Incertitudes Identitaires Uncertain Identities

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Incertitudes Identitaires Uncertain Identities Cahiers des SCIENCES HUMAINES vol. 30 - no 3 - 1994 Incertitudes identitaires Uncertain identities Éditeurs scientifiques : Bertrand-F. GÉRARD et Marie-José JOLIVET Éditions de I’Orstom INSTITUT FRANÇAIS DE RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE POUR LE DEVELOPPEMENT EN COOPÉRATION PARIS - 1994 Manuscrjt~ recps au Secrétariat des Éditions de I’Orstom le 8 février 1993 Muqzzette de couverturc : Michelle SAINT-LÉGER . La loi du 11 mars 1957 n’autorisant, aux termes des 3tincZas 2 et 3 de I‘article 41, d’une part, que les « copies ou reproductions strictement réservées à l’usage privé du copiste et non destinées 2 une utilisation collective », et, d’autre part, que les analyses et les courtes citations dans un but d’exemple et d’ihstration, ,e toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale, ou partielle faite sans le consentement de l’auteur cm de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause. est illicite (alinea 1”’ de I’article 40). Cette représentation ou reproduction. par quelque proddé que ce soit, constituerait donc une contrefaçon sanctionnée par les articles 425 et suivants du Code Pénal. @) Orstom 1994 PRÉSENTATION Bertrand-F. GÉRARD*, Marie-jasé JOLI!!ET** On sait que, depuis longtemps déjà, l’identité se trouve au centre d’un nombre considérable d’études et de débats ; c’est au point que certains chercheurs se demandent s’il ne s’agit pas là d’un concept dépassé, appliqué à des réalités mieux saisissables, aujourd’hui, par d’autres voies (celles d’une anthropologie plus directement politique, par exemple). Telle n’est évidemment pas notre conception : l’intérêt croissant que suscitent les sociétés pluriculturelles ou métisses doit plutôt pousser, selon nous, à remettre en œuvre ce concept, dans le cadre d’un renouvellement de la problématique concernée. C’est dans cet esprit que nous avons proposé à nos collègues d’aborder la question identitaire à partir de la notion d’événement. Les médias jouent, en la matière, un rôle non négligeable : à travers la masse des informations que véhiculent la presse, la radio et la télévision, les gens sont sans cesseconfrontés au traitement journalisti- que du fait identitaire. Or, le plus souvent, c’est un événement qui, précisément, suscite cette médiatisation : toute guerre civile, en particuher, qu’elle touche le Surinam ou les pays de l’ex-Yougoslavie, se voit décrite en termes de luttes nationales, tribales. religieuses... Certaines catastrophes même, qu’on aurait autrefois considérées comme purement naturelles, peuvent relever aujourd’hui de ce type de traitement : il suffit que l’accent soit porté sur les conséquences de l’anthropisation. Dans chacun de ces cas, la démarche médiatique met fondamentalement en cause une certaine idée de l’identité - au demeurant souvent largement confondue avec quelques-uns de ses « marqueurs » privilégiés. De ce seul point de vue, bien qu’il ne se confonde pas avec le nôtre, l’événement mérite qu’on s’y arrête un moment : principal ressort de l’information médiatique. il est le signal qui sans cesserejaillit pour poser et reposer l’identité comme question. *Anthropologue Orstom, 213, rue La Fayette, 75480 Paris cedex 10. ** Socio-anthropologue Orstom aftectée au CÉA, ÉHÉSS, 54, boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris. Cah. Sci. Hum. 30 (3) 1994 : 363-369 Bertrand-F. chfR4RD et Mwie-/osé /OLIVE7 Qu’entendons-nous par événement, dès l’instant où nous ne voulons en retenir que ce qui conduit à la question identitaire ? Signal. mais aussi facteur agissant, un tel événement peut affecter de trois manières la société qui le produit ou le subit : comme symptome, comme inducteur effectif et comme vecteur potentiel. Considérons pour l’instant ces trois manières comme autant de moments distincts. En tant que symptôme, d’abord, l’événement nous intéresse pour ce qu’il révèle : c’est le moment où, au-delà des explications de surface, ceux qui l’analysent - observateurs ou scientifiques - constatent qu’il correspond à l’émergence d’un phénomène latent ou reconnu tel 0 posteriori, au dévoilement d’une configuration sociale en mouvement qui, en raison même de sa dynamique. avait jusqu’alors échappé à toute compréhension. En tant qu’inducteur. ensuite, l’événement nous importe pour ses conséquences, dans la mesure où celles-ci peuvent venir lui donner après coup sa valeur d’événement (au moins aux yeux de la postérité) : soit qu’elles en déplacent le centre de gravité pour lui faire prendre une autre signification, soit qu’elles amènent à considérer comme événement un fait qui, sinon. aurait pu passer inaperçu. En tant que vecteur potentiel, enfin, l’événement - alors examiné dans son actualisation immédiate - nous intéresse pour ses effets à venir. même sj l’opacité de la situation les rend de prime abord imprévisibles. Evidemment, à l’opposé du cas de