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Home , Alfred Rahlfs, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, August Klostermann, Flagellation of Christ, Jerg Ratgeb, Ludwig von Baldass

Notes

Introduction

1. Ernest B. Layard, Religion in Boyhood; or, Hints on the Religious Training of Boys (New York: Dutton, 1896) p. 1. 2. Søren Kierkegaard, Philosophical Fragments. Johannes Climacus, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985) p. 96. 3. See Arnold van Gennep, The Rites of Passage, tr. Monika B. Vizedom and Gabrielle L. Caffee (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960). 4. , letter of 2 March 1828 to John Tucker, in Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, The Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold, D.D., 2 vols (Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1860) 1:88. 5. For references see ERE, 3:520–1, s.v. ‘Childhood’, sec. 4. 6. E.D. Starbuck, The of Religion: An Empirical Study of the Growth of Religious Consciousness (1899; New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1906) p. 194. 7. William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience, lect. 9, in Works of William James, ed. Fredson Bowers et al. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975–) 15:165. Cf. Starbuck, Psychology, pp. 224, 262. 8. ERE, 3:520. 9. ERE, 3:524–46, s.v. ‘Children’; ER, 3:243–5, s.v. ‘Child’. 10. See G. van der Leeuw, Religion in Essence and Manifestation, tr. J.E. Turner (1938; repr. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986) pp. 515–16. 11. See C.G. Jung and C. Kerényi, Essays on a Science of Mythology: The Myths of the Divine Child and the Divine Maiden, tr. R.F.C. Hull (1949; rev. edn, New York: Harper & Row, 1963). 12. See Mircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion, tr. Rosemary Sheed (1958; Cleveland: World, 1963) pp. 247–50; Joseph Campbell, The Mythic Image (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974) pp. 32–51; Otto Rank, The Myth of the Birth of the Hero and Other Writings (1932; repr. New York: Random House, 1964) pp. 3–96. 13. SE, 21:42–5. 14. See George Boas, The Cult of Childhood (: Warburg Institute, 1966) pp. 61–8; ERE, 3:521, s.v. ‘Childhood’, sec. 5; ‘AC’, p. 385. 15. SE, 13:100–61. 16. Erik H. Erikson, Childhood and Society, 2nd edn, rev. (New York: W.W. Norton, 1963) p. 250. 17. Letter of 1911 from Tenerife (?) to Martin Rade, in Rudolf Otto, Autobiographical and Social Essays, tr. and ed. Gregory D. Alles (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996) p. 72. 18. Rudolf Otto, The Idea of the Holy: An Inquiry into the non-rational factor in the idea of the divine and its relation to the rational, tr. John W. Harvey (London: University Press, 1923; 2nd edn, 1950) p. 116. 19. See James, Varieties, lect. 20, in Works, 15:387. 20. ‘The Evolution of Childhood’, in HC, p. 1. 21. See Ellen Key, The Century of the Child (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1909); Boas, The Cult of Childhood, passim.

189 190 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

22. Boas, Preface, Cult of Childhood, p. 9. 23. Angela Phillips, The Trouble with Boys: A Wise and Sympathetic Guide to the Risky Business of Raising Sons (New York: Harper Collins, 1994) p. 270. 24. See Robert Bly, Iron John: A Book About Men (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990); The Sibling Society (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1996). 25. See Carey Goldberg, ‘After Girls Get the Attention, Focus Shifts to Boys’ Woes’, New York Times, 23 April 1998, pp. A1, A14. 26. Marina Warner, Six Myths of Our Time: Little Angels, Little Monsters, Beautiful Beasts, and More (New York: Random House, 1995) pp. 32–3. 27. Blake Morrison, As If: A Crime, a Trial, a Question of Childhood (New York: Picador, 1997) p. 8. 28. Barry Glassner, ‘School Violence: The Fears, The Facts’, New York Times, 13 August 1999, p. A21. 29. Janet Reno, quoted by Karen L. Kinnear, Violent Children: A Reference Handbook (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC–CLIO, 1995) p. 1. In a national survey conducted in June 1999 by The Wall Street Journal and NBC News, 58 per cent of respondents ranked youth violence as a top concern; cited by Glassner, ‘School Violence’, p. A21. 30. David Gutmann, ‘The Paternal Imperative’, The American Scholar 67 (1998):125. 31. As reported in , 15 August 1995, pp. B1, B4; 20 October 1995, p. A16; 3 August 1996, p. 6; 24 September 1995, National Report, p. 18; 24 May 1997, pp. 21, 23. Cf. the headlines listed in Morrison, As If, p. 8. 32. Harold Schechter, ‘A Tragedy Repeated in History: Young Killers Aren’t New’, in New York Times, 23 May 1998, p. 15. 33. Robert Fairchild, ‘Addicted to Violence’ (letter), in The American Scholar 68 (1999):159. 34. As reported by Ryuichiro Hosokawa, ‘Child Killers: Who’s to Blame?’, World Press Review, June 1998, p. 9; repr. from Japan Times, 23 February–1 March 1998. 35. As reported by Jan Goodwin, ‘Sierra Leone is No Place to be Young’, New York Times Magazine, 14 February 1999, p. 48. See also Ed Cairns, Children and Political Violence (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996) p. 131. 36. See, e.g., Myriam Miedzian, Boys Will Be Boys: Breaking the Link between Masculinity and Violence (New York: Doubleday, 1991). 37. Ambrose Bierce, The Devil’s Dictionary (New York: Dover, 1993) p. 16. 38. The Herder Dictionary of Symbols: Symbols from Art, Archaeology, Mythology, Literature, and Religion (Wilmette, IL: Chiron, 1986) p. 37. 39. As cited by Hippolytus of Rome, Philosophumena or Refutatio omnium haeresium (The Refutation of All Heresies), 9.9.4 (PTS, 25:344/ANF, 5:126): ␣␫␻␯` ␲␣␫˜⑀␴␶␫ ␲␣␫´ ␨␻␯, ␲⑀␴␴⑀␷´␻␯. ␲␣␫␦␱`␩ ß␣␴␫␭␩␫´␩. 40. Søren Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling. Repetition, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983) p. 122. 41. Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, 2nd, rev. edn, tr. Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall (New York: Crossroad, 1991) pp. 101, 104; citing J. Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture [tr. unnamed] (Boston: Beacon, 1966) pp. 24–5. 42. See James George Frazer, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, abr. edn (New York: Macmillan, 1922) p. 375; Eliade, Patterns, p. 11. 43. Boleshaw Prus, The Sins of Childhood and Other Stories, tr. Bill Johnston (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1996) p. 150. 44. Quoted by Peter Applebome, ‘Spin Cycle: Round and Round in the Search for Meaning’, New York Times, 29 March 1998, pp. 1, 5. Notes 191

