Prehistory and the Neolithic Revolution
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Muhammad Uljaytu's Conversion to Islam Key Terms
Muhammad Uljaytu’s Conversion to Islam Seyyedeh Samira Behzadi1 After the Mongols’ invasion of Iran, no one could ever imagine that the grand children of Genghis Khan would pave the context for the growth and dissemination of Islam in later periods. Genghis Khan, himself, was a shaman and his grandsons, such as Hulagu Khan and Abaqa Khan, and Abaqa Khan’s children were Buddhists. However, they always dealt with the followers of other religions and sects with respect. The court of Hulagu Khan in Iran was always frequented by the scholars of other religions. Some of the children and grandchildren of Hulagu Khan abandoned their ancestral religion because of the necessities of their time and converted to Islam or Christianity. In this regard, reference can be made to Ghazan Khan and Muhammad Uljaytu who, because of the penetration of Muslim scholars in their courts, paid attention to Islam and Shi’ism. Ghazan Khan chose the Hanafite religion but did not formally acknowledge his conversion to Shi’ism for certain political reasons. Muhammad Uljaytu, his brother, persuaded the king to follow Shi’ism more openly for several reasons including the penetration of some Muslim scholars and Shi’iteministers and rulers, such as Allamah al-Hilli, his son Fakhr ul- Muhaqqiqin, and Amir TarmTaz, in his court and their arguments as to the superiority of Shi’ism over Sunnism. Uljaytu chose the Twelver branch of Shi’ism and, at the sometime, issued the order of reading sermons in Friday prayers in the name of the Shi’ite Imams (a) and minting coins in their names. -
The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: from Chinggis Khan to Timur
ChapterChapter 14 The Last Great Nomadic Challenges: From Chinggis Khan to Timur (A.D. 500 – A.D. 1450) The Steppe How would you characterize this region? Where is this? Steppe Culture . Loyalty to kin/clan . Courage culture . Horsemanship . Mobile (pastoralists & hunters) . Animists . Raiding between tribes . Traded with sedentary peoples for manufactured goods . Invented stirrups Mongols . Declared themselves to be descendents of Huns who founded the 1st steppe empire in late Classical era. Called “Tartars” especially by Westerners (“people from hell”), though a misnomer: Mongols conquered steppe tribe Tartars, but because so many Tartars rose to prominence in the Mongol Empire, the name became synonymous with Mongols. The Mongols . The Mongols were well known for their ability to ride horses well and wage war. Skilled in shooting short composite bows and arrows from horseback. Organized troops effectively and readily adopted new technologies, like gunpowder from China. At a meeting of Mongol leaders in 1206, a man named Temujin was Mongol Conquests elected Genghis Khan, which means strong ruler. He united Mongol tribes and conquered a vast empire that stretched from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe. Genghiz Khan imposed strict military discipline and demanded absolute loyalty. His highly trained armies contained some of the most skilled horsemen in the world. In their conquest of China, the Mongol armies faced the problem of attacking walled cities. Mongol and Chinese armies used missile weapons against each other. Genghis Khan . Valued individual merit & loyalty . Fighting wasn’t honorable; winning was. So, used any means necessary to win (trickery, etc.) . Conscripted peasants: Mongols just didn’t understand peasants who seemed like grazing animals rather than real humans who ate meat. -
Historical Survey) by Dr
Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: D History, Archaeology & Anthropology Volume 21 Issue 2 Version 1.0 Year 2021 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Azerbaijan on the Great Silk Road between China and Europe (Historical Survey) By Dr. Maryam Seyidbeyli Introduction- Since the end of Prehistoric times, there have been trading relations between the countries. For comprehensive and permanent trade, the country must have rich natural resources, raw materials, and favorable geographical conditions. Almost all of these are available in Azerbaijan. For this reason, Azerbaijan has always played an crucial role in the realization of trade relations, including China, one of the ancient trade centers. From time immemorial, China's trade relations with Western countries have passed through the territory of Azerbaijan. Since ancient China was the only country that produced silk, silk was considered the most important fabric in other countries. Therefore, it stood in the most significant place in trade. That is why this trade became known as the Silk Road. Silk Road trade became more widespread in the Middle Ages. This paper deals with the history of the Silk Rod in Azerbaijan. The author uses different primary and secondary sources for her academic analyzes. Keywords: azerbaijan, china, trade, silk road, relationship, history. GJHSS-D Classification: FOR Code: 430199 AzerbaijanontheGreatSilkRoadbetweenChinaandEuropeHistoricalSurvey Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2021. Dr. Maryam Seyidbeyli. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. -
