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Knowledge, Learning and Community Knowledge, Learning and Community By Stephen Downes September 7, 2001 Knowledge, Learning and Community Stephen Downes Copyright (c) 2001 This work is published under a Creative Commons License Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike CC BY-NC-SA This license lets you remix, tweak, and build upon this work non-commercially. Knowledge, Learning and Community By Stephen Downes September 7, 2001 Contents 1. Teaching 1. Multimedia, Teaching and Learning 2. Participant's Opinion 3. Teaching WBT to Instructional Technology graduate students 4. Learning 5. Resources and References 2. Interactivity 1. Interactivity and Best Practices in Web Based Training 2. Interactivity: Another Tack On It 3. Interactivity: Another Tack On It (2) 4. Interactivity: Another Tack On It (3) 5. Resources and References 3. Online Learning 1. Getting Ready for Online Learning 2. 1998 TechLearn Annual Report on Learning & Technology 3. What Happened at California Virtual University 4. Link Portal 5. The AFT and Academic Control 6. Exploring New Directions in Online Learning 7. Content Syndication and Online Learning 8. Faculty Evaluations of DL Faculty 9. Thomson Corporation in Major Online Learning Initiative 10. Distance Educators Before the River Styx 11. Response to CAUT 12. Understanding Online Learning 13. Ritual Tai Chi: Eskow vs. Jensen 14. Knowledge Base Integration 15. Resources and References 4. Community 1. Moo? No, this is a MAUD 2. My Email to Netscape 3. One of the Greats is Gone 4. Selling the WELL 5. Portals and Community Plays 6. The Standard for Internet Commerce 7. News Up Front 8. Why XHTML? A Pastoral Tale 9. New Web Page Standard Announced 10. Public Spaces, Private Places: Preserving Community Participation on the World Wide Web 11. Community Calendars Online 12. MuniMall - A Review 13. S2000 - What is a Smart Community? 14. S2000 - Knowledge 15. Camopus Alberta 16. Alarming Article on First Nations Suicide 17. Building a Learning Community 18. Resources and References 5. Content 1. Free? In What Sense Free? 2. Capturing an Entire Web Site 3. Dept.'s of Education 4. Faculty Need for Computer Competence 5. Wireless Web 6. Copyright and Syndication 7. Comment Integrator 8. Questions for Professional Designers 9. Making Micropayments Micro Enough 10. Resources and References 6. Research 1. The Role of the Traditional Research University 2. Research on the Web 3. Your Research for Sale on the net 4. Resources and References 7. Copyright 1. Deep Links 2. Copyright Issues 3. The new Economy Applied to Engineers 4. Copyright Tips for Online Educators 5. Resources and References 8. Knowledge Search cach cleanup - removed 3 files 1. Alternative Paths 2. The Cyberspace Charter of Rights 3. Causes of Conflict 4. The Human Genome 5. Resources and References Chapter 1 ~ Teaching Multimedia, Teaching and Learning What should be taught depends in part on the needs and interests of the student, in part on the discipline being covered, and in part on the general set of knowledge and skills required to function in a modern industrial society. Posted to DEOS-L on 9 Jul 1997 Simplicity is deceiving. Practise is laden with complexities. We need to be careful about sweeping maxims... Teaching is: ongoing, and therefore, always appropriate. I don't agree. Teaching is not appropriate at 4:30 on a hot summer day (especially in Manitoba, where we only get three months of summer) after eight hours of instruction. Teaching, like any other activity, requires intermissions. What should be taught is beyond our determination. We will make offerings from which some learning will occur for us and the students. What should be taught depends in part on the needs and interests of the student, in part on the discipline being covered, and in part on the general set of knowledge and skills required to function in a modern industrial society. Given that a teacher usually knows more about the subject matter, in some cases it will be appropriate for a teacher to decide what is taught and for a student to follow that lead (I am reminded of the car waxing activity in The Karate Kid). Or, put another way: if we left the determination of what should be learned entirely up to students, they'd never learn fractions. When I teach, I do not "make offerings". It is not a case of me presenting and them either accepting or rejecting. Teaching is, first and foremost, a process of communication. First, a link or connection is established. Then information is transferred, usually (but not necessarily) from teacher to student. Then a dialogue occurs as the student (attempts to) assimilate the new knowledge with previously acquired knowledge, evaluate the new knowledge, and apply the new knowledge. The focus should be on interpersonal skills, determining truths, and basic competencies for communication and evolution to personal actualization. Learning takes place against a backdrop of critical thinking skills. Critical thinking involves the following components: - receiving new