45. Frank Rich, ‘Lord of the Flies’, New York Times, 28 March 1998, p. A15. 46. Criticisms of Ariès’s thesis will be considered in Chapter 4. 47. Cited by Cairns, Children and Political Violence, p. 9. 48. ‘EI’, p. 471. 49. Victor Eremita, as ‘quoted’ in Søren Kierkegaard, Stages On Life’sWay, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988) p. 58. 50. Heinrich Böll, The Clown, tr. Leila Vennewitz (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1965) p. 218. 51. ‘Song to Be Sung by the Father of Infant Female Children’, in Ogden Nash, Verses from 1929 On (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959) p. 117. 52. Iona Opie and Peter Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (London: Oxford University Press, 1975) pp. 100–1. 53. James A. Schultz, The Knowledge of Childhood in the German Middle Ages, 1100–1350 (: University of Philadelphia Press, 1995) p. 43. 54. See John Stratton Hawley, ‘Thief of Butter, Thief of Love’, History of Religions 18 (1979): 203–20; idem, with Shrivatsa Goswami, At Play with Krishna: Pilgrimage Dramas from Brindavan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981). 55. Mick Namerari Tjapaltjarri (c. 1925–, Pintupi tribe), paraphrased by Geoffrey Bardon, Papunya Tula: Art of the Western Desert (Ringwood, Victoria: McPhee Gribble, 1991) p. 86. The statement refers to Mick Namerari’s painting, Naughty Boys’ Dreaming (1971), Marlipi, west of Sandy Blight Junction, Western Australia (custodian: Tjapaltjarri-Tjungurrayi; ill. in Bardon, Papunya Tula, pp. 86–7). The painting to which I referred, Man and Naughty Boys’ Water Dreaming (1972), by Johnny Warrangkula Tjupurrula (c. 1932–, Loritja tribe), is a variant of this painting. See Plate 1 in the pre- sent study; for analysis and colour reproduction, see Bardon, Papunya Tula, p. 55. 56. ‘A Children’s Game’, in The Essential Rumi, tr. Coleman Barks with John Moyne et al. (San Francisco: Harper, 1995) p. 4. See also ‘On Children Running Through’ (p. 238).

1 The Bad Boys of Bethel as Sacrilegious Type

1. See, e.g., Thomas Hartwell Horne et al. (eds), An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures [1818] 4 vols, 11th edn, rev. (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, 1863) 1:597. 2. Cf. Karl Christian W.F. Bähr, The Books of the Kings, 2 bks, tr., ed., enlarged by Edwin Harwood and W.G. Sumner [vol. 6 of A Commentary on the Holy Scriptures, ed. John Peter Lange] (New York: Charles Scribner, 1872) bk 2, p. 25. 3. Christopher Wordsworth (ed.), The Holy Bible, with Notes and Introductions, 6 vols (London: Rivingtons, 1865–71) 3:95. 4. Adam Clarke (ed.), The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and : The text care- fully printed from the most correct copies of the present authorized translation, including the marginal readings and parallel texts, with a commentary and critical notes [London, 1810–25] new edn, 6 vols (London: W. Tegg, 1854) p. 480. 5. F. J. Foakes Jackson, ‘I. and II. Kings’, in Arthur S. Peake (ed.), A Commentary on (New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1920) p. 305; quoted by I.W. Slotki, Kings: Hebrew Text & English Translation (London: Soncino, 1962) p. 175. Cf. John W. Wenham, The Goodness of God (Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press, 1974) p. 129; Russell H. Dilday (ed.), 1, 2 Kings (Waco, TX: Word Books, 1987) p. 273. 192 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

6. Robert T. Boyd, Boyd’s Bible Handbook (Eugene, OR: Harvest House, 1983) p. 179. 7. Herbert Chanan Brichto, Toward a Grammar of Biblical Poetics: Tales of the Prophets (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992) pp. 197, 198. 8. See, e.g., F.W. Farrar, The Second Book of Kings (New York: Hodder & Stoughton, 1894) p. 28; Wenham, Goodness, p. 128; The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 4 vols, rev., gen. ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans, 1982) 2:71, s.v., ‘Elisha’, by J.H. Stek; The Life Application Bible: New International Version (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Pulishers, 1991) p. 608. Cf. M. Pierce Matheney, Jr. and Roy L. Honeycutt, Jr., ‘1–2 Kings’, in The Broadman Bible Commentary, 12 vols (Nashville: Broadman, 1969–72) 3:233; The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols, ed. David Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday, 1992) 2:472, s.v. ‘Elisha’. 9. Richard G. Messner, ‘The Story of Elisha and the Bears: 2 Kings 2:23–25’, B.D. thesis, Grace Theological Seminary, Winona Lake, (1956) p. 2; abridged by the author as ‘Elisha and the Bears: A Critical Monograph on 2 Kings 2:23–25’, Grace Journal 3 (1962):12–24. 10. Messner, ‘Story of Elisha’, pp. 20–8. 11. H.L. Rossier, Meditations on 2 Kings (Sunbury, PA: Believers Bookshelf, 1988) p. 35. 12. Brichto, Toward a Grammar, p. 198. 13. David Marcus, From Balaam to Jonah: Anti-Prophetic Satire in the (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995) p. 45. Cf. Wesley J. Bergen, Elisha and the End of Prophetism (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999) p. 11n.1. 14. Bergen, Elisha and the End, p. 69; echoing Richard D. Nelson, First and Second Kings (Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1987) p. 161. Against this notion, consider in our Conclusion the discussion of the terror reflected elsewhere in the Hebrew scriptures at the loss of children. 15. In addition to the views I am about to cite, consider those cited by Bähr (n. 2 above), bk 2, p. 25. 16. Farrar (n. 8 above), p. 27. 17. Arnold B. Ehrlich, Mikrâ ki-Pheschutô, 3 vols (Berlin: M. Poppelauer, 1899–1901) [in Hebrew] 2:334; as quoted by Marcus, From Balaam, p. 44. 18. Wenham, Goodness, p. 13. 19. J. Sidlow Baxter, Mark These Men: Practical Studies in Striking Aspects of Certain Bible Characters (London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1949) p. 61. 20. C.S. Lewis, letter of 14 May 1955 to ‘Mrs. Ashton’, in Letters of C.S. Lewis, ed. W.H. Lewis, rev. and enlarged edn, ed. Walter Hooper (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1993) p. 448. 21. The quotations are from, successively, Joan Comay, Who’s Who in the together with the Apocrypha (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971) p. 117, s.v. ‘Elisha’; Broadman Bible, 3:233; IDB, 2:92, s.v. ‘Elisha’; Brichto, Toward a Grammar, p. 196; IB, 3:197, ‘exposition’ by Raymond Calkins; Theodore H. Gaster, Myth, Legend, and Custom in the Old Testament (New York: Harper & Row, 1969) p. 517; J. Mauchline, ‘I and II Kings’, in Peake’s Commentary on the Bible, ed. Matthew Black and H.H. Rowley (London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1962) p. 348; IB, 3:197, ‘exege- sis’ by Norman H. Snaith. 22. The New Oxford Annotated Bible: Revised Standard Version Containing the Old and New Testaments, ed. Herbert G. May and Bruce M. Metzger (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973) p. 456; The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal/Deutero- canonical Books: New Revised Standard Version, ed. Bruce M. Metzger and Roland E. Murphy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991) p. 466. Notes 193