Cira Domínguez Tazón Director: José Ramón Aja Sánchez
Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Grado en Historia La mujer en el poder político del Egipto Antiguo: ¿Reinas o corregentes? The Woman in Political Power in Ancient Egypt: Queens or Regents? Autora: Cira Domínguez Tazón Director: José Ramón Aja Sánchez Curso 2014 / 2015 Resumen (Abstract) Palabras clave (Keywords) ÍNDICE 1. Introducción………………………………………………………….……….…..….3 1.1. La corregencia femenina en el Egipto Dinástico………………….….….……4 1.2. El mito y la teogonía en el trasfondo del tema………….…………..…...….....5 1.3. Naturaleza del trabajo, objetivos y fuentes antiguas sobre el tema.…….…..9 2. Catálogo………………………………………………………………….….…........11 2.1. La reina Merneith (Dinastía I)………………………………………….…….13 2.2. La reina Jentkaus I (Dinastía V)…………………………………...….….…..18 2.3. La reina Nitocris (Dinastía VI)………………………………………….…....24 2.4. La reina Sobekneferu: (Dinastía XII)………………………………………..28 2.5. La reina Hatshepsut: (Dinastía XVIII)………………………………….…..32 2.6. La reina Tausert: (Dinastía XIX)……………………………………….…...38 2.7. La reina Cleopatra (Dinastía Ptolemaica)……………………………..….....43 3. Conclusiones………………………………………………………………..……....48 4. Índices……………………………………………………………………….….…..51 5. Bibliografía…………………………………………………………………….…..52 1 Título: La mujer en el poder político del Egipto Antiguo: ¿Reinas o corregentes? Title: The Woman in Political Power in Ancient Egypt: Queens or Regents? Autora: Cira Domínguez Tazón (Universidad de Cantabria) Resumen: El trono y poder político de Egipto, como también la administración y las instituciones del Estado, estaban reservados sólo a los varones. Ésta fue la situación general habida en el Mundo Antiguo, de la que Egipto no fue excepción. No obstante, este trabajo se centra en un pequeño grupo de mujeres que gobernaron el país, bien como reinas de hecho (temporalmente), o bien como auténticos monarcas (indefinidamente y ostentando incluso los títulos y los atributos de los faraones). -
Majidi's 'Beyond the Clouds' Screened Worldwide
Art & Culture April 21, 2018 3 This Day in History Majidi’s ‘Beyond the Clouds’ (April 21) Today is Saturday; 1st of the Iranian month of Ordibehesht 1397 solar hijri; corresponding to 4th of the Islamic month of Sha’ban 1439 lunar hijri; and April 21, 2018, of the Christian Gregorian Calendar. Screened Worldwide 1413 lunar years ago, on this day in 26 AH, the valiant Standard-Bearer of the Immortal Epic of Karbala, Hazrat Abu’l-Fazl al-Abbas (AS), was born in Medina to the Commander This year’s opening of the 36th Fajr In- of the Faithful, Imam Ali ibn Abi Taleb (AS). His mother was the virtuous lady Omm al- Baneen Fatema bint Hezaam of the al-Kilabiyya clan noted for its courage and bravery. ternational Film Festival began with the Imam Ali (AS) had married her several years after the passing away of his beloved wife, screening of Majidi’s Indian-set film on Hazrat Fatema Zahra (SA) the daughter of Prophet Mohammad (SAWA). Hazrat Abbas (AS), who was over two decades younger than his older brothers, the Prophet’s grandsons, April 19.Festival Director Reza Mirk- Imam Hasan (AS) and Imam Husain (AS), was very much attached to them since childhood. Out of respect for their immaculate lineage, he never called them brothers, but would refer arimi, Deputy Director Mohammad to them as Lords and Masters. He was in Karbala like a shadow beside Imam Husain (AS), Salavatifard, Head of International Affairs and while trying to fetch water for the thirsty camp of the Imam, he sacrificed his life, by first losing both his hands, but never tasted a drop of water even when he succeeded in Amir Esfandiari, actor Habib Rezaei, and reaching the bank of the River Euphrates. -
Automating Question Generation Given the Correct Answer
DEGREE PROJECT IN COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2020 Automating Question Generation Given the Correct Answer HAOLIANG CAO KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE Authors Haoliang Cao <[email protected]> School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology Place for Project Stockholm, Sweden KTH Royal Institute of Technology Examiner Viggo Kann School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology Supervisor Johan Boye School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KTH Royal Institute of Technology Swedish Title Automatisering av frågegenerering givet det rätta svaret iii Abstract In this thesis, we propose an end-to-end deep learning model for a question generation task. Given a Wikipedia article written in English and a segment of text appearing in the article, the model can generate a simple question whose answer is the given text segment. The model is based on an encoder-decoder architecture. Our experiments show that a model with a