ZÄH! H A WA 5® EDITED BY Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and Director of the Ciza Pyramids Excavations

PROJECT EDITORS Laura Acco marzo Valeria Manterrò De Fabiana

CRAPHIC DESIGN Paola Placco

WHITE STAR PUBLISHERS THE TREASURES OF THE PYRAMIDS Contents

INTRODUCTION Page 5 CHAPTER s by H.E. Mrs. Suzanne Mubarak THE ROYAL MORTUARY ENCLOSURES OF ABYDOS AND HIERAKONPOLIS by Matthew Adams and O'Connor Page 78 THE PYRAMIDS Page 12 CHAPTER 9 by Zahi Hawass THE STEP PYRAMIDS CHRONOLOGY Page is by Ali Radwan Page 86 CHAPTER \ CHAPTER io WHY A PYRAMID? PYRAMID RELIGION THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY by James P. Allen Pago 22 by Rainer Stadelmann Page 112

CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER a THE QUEENS' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY AT CIZA THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 138 by Vassit Dobrev Page 28 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 3 THE SATELLITE PYRAMID OF BUILDING AN OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 150 by Mark Lehner Page 32 CHAPTER a

CHAPTER 4 THE MYSTERY OF

THE ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGYPTIAN ROYAL TOMB by Zahi Hawass Page 152 by Zahi Hawass Page 46 CHAPTER h CHAPTER 5 THE SECRET DOORS INSIDE THE GREAT PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 156 THE ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE PYRAMID COMPLEX HAPTER by Zahi Hawass Page 50 C is THE PYRAMIDION CHAPTER 6 by Zahi Hawass Page 160 THE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD CHAPTER \6 by Renee Friedman Page 54 THE ROYAL BOATS AT by Zahi Hawass Page 164 CHAPTER 7

THE TOMBS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DYNASTIES CHAPTER H AT ABYDOS AND THE SPHINX by Giinter Dreyer Page 62 by Mark Lehner Page 172

10 CHAPTER is Tht Puhlnhc would like to thank: H. E. Fatvuk Hosny - Tht Egyptian Minister of Cw!lnrfi THE TOMBS OF THE HIGH OFFICIALS AT GIZA Nabil Osman - Prtsidtnt oj the Egyptian Information Center, by Peter Der Manuelian Page 190 Attiya Shakran - Gtneral Director oftht Cairo Press Center, CHAPTER \ 9 M. El-Damaty • Director oftht Egyptian Mustum, Cairo, Mena Houst Obcroi Hotel Cairo, THE 'UNFINISHED' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY Gamal Shafik of the Cairo Press Center, by Michel Valloggia Pag, 224 Tht curators and as sis ta n Is of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, CHAPTER 20 Rajio Kaul, Cuido Paradisi and Fabio CaUmntt - photographers' assistants. THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FIFTH DYNASTY by Pag. 236 CHAPTER 2t Tht Editor would like to thank Mark Lnz and Neil Htwison of the American University in Cairo Press He also wants to thank Essam Shehab of tht Giza Inspectorate, and THE SURPRISING BLOCKS. Mohamed Ismail, Mohamed Mtgabtd, Brook Myers, and Sabar Mabrouk from the and Pag 260 by Zahi Hawass Miroslav Verner Technical Office of tht Supreme Council of Antojuitifs. CHAPTER 22 THE PYRAMIDS OF THE SIXTH DYNASTY by Audran Labrousse Pag, 264 CHAPTER 23 10-f < THE DECORATIVE PROGRAM OF THE OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID COMPLEXES Scott showing tht 'Mcidum gttst, ' by Zahi Hawass Page 282 Egyptian Alusntm Cairo. Old CHAPTER 2 A Kingdom

THE TOMBS OF THE FIFTH AND SIXTH DYNASTIES AT SAQQARA by Karol Mysliwiec Page 286 CHAPTER 25

THE PYRAMIDS OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM O3003 White SurS.r.l. by Dieter Arnold Page 326 V« C Sassone, 22/24 13IOO Vercelli, Italy CHAPTER 26 www.whncstar.it All rights mmrf No pan of rhn puMicaijon mi> be THE TOMBS OF THE NOBLES IN THE MIDDLE KINGDOM reproduced, flond m • retrieval sywrm or trtmmti led m jv. fom or by any mean* electron*: imiianul by David P. Silverman Page 348 photocopying recording or otherwise, wrthoul wrrlien penntttiofi from ihc publisher

CHAPTER 21 ISBN 88-8095-233-1 ROYAL AND PRIVATE OF THE OLD AND MIDDLE KINGDOMS Reprints: 1334 5 6 07 06 05 04 03 by Hourig Sourouzian Page 366 Printed in Italy by Olficine Grafiche Dc Agoitmi INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 392 Color separation by Fotomec, Turin

I I

The 'Unfinished' Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty

by Michel Valloggia

^^^knitnese s to a secular past, archaeological in his journal of the progressive disappearance of the

remains invariably preserve the imprint of history monument: the stones were taken away at a rate of

that has shaped its present aspect. Consequently, 300 camel-loads per day.