23. Robert C. Culley, ‘Punishment Stories in the Legends of the Prophets’, in R.A. Spencer (ed.), Orientation by Disorientation: Studies in Literary Criticism and Biblical Literary Criticism (Pittsburgh: Pickwick, 1980) pp. 167–81; here 169. For references to other scholars who agree on this point, see Burke O. Long, 2 Kings (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans, 1991) p. 33. 24. See Marcus, From Balaam, pp. 61–5, who observes that Elisha’s going up to Bethel at the start of the tale parallels his going on to Mt Carmel at the end; and that the children’s coming out of the city parallels the bears’ coming out of the woods. 25. Elisha and the End, pp. 69, 177. 26. , ‘Elisha – The Successor of Elijah (2 Kings ii.1–18)’, The Expository Times 41 (1929):182–6; here 182. 27. Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, tr. Willard R. Trask (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1953) p. 12. 28. For example, Howard F. Vos, 1, 2 Kings (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1989) p. 140. Cf. Boyd, Boyd’s Bible Handbook, p. 178; Life Application Bible, p. 608. The Revell Bible Dictionary (Old Tappan, NJ: Fleming H. Revell, 1990) even reduces the number, sug- gesting that Elisha cursed ‘several jeering young men’ (p. 338). 29. Messner, ‘Story of Elisha’, p. 53; see also 34. Brichto considers them to be ‘worthless oafs, hooligans, hoodlums’ or ‘mean-spirited rascals’ (Toward a Grammar p. 198). 30. Thomas L. Constable, ‘1 and 2 Kings’, in The Bible Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures. Old Testament, ed. John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1985) p. 541. 31. J. Rawson Lumby (ed.), The First and Second Book of the Kings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1909) p. 20. 32. Slotki (n. 5 above), p. 175. Cf. Bähr (n. 2 above), bk 2, pp. 11, 17, 25. 33. Also Donald J. Wiseman, 1 and 2 Kings: An Introduction and Commentary (Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press, 1993) 198. 34. Wenham, Goodness, p. 129; Tanach: The , Prophets, Writings. The Stone Edition, ed. Nosson Scherman (New York: Mesorah, 1996) p. 881. Likewise Georg Hentschel, Könige, 2 vols (Wurzburg: Echter Verlag, 1984–5) 2:11, renders it as ‘junge Burschen’. 35. See Wenham, Goodness, p. 129n. 3. 36. Mordechai Cogan and Hayim Tadmor, II Kings: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1988) p. 38. Cf. Dilday (n. 5 above) pp. 272–3; Bergen, Elisha and the End, p. 70. The phrase is likewise rendered as ‘kleine Knaben’ in Ernst Würthwein (tr. and ed.), Die Bücher der Könige, 2 vols (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1977–84) 2:278. 37. See, e.g., F.C. Cook (ed.), The Holy Bible according to the authorized version (A.D. 1611), with an explanatory and critical commentary and a revision of the translation, by bishops and other clergy of the Anglican Church, 10 vols (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909–15) 3:8; Marcus, From Balaam, pp. 49–51. 38. See, e.g., Hans-Christoph Schmitt, Elisa: Traditionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen zur vorklassischen nordisraelitischen Prophetie (Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 1972) pp. 180–1; Hentschel (n. 34 above), 2:11. 39. The Geneva Bible: A facsimile of the 1560 edition (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969) p. 165. 40. The New Jerusalem Bible: Reader’s Edition (New York: Doubleday, 1990) p. 339. 41. This rendering is retained in Würthwein (n. 36 above) 2:278; Hentschel (n. 34 above), 2:11. 194 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