fine-tuned BERT en- coder and a self-attention decoder give the best performance. We also propose an evaluation metric for the question generation task, which evaluates both syntactic correctness and relevance of the generated questions. According to our analysis on sampled data, the new metric is found to give better evaluation compared to other popular metrics for sequence to sequence tasks. Keywords Natural Language Processing, NLP, Natural Language Generation, NLG, Ques- tion Generation iv Sammanfattning I den här avhandlingen presenteras en djup neural nätverksmodell för en fråge- ställningsuppgift. Givet en Wikipediaartikel skriven på engelska och ett textseg- ment i artikeln kan modellen generera en enkel fråga vars svar är det givna textsegmentet. -
Ancient Egyptian Chronology and the Book of Genesis
Answers Research Journal 4 (2011):127–159. www.answersingenesis.org/arj/v4/ancient-egyptian-chronology-genesis.pdf Ancient Egyptian Chronology and the Book of Genesis Matt McClellan, [email protected] Abstract One of the most popular topics among young earth creationists and apologists is the relationship of the Bible with Ancient Egyptian chronology. Whether it concerns who the pharaoh of the Exodus was, the background of Joseph, or the identity of Shishak, many Christians (and non-Christians) have wondered how these two topics fit together. This paper deals with the question, “How does ancient Egyptian chronology correlate with the book of Genesis?” In answering this question it begins with an analysis of every Egyptian dynasty starting with the 12th Dynasty (this is where David Down places Moses) and goes back all the way to the so called “Dynasty 0.” After all the data is presented, this paper will look at the different possibilities that can be constructed concerning how long each of these dynasties lasted and how they relate to the biblical dates of the Great Flood, the Tower of Babel, and the Patriarchs. Keywords: Egypt, pharaoh, Patriarchs, chronology, Abraham, Joseph Introduction Kingdom) need to be revised. This is important During the past century some scholars have when considering the relationship between Egyptian proposed new ways of dating the events of ancient history and the Tower of Babel. The traditional dating history before c. 700 BC.1 In 1991 a book entitled of Ancient Egyptian chronology places its earliest Centuries of Darkness by Peter James and four of dynasties before the biblical dates of the Flood and his colleagues shook the very foundations of ancient confusion of the languages at Babel. -
Mongol Invasions of Northeast Asia Korea and Japan
Eurasian Maritime History Case Study: Northeast Asia Thirteenth Century Mongol Invasions of Northeast Asia Korea and Japan Dr. Grant Rhode Boston University Mongol Invasions of Northeast Asia: Korea and Japan | 2 Maritime History Case Study: Northeast Asia Thirteenth Century Mongol Invasions of Northeast Asia Korea and Japan Contents Front piece: The Defeat of the Mongol Invasion Fleet Kamikaze, the ‘Divine Wind’ The Mongol Continental Vision Turns Maritime Mongol Naval Successes Against the Southern Song Korea’s Historic Place in Asian Geopolitics Ancient Pattern: The Korean Three Kingdoms Period Mongol Subjugation of Korea Mongol Invasions of Japan First Mongol Invasion of Japan, 1274 Second Mongol Invasion of Japan, 1281 Mongol Support for Maritime Commerce Reflections on the Mongol Maritime Experience Maritime Strategic and Tactical Lessons Limits on Mongol Expansion at Sea Text and Visual Source Evidence Texts T 1: Marco Polo on Kublai’s Decision to Invade Japan with Storm Description T 2: Japanese Traditional Song: The Mongol Invasion of Japan Visual Sources VS 1: Mongol Scroll: 1274 Invasion Battle Scene VS 2: Mongol bomb shells: earliest examples of explosive weapons from an archaeological site Selected Reading for Further Study Notes Maps Map 1: The Mongol Empire by 1279 Showing Attempted Mongol Conquests by Sea Map 2: Three Kingdoms Korea, Battle of Baekgang, 663 Map 3: Mongol Invasions of Japan, 1274 and 1281 Map 4: Hakata Bay Battles 1274 and 1281 Map 5: Takashima Bay Battle 1281 Mongol Invasions of Northeast Asia: Korea and -
VETO 2012, FARSIDE Team Tossups 1 of 6
VETO 2012, FARSIDE team tossups 1 of 6 VETO 2012, FARSIDE team tossups TOSSUP 1 It was a disappointing year for followers of self-proclaimed Jewish messiah Sabbatai Zevi, who was imprisoned in Constantinople and converted to Islam. In this same year, the Old Believers split from the Russian Orthodox Church because of the official adoption of Patriarch Nikon's reforms. More promisingly, Louis the Fourteenth founded the French Academy of Sciences, and Isaac Newton discovered differential and integral calculus and gravitation in this year that John Dryden called an Annus Mirabilis, though it was not so mirabilis in England's capital. For 10 points, what was this year of the great fire of London? Answer: the year 1666 TOSSUP 2 Free Proxy Server concealed the IP address that his associate named Jones used to make a