certain sites reveal the existence of outlined then Nowadays, the situation is, fortunately, improved

abandoned projects. The reasons for such disinterest and it is up to the archaeologists who explore a site to

vary considerably. Sometimes they are bound to protect and restore this universal heritage, and it is

natural, hydrological, or geological phenomena, imperative that it is transmitted to the generations of

although they also result from the early the future. Within this context, it falls on the

disappearance of their initiator. At other sites, it is specialists to estimate the original state of a

not unusual that the vision of an edifice, apparently construction at its completion and to determine its

unfinished, proceeds from a later pulling down. The condition prior to the injuries of time or human

disappearance of antique monuments can find its depredations. This being settled, the incomplete state

explanation either in the will of reemploying the of or the ancient demolition of a building offers

construction stone for new buildings, or in a excellent analysis opportunities: in both cases, the

favorable or adverse ideology toward the memory of abandonment of a project or its destruction makes it

a predecessor. It should be remembered that strangely comparable to a building site. Thus, it is

Amenemhet I (Twelfth Dynasty), being anxious to be very easy to study the construction procedures that

officially recognized, inserted in his pyramid of prevailed in times past in the building of these

inscribed blocks bearing the names of his remote structures.

predecessors, Khufu, , , and Pepy II In this respect, the numerous 'unfinished' pyramids

(Fourth-Sixth Dynasties). Later on, at the end of the of the Memphite cemetery shed new light on our

Amarna Period, the Amonian orthodoxy worked knowledge of the Fourth Dynasty. It is a great

unceasingly to destroy all traces of 's city, paradox, that this 'Age of Builders,' dazzling in its

which had been founded by Amenhotep IV/ command of the arts and the virtuosity of its

Akhenaten (Eighteenth Dynasty) at Tell al-Amarna. techniques, used writing very parsimoniously in order

Not to mention the lime-burners and the quarrymen to spread the originality of its message. Therefore, the

who from Roman times up to the nineteenth century, historian, who is anxious to closely examine the

intensively exploited all the archaeological sites of remote past, is forced to meticulously examine the

Egypt! The huge Memphite was not saved: archaeological remnants. In that way, the 'unfinished'

for over a thousand years it supplied the large monuments of Abu Rawash, Zawyet al-Aryan, Ciza,

medieval and modern building sites of the Cairo and Saqqara South, notwithstanding the modesty of

metropolis. In 1882, W.M.F Petrie, while he was their remains, have sometimes led to over-

working on the pyramid of Abu Rawash, complained interpretation, despite the lack of information.

224-225 The Central Field oj Giza Cemetery and the superstructure oj the tomb oj Queen .

Chapter 19 I 225 LJwfin ish ed P*y fcl m ids why theattemptsathistoricalreconstitutionof used asquarryuptomoderntimes.Thiexplain monument. Thisfunerarycomplexhabeen allowing theidentificationofowner worship settlement,aboatpitandgreanumberof mishandled sincethRomanperioanwasifact statuary fragments,withthenamofkingthus were undertakenothsitfthispyramidby to 1902.EmileChassinadiscoveredremainsfa French InstituteofOrientalArchaeologyfrom1900 of theFourthDynasty,wasbuiltaittop.Excavation of thepyramidsGizaand15kilometerwest Cairo. ThemortuarycomplexofDjedefre,thirdruler overlooked byanescarpmenteighkilometersnorth northern endoftheMemphitnecropolis,is The archaeologicalareaofAbuRawash,tth THE PYRAMIDOFDJEDEFR AT ABURAWASH Chapter 49 remained unfinished,likethwholmortuary eight years.Iwasalwaythoughthathipyramid which accordingtotheTurinPapyrus,lastedonly been comparedtotheshort-livereigfDjedefre, quickly builtinmudbrick. complex, thechapelofwhichwouldhavbeen questions. Itsheight,preservedupto10-12mha throne. Thisroyalpyramidharaisenumerou killed hiseldestbrotherinordeoaccedeth mother wasofLibyanorigin,ievesupposedthave as wishedbynusurpingpharaoh.,whose some waybeenthexpressioofadesirforruptur with theillegitimacyofpowerDjedefre.Fromthis pyramid fromGizatoAbuRawashwoulhavein discovery ofroyalstatuesbrokenismalfragment point ofview,thetransfersitroyal led Chassinatosuspecadamnathmemoriae,connecte Rawash anditsowneraside—lackofinformation.The Fourth DynastyintentionallputthesitofAbu 226 long. NowinMuseeduLouvre,Paris. This graffitoofthenameDjedefre Kbentetenkai is28cmhighand49.5 This fragmenta(juartzitestatuetteof King Djedefreandhiswife,Queen painted withhematiteisinthe corridor oftheking'spyramid at AbuRawash. 226 center 226 top archaeological missionofE.Chassinat. the pyramidofDjedefrewasdoneat This headofDjedefreintfuartzite,26.5 the boat-shapedcavityatAbuRawash. This reliefmapoftheareainfront i highand28.8long,wasfoundin end ofMarch190i.Fromthe Now intheMuseedu , Paris. 226 bottom 226-227

Lin fin isloed Pyra rn ids

ARCHITECTURAL 228-229 RECONSTRUCTION OF THE The recently-discovered satellite pyramid ROYAL CHAMBER OF of Abu Rawash is situated in front of the DJEDEFRE AND HIS COFFIN southeast comer of what remains of the A BURIAL CHAMBER IN PINK royal pyramid of Djedefre. GRANITE B NATURAL ROCK 228 bottom right C LIMESTONE FILLING The cross section of the royal and D GRANITE COFFIN the satellite pyramids of Abu Rawash.