42. Die Schrift, 13 vols, tr. Martin Buber and Franz Rosenzweig (Berlin: Lambert Schneider, 1926) 9:148. 43. Schmitt, Elisa, p. 180. 44. August Klostermann, Die Bücher Samuelis und der Könige (Nördlingen: C.H. Beck, 1887) p. 397. Cf. W. Tom, ‘“Kaalkop, ga op!, kom op! of: vaar op!”?’, Gereformeerd Theologisch Tijdschrift 59 (1959): 149–51. 45. Brichto, Toward a Grammar, p. 197. 46. See Yair Zakovitch, ‘Get up Baldy! Get up Baldy!’, Jerusalem Studies in Hebrew Literature 8 (1985): 9–10 [in Hebrew]; cited by Marcus, From Balaam, pp. 59–60n.73. 47. See Bähr (n. 2 above), bk 2, p. 17; Lumby (n. 31 above), p. 20. Cf. John Gray, I & II Kings: A Commentary (1964; 3rd, rev. edn, London: SCM Press, 1977) p. 480. 48. This ‘parodic’ possibility is raised by Marcus, From Balaam, p. 60. 49. Rossier, Meditations, p. 34. 50. Wiseman (n. 33 above), p. 198. D.E. Hart-Davies estimates that Elisha was then ‘not more than twenty-five’ (The Severity of God [London: Pickering & Inglis, n.d.] p. 50). Cf. Lumby (n. 31 above), p. 20; Messner, ‘Story of Elisha’, 35; Wenham, Goodness, 128; Vos (n. 28 above), p. 140; Marcus, From Balaam, pp. 57–8. 51. James Hastings (ed.), A Dictionary of the Bible: Dealing with its language, literature, and contents, including the Biblical , 5 vols (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1898– 1904) 2: 283–5, s.v. ‘Hair’, by W. Ewing. 52. See Constable (n. 30 above), p. 542. 53. See, e.g., Baxter, Mark These Men, p. 66; Gaster, Myth, Legend, p. 517. 54. Jackson, (n. 5 above), p. 305. 55. See, e.g., Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible, 1:234–5, s.v. ‘Baldness’, by A. Macalister; I. Benzinger, Die Bücher der Königer (Freiburg: Mohr, 1899) p. 132; John Skinner (ed.), Kings, rev. edn (New York: T.C. & E.C. Jack [1904]) pp. 281–2; IB, 3:197, ‘exegesis’; Gaster, Myth, Legend, pp. 517–18. For disagreement, see Brichto, Toward a Grammar, p. 197; Marcus, From Balaam, p. 59. 56. See, e.g., Lumby (n. 31 above), p. 20; Slotki (n. 5 above), p. 175. 57. See Messner, ‘Story of Elisha’, pp. 39–40; Tom, ‘“Kaalkop, ga op!”’, 149–51; Slotki (n. 5 above), p. 175; Constable (n. 30 above), p. 541; Wiseman (n. 33 above), p. 198; Marcus, From Balaam, p. 61; all of whom were preceded by Horne, Introduction to the Critical Study, 1:609, and, as we shall see, by certain Jewish exegetes before him, in linking the boys’ taunt to Elijah’s ascent. This interpretation is rejected by Bähr (n. 2 above), bk 2, p. 17; Farrar (n. 8 above), p. 27n. 1; R.A. Carlson, ‘Élisée – le successeur d’Élie’, Vetus Testamentum 20 (1970): 385–405; see 404n. 2; and Schmitt, on the assumption that 2 Kings 2.23–25 originated from a source independent of the tale of Elijah’s ascent (Elisa, p. 180n. 6). 58. See, e.g., Wenham, Goodness, p. 128; Rossier, Meditations, p. 35. 59. Bähr (n. 2 above), bk 2, p. 17. 60. See, e.g., A. Šanda, Die Bücher der Könige, 2 vols (Münster: Aschendorff, 1911–12) 2:14; Simon Landersdorfer, Die Bücher der Könige (Bonn: Peter Hanstein, 1927) p. 143; Gray (n. 47 above), p. 480; Wenham, Goodness, p. 129; Bernard P. Robinson, ‘II Kings 2:23–25 Elisha and the She-Bears’, Scripture Bulletin 13 (1982):2; Constable (n. 30 above), p. 542; Vos (n. 28 above), p. 140. 61. Bernhard Stade, ‘Beiträge zur Pentateuchkritik’, Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 14 (1894): 306–7n. 3. 62. See Šanda (n. 60 above), 2:14–15; Landersdorfer (n. 60 above), p. 143; James A. Montgomery, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the , ed. Henry S. Gehman (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1951) p. 355; J. Lindblom, Prophecy in Ancient Notes 195

Israel (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1962) p. 68; The Jerome Biblical Commentary, 2 vols, ed. Raymond E. Brown et al. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968) 1:198; A New Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture, rev. edn, gen. ed. Reginald C. Fuller (London: Thomas Nelson, 1969) p. 339; Schmitt, Elisa, p. 181; Hentschel (n. 34 above), 2:11; J. Robinson, The Second Book of Kings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976) p. 28; Gray (n. 47 above), p. 480; Würthwein (n. 36 above), 2:278; Gwilym H. Jones, 1 and 2 Kings, 2 vols (London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott, 1984) 2:390. The tonsure theory is doubted or disputed by Bähr (n. 2 above), bk 2, p. 18; Rudolf Kittel, Die Bücher der Könige (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1900) pp. 190–1; Martin Rehm, Das zweite Buch der Könige: Ein Kommentar (Wurzburg: Echter Verlag, 1982) p. 36; T.R. Hobbs, 2 Kings (Waco, TX: Word Books, 1985) p. 24; Cogan and Tadmor (n. 36 above), p. 38; Marcus, From Balaam, p. 58. 63. So suggests Brichto, who thus renders the boys’ insult as ‘Move on, scarface!’ (Toward a Grammar, p. 198). 64. Gray (n. 47 above), p. 479. 65. So opines Klaus Dietrich Fricke, Das zweite Buch von den Königen (: Calwer Verlag, 1972) p. 35. Cf. C.F. Burney, Notes on the Hebrew Text of the Books of Kings (Oxford: Clarendon, 1903) p. 267. 66. As speculated in Fuller, New Catholic Commentary, p. 339. 67. Life Application Bible, p. 608. 68. Marvin H. Pope, Job (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1965) p. 142n. 18. 69. Marcus, From Balaam, p. 53. Cf. Bähr (n. 2 above), bk 2, p. 18. 70. Johannes Hermann calls it a ‘Totenzahl’ (‘Die Zahl zweiundvierzig im Alten Testament’, Orientalistische Literaturzeitung 13 [1910]: 150–2; here 151). See also Montgomery (n. 62 above), p. 356; Würthwein (n. 36 above), 2:278; Hentschel (n. 34 above), 2:12; Nelson (n. 14 above), p. 161. Against this view, see Hobbs (n. 62 above), p. 24. 71. See, e.g., Gray (n. 47 above), p. 480; B. Robinson, ‘II Kings 2:23–25’ (n. 60 above), p. 2; Gwilym H. Jones (n. 62 above), 2:390; Marcus, From Balaam, p. 53. Yet the idea of two bears mauling 42 boys in one shot strikes other scholars as unrealistic; e.g., Hentschel (n. 34 above), 2:12. 72. See, e.g., Hermann, ‘Die Zahl zweiundvierzig’, p. 152. 73. Wiseman (n. 33 above), p. 198. Cf. Wenham, Goodness, p. 129; Constable (n. 30 above), p. 542. 74. Bähr (n. 2 above), bk 2, p. 18. 75. As noted by J. Robinson, Second Book (n. 62 above), p. 29; Wiseman (n. 33 above), p. 198. Cf. Bähr (n. 2 above), bk 2, pp. 18, 29. 76. Leonhard Goppelt, Typos: The Typological Interpretation of the Old Testament in the New, tr. Donald H. Madvig (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans, 1982) p. 75. 77. See Robert C. Culley, Studies in the Structure of Hebrew Narrative (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1976) pp. 100–1; Culley, ‘Punishment Stories’, pp. 169–70; Long (n. 23 above), p. 34. 78. Long, p. 33. 79. Marcus, From Balaam, p. 51. 80. As noted by Zakovitch, ‘Get up Baldy!’, p. 11; cited by Marcus, From Balaam, p. 55n. 54. 81. As noted by Robert Polzin, ‘Curses and Kings: A Reading of 2 Samuel 15–16’, in J. Cheryl Exum and David J. A. Clines (eds), The New Literary Criticism and the Hebrew Bible (Valley Forge, PA: Trinity, 1994) p. 221n. 25. 82. Wiseman (n. 33 above), p. 198. 196 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

