DOCSLIB.ORG

Reserved Seats, Ethnic Constituencies, and Minority

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Reserved Seats, Ethnic Constituencies, and Minority View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ASU Digital Repository “Stand For” and Deliver? Reserved Seats, Ethnic Constituencies, and Minority Representation in Colombia by Jean Paul Crissien A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved August 2015 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Miki Kittilson, Chair Magda Hinojosa Michael Mitchell ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY December 2015 ABSTRACT This project is a comparative exploration of the connection between descriptive representation and the substantive and symbolic representation of ethnic minorities: do Afro and indigenous representatives effectively “stand for” group members by introducing identity and empowering descriptive constituents? Featuring reserved seats for both minority groups, Colombia is an ideal case. In combination, the institutional design of reserved seats and the tradition of mestizaje and racial democracy add complexity to analyzing these populations. Consequently, in order to assess minority representation this work adds to extant representational theory by taking into account the crystallization of minority constituencies across elections. I use quantitative and qualitative data to comparatively assess the use of reserved seats for integrating minority identity to the deliberative process and measuring empowerment impacts for minority-majority municipalities. This data includes an original dataset of electoral outcomes across seven cycles (1990-2010) and transcripts of congressional plenaries spanning three legislative periods (2002-2014). I take into account constituency dynamics identifying the concentration and geographical sources of votes in minority districts. These outcomes translate to expectations of representative behavior, hinging on the theoretical belief that constituency dynamics act as signals of legislator accountability to minority constituents. This dissertation is located at the intersection of the comparative politics literature on minority quotas and representation, on one hand, and ethno-racial minority politics in Latin America, on the other. I find that ongoing electoral reforms have impacted constituency outcomes in post-reform cycles. More importantly, I observe that reserved i representatives from both groups have integrated identity into deliberative processes often, but that only in the case of indigenous representation has the use of identity in plenaries been responsive to constituency variables. In addition, empowerment effects are identified in indigenous-majority communities that have strong linkages to minority districts, while the same empowerment cannot be conclusively identified in Afro- majority communities. ii Para mi querida mamá, quién desde mi infancia siempre me ha hecho la compañía. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In writing this dissertation, I teetered between extremes, one hour needing sheer confinement and the next crying for conversational commiseration—all separated by desperate pleas for assistance. Between mentors, colleagues, and friends, I have been fortunate enough to find an enviable balance between various poles: distance and proximity; solitude and companionship; kind words and vituperation; tacit approval and loquacious rejection; independence and support. For this, I am eternally grateful to the collective fingerprint found on the corner of every page. I would spend another five years (six? let’s say five) thanking everyone that had a hand in this and cannot possibly give all of you specific mention. For this last part, I am truly sorry. My deepest gratitude goes out to the members of my committee. I have stolen them away from loving families and forced them to read chapters during long flights and on vacation. My chair, Miki Kittilson, has shown unending patience, diligence, and compassion throughout. From her, I never read or heard a criticism that was not appropriately packaged, each judgement prompting sincere reflection and forward movement—no small feat when guiding an intransigent mind. Office visits with Michael Mitchell were unpredictable and his words persuasive, a wonderful combination for keeping me on my toes. Nobody did more to help me see the big picture of this project and make me realize that I needed to do “better than my best.” I cannot begin to show my unending gratitude for all that Magda Hinojosa has done for me. At this young stage of my career, Magda has done more for my professional advancement than any single professor with whom I have interacted. Between taking me on as a research assistant, steadfast support in the job market, and pushing this project to completion, I can honestly iv say that I have two massive debt accounts at the end of this process—Perkins Loans and MH. My biggest lament is that I must instantly apologize to each of these kind people for continuing to ask for their help in the future. At Arizona State University, I would like to thank the School of Politics and Global Studies and Office of Graduate Education for funding the entirety of my doctoral studies. SPAGS should also be credited with providing funds that supporting a brief stint of field research in Bogotá and Cali, Colombia, during which I acquired the data that made these analyses possible. I also owe a debt to the Graduate and Professional Students Association of ASU, which gave me a wonderful opportunity to serve the institution and partially funded every conference trip I was fortunate enough to attend. I would also like to thank so many wonderful people at Middle Tennessee State University. Most of all, thank you to the Department of Academic Affairs and the Department of Political Science and International Relations. My completion fellowship at MTSU put me in position to finish this work. Individually, I would like to thank the Vice Provost of Academic Affairs, Dr. John Omachonu, and his remarkable Coordinator of Academic Affairs, Janice Lewis, who processes claims so efficiently that I am convinced she can single-handedly streamline the Affordable Care Act. My sincerest gratitude to the chair of the Political Science department, Stephen Morris, who supported my completion of this project and my job prospects from day one. Not to be forgotten are the perfect strangers. A combined thank you to Netflix, the Yellow Tail vintners, and Ikea, the holy triumvirate that sponsored my much needed breaks. And YES, Netflix—I am still watching. Finally, a big thanks to the República de Colombia, whose historical oppression of minorities made all of this possible. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………..…….viii LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................................x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................1 Normative and Empirical Literature on Minority Quotas .........................................8 Ethnicity, Race, and Exclusion in Latin America ...................................................11 Institutional Engineering in Reformatory Colombia ..............................................18 Methodological Notes and Organization of the Study ............................................23 2: AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK OF MINORITY REPRESENTATION ..............30 Representing Newly Recognized Minority Groups ...............................................32 An Adjusted Analytical Framework of Representation .........................................35 Concluding Remarks ..............................................................................................46 3: MINORITY ELECTORAL DISTRICTS IN PRACTICE (1991-2010) .........................48 District Design and Systemic Reform....................................................................51 Data and Procedures ..............................................................................................61 Data Analysis .........................................................................................................67 vi CHAPTER Page Concluding Remarks ...........................................................................................81 4: MINORITY PRESENCE, CONGRESSIONAL DISCOURSE, AND IDENTITY REPRESENTATION ......………………………………………………………………...84 Data and Procedures ..........................................................................................93 Data Analysis .....................................................................................................98 Concluding Remarks………………………………………………………….115 5: MINORITY DISTRICTS AND EMPOWERMENT ...................................................119 Data, Measures, and Procedures ......................................................................126 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................131 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................................138 6: CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................143 Recap of the Study and Summary of Findings ................................................144 Revisiting Causality .........................................................................................146 Shortcomings and Future Research
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ethnicity and Views About the New Zealand Environment
    Ethnicity and views about the New Zealand environment Kenneth FD Hughey1, Geoffrey N Kerr2,, Ross Cullen3 1 Faculty of Environment, Society and Design, PO Box 85084, Lincoln University 7647, New Zealand. +64 3 3252811 [email protected] 2 Faculty of Environment, Society and Design, PO Box 85084, Lincoln University 7647, New Zealand. +64 3 3252811 [email protected] 3 Faculty of Commerce, PO Box 85084, Lincoln University 7647, New Zealand. +47 9701 5588 [email protected] Paper prepared for presentation at the EAAE 2014 Congress ‘Agri-Food and Rural Innovations for Healthier Societies’ August 26 to 29, 2014 Ljubljana, Slovenia Copyright 2014 by Hughey, Kerr, Cullen. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. Abstract Limited research has been completed on the relationship between ethnicity and views within a country on the environment, pressures on the environment and its management. Some recent New Zealand research has found no significant difference in environmental world views between different ethnic groupings. We report selected results from a decade of biennial, nationwide surveys of adults in New Zealand. By socio-demographic measures, respondents are broadly representative of New Zealand adults. In each biennial survey we have found significant differences between ethnicities in views on water quality, causes of damage to water, and water management. There are also significant differences between ethnicities in participation in environmental activities. Our survey has an advantage over other work in that it is able to distinguish between indigenous New Zealanders and native-born New Zealanders, a distinction that proved helpful in identifying these significant differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Making a Community: Filipinos in Wellington
    Making a Community: Filipinos in Wellington September 2017 ISBN 978-0-9941409-4-4 (PDF) Making a Community: Filipinos in Wellington About the Author As an American living in New Zealand, I’ve been observing the debate here on immigration and multiculturalism. I arrived in Wellington last year with my Kiwi husband and three-year old son – and while settling in we’ve spent a lot of time discovering the delights of the city and its people. The experience also gave me some perspective on being a migrant far from home. I have a professional interest in South East Asian history, languages and culture - I just completed a PhD on the subject. I speak some Filipino, and am fascinated by the Philippines’ complex history. One of the major phenomena in the Philippines since the 1970s has been the growth of the global Filipino diaspora. That story has often been full of sadness. So I was intrigued by anecdotes of positivity and success from Wellington. Writing about how the migrant Filipino community has settled in New Zealand has been more than just a research project. It has highlighted how migration plays a role in community building. It also has meaning for me and my family’s future here. I really wanted to share some of the stories that I think reflect successful outcomes from immigration over the past thirty years. By Dr Rebecca Townsend 1 Key Points 1. 2. 3. Filipinos comprise 1 percent of Filipinos are a vital part of Most Filipinos in New Zealand are New Zealand’s population – the New Zealand’s dairy, healthcare, not Overseas Filipino Workers third largest Asian ethnic group construction, nursing, aged care, (OFW).