figure précédent, il ne peut s’agir là que d’un événement repérable sur le champ, comme la mort d’une personne célèbre, ou quelque action publique d’envergure. Mais une telle condition ne suffit pas à donner au fait considéré un statut d’événement à long terme : il existe aussi, au regard de l’histoire, des « anecdotes B auxquelles on peut prêter sur l’instant plus d’importance qu’elles n’en ont. C’est dire toute l’ouver- ture qu’il convient de garder et annoncer d’emblée jusqu’où l’incerti- tude peut aller se cacher. Pour illustrer ces trois moments et montrer plus concrètement comment ils s’articulent ou au contraire se distinguent, examinons rapidement les deux exemples qui, en amont, ont éclairé notre projet’. Le premier relève de l’histoire en même temps que d’une approche anthropologique replaçant la question sur le terrain de l’historicité. Il s’agit de la journée du 22 mai 1845, à Saint-Pierre de la Martinique, telle que la livrent témoignages et chroniques - variables selon le point de vue adopté - et telle que les Martiniquais la revendiquent aujourd’hui. ’ Nous n‘avons pas repris ces exemples dans nos propres articles, l’un parce qu’il avait déjà été trait6 ailleurs, l’autre par souci d’ouvrir davantage encore le debat. Cah. Sci. Hum. 30 (3) 1994 : 36536? Présentation 365 Rappelons brièvement les faits. À Paris, l’abolition définitive de l’esclavage venait d’être proclamée par un décret daté du 27 avril 1848, mais dont la mise en application locale n’était prévue que pour le 10 août. Le 22 mai, alors que cette nouvelle était désormais connue de tous aux Antilles, les esclaves des plantations qui entouraient Saint-Pierre se révoltèrent contre l’emprisonnement de I’un d’entre eux. Le mouvement gagna aussitôt la ville et prit une ampleur telle que, dès le 23 mai, soucieux de calmer les esprits et de restaurer l’ordre, le gouverneur de l’île jugea bon de décréter l’application immédiate de la loi d’émancipation. Forcément important sur l’instant pour ses acteurs et tous ses témoins directs, y compris ses détracteurs, cet événement fut ensuite assez vite relégué au rang des émeutes par l’histoire officielle. Selon ce point de vue, intériorisé par une très large part de la population, l’abolition de l’esclavage ne pouvait être due qu’à l’action de Schœlcher et à la générosité de la Mère Patrie.. En 1971, pourtant, telle une résurgence, le souvenir du 22 mai venait hanter à nouveau les mémoires, non plus comme une simple émeute, mais comme une révolte décisive, voire une révolution. Inaugurant une place à laquelle il avait fait donner ce nom. Césaire, maire de Fort- de-France, choisit ainsi de célébrer ce jour-là « une émancipation non pas concédée mais conquise ». Le nationalisme martiniquais avait trouvé là une solide assise... On le voit, l’événement que constitue le 22 mai 1848 donne pleinement sens à deux des moments définis plus haut : dans sa fonction de symptôme, il révèle toute l’usure de la société esclavagiste ; dans celle d’inducteur, il a clairement des conséquences qui en déplacent (ou en restituent) après coup le centre de gravité. En outre. à travers la commémoration qui en est désormais instituée, il tend aujourd’hui vers la fonction de vecteur, producteur qu’il est d’un « néo-événe- ment » qui vient à son heure nourrir le processus nationaliste, sur un mode récurrent. Prenons maintenant notre second exemple : les émeutes qui ont embrasé Los Angeles en avril 1992. Parti du quartier de South Central, le mouvement s’est étendu au point de menacer l’ensemble de la ville et, sous ces luttes d’abord qualifiées de raciales, c’est le caractère essentiellement urbain du phénomène qui est finalement apparu au grand jour. L’affaire fut déclenchée par l’acquittement, le 29 avril, de quatre policiers du LAPD (Los Angeles Police Depamnent), accusés d’avoir fait, un an plus tôt, un usage abusif de la force lors de l’arrestation d’un automobiliste noir qu’ils poursuivaient pour conduite en état d’ivresse et refus d’obtempérer. Particulièrement violente, la scène avait été filmée par un témoin. Cah. Sci. Hum. 30 (3) 1994 : 363-369 366 Bertrand-F. GR.AR» et Marie-José /OLIVET Que certaines communautés noires - notamment celles qui occupent les anciens « centres-villes » (imer cities) aujourd’hui désertés par les citoyens les plus aisés et par les entreprises - soient susceptibles de protester violemment contre un tel verdict : voilà qui est évident. La violence est l’un des symptômes qui caractérisent les univers noirs les plus défavorisés : en 1965 déjà, de graves émeutes n’avaient-elles pas ensanglanté le quartier de Watts, au sud de South Central ? Mais il y a eu, en l’occurrence, un élément nouveau : ce ne sont pas des extrémistes politiquement motivés qui ont mené les foules en colère, ce sont les garzgs (des bandes de jeunes équipées et bien armées) qui les ont encadrées, pour finalement les inciter à piller les boutiques et les centres commerciaux du quartier.
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