83. Farrar (n. 8 above), p. 28. 84. Gaster, Myth, Legend, p. 517. 85. Marcus, From Balaam, p. 54. 86. As noted by Farrar, p. 28. Cf. Marcus, From Balaam, p. 54. 87. Farrar, p. 28. Cf. Robert C. Elliot, The Power of Satire: Magic, Ritual, Art (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960) p. 289; Fricke (n. 65 above), p. 35; Brichto, Toward a Grammar, p. 197. 88. Gray (n. 47 above), p. 480. 89. See Würthwein (n. 36 above), 2:278. 90. Long, p. 33. 91. B. Robinson, ‘II Kings 2:23–25’ (n. 60 above), p. 2. 92. Culley, Studies, p. 100. Cf. Culley, ‘Punishment Stories’, p. 169. 93. Bergen, Elisha and the End, p. 13; see also 71–2. 94. See, e.g., Messner, ‘Story of Elisha’, pp. 43, 49; Fricke (n. 65 above), pp. 35–6; Life Application Bible, p. 608. 95. For example, 1 Kgs 13.24, 26; 17.4; 2 Kgs 17.25–26; Jer. 15.3; Ezek. 14.15–21; 39.17–20. See also Elijah Judah Schochet, Animal Life in Jewish Tradition: Attitudes and Relationships (New York: Ktav Publishing House, 1984) p. 55. 96. As observed by J. Robinson, Second Book (n. 62 above), p. 28. 97. Boyd, Boyd’s Bible Handbook, p. 178. 98. J. Robinson, Second Book (n. 62 above), p. 29. 99. Bergen, Elisha and the End, p. 71. 100. Fuller, New Catholic Commentary, p. 339. 101. See Wordsworth (n. 3 above), 3:95; Cook (n. 37 above), 3:8–9; Messner, ‘Story of Elisha’, pp. 40–1, who cites others holding this view. See also International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, 2:71; Dilday (n. 5 above), p. 273. 102. Paulus Cassel, quoted in Bähr (n. 2 above), bk 2, p. 29. 103. Lumby (n. 31 above), pp. 20–1. 104. Anne Baring and Jules Cashford, The Myth of the Goddess: Evolution of an Image (1991; London: Penguin, 1993) p. 70; see also 28–9, 71, 326. 105. In addition to the source cited in our last note above, and the first source cited in our next note below, see J.J. Bachofen, Der Baer in den Religionen des Alterthums (Basel: Ch. Meyri, 1863); Erich Neumann, The Great Mother: An Analysis of the Archetype, 2nd edn, tr. Ralph Manheim (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963) pp. 183n.22, 274, 302, 303; Herder Dictionary of Symbols, pp. 19–20, s.v. ‘Bear’; ER, 2:86–9, s.v. ‘Bears’; Marija Gimbutas, The Language of the Goddess: Unearthing the Hidden Symbols of Western Civilization (London: Thames & Hudson, 1989) pp. 113, 116–19. 106. Barbara G. Walker, The Woman’s Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects (Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 1988) pp. 363, 364, s.v. ‘Bear’. The author derives this conjecture from Robert Brown’s suggestion that mythological stories about the twin ursae show them ‘frequently in a Semitic connection’ (Semitic Influence in Hellenic Mythology [London: Williams & Norgate, 1898] p. 64; quoted by Walker, Woman’s Dictionary, p. 363). Brown, however, did not cite the Elisha tale as an example. Nor does Hesiod mention bears in his account of Rhea’s concealment of the infant Zeus (Theogony, lines 477–84). 107. Montgomery (n. 62 above), p. 356. See also F.S. Bodenheimer, Animal and Man in Bible Lands (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1960) pp. 21, 45; Gray (n. 47 above), p. 480; Cogan and Tadmor (n. 36 above), p. 38. 108. Brichto, Toward a Grammar, p. 197. Notes 197

109. For example, NIV and God’sWord: Today’s Bible Translation That Says What It Means (Grand Rapids, MI: World Publishing, 1995) p. 429. 110. Long (n. 23 above), p. 33. 111. F. Deist, ‘Two Miracle Stories in the Elijah and Elisha Cycles and the Function of Legend in Literature’, in Wouter C. van Wyk (ed.), Studies in Isaiah (Pretoria: University of Pretoria, 1979) pp. 79–90; here 83. 112. IDB, 2:92. 113. NAB, p. 430, note to 2 Kgs 2.23–24. Cf. EJ, 6:666, s.v. ‘Elisha’, by Yehoshua M. Grintz. 114. S.H. Hooke, Middle Eastern Mythology (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1963) p. 158. 115. See Benzinger (n. 55 above), p. 132; Skinner (n. 55 above), p. 281; Lindblom, Prophecy, p. 62; Jerome Biblical Commentary, 1:198; Broadman Bible, 3:233; IB, 3:197, ‘exegesis’; Nelson (n. 14 above), p. 161. 116. See Jerome Biblical Commentary, 1:198. Cf. Lindblom, Prophecy, p. 62. Elisha’s identi- fication as a ‘new Elijah’ is also supported by parallels between 1 Kings 17 and 2 Kings 2, culminating with the contrast between Elijah’s invocation of Yahweh’s name to raise the apparently dead child of the respectful widow, and Elisha’s invo- cation of that name to curse the boys who mocked him; see Anchor Bible Dictionary, 2:465, s.v. ‘Elijah’, by Jerome T. Walsh. 117. Montgomery (n. 62 above), p. 355. For disagreement see Brichto, Toward a Grammar, p. 197. 118. Gray (n. 47 above), p. 479. 119. Rehm (n. 62 above), p. 37, translation mine. 120. J. Robinson, Second Book (n. 62 above), p. 29. 121. NAB, p. 430. 122. As discussed further in Chapter 7, pp. 154–5. 123. David Marcus, ‘Juvenile Delinquency in the Bible and the Ancient Near East’, The Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society of 13 (1981):31–52; here 51. 124. So suggests S. Légasse, Jésus et l’enfant: ‘Enfants’, ‘petits’ et ‘simples’ dans la tradition synoptique (Paris: J. Gabalda, 1969) p. 282. 125. Pesikta Rabbati 26.1/2 (Pesikta Rabbati: Discourses for Feasts, Fasts, and Special Sabbaths, 2 vols, tr. William G. Braude [New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968] 2:526–7). Cf. Louis Ginzberg, The Legends of the Jews, 7 vols (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1909–38) 4:295. 126. Cf. Goppelt, Typos, p. 75. 127. See Qur’an 4.155 (cf. 6.49); and The Book of Mormon (published 1830): 2 Nephi 26.3; Jacob 4.14. 128. See Jon D. Levenson, The Death and Resurrection of the Beloved Son: The Transformation of Child Sacrifice in Judaism and Christianity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993). 129. As noted by W. Corswant, A Dictionary of Life in Bible Times, tr. Arthur Heathcote (New York: Oxford University Press, 1960) p. 73, s.v. ‘Child’. 130. Cf. Alexander Rofé, The Prophetical Stories: The Narratives about the Prophets in the Hebrew Bible, their Literary Types and History (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1982) p. 15 [in Hebrew]; cited by Bergen, Elisha and the End, p. 69. 131. Sotah 46b (BT, 3:244). 132. As quoted in A.J. Rosenberg (ed. and tr.), II Kings: A New English Translation (New York: Judaica, 1980) pp. 250–1. 133. Sotah 46b (BT, 3:244). 198 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