Chapter i9 228 Since 1995, a joint mission of the University of the cloak of the inselberg, which forms the nucleus of Geneva and the French Institute, with the the pyramid (44 percent of the total volume of the cooperation of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, tetrahedron). has undertaken new investigations on the site, with The inside of this 'open pyramid' offered a T- the objective of reevaluating the reign of Djedefre. shaped plan, including a north to south slope and a During the first season, thanks to stratigraphically- large pit designated for the royal tomb. The cut trenches, it was proven that the destruction of destruction of the superstructure of the pyramid the statues traced back to the Roman period, in the caused huge monoliths to fall, thus the reason why second century, a time when the site was occupied. the excavators at the beginning of the twentieth As a matter of fact, the eastern part shows remains century were unable to clear the substructures and to testifying a long Roman occupation. This is proceed to the burial chamber. In order to remove explained by the strategic position of the site which these huge blocks it was recently necessary to build overlooks a crossroads and offers recovery of a causeway allowing access and room for the work of construction material. As for the historical point of a mobile crane operating from the top of the view, it can now be established that the assumption funerary pit. Hematite-painted graffiti by quarrymen, of a usurpation of the royal power and of a with the name of the king as well as a mention of posthumous revenge has to be brushed aside. the first year of his reign, were found in situ in the

The first examination of the pyramid itself shows descending corridor. This should be the evidence that its dimensions were near those of : that work on the royal pyramid started right away 106.20 meters square, with a height of 66.0 m (with after the accession to the throne of a new . a slope of 5l°57').The base of the pyramid of In the central pit, only the solid platform of the

Djedefre revealed a foundation bed with a slope of foundation escaped the stone-hewers of later ages. 229 bottom 12°, becoming horizontal little by little on the Nevertheless, the discovery of numerous General map of the archaeological angles of the tetrahedron. This apparatus, running architectonic fragments bearing the name of a wabet area of the funerary complex of Djedefre in Abu Rawash, completed around the whole pyramid, prevented it from sliding ('tomb') allowed the location of the mortuary tomb in summer 2002. toward the outermost of the backing stones and of and its theoretical reconstruction.

229 top The northeast comer of the royal pyramid of Djedefre.

229 center, top This entrance leads to the descending corridor of the pyramid of Djedefre in Abu Rawash.

229 center, bottom The enclosures of the royal pyramid with the satellite pyramid, in the background are the Pyramids of Giza.

Chapter 19 229 230 top

Objects found during the 2002 excavations close to the new satellite pyramid at Abu Rawash.

230 bottom left The boat-shaped pit in front of the royal pyramid at Abu Rawash, during the excavation works.

230 bottom right each side. This new tetrahedron was equally aligned Workers cleaning the descending Within the perspective of completing the ramp to the royal pyramid information resulting from the exploration of the with the cardinal points and the axis of the mortuary of Abu Rawash. surroundings of the pyramid, clearing on the east and temple, and in its substructures there was a tomb dug south sides of the tetrahedron has been undertaken. in hypogeum style. Its shaft contained a broken These investigations already show that the five sarcophagus, in front of which was a niche prepared interdependent structures can be put into connection for canopic vessels. This tomb has been plundered with the mortuary temple. On the northeast side, an since antiquity, nevertheless it surrendered a large access opened on a dry-stone inner enclosure assigned deep bowl in with the name of Horns Medjedu to workshops and habitations. Here the keeping in ('the good shooter')—King Khufu (Khufu), a canopic stock of goods and places for light shelters suggest vessel with its sealing, and a lot of ceramics. The bakery and brewery fittings. On the southern side, an whole lot of this material is typologically close to the esplanade was surrounded by buildings on each of its furniture discovered in the past at Giza in the tomb of three sides. Their function has not yet been defined. Queen , mother of Khufu. On the west side of this courtyard, there was a chapel Previously, this new satellite structure could first intended for the near relations of the king. This have suggested the presence of a cult pyramid, building was next to another construction that had a however its substructure ordering speaks rather for a boat-pit in its basement. It has been observed that this queen's pyramid. Last but not least, the name of Khufu boat was quite similar to that of Khufu, which was on an alabaster vessel suggests a direct relationship discovered in 1954 and is now exhibited in Giza. At with the owner of the monument, namely one of the Abu Rawash the cutting of the rock clearly shows that daughters of the constructor of the Great Pyramid, the boat had its prow to the south, in accordance with Hetepheres II or Khentetenkai. The monument itself the antique tradition of the Egyptians who oriented seems finally to translate the evolution of a project themselves to the source of the Nile. Close by to the imagined as a cult pyramid and later on transformed west, there was the mortuary chapel of the king with a into a feminine burial.

clay seal impression. This seal, which belonged to an With regard to the royal mortuary complex, official attached to the royal cult, contains the mention considered globally, the clearing of the inner enclosures of the name of the pyramid in the phrase, 'The surrounding both pyramids and the presence of this Director of the Firmament of Djedefre." Finally, the satellite building clearly prove that the king's pyramid interior court of the upper temple, built right next to had been completed prior to the setting of these the east side of the pyramid, was in close connection adventitious elements. Consequently, the conclusion with each of these constructions. presents itself: this new inquiry on the site establishes

Continuing excavations in April 2002, to the that the pyramid of Djedefre at Abu Rawash should no south of the royal pyramid, led to the clearing of a longer be considered an unfinished monument that has small, square satellite pyramid, measuring 10.5 m on been abandoned in the course of its construction.