information (i.e., reading skills, listening skills) - assimilating this information (recognizing patterns, finding similarities, drawing metaphors) - evaluating this information (testing for truth against previously accepted information, testing for applicability in different contexts) - applying this information (practise in controlled settings, practise in new situations) Interpersonal skills, insofar as they relate to education, focus primarily on one's capacity to receive information and to engage in the dialogue necessary to assimilate, evaluate, and apply the information. Anything beyond that is either: (a) an ethical matter, focussing on the mores and norms of conduct in society, or (b) an adaptive matter, that is, generating the skills needed to function usefully and happily in society. These items are content, that is, they consist of items of information to be taught. While it would be appropriate to teach ethics and adaptation in a social studies class, it would be a bit out of place in a mathematics class. Determining truths is a background skill, one which forms the context for learning. While it is often treated as a subject which can be taught (as in for example logic classes) it is also reflective of an attitude which is valued in learning as it forms part of the learning process. My own view is that you cannot teach 'determining truths' in a vacuum - truth is always context- dependent and therefore requires a medium of information in which to function. "Evolution to personal Actualization" is an ethical principle. It is the principle which forms the base value for societies depicted in Star Trek. It is reflected in the maxim "Be All That You Can Be". As a guiding principle for life, it's a pretty good one. But it's not one which is universally adopted. Today's maxim in our schools seems to be to teach people to be entrepreneurial. This is a different ethic (since it often requires people to sacrifice personal development in order to spend time making money). In the final analysis, however, it is not possible to "teach an ethical principle". At best, we can teach people *about* an ethical principle (or, in an ideal environment, several ethical principles). Whether the student in question adopts the principle in question is not so much a matter of education as temperament. Individual human needs, and maturity, will of themselves provide the parameters for the learning to occur. This is unlikely. People can have needs, and be mature, and yet be unable to learn. For example, if they are unable to receive information, they cannot learn. A surprisingly large percentage of the population (and especially the mature population) as a great deal of difficulty accepting information. Put simply: they don't listen. The level of maturity of the "listeners" is less relevant than the semantical ability of the "teacher." Jesus could address any group: whether they wanted to listen (learn) or not is a separate issue. Again, this is untrue. The number of people who misinterpreted Jesus almost certainly outnumbers the number of people who 'got it'. It's a fascinating phenomenon, probably very difficult to replicate in a controlled lab environment, but when people converse, often what they hear has nothing to do with what was said. It is very common for people to jump straight to the assimilation stage without having gone through the receiving stage. What happens is something like this: people hear noise containing certain catch-words or phrases. They search their memory for items of previously acquired knowledge containing the same catch-words or phrases. This knowledge is then substituted for the content of what was actually said. For example, the lecturer says something like, "Beauty is individuality actualized to perfection". The listener hears: "beauty... individuality... perfection" Searching his memory (unconsciously, in most cases), he retrieves: "Beauty and individuality are perfection". Transposing this memory onto the new content, he now believes that the lecturer said that individuality is a form of perfection. Theory in education today places a significant proportion of the onus for successful communication on the teacher. This is part of the reason why teachers who lecture are publicly chastised - it is thought that they are poor communicators, or more to the point, they are not taking the effort to make themselves and their material understood. But this onus is misplaced. The onus to learn rests primarily on the student. This is because the student must engage - and consciously engage - in the four major steps of learning (receiving, assimilating, evaluating, applying). If the student is unable or unwilling to perform even one of these stages, learning is impossible, or at best, incomplete, no matter what the skill level of the educator. [This ends my note - I leave the rest attached below for completeness.] Cliff Layton <[email protected]/03/97 09:25am In a message dated 97-07-02 21:27:06 EDT, [email protected] (Guy Bensusan) writes (based on a posting by J-M.
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