134. Sotah 46b (BT, 3:244); paraphrased by Ginzberg, Legends, 4:239–40; 6:344n.4. See also Slotki (n. 5 above), p. 175. 135. Sotah 46b (BT, 3:244–5). 136. As quoted in Rosenberg (n. 132 above), p. 251. 137. Ibid. 138. Sotah 47a (BT, 3:245); Ginzberg, Legends, 4:240; Cogan and Tadmor (n. 36 above), p. 39. 139. Gray (n. 47 above), p. 480. 140. Sotah 47a (BT, 3:245–6); Baba Mezia 87a (BT, 5:503); cf. Ginzberg, Legends, 4:240, 245–6; 6:344n.4, 347n.20. 141. As cited by Rosenberg (n. 132 above), pp. 250–1; quote on p. 251. See also Cogan and Tadmor (n. 36 above), p. 39. 142. On these two authors and versions see Alfred Rahlfs (ed.), Septuaginta, id est, Vetus Testamentum Graece iuxta LXX interpretes, 2 vols (Stuttgart: Privilegierte Württem- bergische Bibelanstalt, 1935; 3rd edn 1949) 1:xxvii–xxviii, xxx–xxxi; IDB, 4:275–6, s.v. ‘’; 4:618–19, s.v. ‘Theodotion’; Sidney Jellicoe, The Septuagint and Modern Study (Oxford: Clarendon, 1968) pp. 83–94, 157–71. For more on Lucian, see below. For more on Theodotion, see Frederick Field’s preface to his edition Origenis Hexaplorum quae supersunt; veterum interpretum graecorum in totum Vetus Testamentum fragmenta, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon, 1875) 1: xxxviii–xlii. 143. Rahlfs, Septuaginta, id est, Vetus Testamentum Graece, 1:697n.; Origenis Hexaplorum, 1:654. 144. Cf. Job 21.8 and Isaiah 44.3 in LXX, which uses ␶⑀´␬␯␣ as the equivalent of , which is renderable in these two instances as ‘offspring’ (RSV). 145. Jellicoe, Septuagint and Modern Study, p. 168. 146. Rahlfs, Septuaginta, id est, Vetus Testamentum Graece, 1:697n.; Klostermann, Die Bücher Samuelis und der Könige, p. 397. See also the sources cited in our next note below. 147. Alfred Rahlfs, Septuaginta-Studien, 3 vols (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1904–11) 3:195. Cf. Montgomery (n. 62 above), p. 357. 148. Cogan and Tadmor (n. 36 above), p. 38. This was first suggested in The Books of Kings: Critical Edition of the Hebrew Text, ed. Bernhard Stade, with Friedrich Schwally, notes by R.E. Brünnow and Paul Haupt (Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs, 1904) p. 184n. 149. See Rahlfs, Septuaginta-Studien, 2:236–7; Rahlfs, Septuaginta, id est, Vetus Testamen- tum Graece, p. xxx; IDB, 4:275. 150. As noted by Brichto, Toward a Grammar, p. 198; Marcus, From Balaam, p. 48. 151. Noted in Bähr (n. 2 above), bk 2, p. 18. 152. The Patriot (Philopatris, 965/969 C.E.) sec. 12, in Lucian, 8 vols, Greek with transla- tion by M.D. Macleod, Loeb Classical Library (London: W. Heinemann, 1927–67) 8:436/437, 437n.8. This work formerly was spuriously ascribed to Lucian of Samosata. On the uncertainties about author and date, see M.D. MacLeod’s preface in Lucian, 8:413. See also LFC, p. 148. 153. Cena Cypriani, lines 98–100, ed. Karl Strecker, in Monumenta Germaniae historica. Poetae Latini aevi Carolini 4/2 (1923): 870–900 (bottom of pp.); here 882. Compare the variant version edited by H. Hagen in his ‘Eine Nachahmung von Cyprian’s Gastmahl durch Hrabanus Maurus’, Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Theologie 27 (1884): 179–87, which has Elisaeus ursinam (p. 182). On both these versions, and the two others referred to in our next note below, see Jan M. Ziolkowski, Talking Animals: Medieval Latin Beast Poetry, 750–1150 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993) pp. 57–8. Notes 199

