DOCSLIB.ORG

Scriptie Frankort.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Scriptie Frankort.Pdf ii Foreword When I arrived in Utrecht in 2001, I had just traded Psychology at the University of Tilburg in for English Language and Culture, here, in Utrecht. Writing this thesis means that my time at the English department has come to an end. Over the last four years, the UU offered a wide variety of courses and I have studied subjects from syntax to creative writing and from contemporary American literature to the history of the English language. I developed an interest in history, especially the medieval period. In my third year I went to University College Dublin on a Harting scholarship. This was great, because next to the obvious benefits of studying abroad, this scholarship enabled me to choose exactly the courses I liked, without the usual restrictions for foreign students. One of the courses was a year-long course on King Alfred at the history department of UCD. During weekly two-hour sessions, Professor Howard Clarke discussed Alfred with us in detail, the fact and the fiction, by analysing contemporary sources. Back in Utrecht, but ‘homesick’ for Dublin, I decided I wanted to use this course as a basis for my thesis, but I was not sure about the details. Luckily, my mentor, Dr Erik Kooper, was able to fill in the blanks. The rest, they say, is history. I would like to thank Erik Kooper, but also Thea Summerfield of the UU for taking on this project and pointing me in the right direction, when necessary. From UCD, I would like to express my appreciation to Howard Clarke, for having provided the necessary knowledge on Alfred. I am also very grateful to my parents for their continuing interest and willingness to take care of me during this, sometimes stressful, period. Last but not least, I would like to thank all my friends, but especially Eline, who always knew exactly what I meant, Karin, for forcing me to express my feelings, and Marina, for the postcards she sent me. You have all contributed to a successful completion of my work. ii Contents Foreword i Contents ii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: King Alfred 3 Map: The Vikings in England 10 Genealogy of the Kings of Wessex 11 Chapter 2: The Middle English Sources In Their Time 12 Chapter 3: The Old English Texts 25 Chapter 4 : The Middle English Texts 32 Conclusion 49 Bibliography 52 Appendix: All the Texts In a Grid 55 ii Introduction This thesis will try to provide the reader with an insight into Middle English sources that concern themselves with Alfred, king of Wessex from 871 to 899. King Alfred is known for his exceptional efforts in the war against the Vikings and in cultural reform. He is also the only English king to be awarded the name “the Great”. By both analysing the late Medieval sources and contrasting them to sources of Alfred’s own time, I will research how King Alfred the Great’s life was portrayed and how his image developed in the period from 1100 to 1500. I will first introduce King Alfred himself in Chapter 1 by giving a short outline of what is known about his life. I will then proceed by discussing the Middle English period from 1100 to 1500 and introduce the Middle English sources relevant to this topic in chapter two. These are, in chronological order: - William of Malmesbury, Historia Regum Britanniae - Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum - Robert of Gloucester, Metrical Chronicle - Robert Mannyng of Brunne, The Chronicle - Thomas Castelford, Chronicle, or The Boke of Brut - John Trevisa, Translation of the Polychronicon of Ranulph Higden - An Anonymous Short English Metrical Chronicle - The Anonymous Brut, or The Chronicles of England. The editions used are listed in the bibliography. In chapter three an analysis of the contents of the Old English sources will be made and in chapter four the same will be done with the Middle English sources, and each of these 1 will also be compared to the Old English sources about King Alfred. In short, this chapter will explore who said what about Alfred’s person and life and when. A schematic representation of the contents of all the texts will follow. Finally, a short conclusion, or rather several minor conclusions, will be presented to round off my research about the reception of stories and legends about King Alfred by historiographers of the late medieval period. In order to carry out the study described above, a fairly complete impression of the writers between 1100 and 1500 and a basic knowledge of historical events of that period is necessary. This will enable me to read between the lines and shed a light on why these chroniclers did, or did not, record certain aspects of King Alfred’s life, or even inserted new elements, and what this says about King Alfred’s image throughout the centuries. The above-mentioned Middle English sources cover the period from 1100 to 1500. The chroniclers are well known and the information they supply will provide a solid point of departure for this research. The passages that are useful for this research are also relatively extensive and provide an adequate amount of information. To gather these sources I used the Manual of the Writings in Middle English 1050-1500, volume 8. This work provided me with a list of sources that included passages about king Alfred. 