PayPal purchase with RackNine, which he later called with his prepaid Virgin Mobile cell phone with area code 450, which is in Joliette, Quebec, though he bought his phone in Ontario on April 30, 2011. On the morning of May 2, he said that the Quebec Street Mall was the new polling location, in calls to over seven thousand voters in Guelph. A resident of the nonexistent "Separatist Street", for 10 points, who was this election-day robocaller? Answer: Pierre Poutine (prompt on "Poutine") TOSSUP 3 The fastest known algorithm for this operation, published in 2011 by Vassilevska Williams, takes time proportional to the order of the inputs raised to the power of two point three seven two seven, and is an extension of a divide-and-conquer method by Strassen, where the trick is to take one fewer scalar product at the cost of extra scalar sums in the base case of order two. -
Maria Paleologina and the Il-Khanate of Persia. a Byzantine Princess in an Empire Between Islam and Christendom
MARIA PALEOLOGINA AND THE IL-KHANATE OF PERSIA. A BYZANTINE PRINCESS IN AN EMPIRE BETWEEN ISLAM AND CHRISTENDOM MARÍA ISABEL CABRERA RAMOS UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA SpaIN Date of receipt: 26th of January, 2016 Final date of acceptance: 12th of July, 2016 ABSTRACT In the 13th century Persia, dominated by the Mongols, a Byzantine princess, Maria Paleologina, stood out greatly in the court of Abaqa Khan, her husband. The Il-Khanate of Persia was then an empire precariously balanced between Islam, dominant in its territories and Christianity that was prevailing in its court and in the diplomatic relations. The role of Maria, a fervent Christian, was decisive in her husband’s policy and in that of any of his successors. Her figure deserves a detailed study and that is what we propose in this paper. KEYWORDS Maria Paleologina, Il-khanate of Persia, Abaqa, Michel VIII, Mongols. CapitaLIA VERBA Maria Paleologa, Ilkhanatus Persiae, Abaqa, Michael VIII, Mongoles. IMAGO TEMPORIS. MEDIUM AEVUM, XI (2017): 217-231 / ISSN 1888-3931 / DOI 10.21001/itma.2017.11.08 217 218 MARÍA ISABEL CABRERA RAMOS 1. Introduction The great expansion of Genghis Khan’s hordes to the west swept away the Islamic states and encouraged for a while the hopes of the Christian states of the East. The latter tried to ally themselves with the powerful Mongols and in this attempt they played the religion card.1 Although most of the Mongols who entered Persia, Iraq and Syria were shamanists, Nestorian Christianity exerted a strong influence among elites, especially in the court. That was why during some crucial decades for the history of the East, the Il-Khanate of Persia fluctuated between the consolidation of Christian influence and the approach to Islam, that despite the devastation brought by the Mongols in Persia,2 Iraq and Syria remained the dominant factor within the Il-khanate. -
Universi^ Micn^Lms
INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting througli an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of “sectioning” the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. -
Chinggis Khan and His Conquest of Khorasan: Causes and Consequences
CHINGGIS KHAN AND HIS CONQUEST OF KHORASAN: CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES BY ANIBA ISRAT ARA ARSHAD ISLAM INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA ABSTRACT This book explores the causes and consequences of Chinggis Khan’s invasion of Khorasan in the 13th century. It discusses Chinggis Khan’s charismatic leadership qualities that united all nomadic tribes and gave him the authority to become the supreme Mongol leader, which helped him to invade Khorasan. It also focuses on the rise of the Muslim cities in Khorasan where many Muslim scholars kept their intellectual brilliance and made Khorasan the cultural capital of the Muslims. This study apprises us of Chinggis Khan’s war tactics and administrative system which made his men extremely strong and advanced despite their culture remaining barbaric in nature. His progeny also followed a similar policy for a long time until all Muslim cities were fully destroyed. The work also focuses on the rise of many sectarian divisions among the Muslims which brought disunity that eventually led to their downfall. Thus, this study underscores the importance of revitalization of unity in the Muslim world so that Muslims may not become vulnerable to any foreign imperialistic power. Unity also is the key to preserve Muslim intellectual thought and Islamic cultural identities. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the beginning, I would like to say that all praise is to Allah (swt) Almighty; despite the difficulties, with His mercy, and the strength, patience and resilience that He has bestowed on me, I completed my work. I am heartily thankful to my beloved supervisor to Dr. Arshad Islam, whose encouragement, painstaking supervision and tireless motivating from the beginning of my long journey to the concluding level helped me to complete this study.