154. Elisha is linked with the bear in Hrabanus Maurus, Caena Cypriani (aka Caena Hrabani), ed. H. Hagen in ‘Eine Nachahmung’, pp. 165–79; see 170; John the Deacon, Versiculi de cena Cypriani, ed. Strecker, in Monumenta Germaniae historica, pp. 827–900; see v. 121b, p. 882. In another context, John’s versified version employs the phrase Lavit calvus Eliseus (v. 98, p. 880), literally ‘baldhead Elisha washed’, a phrasing that combines allusions to 4/2 Kings 2.23 (calvus) and to 5.10–14 (lavit). 155. Dante Alighieri, Inferno, 26.34, in The Divine Comedy, 6 vols, tr. with commentary by Charles S. Singleton (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970–5; 2nd printing, with corrections, 1977) 1:272/273. 156. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, pt 2, question 76, article 1; question 108, arti- cle 1, reply obj. 4. 157. Henry Bett, Joachim of Flora (London: Methuen, 1931) pp. 27–8. 158. See Marjorie Reeves, The Influence of Prophecy in the Later Middle Ages: A Study in Joachimism (Oxford: Clarendon, 1969) pp. 193, 402, 412. See also Bett, Joachim, p. 27. 159. Prophecy 1, in Vaticinia, siue prophetiae abbatis Ioachimi, & Anselmi Episcopi Marsicani (, 1589) n.p. In this edition, as in other fifteenth- and sixteenth- century editions, the later 15 prophecies are placed before the earlier 15. Hence this first prophecy of the second series appears as the first of all 30. 160. Inferno, 19.31–120. 161. As documented in Isidoro Del Lungo, Dal secolo e dal poema di Dante (Bologna: Ditta Nicola Zanichelli, 1898) p. 469; cited by Singleton, Divine Comedy, 2:339, commenting upon Inferno, 19.70, where the shade of Nicholas III describes himself as ‘figliuol de l’orsa’ (Divine Comedy, 1:196/197: ‘a son of the she-bear’). Prophecy 16 in the 1589 Venetian edition of the pseudo-Joachimist Vaticinia, which, like prophecy 1 in this edition, has Nicholas III as its subject, refers to the Orsini as genus nequam ursa catulos pascens (‘that nefarious species the bear, feeding its young’); cited and translated by Singleton, Divine Comedy, 2:339. The Orsini/bear association is illustrated in the woodcuts accompanying these two prophecies. The woodcut by prophecy 1 shows Nicholas seated, with two bear-cubs on their hindlegs reaching for his knees. The woodcut by Prophecy 16 shows Nicholas standing, with two larger bears on hindlegs beside him, and a she-bear suckling three cubs atop his crowned head. 162. Aquinas, Summa, pt 2, question 108, article 1, reply obj. 4. 163. As noted by Singleton, Divine Comedy, 2:339. 164. Paulus Cassel, quoted in Bähr (n. 2 above), bk 2, p. 29. 165. Plato, Laws, bk 7, 808d, in The Collected Dialogues of Plato, ed. Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns (1961; 2nd printing with corrections, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963) p. 1379. 166. References in ERE, 3:539, s.v. ‘Children (Greek)’, by W.H.S. Jones. 167. Nicomachean Ethics, bk 3, sec. 12, 1119b6, in The Complete Works of Aristotle, 2 vols, ed. Jonathan Barnes, the revised Oxford translation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984) 2:1767. 168. Politics, bk 1, sec. 13, 1260a31–33, in Complete Works, 2:2000. 169. Letter 60, par. 1, in Seneca ad Lucilium epistulae morales, 3 vols, Latin with transla- tion by Richard M. Gummere, Loeb Classical Library (London: W. Heinemann, 1917–25) 1:422/423. The original Latin reads: Iam non admiror, si omnia nos a prima pueritia mala secuntur; inter execrationes parentum crevimus. 200 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

170. IDB, 2:682–5, s.v. ‘Image of God’. Another exception is James 3.9, which retains the Hebrew view in alluding to God’s ␱␮␱␫ ´␻␴␫, the New Testament translation of (likeness). 171. St Irenaeus, The Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching, tr. J. (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1920) sec. 12, p. 82. 172. Judah Halevi, The Kuzari (Kitab Al Khazari): An Argument for the Faith of Israel, tr. Hartwig Hirschfeld (New York: Schocken, 1964) p. 64. 173. See Ginzberg, Legends, 1:59; 5:78n.21. 174. See IDB, 1:588, s.v. ‘Child’; Corswant, Dictionary of Life, pp. 73–4, s.v. ‘Child’. 175. See Robert Aron, A Boy Named (Berkeley: Ulysses Press, 1997). 176. Philo, On Mating with the Preliminary Studies, 15.81, in Philo, 10 vols, Greek with translation by F.H. Colson and G.H. Whitaker, Loeb Classical Library (London: W. Heinemann, 1929–62) 4:498/499. 177. Philo, Flaccus, 6.36–39, in Philo, 9:322/323. 178. See Eric J. Ziolkowski, ‘Sancho Panza and Nemi’s : Reflections on the Relation- ship of Literature and Myth’, in Laurie L. Patton and Wendy Doniger (eds), Myth and Method (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996) pp. 247–99, esp. 267–80. 179. As noted by Elliott’s commentary in ANT, p. 68. 180. See Infancy of Thomas 3.1–4.2 (ANT, p. 76). Cf. Pseudo-Matthew 26 and 29 (ANT, p. 89). 181. After each incident, Jesus’ father Joseph is reproached by the dead children’s parents; see Infancy Gospel of Thomas 3.3; 4.2 (ANT, p. 76); cf. Pseudo-Matthew 29 (ANT, p. 89). 182. See, e.g., Cursor Mundi (The Cursur o the world): A Northumbrian Poem of the XIVth Century in Four Versions, 7 vols, ed. Richard Morris, Early English Text Society, O.S. (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1874–93) 2:684–723, lines 11929–12576. I am indebted to Carol Kaske for the epithet ‘killer Jesus’. 183. Légasse, Jésus et l’enfant, pp. 340–1. 184. RSV, Oxford edn (1973) p. 1368n. 185. Cf. Richard B. Lyman, ‘Barbarism and Religion: Late Roman and Early Medieval Childhood’, in HC, pp. 88–90. 186. For example, Serm. 294.18 (PL, 38:1347), delivered at Carthage, 413 C.E. 187. ‘AC’, p. 370. 188. Augustine, De Genesi ad litteram imperfectus liber (393 C.E.), 10.13.23 (PL, 34:417). Cf. Peter Brown, Augustine of Hippo (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969) p. 172. 189. The Golden Legend, or Lives of the Saints, as Englished by William Caxton, 7 vols (London: J.M. Dent, 1900) 5:65–6. 190. St Augustine, Against Faustus the Manichaean (Contra Faustum Manichaeum), 22.25 (PL, 42:417/NPN, 4:282). 191. De trinitate, 14.5.7 (CCSL, 50a:429); as rendered in Saint Augustine, The Trinity, tr. Edmund Hill, ed. John E. Rotelle (New York: New City Press, 1991) p. 375. 192. Augustine, City of God, 22.22.34. 193. See Augustine, Against Faustus, 22.25. 194. Keith Hopkins, ‘Everyday Life for the Roman Schoolboy’, History Today 43 (October 1993): 25–30; here 27.

2 Patristic and Medieval Views of 2 Kings 2.23–24

1. Tertullian, Adversus Marcionem, 1.6.1, in the two-volume edition with translation by Ernest Evans (Oxford: Clarendon, 1972) 1:14/15. All references are to this edition. Notes 201