2 1. King Alfred Most of what is now known about Alfred, King of Wessex from 871 to 899, has been obtained from Asser’s Life of King Alfred and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the contemporary sources. This first chapter will give an account of the life of King Alfred the Great, using these sources, providing explanations where necessary.1 First, a hypothesis that has been supported by Alfred P. Smyth, the author of a book about Alfred, concerning Asser and his Life needs to be mentioned. According to Smyth and others the Life was actually not compiled by Asser, but by a later forger. Nevertheless, as this hypothesis has not yet been backed up by any solid proof, it will not be taken into consideration in this chapter. Asser was a monk of St David’s in Wales. If we are to believe Asser himself, he was summoned by King Alfred to join his household in the year 885. He became a personal assistant to the king and later Bishop of Sherborne. Asser was fully involved in the intellectual activities at Alfred’s court. He travelled throughout the kingdom both independently and in Alfred’s company. In the year 893, the twenty-second year of Alfred’s reign, he wrote a biography of Alfred. It is a biography dedicated to Alfred both as a king and as a person. Asser died in 909. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a series of annals covering Anglo-Saxon history from the start of the Christian era to the mid-twelfth century. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle’s passages about Alfred focussed mostly on his achievements in a period of war. It was released to different centres in England in 892, but, of course, its compilation must have started earlier. It is generally assumed that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was written at Alfred’s court. Over the centuries, up till the twelfth century for the Peterborough Chronicle, various scribes have 1 All quotations are from Keynes and Lapidge. 3 added to this work. Asser used it as a source for his Life, even though his work and the Anglo- Saxon Chronicle had fundamentally different ideas. For both sources there are complications concerning the reliability of their contents. The fact that they were written during the reign of King Alfred could mean that they were influenced by the king. For instance, Asser explicitly states that he writes for Alfred. He starts his biography as follows: To my esteemed and most holy lord, Alfred, ruler of all the Christians of the Island of Britain, King of all the Angles and Saxons, Asser, lowest of all the servants of God, wishes thousandfold prosperity in this life and in the next, according to the desires of his prayers. (p. 67) Of course, statements like these cast doubt on the reliability of the source. Nevertheless, even though Asser’s Life abounds in praise and admiration for King Alfred, his use of translations of place-names into Welsh suggest that the work was not, in the first place, meant for Alfred himself, but for a Welsh audience (p. 56). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was also written at King Alfred’s court. It was compiled in a period of national crisis caused by Viking attacks and can thus be seen as a means to stimulate national morale. But there is no evidence that Alfred was personally involved in the writing of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (p. 40). As contemporary sources, these two works have proven to be very important sources for the Middle English works discussed in the next chapters. Most of what is known about King Alfred as a young man, a soldier, a king, a scholar and a religious man can be found in Asser’s Life of King Alfred and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, texts that will be analysed in chapter three. As a starting point for the research 4 reported in chapters three, four and, of course, the conclusion, the reader will now be provided with a narrative account of King Alfred’s life and family and reign. Alfred was born in Berkshire in 849. He was the son of King Æthelwulf of the English kingdom Wessex and the youngest in a family of four brothers and a sister.2 According to Asser, Alfred was his parents’ favourite child.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • First Evidence of Farming Appears; Stone Axes, Antler Combs, Pottery in Common Use
    BC c.5000 - Neolithic (new stone age) Period begins; first evidence of farming appears; stone axes, antler combs, pottery in common use. c.4000 - Construction of the "Sweet Track" (named for its discoverer, Ray Sweet) begun; many similar raised, wooden walkways were constructed at this time providing a way to traverse the low, boggy, swampy areas in the Somerset Levels, near Glastonbury; earliest-known camps or communities appear (ie. Hembury, Devon). c.3500-3000 - First appearance of long barrows and chambered tombs; at Hambledon Hill (Dorset), the primitive burial rite known as "corpse exposure" was practiced, wherein bodies were left in the open air to decompose or be consumed by animals and birds. c.3000-2500 - Castlerigg Stone Circle (Cumbria), one of Britain's earliest and most beautiful, begun; Pentre Ifan (Dyfed), a classic example of a chambered tomb, constructed; Bryn Celli Ddu (Anglesey), known as the "mound in the dark grove," begun, one of the finest examples of a "passage grave." c.2500 - Bronze Age begins; multi-chambered tombs in use (ie. West Kennet Long Barrow) first appearance of henge "monuments;" construction begun on Silbury Hill, Europe's largest prehistoric, man-made hill (132 ft); "Beaker Folk," identified by the pottery beakers (along with other objects) found in their single burial sites. c.2500-1500 - Most stone circles in British Isles erected during this period; pupose of the circles is uncertain, although most experts speculate that they had either astronomical or ritual uses. c.2300 - Construction begun on Britain's largest stone circle at Avebury. c.2000 - Metal objects are widely manufactured in England about this time, first from copper, then with arsenic and tin added; woven cloth appears in Britain, evidenced by findings of pins and cloth fasteners in graves; construction begun on Stonehenge's inner ring of bluestones.
