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First Evidence of Farming Appears; Stone Axes, Antler Combs, Pottery in Common Use
BC c.5000 - Neolithic (new stone age) Period begins; first evidence of farming appears; stone axes, antler combs, pottery in common use. c.4000 - Construction of the "Sweet Track" (named for its discoverer, Ray Sweet) begun; many similar raised, wooden walkways were constructed at this time providing a way to traverse the low, boggy, swampy areas in the Somerset Levels, near Glastonbury; earliest-known camps or communities appear (ie. Hembury, Devon). c.3500-3000 - First appearance of long barrows and chambered tombs; at Hambledon Hill (Dorset), the primitive burial rite known as "corpse exposure" was practiced, wherein bodies were left in the open air to decompose or be consumed by animals and birds. c.3000-2500 - Castlerigg Stone Circle (Cumbria), one of Britain's earliest and most beautiful, begun; Pentre Ifan (Dyfed), a classic example of a chambered tomb, constructed; Bryn Celli Ddu (Anglesey), known as the "mound in the dark grove," begun, one of the finest examples of a "passage grave." c.2500 - Bronze Age begins; multi-chambered tombs in use (ie. West Kennet Long Barrow) first appearance of henge "monuments;" construction begun on Silbury Hill, Europe's largest prehistoric, man-made hill (132 ft); "Beaker Folk," identified by the pottery beakers (along with other objects) found in their single burial sites. c.2500-1500 - Most stone circles in British Isles erected during this period; pupose of the circles is uncertain, although most experts speculate that they had either astronomical or ritual uses. c.2300 - Construction begun on Britain's largest stone circle at Avebury. c.2000 - Metal objects are widely manufactured in England about this time, first from copper, then with arsenic and tin added; woven cloth appears in Britain, evidenced by findings of pins and cloth fasteners in graves; construction begun on Stonehenge's inner ring of bluestones. -
Ancient Origins of Lordship
THE ANCIENT ORIGINS OF THE LORDSHIP OF BOWLAND Speculation on Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Norse and Brythonic roots William Bowland The standard history of the lordship of Bowland begins with Domesday. Roger de Poitou, younger son of one of William the Conqueror’s closest associates, Roger de Montgomery, Earl of Shrewsbury, is recorded in 1086 as tenant-in-chief of the thirteen manors of Bowland: Gretlintone (Grindleton, then caput manor), Slatebourne (Slaidburn), Neutone (Newton), Bradeforde (West Bradford), Widitun (Waddington), Radun (Radholme), Bogeuurde (Barge Ford), Mitune (Great Mitton), Esingtune (Lower Easington), Sotelie (Sawley?), Hamereton (Hammerton), Badresbi (Battersby/Dunnow), Baschelf (Bashall Eaves). William Rufus It was from these holdings that the Forest and Liberty of Bowland emerged sometime after 1087. Further lands were granted to Poitou by William Rufus, either to reward him for his role in defeating the army of Scots king Malcolm III in 1091-2 or possibly as a consequence of the confiscation of lands from Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria in 1095. 1 As a result, by the first decade of the twelfth century, the Forest and Liberty of Bowland, along with the adjacent fee of Blackburnshire and holdings in Hornby and Amounderness, had been brought together to form the basis of what became known as the Honor of Clitheroe. Over the next two centuries, the lordship of Bowland followed the same descent as the Honor, ultimately reverting to the Crown in 1399. This account is one familiar to students of Bowland history. However, research into the pattern of land holdings prior to the Norman Conquest is now beginning to uncover origins for the lordship that predate Poitou’s lordship by many centuries. -
Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P