    [Show full text]
  • The Formation of Pkeh Identity in Relation to Te Reo Mori and Te Ao
    The Formation of Pākehā Identity in Relation to Te Reo Māori and Te Ao Māori QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Māori in the University of Canterbury by Maria Jellie ________________________________ University of Canterbury 2001 I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My deepest thanks goes to Jeanette King, my supervisor, whose support was invaluable to this thesis. The kaupapa was one very close to both our hearts and thus made working together an enjoyable and enlightening experience. I would also like to thank Te Rita Papesch who conceived of the kaupapa and presented me with the topic. The other people I would like to thank are the people who participated in the interviews. Every interview was an enjoyable experience and a revelation to me on my own identity as a Pākehā who speaks te reo Māori. He mihi nui he mihi aroha hoki ki a koutou katoa. Kia ora rā mø øu koutou tautoko me øu koutou wairua aroha ki a au. Kāore āku kupu ki te whakawhāki ki a koutou te maiohatanga i roto i tøku ngākau ki a koutou katoa. Haeretia tonutia i runga i te ara hirahira, arā, te ara o te reo Māori. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. II Abstract This thesis explores the experiences of European New Zealanders who have learnt te reo Māori and how through their learning they have gained a better understanding of what it means to be Pākehā in New Zealand.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealanders on the Net Discourses of National Identities In
    New Zealanders on the Net Discourses of National Identities in Cyberspace Philippa Karen Smith A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2012 Institute of Culture, Discourse & Communication School of Language and Culture ii Table of Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... v List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................ vi Attestation of Authorship ......................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. viii Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... ix Chapter One : Identifying the problem: a ‘new’ identity for New Zealanders? ................... 1 1.1 Setting the context ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 New Zealand in a globalised world ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Relating Maori and Pakeha : the Politics of Indigenous and Settler
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Relating Maori and Pakeha: the politics of indigenous and settler identities A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology at Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand Avril Bell 2004 Abstract Settler colonisation produced particular colonial subjects: indigene and settler. The specificity of the relationship between these subjects lies in the act of settlement; an act of colonial violence by which the settler physically and symbolically displaces the indigene, but never totally. While indigenes may be physically displaced from their territories, they continue to occupy a marginal location within the settler nation-state. Symbolically, as settlers set out to distinguish themselves from the metropolitan ‘motherlands’, indigenous cultures become a rich, ‘native’ source of cultural authenticity to ground settler nationalisms. The result is a complex of conflictual and ambivalent relations between settler and indigene. This thesis investigates the ongoing impact of this colonial relation on the contemporary identities and relations of Maori (indigene) and Pakeha (settlers) in Aotearoa New Zealand. It centres on the operation of discursive strategies used by both Maori and Pakeha in constructing their identities and the relationship between them. I analyse ‘found’ texts - non-fiction books, media and academic texts - to identify discourse ‘at work’, as New Zealanders make and reflect on their identity claims.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Cultural Origins of Differences in Time Orientation Between European New Zealanders and Māori Kevin D
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of San Francisco The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Organization, Leadership, and Communications School of Management 2012 Exploring the Cultural Origins of Differences in Time Orientation between European New Zealanders and Māori Kevin D. Lo University of San Francisco, [email protected] Carla Houkamau Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.usfca.edu/olc Part of the Anthropology Commons, International Business Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Kevin D. Lo, Carla Houkamau. Exploring the Cultural Origins of Differences in Time Orientation between European New Zealanders and Māori. NZJHRM. 2012 Spring. 12(3),105-123. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Management at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Organization, Leadership, and Communications by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NZJHRM 2012 Spring Issue Exploring the Cultural Origins of Differences in Time Orientation Between European New Zealanders and Māori Exploring the Kevin D. Lo, School of Management, University of San Francisco Cultural Origins [email protected] and Carla Houkamau, Department of Management and International Business, University of Auckland1 of Differences [email protected] in Time Abstract: Previous research suggests that time orientation differs as a function of national culture. Orientation National cultures often cluster together by region, thus regional generalizations can provide insights on how cultures in a given cluster perceive time.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Spatial Differentiation Among Ethnic Groups in New Zealand Douglas Grbic University of Wisconsin-River Falls Email