    [Show full text]
  • The Coinage of Burgred of Mercia 852–874
    THE COINAGE OF BURGRED OF MERCIA 852–874 WILLIAM A. MACKAY Introduction IN 874, overwhelmed by the attacks of the Danish invaders’ ‘Great Army’ (micel here), Burgred, king of Mercia since 852, abdicated and departed for Rome and a puppet ruler, Ceolwulf II, was installed in his place. The facts about rest of his twenty-two year reign are sparse but it would seem that in the sixteen year period up to 868 Burgred presided over a revival of Mercian power and maintained a military and dynastic alliance with Wessex. This began shortly after the start of his reign with a successful joint Mercian/Wessex campaign against the Welsh in 853, and was cemented by his marriage to Æthelswith, daughter of king Æthelwulf of Wessex. The situation changed with the arrival of the Danish ‘Great Army’ in East Anglia in 865 and its subsequent conquest of Northumbria in 866.1 Thereafter the Danes appear to have moved around Mercia with little opposition. An early incursion to Nottingham in 868 was confronted without success by a joint Mercian/Wessex force and was bought off by Burgred.2 Mercia could not prevent the Danish ‘Great Army’ reaching the Thames at Reading in 870–71 and a subsequent occupation of London, the principal city of the kingdom, in 871–72. Another payment of tribute was required by the Mercians to persuade the ‘Great Army’ to withdraw northwards and the army is recorded at Torksey in 872–73 and at Repton in 873–74. At this time, in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Burgred was ‘driven out’ and went into exile to Rome, where he died shortly afterwards, most probably in 875.3 Burgred’s reign left few documents or artefacts.
    [Show full text]
  • COINAGE in the AGE of BURGRED by H
    COINAGE IN THE AGE OF BURGRED By H. E. PAGAN BETWEEN 852 and 874 England south of the Humber and north of the Thames was dominated by Burgred of Mercia. Like all Offa's successors he is a shadowy figure, but his reign was long and the coinage that bears his name is commoner and more widely circulated than any struck in England from the Roman occupation up to his time. The first part of this paper is an attempt to see this coinage and the reasons for it in perspective, the second part an attempt to indicate the broad lines of classification; an exact arrangement must be deferred until we see the 9th century more clearly. Of the man himself not much is known. He may have been the son of his predecessor Berhtwulf, who is not heard of again after his defeat by a Viking raid in 851. We can guess that the transition between the two was peaceful from the continuity in the membership of the Mercian court at Tamworth in Staffordshire. In 853 (A.S.C) he called in the military assistance of Wessex for a spring campaign against the Welsh, which met with success, and the alliance was cemented that summer by his marriage to Aethelwulf of Wessex's daughter Aethelswyth. His signatures to charters provide the only evidence of his activities over the next 15 years; the A.S.C. is silent until in 868 the great Viking army that had landed in East Anglia two years earlier and had already conquered Northumbria settled deep in Mercian territory at Nottingham.