Pedigree of the Wilson Family N O P Namur** . NOP-1 Pegonitissa . NOP-203 Namur** . NOP-6 Pelaez** . NOP-205 Nantes** . NOP-10 Pembridge . NOP-208 Naples** . NOP-13 Peninton . NOP-210 Naples*** . NOP-16 Penthievre**. NOP-212 Narbonne** . NOP-27 Peplesham . NOP-217 Navarre*** . NOP-30 Perche** . NOP-220 Navarre*** . NOP-40 Percy** . NOP-224 Neuchatel** . NOP-51 Percy** . NOP-236 Neufmarche** . NOP-55 Periton . NOP-244 Nevers**. NOP-66 Pershale . NOP-246 Nevil . NOP-68 Pettendorf* . NOP-248 Neville** . NOP-70 Peverel . NOP-251 Neville** . NOP-78 Peverel . NOP-253 Noel* . NOP-84 Peverel . NOP-255 Nordmark . NOP-89 Pichard . NOP-257 Normandy** . NOP-92 Picot . NOP-259 Northeim**. NOP-96 Picquigny . NOP-261 Northumberland/Northumbria** . NOP-100 Pierrepont . NOP-263 Norton . NOP-103 Pigot . NOP-266 Norwood** . NOP-105 Plaiz . NOP-268 Nottingham . NOP-112 Plantagenet*** . NOP-270 Noyers** . NOP-114 Plantagenet** . NOP-288 Nullenburg . NOP-117 Plessis . NOP-295 Nunwicke . NOP-119 Poland*** . NOP-297 Olafsdotter*** . NOP-121 Pole*** . NOP-356 Olofsdottir*** . NOP-142 Pollington . NOP-360 O’Neill*** . NOP-148 Polotsk** . NOP-363 Orleans*** . NOP-153 Ponthieu . NOP-366 Orreby . NOP-157 Porhoet** . NOP-368 Osborn . NOP-160 Port . NOP-372 Ostmark** . NOP-163 Port* . NOP-374 O’Toole*** . NOP-166 Portugal*** . NOP-376 Ovequiz . NOP-173 Poynings . NOP-387 Oviedo* . NOP-175 Prendergast** . NOP-390 Oxton . NOP-178 Prescott . NOP-394 Pamplona . NOP-180 Preuilly . NOP-396 Pantolph . NOP-183 Provence*** . NOP-398 Paris*** . NOP-185 Provence** . NOP-400 Paris** . NOP-187 Provence** . NOP-406 Pateshull . NOP-189 Purefoy/Purifoy . NOP-410 Paunton . NOP-191 Pusterthal . -
7Th Sunday After Pentecost Commemoration of the Fathers Of
7th Sunday After Pentecost Heiromartyr Hermolaus and those with him 26 July / 8 August Resurrection Tropar, Tone 6: The angelic powers were at Thy tomb; / the guards became as dead men. / Mary stood by Thy grave, / seeking Thy most pure Body. / Thou didst capture hell, not being tempted by it. / Thou didst come to the Virgin, granting life. / O Lord who didst rise from the Dead, / Glory to Thee! Troparion of the Hierornartyrs tone 3: You faithfully served the Lord as true priests, O Saints,/ and joyfully followed the path of martyrdom./ O Hermolaus, Hermippus and Hermocrates,/ three-pillared foundation of the Church,/ pray unceasingly that we may be preserved from harm. Resurrection Kondak, Tone 6: When Christ God the Giver of Life, / raised all of the dead from the valleys of misery with His Mighty Hand, / He bestowed resurrection on the human race. / He is the Saviour of all, the Resurrection, the Life, and the God of All. Kontakion of St Hermolaus tone 4: As a godly priest thou didst receive the crown of martyrdom:/ for as a good shepherd of Christ's flock thou didst prevent the sacrifice of idols./ Thou wast a wise teacher of Panteleimon/ and we praise and venerate thee, crying:/ Deliver us from harm by thy prayers, O Father Hermolaus. Matins Gospel VII EPISTLE: ST. PAUL’S LETTER TO THE ROMANS 15: 1-7 We then who are strong ought to bear with the scruples of the weak, and not to please ourselves. Let each of us please his neighbour for his good, leading to edification. -
The Coinage of Burgred of Mercia 852–874
THE COINAGE OF BURGRED OF MERCIA 852–874 WILLIAM A. MACKAY Introduction IN 874, overwhelmed by the attacks of the Danish invaders’ ‘Great Army’ (micel here), Burgred, king of Mercia since 852, abdicated and departed for Rome and a puppet ruler, Ceolwulf II, was installed in his place. The facts about rest of his twenty-two year reign are sparse but it would seem that in the sixteen year period up to 868 Burgred presided over a revival of Mercian power and maintained a military and dynastic alliance with Wessex. This began shortly after the start of his reign with a successful joint Mercian/Wessex campaign against the Welsh in 853, and was cemented by his marriage to Æthelswith, daughter of king Æthelwulf of Wessex. The situation changed with the arrival of the Danish ‘Great Army’ in East Anglia in 865 and its subsequent conquest of Northumbria in 866.1 Thereafter the Danes appear to have