MAP OF THE CULTUAL INSTALLATIONS ON THE EAST SIDE OF THE PYRAMID

A COURTYARD OF THE HIGH TEMPLE B SERVICE AREAS (BAKERY AND BREWERY) C AREAS FOR THE PRIESTS DEDICATED TO THE FUNERARY CULT D EAST CHAPEL OF THE TEMPLE E BOAT-SHAPED PIT F MAIN CHAPEL OF THE HIGH TEMPLE G MAIN PYRAMID

Chapter i g 230 LJ TI Ji 7? i s h eci \ r ¿? w i tí s

23 ( lop THE PYRAMID OF BAKA This funerary complex is short in documentation This archival photograph jocuses on AT ZAWYET AL-ARYAN and therefore remains enigmatic, as much as for the the Great Pit oj the pyramid oj Baka, historian as for the archaeologist. The traces of at Zawyet al-Aryan. The unfinished pyramid of Zawyet al-Aryan, painted inscriptions on the blocks show the mark of a known as the 'Great Pit,' belonging to the successor of royal variously assigned to several kings of Djedefre, King Baka, is located six kilometers south of the Third Dynasty. However, a few archaeological Giza. The site was excavated by A. Barsanti between indices speak in favor of a Fourth Dynasty 1905 and 1912 but the First World War and the death construction. The size of the blocks used, unknown of the excavator put an untimely end to this previous to Khufu, the embedding of the sarcophagus exploration. Subsequently, sand re-covered these within the pavement, which reminds one of the remains which were uncovered for the last time in pyramid of Khafre,- and finally the similarity of the 1954 for the occasion of a full-length film by Howard plan with the substructure of Abu Rawash, are in Hawks, Land of the . accordance with the habit of inscribing the royal

On the surface, Barsanti found the remains of a names within a cartouche from the Fourth Dynasty

huge rectangular enclosure of 465 x 420 m; and in onwards. Furthermore, the discovery by Barsanti of a the middle of it, there was probably a pyramid of a schist tablet with the name of King Djedefre in a square of 210 m. However, only a few foundation workers settlement of the Great Pit' establishes a likely blocks, dug out of the substructure, seem to have historical link. In these conditions, the discovery of been put against the nucleus of the pyramid. Inside the name of Baka, eldest son of Djedefre, seems to be the pyramid, from the center of the north side, a long a possible identification with the owner of the sloping passage of 106 x 6 m leads down into the pyramid of Zawyet al-Aryan. Thus the incomplete rock with two slopes separated by a horizontal state of the superstructure work is confirmed by the landing, down to 24.5 m. As in the substructure of clay protection and the pavement put on top of the Abu Rawash, this descending passage leads to a deep sarcophagus in the substructure. This could well pit (27.0 x 11.7 m). In the west part of its indicate the completion of a stage in the work or the 23 i center approximately 4.5 m thick foundation, which is renunciation of the final project. General plan oj the injrastructures oj paved with granite and limestone blocks, an oval Be that as it may, new investigations in the field the pyramid of Baka, in Zawyet sarcophagus with its cover in red granite was found. are absolutely necessary, especially as this al-Aryan-. in particular notice the This tub, hidden in antiquity by a thick clay layer, archaeological area is now threatened by the descending ramp and the funerary pits. was entirely covered by a limestone pavement. The extension of the southwest Ring Road of Cairo and (Drawing by V. Maragioglio and sarcophagus was empty and it obviously never held the unavoidable urbanization which will follow in this C. Rinaldi.] the intended owner. region.

23 i bottom General section of the infrastructures of the pyramid of Baka, in Zawyet al- Aryan, the descending ramp and the funerary pits are shown clearly. (Drawing by V. Maragioglio and C. Rinaldi). Unfinished M V Pyramids

232 top Reconstruction of the funerary complex of (Mastabat Faraun) in South Sahara by H. Ricke

232 center left Plan and section of the funerary complex of Shepseskaf [Mastabat Faraun] by V. Maragioglio and C. Rinaldi.

232 center right Calcite head of king Shepseskaf, 28.5 cm high, now in the Museum of Fine Arts of Boston.

232 bottom Plan and sections of the infrastructures of Mastabat Faraun by G. ìéauier, after the work of J.-Pfc. Lauer.

232-233 This aerial view of Mastabat Faraun gives evidence to the rounded shape of the structure, typical of coffins covers.