    Dynamics of Spatial Differentiation among Ethnic Groups in New Zealand Douglas Grbic University of Wisconsin-River Falls Email: [email protected] Hiromi Ishizawa University of Minnesota Email: [email protected] Charles Crothers Auckland University of Technology Email: [email protected] Abstract New Zealand has experienced a marked increase in immigration since the early 1990s, which has fostered greater ethnic diversity. However, studies have yet to fully explore the changing patterns of spatial differentiation among ethnic groups. Using the New Zealand Census data from 1991 to 2006, we first examine the patterns of ethnic residential segregation for the Asian, Maori, and Pacific people from the majority European population. We then assess the effects of geographic and group level characteristics on the levels of segregation. The results reveal that Pacific people are the most segregated group from Europeans. The levels of segregation have declined only slightly for Maori and Pacific people, but increased gradually over time for Asians. Regression results for 2006 show two common factors influencing residential segregation for all three groups: the percent of minority group increases segregation while the closer the mean income to that of European decreases segregation. Prepared for presentation at the 2008 Annual Meeting of Population Association of America, New Orleans, LA. Introduction During the later part of the 20th century, New Zealand became an increasingly multiethnic society partly attributable to the growth of immigration from various countries. In 1956, 94 percent of the population was New Zealand European, 6 percent was Maori (the founding people of New Zealand), and less than .1 percent were other ethnicities (McLintock 1966).
    [Show full text]
  • Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 16 (1)
    Modelling loanword success – a sociolinguistic quantitative study of Mā ori loanwords in New Zealand English Article Published Version Creative Commons: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Open Access Calude, A. S., Miller, S. and Pagel, M. (2020) Modelling loanword success – a sociolinguistic quantitative study of Mā ori loanwords in New Zealand English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 16 (1). pp. 29-66. ISSN 1613-7027 doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2017-0010 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/76113/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2017-0010 Publisher: De Gruyter All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online Corpus Linguistics and Ling. Theory 2017; aop Open Access Andreea Simona Calude*, Steven Miller and Mark Pagel Modelling loanword success – a sociolinguistic quantitative study of Māori loanwords in New Zealand English DOI 10.1515/cllt-2017-0010 Abstract: Loanword use has dominated the literature on language contact and its salient nature continues to draw interest from linguists and non-linguists. Traditionally, loanwords were investigated by means of raw frequencies, which are at best uninformative and at worst misleading.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Dominican Baseball An
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Dominican Baseball An Exploration of the Modern Major League Baseball Academy System A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Art Latin American Studies by Andrew Mitchel 2020 © Copyright by Andrew Mitchel 2020 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS Dominican Baseball An Exploration of the Modern Major League Baseball Academy System by Andrew Mitchel Master in Latin American Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2020 Professors Bonnie Taub, Co-Chair Professor Lauren Derby, Co-Chair This project is about Major League Baseball’s (MLB) developmental academies in the Dominican Republic (henceforth D.R.). Athletes from across Latin America, once signed, begin at this first level of Minor League Baseball to prove their sporting abilities, learn English and become consummate professionals. This thesis concerns both the history of the United States (U.S.)-D.R. relationship through the lens of baseball, and ethnographic fieldwork completed at one MLB academy in the D.R. in summer 2019. The research included watching Dominican Summer League games, touring the facility, interviewing staff and sitting in on a high school equivalency course. It analyzes various so-called ‘signs of universality’ as to how baseball is played worldwide: language/ritual, camaraderie, food, education and masculinity. The historical context surrounding the relationship between the nations shows how the baseball academy is one just type of neoliberal and neocolonial enclave in the Dominican Republic. Concluding thoughts cover where this system stands as of 2020 and what can be done to ensure ideal conditions for these teenage players. Keywords: anthropology of sport; U.S.-D.R.