moved around Mercia with little opposition. An early incursion to Nottingham in 868 was confronted without success by a joint Mercian/Wessex force and was bought off by Burgred.2 Mercia could not prevent the Danish ‘Great Army’ reaching the Thames at Reading in 870–71 and a subsequent occupation of London, the principal city of the kingdom, in 871–72. Another payment of tribute was required by the Mercians to persuade the ‘Great Army’ to withdraw northwards and the army is recorded at Torksey in 872–73 and at Repton in 873–74. At this time, in the words of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Burgred was ‘driven out’ and went into exile to Rome, where he died shortly afterwards, most probably in 875.3 Burgred’s reign left few documents or artefacts. -
COINAGE in the AGE of BURGRED by H
COINAGE IN THE AGE OF BURGRED By H. E. PAGAN BETWEEN 852 and 874 England south of the Humber and north of the Thames was dominated by Burgred of Mercia. Like all Offa's successors he is a shadowy figure, but his reign was long and the coinage that bears his name is commoner and more widely circulated than any struck in England from the Roman occupation up to his time. The first part of this paper is an attempt to see this coinage and the reasons for it in perspective, the second part an attempt to indicate the broad lines of classification; an exact arrangement must be deferred until we see the 9th century more clearly. Of the man himself not much is known. He may have been the son of his predecessor Berhtwulf, who is not heard of again after his defeat by a Viking raid in 851. We can guess that the transition between the two was peaceful from the continuity in the membership of the Mercian court at Tamworth in Staffordshire. In 853 (A.S.C) he called in the military assistance of Wessex for a spring campaign against the Welsh, which met with success, and the alliance was cemented that summer by his marriage to Aethelwulf of Wessex's daughter Aethelswyth. His signatures to charters provide the only evidence of his activities over the next 15 years; the A.S.C. is silent until in 868 the great Viking army that had landed in East Anglia two years earlier and had already conquered Northumbria settled deep in Mercian territory at Nottingham. -
Historical Background to the Sculpture
CHAPTER II HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO THE SCULPTURE THE AREA as do the rivers Don and its tributary the Dearne, further south. However, the county straddles the Pennines, so This volume completes the study of the sculpture of the that the upper reaches of the rivers Lune and Ribble, historic county of Yorkshire begun in volumes III (Lang draining away towards the west coast, are also within its 1991) and VI (Lang 2001) of the series: that is, it covers boundaries. the pre-1974 West Riding of Yorkshire. The geographical The effect of this topography on settlement is reflected spread of this area is in itself very important to the present in all phases of its history, as discussed below. Most study (Fig. 2). The modern county of West Yorkshire is dramatically and pertinently for our present purposes, it all to the east of Manchester, but the north-west corner is clear in the distribution of the Roman roads and the of the old West Riding curves round through the Pennine pre-Conquest sculpture, that both follow the river valleys dales to the north and west of Manchester, coming at yet avoid the low-lying marshy areas while keeping below one point to within a few miles of the west coast of the 300 metre mark. England. At the other end, it stretches a long way to the south, into what is now South Yorkshire. In fact, it touches on five other counties apart from the old North and POLITICAL SUMMARY East Ridings of Yorkshire: Lancashire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire. -
On the Jute Angel and Saxon Royal Pedigrees Haigh
