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THE TREASURES of the PYRAMIDS Contents ZÄH! H A WA 5® EDITED BY ZAHI HAWASS Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and Director of the Ciza Pyramids Excavations PROJECT EDITORS Laura Acco marzo Valeria Manterrò De Fabiana CRAPHIC DESIGN Paola Placco WHITE STAR PUBLISHERS THE TREASURES OF THE PYRAMIDS Contents INTRODUCTION Page 5 CHAPTER s by H.E. Mrs. Suzanne Mubarak THE ROYAL MORTUARY ENCLOSURES OF ABYDOS AND HIERAKONPOLIS by Matthew Adams and David O'Connor Page 78 THE PYRAMIDS Page 12 CHAPTER 9 by Zahi Hawass THE STEP PYRAMIDS CHRONOLOGY Page is by Ali Radwan Page 86 CHAPTER \ CHAPTER io WHY A PYRAMID? PYRAMID RELIGION THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY by James P. Allen Pago 22 by Rainer Stadelmann Page 112 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER a THE QUEENS' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY AT CIZA THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 138 by Vassit Dobrev Page 28 CHAPTER 12 CHAPTER 3 THE SATELLITE PYRAMID OF KHUFU BUILDING AN OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 150 by Mark Lehner Page 32 CHAPTER a CHAPTER 4 THE MYSTERY OF HETEPHERES THE ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGYPTIAN ROYAL TOMB by Zahi Hawass Page 152 by Zahi Hawass Page 46 CHAPTER h CHAPTER 5 THE SECRET DOORS INSIDE THE GREAT PYRAMID by Zahi Hawass Page 156 THE ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE PYRAMID COMPLEX HAPTER by Zahi Hawass Page 50 C is THE PYRAMIDION CHAPTER 6 by Zahi Hawass Page 160 THE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD CHAPTER \6 by Renee Friedman Page 54 THE ROYAL BOATS AT GIZA by Zahi Hawass Page 164 CHAPTER 7 THE TOMBS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DYNASTIES CHAPTER H AT ABYDOS AND SAQQARA THE SPHINX by Giinter Dreyer Page 62 by Mark Lehner Page 172 10 CHAPTER is Tht Puhlnhc would like to thank: H. E. Fatvuk Hosny - Tht Egyptian Minister of Cw!lnrfi THE TOMBS OF THE HIGH OFFICIALS AT GIZA Nabil Osman - Prtsidtnt oj the Egyptian Information Center, by Peter Der Manuelian Page 190 Attiya Shakran - Gtneral Director oftht Cairo Press Center, CHAPTER \ 9 M. El-Damaty • Director oftht Egyptian Mustum, Cairo, Mena Houst Obcroi Hotel Cairo, THE 'UNFINISHED' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY Gamal Shafik of the Cairo Press Center, by Michel Valloggia Pag, 224 Tht curators and as sis ta n Is of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo, CHAPTER 20 Rajio Kaul, Cuido Paradisi and Fabio CaUmntt - photographers' assistants. THE PYRAMIDS OF THE FIFTH DYNASTY by Miroslav Verner Pag. 236 CHAPTER 2t Tht Editor would like to thank Mark Lnz and Neil Htwison of the American University in Cairo Press He also wants to thank Essam Shehab of tht Giza Inspectorate, and THE SURPRISING ABUSIR BLOCKS. Mohamed Ismail, Mohamed Mtgabtd, Brook Myers, and Sabar Mabrouk from the and Pag 260 by Zahi Hawass Miroslav Verner Technical Office of tht Supreme Council of Antojuitifs. CHAPTER 22 THE PYRAMIDS OF THE SIXTH DYNASTY by Audran Labrousse Pag, 264 CHAPTER 23 10-f < THE DECORATIVE PROGRAM OF THE OLD KINGDOM PYRAMID COMPLEXES Scott showing tht 'Mcidum gttst, ' by Zahi Hawass Page 282 Egyptian Alusntm Cairo. Old CHAPTER 2 A Kingdom THE TOMBS OF THE FIFTH AND SIXTH DYNASTIES AT SAQQARA by Karol Mysliwiec Page 286 CHAPTER 25 THE PYRAMIDS OF THE MIDDLE KINGDOM O3003 White SurS.r.l. by Dieter Arnold Page 326 V« C Sassone, 22/24 13IOO Vercelli, Italy CHAPTER 26 www.whncstar.it All rights mmrf No pan of rhn puMicaijon mi> be THE TOMBS OF THE NOBLES IN THE MIDDLE KINGDOM reproduced, flond m • retrieval sywrm or trtmmti led m jv. fom or by any mean* electron*: imiianul by David P. Silverman Page 348 photocopying recording or otherwise, wrthoul wrrlien penntttiofi from ihc publisher CHAPTER 21 ISBN 88-8095-233-1 ROYAL AND PRIVATE STATUES OF THE OLD AND MIDDLE KINGDOMS Reprints: 1334 5 6 07 06 05 04 03 by Hourig Sourouzian Page 366 Printed in Italy by Olficine Grafiche Dc Agoitmi INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 392 Color separation by Fotomec, Turin I I The 'Unfinished' Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty by Michel Valloggia ^^^knitnese s to a secular past, archaeological in his journal of the progressive disappearance of the remains invariably preserve the imprint of history monument: the stones were taken away at a rate of that has shaped its present aspect. Consequently, 300 camel-loads per day. certain sites reveal the existence of outlined then Nowadays, the situation is, fortunately, improved abandoned projects. The reasons for such disinterest and it is up to the archaeologists who explore a site to vary considerably. Sometimes they are bound to protect and restore this universal heritage, and it is natural, hydrological, or geological phenomena, imperative that it is transmitted to the generations of although they also