Chapter 19 232 THE GIANT Abu Rawash. After the descending corridor there is buffing work in the burial chamber, in association OF SHEPSESKAF a horizontal corridor, followed by three portcullis with the total lack of furniture pieces, led Jequier to (THE MASTABAT FARAUN) slots and a passage to an antechamber opening west admit that Shepseskaf had never been buried in the on the burial chamber. However, the architect tomb he had ordered for himself. The funerary complex of Shepseskaf, penultimate added a series of five small rooms opening onto the One of the major problems that remains king of the Fourth Dynasty, is set up in the southern antechamber in a southeast direction. They were unexplained is the shape of this amazing part of Saqqara, halfway between the Step Pyramid obviously magazines for the royal mortuary superstructure in form of a sarcophagus. For what of and the site of , and is known by furniture. reasons was the choice of a pyramid left aside here? the name of Mastabat Faraun ('bench of the The general organization of this plan shows an According to Jequier, this new architectural choice pharaoh') due to its present aspect. The monument important innovation in the general concept of the proceeded from an opposition to the Heliopolitan was partly explored by A. Mariette in 1858, and plan of the burial chamber of the pyramids,- this was dogma. The adoption of a tetrahedron, as well as investigations were left unpublished until the work systematically taken over and applied to the the insertion of the name of Re within the royal of G. Jequier in 1924-25. Previously, J. Perring had pyramids of the Fifth and Sixth Dynasties, from the of this dynasty, actually emphasized the noticed the huge dimensions, 95.0 m long by 67.0 time of . great influence of the solar cult on the royalty. The m broad, with a height of 18.0 m. The peculiar In the construction of the substructure, Jequier new shape of this superstructure would thus have shape of its superstructure has been identified by observed that the burial chamber, which had been indicated a reservation of the king with respect to R. Lepsius: he thought of a huge sarcophagus with entirely built in granite, had been built in the open the Heliopolitan priesthood. However, it could as a vaulted top between vertical ends. The clearing air. At the end of his work, the architect covered well have shown some ties to and to undertaken by Jequier confirmed this identification the whole underground building with a first the archaic sanctuaries of Buto, the hieroglyphic and revealed the presence of a huge foundation limestone masonry envelope. As for the final shape writing of which keeps up the symbolic form that platform on which this edifice has been built. At the in form of a huge sarcophagus, it was realized in a can be seen in the royal sarcophagi of the Middle beginning, its shape was that of sloped faces second phase covering the first one. This style of Kingdom. Finally, let us underline the fact that the encased with fine limestone and granite for a construction, from its origin, clearly shows that this incompleteness of the archaeological excavation, bottom course. project differed entirely from the traditionally namely that of the valley temple and of the

In the substructure, the plan of the burial applied system of building pyramids. causeway, does not, at the present time, allow a chamber is in the form of a T, like the pyramid of The incompleteness of the rough-casting and complete assessment of this mortuary complex.

Chapter 19 233 THE TOMB OF KHENTKAUS volume about eight meters high had been added onto AT GIZA the first structure. This new shape built on the aforesaid plateau looked like a huge sarcophagus, like Mastabat

Queen Mother Khentkaus, a relative of Khufu Faraun. It is precisely because of the similarity of these through her father, Prince Hordjedef, is an enigmatic superstructures that a great number of historians character from the end of the Fourth Dynasty. Thanks to suggested that Khentkaus could well have been the , she is considered to be the mother Shepseskaf's wife. of the first rulers of the Fifth Dynasty,- however, up to During the second phase of construction the whole now, the name of her royal husband is unknown. volume was encased in limestone. A chapel was Furthermore, contrary to the customs of this ancient constructed to the east and was found to be cut within period, the location of Khentkaus's tomb, within the the rock above the burial itself. There are three chambers central field of Giza, is not associated to any royal which were decorated in the past according to the wall pyramid. fragments discovered by the excavator. A short sloping Nevertheless, this monument, in the past considered passage leads down from the offering room to the burial by R. Vyse and J. Perring to be an unfinished pyramid, chamber constructed in granite. was also called 'the fourth pyramid of Giza.' Selim On the outside, an enclosure surrounded the funerary Hassan, the excavator of the site, proved that this complex,- in its southwest corner was a boat pit and on atypical building did not show a pyramidal shape. More the opposite side was a rectangular basin with a flight of recently, V. Maragioglio and C. Rinaldi, in their steps. architectural study of the Memphite pyramids, came to In this monument, the causeway with its exceptional the conclusion that the superstructure of this tomb had right angle doesn't seem to have been associated with a been executed in two distinct stages. In the first phase, valley temple, as is the case of the royal complexes of there was work on the limestone core resembling a that period. On the other hand, quite early, a series of mastaba (43.7 x 45.8 m), which was cleared and its south houses, arranged in a linear settlement and meant for the side ornamented by a niched decoration. Around this funerary priests of Khentkaus were built on the basis of core, the quarrymen had lowered the soil level by about an extremely precise town-planning scheme. 10 meters. Later on, it could be that a constructed This monument, in its conception and most original setting, seems to illustrate the final stage of development of the Fourth Dynasty cemetery at Giza. Actually, the funerary complexes of the following dynasty, including in their layout a solar temple, were set south, in the Abusir necropolis.

Having reached the end of this short presentation of the 'unfinished' pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty, it can be shown that despite the huge amount of archaeological work already accomplished, our present knowledge of the royal monuments of that time is limited. If ups and downs have shaped the picture of buildings abandoned in the course of their carrying out or partly demolished over

time, it is now up to the archaeologists to re-examine 234 top these ancient files in the light of actual progress. The Detail oj a granite pillar at the entrance to the chapel oj the superstructure oj the development of the methods of investigation in the field, tomb, in the central cemetery at Giza, comparison with preserved monuments, and, last but not showing the inscription oj the name oj least, analysis of new historical data allow unquestionable Queen Khentkaus I. progress as shown by the recent excavations on the funerary complex of King Djedefre at Abu Rawash. In the 234 bottom future, new surveys of the sites of Zawyet al-Aryan, of Plan oj the superstructures oj the tomb oj Queen Khentkaus with a cross section oj Mastabat Faraun, and of Giza should open the way to the buildings used by tbejunerary priests innovative interpretations, thus allowing a historical re- as a house, and the sacred lake, by V. evaluation of a period which incurred the admiration of Maragioglio and C. Rinaldi. the ancient Egyptians and still fascinates, owing to its perfection, the specialists as much as the modern visitors to the Nile Valley.