    [Show full text]
  • Thevikingblitzkriegad789-1098.Pdf
    2 In memory of Jeffrey Martin Whittock (1927–2013), much-loved and respected father and papa. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people provided valuable advice which assisted in the preparation of this book; without them, of course, carrying any responsibility for the interpretations offered by the book. We are particularly indebted to our agent Robert Dudley who, as always, offered guidance and support, as did Simon Hamlet and Mark Beynon at The History Press. In addition, Bradford-on-Avon library, and the Wiltshire and the Somerset Library services, provided access to resources through the inter-library loans service. For their help and for this service we are very grateful. Through Hannah’s undergraduate BA studies and then MPhil studies in the department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic (ASNC) at Cambridge University (2008–12), the invaluable input of many brilliant academics has shaped our understanding of this exciting and complex period of history, and its challenging sources of evidence. The resulting familiarity with Old English, Old Norse and Insular Latin has greatly assisted in critical reflection on the written sources. As always, the support and interest provided by close family and friends cannot be measured but is much appreciated. And they have been patient as meal-time conversations have given way to discussions of the achievements of Alfred and Athelstan, the impact of Eric Bloodaxe and the agendas of the compilers of the 4 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 5 CONTENTS Title Dedication Acknowledgements Introduction 1 The Gathering
    [Show full text]
  • The Winter Camp of the Viking Great Army, Ad 872–3, Torksey, Lincolnshire
    The Antiquaries Journal, 96, 2016, pp 23–67 © The Society of Antiquaries of London, 2016 doi:10.1017⁄s0003581516000718 THE WINTER CAMP OF THE VIKING GREAT ARMY, AD 872–3, TORKSEY, LINCOLNSHIRE Dawn M Hadley, FSA, and Julian D Richards, FSA, with contributions by Hannah Brown, Elizabeth Craig-Atkins, Diana Mahoney-Swales, Gareth Perry, Samantha Stein and Andrew Woods Dawn M Hadley, Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Northgate House, West Street, Sheffield S14ET, UK. Email: d.m.hadley@sheffield.ac.uk Julian D Richards, Department of Archaeology, University of York, The King’s Manor, York YO17EP, UK. Email: [email protected] This paper presents the results of a multidisciplinary project that has revealed the location, extent and character of the winter camp of the Viking Great Army at Torksey, Lincolnshire, of AD 872–3. The camp lay within a naturally defended area of higher ground, partially surrounded by marshes and bordered by the River Trent on its western side. It is considerably larger than the Viking camp of 873–4 previously excavated at Repton, Derbyshire, and lacks the earthwork defences identified there. Several thousand individuals overwintered in the camp, including warriors, craftworkers and merchants. An exceptionally large and rich metalwork assemblage was deposited during the Great Army’s overwintering, and metal processing and trading was undertaken. There is no evidence for a pre-existing Anglo-Saxon trading site here; the site appears to have been chosen for its strategic location and its access to resources. In the wake of the overwintering, Torksey developed as an important Anglo-Saxon borough with a major wheel-thrown pottery industry and multiple churches and cemeteries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between King Alfred the Great and Ceolwulf II of Mercia (874-C.879)
    Penn History Review Volume 26 Issue 2 Article 2 February 2020 The Relationship between King Alfred the Great and Ceolwulf II of Mercia (874-c.879) Brent Weisberg University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/phr Recommended Citation Weisberg, Brent (2020) "The Relationship between King Alfred the Great and Ceolwulf II of Mercia (874-c.879)," Penn History Review: Vol. 26 : Iss. 2 , Article 2. Available at: https://repository.upenn.edu/phr/vol26/iss2/2 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/phr/vol26/iss2/2 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Alfred the Great and Ceolwulf II The Relationship between King Alfred the Great and Ceolwulf II of Mercia (874-c.879) Brent Weisberg, University of Pennsylvania Introduction Studying King Ceolwulf II of Mercia presents one with a situation not unlike the one former US Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld’s described concerning American intelligence work in Iraq in 2002: "there are known knowns… there are known unknowns… but there are also unknown unknowns."1 The "known knowns" of Ceolwulf’s reign are few and far between. All we have to bear witness to the life and legacy of Ceolwulf, the last independent ruler of Mercia, are two charters of his, a few mentions in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as well as two of its likely derivatives, and several dozen coins.2 The few coins we have, particularly examples of Two Emperors type coins from the recent Watlington hoard find, provide material evidence of Ceolwulf’s reign that may be used to corroborate or contravene literary evidence.3 I shall seek to elucidate the history of Ceolwulf that I discern to be most plausible through the lens of his relationships with King Alfred of Wessex and the Vikings.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglo-Saxon Pedigrees Annotated -375
