from the Victoria Station to Balham', or more accurately the extension of it from Balham to West Croy- don, at a point which is rather vaguely indicated as 'at White Horse, near Collier's Water Lane'. The exact find-spot will probably never be known, but collation with a later account, that of Corbet Anderson to be discussed below, points to the discovery having been made while men were working on the line of the modern tracks at a point between Thornton Heath and Selhurst stations, and probably not more than a hundred yards south of the former. The hoard was found, then, on the northern edge of the old parish and modern county borough of Croydon, and the virtual disappearance from modern maps of the ancient 'manor of Whitehorse' means that the retention of the ' White Horse' found in the earliest accounts of the find is a piece of preciosity, if not a positively misleading anachronism. Christmas, incidentally, refers to reports of the find in the Croydon Journal, and it is perhaps worth putting on record the fact that this weekly paper was no more than a local edition of the Surrey Standard. The relevant cuttings, from the issues of 6 August and 13 August 1862, are preserved in Croydon Public Library, and are endorsed ' Croydon Standard', a possible source of confusion because there seems to have been at that time no paper of that name. Moreover the Tercentenary Handlist of English and Welsh Newspapers, Magazines and Reviews published by The Times in 1920 gives the impression that the Croydon Journal did not begin publication until 1863, and we are very grateful to Dr. D. M. Metcalf for undertaking the research which has established the source of the cuttings in question. THE HOARD EVIDENCE FOR THE COINS OF ALFRED 223 Our excuse for treating the Croydon hoard in so much more detail than others of the same period is threefold. In the first place J. Corbet Anderson's detailed survey of the find printed in his Saxon Croydon privately published in 1877 seems to be virtually unknown to numismatists, and this despite the fact that it is illustrated by no fewer than 86 superb line-engravings. In the second place, it seems desirable to bring again before the numismatist the late Sir John Evans's magisterial listing of a major parcel from the find in the Numismatic Chronicle for 1866, not only the ultimate source of many of the statements in Corbet Anderson's account but like it completely ignored by the recent Inventory. The omission is the more surprising because this 1866 listing supplies 'the result of his [Evans's] negotiations' with W. Allen, a figure prominent in the life of Croydon at that period. Thirdly, Mr. P. Spufford has brought to our knowledge a small but highly significant parcel of coins from the find the existence of which was quite unsuspected (nos. 22, 60, 63, 105, 152, 155, 159, and 160 in the list that follows).1 Bearing in mind the progress of numismatic science during the last century, we are able to read far more into a systematic collation of the different sources than was possible when Corbet Anderson was moved to record with loving care those of the coins that were brought to his notice.
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