Chapter 19 234 LIrtfirtish*edj& \ Pyramids

234-235 This aerial view clearly shows the superstructure oj the tomb oj Queen Khentkaus, with its two levels.

235 bottom This section oj the superstructure shows the injerior level dug into the local limestone, while the upper level has been built. The drawing also shows the room oj the chapel jor the ojjerings and the entrance.

Chapter i 9 235 Seidel (eds.) Egypt-. Tbe World oj the Pbaraobs, THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FIFTH DINASTY Photo credits: Reisner, G. A. and W. S. Smith, A History oj Giza Cologne, 1998, pp. 46-77. Text by Miroslav Verner 260, 261 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Necropolis, vol. II, 1955. Siliotti, A., Guide to the Pyramids oj Egypt, New York: 262 Miroslav Verner Star Reisner, G. A., Myceri'jius. The Temples ojtbe Third Vercelli, 1997. Born in 1941'; he graduated in and prehis­ Pyramid at Giza, Cambridge, MA, 1931. Smith, W. S., 'The Stela of Prince Wepemnofret," tory at Charles Urriversity in Prague. He directed the Smith, W. S., A History oj Egyptian Sculpture and Painting Archaeology 16 (1963), pp. 2-13. Czech Institute of Egyptology for twenty five years THE PYRAMIDS OF THE SIXTH DYNASTY in tbe Old Kingdom. Boston and London, 1946. —-, The Art and Architecture oj . Rev. and and since 1976 has been Jeading the excavations by Text by Audran Labrousse Smith, W S., The Art and Architecture oj Ancient Egypt, enlarged hy William Kelly Simpson, New Haven: Yale Czech archaeologists in Abusir, Egypt. He is profes­ Harmondsworth, 1981. University Press, 1998. sor at in Prague and also serves as Architect and Doctor of, Literature and Human Wilson, J., 'The Artist of Egyptian Old Kingdom," Stadelmann, R., "Giza," in D. B. Redford (ed.), guest professor at the universities of Vienna and Sciences, he earned his Ph.D. at the University of JNES6(1947). The Oxjord Encyclopedia oj Ancient Egypt, Oxford: Hamburg and at the American University in Cairo. Sorbonne in 1988 and is researcher at the CNRS. Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 25-30. He carried out excavations in Iran between 1969 and 1973 Photo credits: "Der Strenge Stil der frühen Vierten Dynastie" Bibliography: and at Sedeinga, in the Sudan, from 1976 to 1994. He has 282 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star in R. Borchardt, L., Das Re-Heiligtum des Königs Ne-woser-re, worked in Egypt since 1973, where he is the Director of 283, 284-285 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star "Royal Tombs from the Age of the Pyramids," in vol. I, Der Bau. Berlin, 1905. the French Archaeological Mission of Saqqara. R. Schulz and M. --, Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Ne-user-re, Leipzig, 1907. "Builders of the Pyramids," in J. Sasson (ed.), —, Das Grabdenhnal des Königs Nejer-(r-ke-re, Leipzig 1909. Bibliography: THE TOMBS OF THE FIFTH AND SIXTH Civilizations oj the II, New York, —, Das Grabdenhnal des Königs Sa-hu-re, Leipzig, 1910-13 Berger-El Naggar, C, J. Leclant, B. Mathieu, and I. DYNASTIES AT SAQQARA 1995, pp. 719-734. Edwards, I. E. S., The pyramids oj Egypt, rev. ed., Pierre-Croisiau, Les Textes âe la pyramide de Pépy 1er, i Text by Karl Mysliwiec Stadelmann, R. and H. Sourouzian (eds.), Kunst Harmon dsworth, 1993. Description et analyse, sous la direction de J. Leclant, Le des Alten Reiches (DAI Sonderschrift 28), Mainz Fakhry, A., The Pyramids, Chicago, 1961. Caire: Ifao, 2001. Karol Mysliwiec is the director of the Research am Rhein: Philipp von Zabern, 1995, Jânosi, P., Die Pyramidenanlagen der Königinnen, Wien, 1995. Jéquier, G., La pyramide d'Oudjebten, Le Caire, 1928. Center for Mediterranean Archaeology at the Polish pp. 155-166. Lehner, M., The Complete Pyramids, London-Cairo, 1997. Les pyramides des reines NeitetApouit, Le Caire, 1933. Academy of Sciences and professor of Ancient Strudwick, N., The Administration oj Egypt in the Old Maragioglio, V. and C. Rinaldi, Larchitettura delle Le monument junéraire de Pepi II, t. I • Le tombeau royal, Egyptian Archaeology at the Warsaw University. He