result from the early the future. Within this context, it falls on the disappearance of their initiator. At other sites, it is specialists to estimate the original state of a not unusual that the vision of an edifice, apparently construction at its completion and to determine its unfinished, proceeds from a later pulling down. The condition prior to the injuries of time or human disappearance of antique monuments can find its depredations. This being settled, the incomplete state explanation either in the will of reemploying the of or the ancient demolition of a building offers construction stone for new buildings, or in a excellent analysis opportunities: in both cases, the favorable or adverse ideology toward the memory of abandonment of a project or its destruction makes it a predecessor. It should be remembered that strangely comparable to a building site. Thus, it is Amenemhet I (Twelfth Dynasty), being anxious to be very easy to study the construction procedures that officially recognized, inserted in his pyramid of Lisht prevailed in times past in the building of these inscribed blocks bearing the names of his remote structures. predecessors, Khufu, Khafre, Unas, and Pepy II In this respect, the numerous 'unfinished' pyramids (Fourth-Sixth Dynasties). Later on, at the end of the of the Memphite cemetery shed new light on our Amarna Period, the Amonian orthodoxy worked knowledge of the Fourth Dynasty. It is a great unceasingly to destroy all traces of Akhenaten's city, paradox, that this 'Age of Builders,' dazzling in its which had been founded by Amenhotep IV/ command of the arts and the virtuosity of its Akhenaten (Eighteenth Dynasty) at Tell al-Amarna. techniques, used writing very parsimoniously in order Not to mention the lime-burners and the quarrymen to spread the originality of its message. Therefore, the who from Roman times up to the nineteenth century, historian, who is anxious to closely examine the intensively exploited all the archaeological sites of remote past, is forced to meticulously examine the Egypt! The huge Memphite necropolis was not saved: archaeological remnants. In that way, the 'unfinished' for over a thousand years it supplied the large monuments of Abu Rawash, Zawyet al-Aryan, Ciza, medieval and modern building sites of the Cairo and Saqqara South, notwithstanding the modesty of metropolis. In 1882, W.M.F Petrie, while he was their remains, have sometimes led to over- working on the pyramid of Abu Rawash, complained interpretation, despite the lack of information. 224-225 The Central Field oj Giza Cemetery and the superstructure oj the tomb oj Queen Khentkaus I. Chapter 19 I 225 226 bottom This relief map of the area in front of the pyramid of Djedefre was done at the end of March 190 i. From the archaeological mission of E. Chassinat. ids 226-227 m This head of Djedefre in tfuartzite, 26.5 fcl i high and 2 8.8 long, was found in the boat-shaped cavity at Abu Rawash. Fourth Dynasty intentionally put the site of Abu Now in the Musee du P*y THE PYRAMID OF DJEDEFRE Louvre, Paris. AT ABU RAWASH Rawash and its owner aside—lack of information. The discovery of royal statues broken in small fragments The archaeological area of Abu Rawash, at the led Chassinat to suspect a damnath memoriae, connected northern end of the Memphite necropolis, is with the illegitimacy of power of Djedefre. From this overlooked by an escarpment eight kilometers north point of view, the transfer of the site of the royal of the pyramids of Giza and 15 kilometers west of pyramid from Giza to Abu Rawash would have in Cairo. The mortuary complex of Djedefre, third ruler some way been the expression of a desire for rupture ed of the Fourth Dynasty, was built at its top. Excavations as wished by an usurping pharaoh. Djedefre, whose were undertaken on the site of this pyramid by the mother was of Libyan origin, is even supposed to have ish French Institute of Oriental Archaeology from 1900 killed his eldest brother in order to accede to the to 1902. Emile Chassinat discovered remains of a throne. This royal pyramid has raised numerous worship settlement, a boat pit, and a great number of questions. Its height, preserved up to 10-12 m, has statuary fragments, with the name of the king, thus been compared to the short-lived reign of Djedefre, allowing the identification of the owner of the which according to the Turin Papyrus, lasted only eight years. It was always thought that this pyramid LJwfin monument. This funerary complex has been mishandled since the Roman period and was in fact remained unfinished, like the whole mortuary used as a quarry up to modern times. This explains complex, the chapel of which would have been why the attempts at historical reconstitutions of the quickly built in mud brick. 226 top This fragment a (juartzite statuette of King Djedefre and his wife, Queen Kbentetenkai is 28 cm high and 4 9.5 long.
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