    ANGLO-SAXON PEDIGREES ANNOTATED -375- ANGLO-SAXON PEDIGREES ANNOTATED – PART 2 transcribed by Michael Wood1 EDITOR’S NOTE We continue the transcript of pencil annotations from the London Library copy of Anglo- Saxon Bishops, Kings and Nobles (Searle, 1899). That work is a useful source for 10th and 11th century families, especially of non-royal lines. The notes should be read in conjunction with the introduction to part 1 of the article (Foundations (2004) 1 (4): 269-274), and with Searle’s original publication. A scanned copy of the latter is available to FMG registered users on our website2. Foundations (2005) 1 (5): 375-385 © Copyright FMG B. The Anglo-Saxon Nobles3 p. 382 [Blank as printed]. At the top is: Bynna g.gr.f. of Wullaf BCS 632* d. 916? got land at Fernbeorngin, Berks from King Offa. Possibly the same as Bynna Princeps & Dux 792-5. BCS 264*, 272-3, 265*, 269. Vertical lines lead through N.N. and N.N. to Wullaf who had Fernbeorngen, Berks. BCS 632* d. 916, g-grandson of Bynna. p. 383. Geny 1. Oswulf is witness to BCS 316, 319, 1336; grant of land BCS 289. Beside the reference BCS 378 is: propinquus of Ealdbeorht. Right of the BCS 445, KCD 256 line is: adjudication about will. Below this, beside the next lines is: grants to Ealdbeorht & his sister Selethryth. p. 383. Geny 2. To the left, entered on p. 382 is: Ealdred = Ealhburg, kinsman of Eadweald. p. 383. Aethelmod is witness to BCS 343. Below is: Harmer p. 86 says this is the Kentish earl who died 859!!! Oshere is witness to BCS 411.
    [Show full text]
  • Who United Two Kingdoms
    One Woman Celebrating the contribution women, connected to Chippenham both past and present, have made to the town, its community and the wider area. February 6th marks the 100th anniversary of the Representation of the People Act being given royal assent. The act extended the vote to all men over the age of 21 and for the first time gave a vote to a class of women over the age of 30. To commemorate this significant anniversary and a number of others throughout the year, which are set to bring women’s history to the fore, Chippenham Civic Society are working with local historian and genealogist Lucy Whitfield, to publish a series of articles which celebrate women of Chippenham. Each month a ‘One Woman’ article will be published on the website featuring women who have made a contribution to the local area; those who have been prominent in politics, business, industry, education, activism and health care both in the past and the present. Our first article written by Lucy tells of …. One Woman – Who United Two Kingdoms Queen Æðelswið, or the easier-to-read Æthelswith, is perhaps best known as being the sister of King Alfred the Great of Wessex, and is likely to have spent at least some of her life in Chippenham due to the royal family’s connection to the area. She was the second child of six known to have been born, in around 838AD, to Osburh and King Æðelwulf (Æthelwulf) of Wessex, and their only known daughter. As the daughter of a noble family, she would have been spared the harder life of other Anglo-Saxon women, and would likely have had servants or slaves in the household to direct to tasks.
    [Show full text]
  • Joint Cabinet Crisis the Great Heathen Army
    Joint Cabinet Crisis The Great Heathen Army Hamburg Model United Nations “Shaping a New Era of Diplomacy” 28th November – 1st December 2019 JCC – Great Heathen Army Hamburg Model United Nations Study Guide 28th November – 1st December Welcome Letter by the Secretary Generals Dear Delegates, we, the secretariat of HamMUN 2019, would like to give a warm welcome to all of you that have come from near and far to participate in the 21st Edition of Hamburg Model United Nations. We hope to give you an enriching and enlightening experience that you can look back on with joy. Over the course of 4 days in total, you are going to try to find solutions for some of the most challenging problems our world faces today. Together with students from all over the world, you will hear opinions that might strongly differ from your own, or present your own divergent opinion. We hope that you take this opportunity to widen your horizon, to, in a respectful manner, challenge and be challenged and form new friendships. With this year’s slogan “Shaping a New Era of Democracy” we would like to invite you to engage in and develop peaceful ways to solve and prevent conflicts. To remain respectful and considerate in diplomatic negotiations in a time where we experience our political climate as rough, and to focus on what unites us rather than divides us. As we are moving towards an even more globalized and highly military armed world, facing unprecedented threats such as climate change and Nuclear Warfare, international cooperation has become more important than ever to ensure peace and stability.