Kingdom: The Highest Titles and Their Holders, London piramidi menjite. VII, Rapallo-Torino, 1977. t. II : Le temple, t. III.- Les approches du temple, Le Caire, is also director of Polish-Egyptian excavations at and Boston, 1985. Stadelmann, R., Die ägyptischen Pyramiden. Vom 1936, 1938, 1940. Saqqara. Excavating in Egypt on various sites since Tefnin, R., Art et Magie au Temps des Pyramides. Lenigme Ziegelbau Zum Weltwunder, 2nd ed., Mainz, 1985. Labrousse, A., Larcbitecture des pyramides à textes, 3 vol., Saqqara 1969. K. Mysliwiec also directed the Polish-Egyptian des têtes dites 'de remplacement, ' (Monumenta Verner, M., The Pyramid Complex oj Khentkaus, Prague, 1995. Nord, i et 2, 1996, Saqqara Sud, 2000, Le Caire, Ifao. rescue excavations at Tell Atrib (Nile Delta) in 1985¬ Aegyptiaca 5), Brussels: Fondation Egyptologique The Pyramids: Their Archaeology and History, London Les pyramides des reines, une nouvelle nécropole à Saqqâra, 1995. He is the author of many books and articles on Reine Elisabeth, 1991. 2002. Paris, 1999. Egyptian archaeology, art, and religion. Weeks, K., oj Cemetery G eooo. Giza Mastabas Abusir: Tbe Realm oj , Cairo, 2002. Piaentini, P, Lautobiograjia di Uni, principe egovematore dell'Aîto 5, Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1994. 'The Mysterious Sun Temples," KMT 14/1 Egitto, Monograpbia di SEAP I, Series Minor, Pisa, 1990. Bibliography: (2003), pp. 44-57. Altenmüller, H., Die Wanddarstellungen im Grab des Mebu Photo credits: Photo credits: in Saqqara (Archäologische Veröffentlichungen 190, 191 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Photo credits: 264 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star DA1K42), Mainz, 1998. 192, 193 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star 236, 237 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star 265 Audran Labrousse Donovan L. and K. McCorquodale (eds), Egyptian 194 Courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 238-239 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star 266, 267 bottom left and right Araldo De Luca/ Art-. Principles and Themes in Wall Scenes (Prism 195 left Peter Der Manuelian 238 bottom, 239 top Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Archivio White Star Archaeological Series 6), Cairo, 2000. 195 right Courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 240 top, 240-241 Marcello Botinetti/Archivio White Star 266-267 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Harpur, Y, Decoration in Egyptian Tombs oj the Old 196-197 Hearst Museum of Anthropology, 240 bottom, 242 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star 268 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Kingdom, Oxford, 1987. University of California at Berkeley 243, 244-245 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star 268-269 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Jänosi, P., "The Tombs of Officials: Houses of 199 bottom Courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 244 bottom, 245 top Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star 269 top, 270 top, 270-271 Audran Labrousse Eternity," in Egyptian Art in the Age oj the Pyramids From 200 to 209 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White 245 bottom Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star 270 bottom National Museum of Warszawa, Poland (exhibition catalogue), New York, 1999, pp. 27-39. Star 246-247 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star 271 bottom National Museum of Scotland Kanawati N. and A. Hassan, The Cemetery at Saqqara, 210-211,211 left Ciulio Veggi/Archivio White 247 Miroslav Verner 272 top, 273 top, 273 center Araldo De vol. IL The Tomb oj Ankhmabor (The Australian Centre Star 248 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Luca/Archivio White Star for Egyptology Reports 9), Warminster, 1997. From 211 right to 223 Araldo De Luca/Archivio 249, 250, 251 bottom Araldo De Luca/Archivio 272-273 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Kanawati N.and M. Abder-Raziq, Tbe Teti Cemetery at White Star White Star 274, 275 top left and top right Giulio Veggi/ Saqqara, vol. VL Tbe Tomb oj Nikauisesi (The 224-225 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star 251 top Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Archivio White Star Australian Centre for Egyptology Report 14), 252, 253, 254 top left, 254 right, 255 Marcello 275 center and bottom RMN Warminster, 2000. Bertinetti/Archivio White Star 276 Audran Labrousse Moussa A. M. and H. Altenmüller, Das Grab des THE 'UNFINISHED' PYRAMIDS 254 center left, 254 bottom left Giulio Veggi/ 278-279 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star Nianchchnum und Cbnumbotep (Archäologische OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY Archivio White Star 278 bottom Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Veröffentlichungen DAIK 21), Mainz, 1977. Text by Michel Valloggia 256 top Miroslav Verner 279 right Audran Labrousse Mysliwiec, K., New Faces oj Sakkara: Recent discoveries in 256-257 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star 280 left Brooklyn Museum of Art West Sakkara, Tuchöw, 1999. Michel Valloggia, Professor of Egyptology at the 257 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star 