http://kentarchaeology.org.uk/research/archaeologia-cantiana/ Kent Archaeological Society is a registered charity number 223382 © 2017 Kent Archaeological Society 18 ON THE JUTE, ANGLE, AND SAXON ROYAL PEDIGREES. BY DANIEL HENRY HAIGH. EVERY question relating to the origines of our race should be especially interesting to men of Kent, for from Kent the Teutonization of Britain began. The pillar-stone, on the shores of the Frith, of Forth, which marks the grave of Horsa's grandfather, is to them a family monument; and rich as their country is in an- tiquities of every age, and worthily appreciated as these antiquities are, not one memorial of the historic past has the value for them which that would have, could it be found again, which, inscribed with his name,1 for at least 300 years after his. death, preserved the memory of Horsa himself. To them I offer as it were a family pedigree, the record of the ancestry of their kings, ascending to the 1st century of" our era, collated with, and vindicated by the genealogies of the Goths and Longobards on the one hand, and those of the Angles and Saxons on the other. Of this record, the first part is preserved in the 'Historia Britonum,' a work originally written in the 5th century,2 and (in my opinion) by S. Gildas, who was contemporary with Horsa and Hencgest in his 1 "In orientalibus partibus Cantise" (Ven. Bseda). Qu. at Sfconar, " the stone of honour," lapis tituli. 2 For the son of Vortigern was still living, and the record of Arthur's twelve battles is the work of a contemporary. -
A Adams, A. P., Elected, 676. Ielfwald I of Northumbria, 228
INDEX A Withered, Archbishop of Canterbury, forged Adams, A. P., elected, 676. coins of, 21, 23. iElfwald I of Northumbria, 228. —, provenance of coin of, in B.M.C., —, provenance of coin of, in B.M.C., 42. 40. iEthelbald of Wessex, authenticity of coins Albany, John, Duke of, 657-8. of, 20-21. Alchred of Northumbria, provenance of —, correction to B.M.C., coins of, 57. coins of, in B.M.C., 42. TEthelberht of East Anglia, provenance of Alciston find, 659. coin of, in B.M.C., 41. Aldfrith of Northumbria, provenance of —, authenticity of coins of, 19. coin of, in B.M.C., 42. TEthelberht of Wessex, provenance of coins Alexander III of Scotland, coins of, in of, in B.M.C., 31, 46. Dover hoard, 148, 152, 160-2. TEthelheard, Archbishop of Canterbury, Alfred, forged coins of, 21. provenance of coins of, in B.M.C., 40. —, provenance of coins of, in B.M.C., 31, —, coin of, in Vatican, 450. 46, 57- iEthelred of Mercia, provenance of coins of, —, coin of, found at Dean, 179. in B.M.C., 28, 37. —, halfpennies and third-pennies of, 477. iEthelred II of Northumbria, 231. Allen, C. H., elected, 676. —, provenance of coins of, in B.M.C., 43. ALLEN, D. F., on an ancient British coin iEthelred I of Wessex, provenance of coins from Colchester, 400. of, in B.M.C., 31, 46, 57. —, on a remarkable Celtic coin from iEthelred II of England, provenance of Canterbury, 443. coins of, in B.M.C., 35, 51, 57. -
Thevikingblitzkriegad789-1098.Pdf
2 In memory of Jeffrey Martin Whittock (1927–2013), much-loved and respected father and papa. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people provided valuable advice which assisted in the preparation of this book; without them, of course, carrying any responsibility for the interpretations offered by the book. We are particularly indebted to our agent Robert Dudley who, as always, offered guidance and support, as did Simon Hamlet and Mark Beynon at The History Press. In addition, Bradford-on-Avon library, and the Wiltshire and the Somerset Library services, provided access to resources through the inter-library loans service. For their help and for this service we are very grateful. Through Hannah’s undergraduate BA studies and then MPhil studies in the department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic (ASNC) at Cambridge University (2008–12), the invaluable input of many brilliant academics has shaped our understanding of this exciting and complex period of history, and its challenging sources of evidence. The resulting familiarity with Old English, Old Norse and Insular Latin has greatly assisted in critical reflection on the written sources. As always, the support and interest provided by close family and friends cannot be measured but is much appreciated. And they have been patient as meal-time conversations have given way to discussions of the achievements of Alfred and Athelstan, the impact of Eric Bloodaxe and the agendas of the compilers of the 4 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 5 CONTENTS Title Dedication Acknowledgements Introduction 1 The Gathering -