    [Show full text]
  • For Survival in a Hostile New World, Sojourners Are Inclined Toward
    Why do Asian immigrants become entrepreneurs? The case of Korean self- employed immigrants in New Zealand Joo-Seok (Joe) Lee A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Arts (Social Sciences) 2008 Table of Contents ATTESTATION OF AUTHORSHIP ....................................................................................................... 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................... 2 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 4 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT ......................................................................................... 5 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................................... 6 SIGNIFICANCE ........................................................................................................................................ 13 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................................... 14 THESIS STRUCTURE ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 1 De Junho De 2017 Título Suporte Data
    1 de junho de 2017 Título Suporte Data BALEIAS SÓ COMEÇARAM A CRESCER HÁ DOIS OU TRÊS Jornal da Madeira 24 de maio de 2017 MILHÕES DE ANOS Escola da Apel celebra Dia Internacional da Diversidade Diário de Noticias 19 de maio de 2017 Biológica Madeira associa-se à “Semana Verde” da Europa Funchal Noticias 29 de maio de 2017 Concentrações de silício indiciam que Marte teve água Açoriano Oriental 30 de maio de 2017 durante mais tempo do que se pensava Divisão da família comum dos chimpazés e humanos Açoriano Oriental 24 de maio de 2017 aconteceu mais cedo do que se pensava Basura o naturaleza: llegó el momento de elegir Canárias7 31 de maio de 2017 Las pequeñas aves colonizaron las islas del Atlántico Canárias7 29 de maio de 2017 hace 8 millones de años Hallan por primera vez restos de insecticidas en huevos Canárias7 29 de maio de 2017 de aves en Doñana El Gobierno negocia la protección del mar Canárias7 29 de maio de 2017 Los primeros primates vivían en los árboles Ecotícias 1 de junho de 2017 Investigadores de la UMU investigan los diferentes grupos de insectos que habitan los distintos ecosistemas Ecotícias 1 de junho de 2017 peninsulares Los científicos destacan que el Mar Menor "continúa su Ecotícias 31 de maio de 2017 recuperación" aunque sigue en una situación "sensible" Las migraciones de las tortugas bobas en el Ecotícias 31 de maio de 2017 Mediterráneo podría estar cambiando, según el IEO La dieta dió forma a los picos del pato y el ganso Ecotícias 31 de maio de 2017 El CSIC encuentra contaminación de insecticidas Ecotícias 30
    [Show full text]
  • White Or Foreign? Differentiating Perceptions of the Racialization of National Identity in Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons CUREJ - College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal College of Arts and Sciences 6-2-2020 White or Foreign? Differentiating Perceptions of the Racialization of National Identity in Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand Lucy Hu University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/curej Part of the Comparative Politics Commons Recommended Citation Hu, Lucy, "White or Foreign? Differentiating Perceptions of the Racialization of National Identity in Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand" 02 June 2020. CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal, University of Pennsylvania, https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/237. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/237 For more information, please contact [email protected]. White or Foreign? Differentiating Perceptions of the Racialization of National Identity in Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand Abstract Past literature has established that often in a white-majority society, a national label is associated with the white population more than people of other ethnic origins. Canada, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand share many historical and institutional similarities, making them valuable comparative cases. While scholars have researched national identity to varying degrees in these countries, the gap remains in comparative analysis of perceptions of national identity. This thesis first analyzes comparative public opinion data to establish differences in the degree to which national identity is racially-exclusive in the case countries. Second, it compares historical immigration policy, multiculturalism policy and programs, and ethnic activism in each country to understand what causes varying levels of racialization.
    [Show full text]