280 right Audran Labrousse "Saqqara: una tomba piena di misteri," Le Scienze University of Geneva, Switzerland and field 258 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star (edizione italiana di "Scientific American") 377, Director of the Archaeological Mission at Abu 259 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star (2000), pp. 76-85. Rawash, Egypt, is former "Membre scientifique à THE DECORATIVE PROGRAM OF THE OLD titre étranger" of the French Institute of Oriental KINGDOM PYRAMID COMPLEXES Photo credits: Archaeology in Cairo. He was in charge of the THE SURPRISING ABUSIR BLOCKS Text by Zahi Hawass 286, 287, 288 left and right Araldo De Luca/ archaeological excavations between 1976 and 1993 Text by Zahi Hawass and Miroslav Verner Archivio White Star in the Kharga Oasis (Douch) and the Dakhla Oasis Bibliography: 288-289 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio White Star (Balat). He is also Corresponding Member of the Bibliography: Arnold, D., "Rituale und Pyramiden tern pel," MDAIK 289 bottom Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star German Institute in Cairo and Consultant on behalf Borchardt, L., Das Grabdenkmal des Königs Ne-user-re', 33 (1977). From 290 to 305 Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star of UNESCO: Leipzig, 1907. Bleeker, C.J., Egyptian Festivals: Enactments oj Religious 306 top left, right, 307 Araldo De Luca/Archivio Fakhry, A., The Monuments ojSnejru h Tbe , Renewal, Leiden, 1967. White Star Bibliography: Cairo, 1959. Bonnet, H. Reallexikon der Ägyptischen 306 bottom left Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Hassan, S., Excavations at Giza IV, Cairo, 1943. Firth, CM., J.E. Quibell, The Step Pyramid I, Le Caire, 1935. Religionsgeschichte. Berlin, 1952. From 308 to 317 top Araldo De Luca/Archivio White Star Jequier, G., Le Mastabat Faraoun, Le Caire, 1928. Ghoneim, Z., Hours Sekhem-Khet I, Le Caire, 1957. Borchardt, L., Das Grabdenkmal des Königs II, 317 bottom, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322 center and Lehner, M., The Complete Pyramids, Cairo, 1997. Grinsell, L., , Gloucester, 1947. Leipzig, 1913. bottom Karol Myslievic Maragioglio, V. and C. Rinaldi, Larchitettura delle Hawass. Z, "Newly Blocks from the Causeway of Brinks, )., Die Entwicklung der Königlichen Grabanlagen des 322 top, 323, 324, 325 Araldo De Luca/Archivio Piramidi Memjite, 7 vols., Rapallo, 1963-77. Sahure," MDAIK 32, (1996). AltenReiches, Hildesheim, 1979. White Star Valloggia, M., Fouilles archéologiques à Abu Hölscher, U., Das Grabdenhnal das Königs Cbephren, EoVards, I.E.S., The Pyramids of Egypt, Harmondsworth, 1961. Rawash, Rapports préliminaires des campagnes Leipzig, 1912. Fakhry, A., Tbe Monuments oj Snejeru at Dahshur IL. The i995-2002 IM Genava, M.s. 43-50, Genève, Jéquier, G., Le Mastabat Faraoun, Le Caire, 1928. Valley Temple, 2 pts., Cairo, 1961. THE PYRAMIDS OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM 1995-2002. —, G. La Pyramide d'Oudjebten, Le Caire, 1928. Goedicke, H., Re-used Blocks jrom tbe Pyramid oj Text by Dieter Arnold Au cour d'une pyramide. Une mission archéologique en G. Le monument Funéraire de Pepi ÏI, Le Caire, 1940. AmenembetlatLisbt, New York, 1971 Egypte, Gollion, 2001 Lauer, J. P., La Pyramide à degrees I, Le Caire, 1936. Hawass, Z., Tbe Funerary Establishments ojKhuju, Dieter Arnold is Curator at the Metropolitan Museum Maragioglio, V. and C. Rinaldi, Larchitettura delle Kbajra, and Menkaura During the Old Kingdom, Ph. D. of Art, New York, and has for forty years been con­ Photo credits: piramidi menjite IIand VI, Rapallo, 1963-70. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvanaia micro­ ducting excavations in Egypt, at Thebes, El-Lisht, and 226 top, 226-227 RMN —, Nob'zi'e suüe piramidi di Zedefra, Zedkara Isesi, Teti, Turin, 1962. film, Ann Arbor, MI, 1987. Dahshur, among other sites. He is the author of 226 bottom Michel Valloggia Pétrie, W. M. F., Meidum, London, 1892. Hornung, E. and E. Staehelin, Studien zum sedfest, numerous books on Egyptian architecture, including 228, 229 Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Posener-Krieger, P. and J. L. Cenival, Tbe : Genf-Basel, 1974. Building in Egypt: Pharaonic Stone Masonry (1991), Temples 230, 231 Michel Valloggia Hieratk Papyri in tbe British Museum. 5é Series, London, 1968. Jéquier, G., Le Monument junéraire de Pepi II, vol. L Le oj tbe Last Pharaohs (1999), and Tbe Pyramid Complex oj 232 Courtesy Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Reisner, G.A. W, S.T. Smith, A History oj the Giza Temple junéraire, Cairo, 1936. Senwosret III at Dahshur (2000). 232-233, 234-235 Marcello Bertinetti/Archivio Necropolis, vol. IL, Cambridge, 1955. Maragioglio, V and C. A. Rinaldi, LArcbitettura délia White Star Stadelmann, R., Die ägyptischen Pyramiden, Mainz, 1985. Piramidi menjite. Vols. 2-8, Turin and Rapello, 1963-1977. Bibliography: 234 top Giulio Veggi/Archivio White Star Verner, M., Forgotten Pbaraobs, Lost Pyramids, Abusir, Posener-Kriéger, R, Les Archives du temple junéraire de Nejerirkare- Praha, 1994 Kakai: Les Papyrus d'Abousir, vol. I, II, Cairo, 1976. Gautier, L.-E. and G. Jequier, Memoire sur lesjouilles de

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