OLAF CUARAN and ST EDITH: a VIEW of TENTH CENTURY TIES BETWEEN NORTHUMBERLAND,YORK and DUBLIN by Michael Anne Guido1
PAGAN SON OF A SAINT:OLAF CUARAN AND ST.EDITH -455- PAGAN SON OF A SAINT:OLAF CUARAN AND ST EDITH: A VIEW OF TENTH CENTURY TIES BETWEEN NORTHUMBERLAND,YORK AND DUBLIN by Michael Anne Guido1 ABSTRACT Though much has been written about Olaf Cuaran little is still known of his origins and his exact place in tenth century history. He has often been confused with his cousin Olaf Guthfrithsson in the early annals and chroniclers. Even his nickname of ‘Cuaran’ is debated as to its exact meaning. He became a legendary figure when he was incorporated into the twelfth century chanson of Havelok the Dane. The focus of this paper is to examine the life and ancestry of Olaf as it is presented in the Northumbrian Chronicle, Irish Annals and several pre-fourteenth century English histories with particular attention upon the dating and origins of each source, as well as debunking myths that have grown around Olaf and his mother. Foundations (2008) 2 (6): 455-476 © Copyright FMG and the author 1. Introduction The period between the late eighth and mid tenth centuries saw one of the largest changes in medieval British history. In this 150 year span England became one nation not a series of kingdoms. Scotland unified southern regions into the kingdom of Alba to protect themselves from the vast northern provinces inhabited by invaders. Ireland became more trade oriented2 (Hudson, 2005) and nationalism flared in Eire for the first time. All these changes occurred in response to the coming of the Northmen, the fierce raiders who came to plunder, kill and enslave the natives of these lands. -
The Winter Camp of the Viking Great Army, Ad 872–3, Torksey, Lincolnshire
The Antiquaries Journal, 96, 2016, pp 23–67 © The Society of Antiquaries of London, 2016 doi:10.1017⁄s0003581516000718 THE WINTER CAMP OF THE VIKING GREAT ARMY, AD 872–3, TORKSEY, LINCOLNSHIRE Dawn M Hadley, FSA, and Julian D Richards, FSA, with contributions by Hannah Brown, Elizabeth Craig-Atkins, Diana Mahoney-Swales, Gareth Perry, Samantha Stein and Andrew Woods Dawn M Hadley, Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield, Northgate House, West Street, Sheffield S14ET, UK. Email: d.m.hadley@sheffield.ac.uk Julian D Richards, Department of Archaeology, University of York, The King’s Manor, York YO17EP, UK. Email: [email protected] This paper presents the results of a multidisciplinary project that has revealed the location, extent and character of the winter camp of the Viking Great Army at Torksey, Lincolnshire, of AD 872–3. The camp lay within a naturally defended area of higher ground, partially surrounded by marshes and bordered by the River Trent on its western side. It is considerably larger than the Viking camp of 873–4 previously excavated at Repton, Derbyshire, and lacks the earthwork defences identified there. Several thousand individuals overwintered in the camp, including warriors, craftworkers and merchants. An exceptionally large and rich metalwork assemblage was deposited during the Great Army’s overwintering, and metal processing and trading was undertaken. There is no evidence for a pre-existing Anglo-Saxon trading site here; the site appears to have been chosen for its strategic location and its access to resources. In the wake of the overwintering, Torksey developed as an important Anglo-Saxon borough with a major wheel-thrown pottery industry and multiple churches and cemeteries.