    [Show full text]
  • The Life and Times of Alfred the Great
    THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ALFRED THE GREAT a PLUMMEU HENRY FROWDE, M.A. PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD LONDON, EDINBURGH NEW YORK THE LIFE AND TIMES OF ALFRED THE GREAT BEING THE FORD LECTURES FOR 1901 BY CHARLES PLUMMER, M.A. FELLOW AKD CHAPLAIN OF CORPUS CHIilSTI COLLEG.5.' GrrOtD WITH AN APPENDIX OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1902 [AU rights reserved'] n OXFORD PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART, M.A. PKINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY SPBECKELS TO THE Rev. JOHN EARLE, M.A. \WLINSOXIAN PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD THESE LECTURES ARE AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED BY HIS FRIEND AND FORMER PUPIL THE AUTHOR 102055 PREFACE The present work contains the lectures delivered by me on the Ford foundation in Michaelmas Term, 1901. The lectures are printed substantially as they were delivered, with the exception that certain passages which were shortened or omitted in delivery owing" to want of time are now given in full. In the notes will be found the authorities and arguments on which the conclusions of the text are based. The notes occupy a rather large proportion of the book, because I wished to spare my audience, as far as possible, the discussion of technical details. I have not thought it necessary to recast the form of the lectures. The personal style of address^ naturally employed by a lecturer to his audience, is retained in addressing the larger audience to which I now appeal. The objects which I have aimed at in the lectures are sufficiently explained at the beginning and end of the lectures themselves, and need not be further enlarged on here.
    [Show full text]
  • Mark Scheme (Results)
    Mark Scheme (Results) Summer 2014 GCE History 6HI01/A Edexcel and BTEC Qualifications Edexcel and BTEC qualifications are awarded by Pearson, the UK’s largest awarding body. We provide a wide range of qualifications including academic, vocational, occupational and specific programmes for employers. For further information visit our qualifications websites at www.edexcel.com or www.btec.co.uk. Alternatively, you can get in touch with us using the details on our contact us page at www.edexcel.com/contactus. Pearson: helping people progress, everywhere Pearson aspires to be the world’s leading learning company. Our aim is to help everyone progress in their lives through education. We believe in every kind of learning, for all kinds of people, wherever they are in the world. We’ve been involved in education for over 150 years, and by working across 70 countries, in 100 languages, we have built an international reputation for our commitment to high standards and raising achievement through innovation in education. Find out more about how we can help you and your students at: www.pearson.com/uk Summer 2014 Publications Code US039059 All the material in this publication is copyright © Pearson Education Ltd 2014 General Marking Guidance • All candidates must receive the same treatment. Examiners must mark the first candidate in exactly the same way as they mark the last. • Mark schemes should be applied positively. Candidates must be rewarded for what they have shown they can do rather than penalised for omissions. • Examiners should mark according to the mark scheme not according to their perception of where the grade boundaries may lie.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vikings Part I Professor Kenneth W. Harl
    The Vikings Part I Professor Kenneth W. Harl THE TEACHING COMPANY ® Kenneth W. Harl, Ph.D. Professor of Classical and Byzantine History, Tulane University Kenneth W. Harl is Professor of Classical and Byzantine History at Tulane University in New Orleans, where he has been teaching since 1978. He earned his Bachelor’s degree from Trinity College and went on to earn his Master’s and Ph.D. from Yale University. Dr. Harl specializes in the Mediterranean civilizations of Greece, Rome, and Byzantium and in the ancient Near East. He has published numerous articles and is the author of Civic Coins and Civic Politics of the Roman East, A.D. 180–275 and Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to 700 A.D. He is a scholar on ancient coins and the archaeology of Asia Minor (modern Turkey). He has served on the Editorial Board of the American Journal of Archaeology and is currently is on the Editorial Board of the American Journal of Numismatics. Professor Harl’s skill and dedication as an instructor are attested by his many teaching awards. He has earned Tulane’s annual Student Award in Excellence nine times. He is also the recipient of Baylor University’s nationwide Robert Foster Cherry Award for Great Teachers. ©2005 The Teaching Company Limited Partnership i Table of Contents The Vikings Part I Professor Biography............................................................................................i Course Scope.......................................................................................................1 Lecture One The Vikings
    [Show full text]