2. Adversus Marcionem, 2.14.4 (1:126/127). 3. Origen, Homilia in Ezechielem, 4.7 (PG, 13:701/702A); cited by R.P.C. Hanson, Allegory and Event: A Study of the Sources and Significance of Origen’s Interpretation of Scripture (Richmond, VA: John Knox Press, 1959) p. 219. 4. Timothy David Barnes, Tertullian: A Historical and Literary Study (Oxford: Clarendon, 1971) p. 92. 5. Ibid., p. 277. 6. This supposition is supported by the following considerations. The two scenes in which Jesus identifies true greatness with children and blesses them as possessors of God’s kingdom are recorded in all three Synoptic : the first scene in Matthew 18.1–5, Mark 9.33–37, Luke 9.46–48; the second, in Matthew 19.13–15, Mark 10.13–16, Luke 18.15–17. In the Koine, five of these six passages use the terms ␲␣␫ ␦␫´␱␯ and ␲␣␫␦␫´ ␣ to denote ‘child’ and ‘children’; the exception, Luke 18.15–17, uses both ß␳⑀´␾␩ (v. 15: literally ‘infants’) and ␲␣␫␦␫´␣ (v. 16) to refer to the same children. Given that the Septuagint identifies Elisha’s mockers as ␲␣␫␦␣´ ␳␫␣ ␮␫␬␳␣´ (4/2 Kgs 2.23: ‘little children’) and ␲␣␫˜␦⑀ (2.24: ‘children’), the pueri–parvuli distinction which Tertullian imposes between them and Christ’s ‘infants’ appears untenable. The distinction seems further negated by the Vulgate Latin renderings of the Kings tale and the six Gospel passages. Composed fewer than 200 years after Tertullian’s anti-Marcionite treatise, the Vulgate, like Tertullian, designates Elisha’s mockers as pueri – or more specifically, pueri parvi (4/2 Kgs 2:23: ‘small boys’). And not only does the Vulgate also use puer and pueri interchangeably with parvulus and parvuli as renderings of ␲␣␫␦␫´␱␯ and ␲␣␫␦␫´␣ in the six Gospel passages, but in Luke 18.15–17 the Vulgate uses pueri (v. 16) to connote infantes (v. 15), its equivalent of ß␳⑀´␾␩. 7. See Tertullian, De resurrectione carnis, ch. 19 (PL, 2:866B–67A); cited by Barnes, Tertullian, p. 127, including n.5. 8. St Ambrose, Epistola 81.5 (PL, 16:1329C); Expositio super septem visiones libri Apocalypsis, 3rd vision, ch. 6, v. 7 (PL, 17:837A–B). 9. Against Faustus, 12.35 (CSEL, 25, pt 1:361/NPN, 4:194). 10. See, e.g., pars 4–8 of Augustine’s Expos. Ps. 63/64, preached as a sermon at Hippo in April 395 (CCSL, 39:810–12 / Expositions on the Book of Psalms, by S. Augustine, 6 vols, tr. English Church members [Oxford: J.H. Parker, 1847–57] 3:235–8). Citations hereafter are successively by the Psalm’s Vulgate and RSV numbers (separated by a back-slash); the Exposition’s paragraphs; the volumes, pages, and lines from the CCSL edition; and the volumes and pages from the Oxford translation. Italics in English renderings is retained from the Oxford translation. The Expositions are dated according the chronological table in CCSL, 38:xv–xviii. 11. Expos. Ps. 44/45.1 (38:493 [11–12, 16]/2:226). In explaining the phrase filii Core Augustine relied upon available concordances, or ‘the explanations of all the words used in Scripture’ (38:493 [14–15]/2:226). In translating that same Hebrew phrase in another psalm, he would rely upon those ‘who know that language [qui illam lin- guam nouerunt]’ (Expos. Ps. 83/84.2 [39:1146 (3–4)/4:147]). Cf. 46/47.2 (38:529–30 [12–15]/2:276); 84/85.2 (39:1162 [7–8]/4:166). 12. See Expos. Pss 41/42.2; 43/44.1; 45/46.1; 46/47.2; 47/48.1; 83/84.2; 84/85.2. Cf. Expos. Ps. 51/52.9, preached in January 413 at Carthage, where Augustine refers to links between Core, calvitium, Calvaria, and Christ (39:629 [15–16]/2:395), even though Psalm 51/52 itself does not mention ‘the sons of Korah’. 13. Expos. Ps. 46/47.2 (38:530 [26]/2:276): deuorari; Expos. Ps. 83/84.2 (39:1147 [12]/ 4:147): comederent; Expos. Ps. 84/85.2 (39:1162 [13]/4:167): comederunt, rendered in this last instance by the Oxford translation as ‘destroyed’. 202 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

14. Expos. Ps. 46/47.2 (38:530 [21–2, 30]/2:276–7): a daemonibus … deuorantur, and sunt possessi a daemonibus et deuorati. Cf. Expos. Ps. 83/84.2 (39:1147 [8–9]/4:147); Expos. Ps. 84/85.2 (39:1162 [10–11]/4:167). The phrasing in Expos. Ps. 44/45.1 (38:494 [39–40]/2:227) was: Possessi … a daemonibus. 15. They are referred to as ‘sons of wickedness’ (Expos. Ps. 83/84.2 [39:1147(7)/4:147]: filii pestilentiae); and ‘children who were wicked enough to mock’ (Expos. Ps. 84/85.2 [39:1162 (13)/4:167]: pueri male ridentes). 16. Expos. Ps. 83/84.2 (39:1147 [11–12]/4:147). 17. Expos. Ps. 46/47.2 (38:530 [25]/2:276). 18. De doctrina christiana, 2.6.7 (CCSL, 32:35–6); as rendered in St Augustine, On Christian Doctrine, tr. D.W. Robertson, Jr (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1958) p. 37. 19. Expos. Ps. 83/84.2 (39:1147 [13–14]/4:147). Cf. Expos. Ps. 46/47.2 (38:530 [26–8]/ 2:276). 20. Expos. Ps. 83/84.2 (39:1147 [14–15]/4:147). Cf. Expos. Ps. 46/47.2 (38:530 [28–9]/ 2:276–7). 21. See Responsiones ad orthodoxos de quibusdam necessariis quaestionibus, no. 80 (PG, 6:1321B). 22. Responsiones, no. 80 (PG, 6:1321C). 23. John Chrysostom, Regnorum IV, in his Synopsis veteris et novi testamenti (PG, 56:351); Adversus oppugnatores eorum qui vitam monasticam inducunt, 3.17 (PG, 47:378). 24. Procopius of Gaza, Commentarii in librum quartum Regum, 2.24 (PG, 87, pt 1:1184A). 25. Responsiones, no. 80 (PG, 6:1321C). 26. Theodore Prodromus, Epigrammata in Vetus et Novum Testamentum ex editione Basileensi (PG, 133:1173B–74A). 27. Liber de promissionibus et praedictionibus Dei, 2.31.68 (PL, 51:805D–806A). 28. See DS, 2, pt 1:421, 424, s.v. ‘Césaire’, by Gustave Bardy; and the introduction to Caesarius of Arles, Sermons, 3 vols, tr. Mary Magdeleine Mueller (New York: Fathers of the Church, 1956; Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1964–73) 1:xx–xxi. Citations are by, successively, sermon and paragraph, followed by the page from the Latin edition in CCSL, vol. 103, and the volume and page from Mueller’s translation. 29. Sermons 126–30 (521–38/2:216–36). See our previous note for mode of citation. 30. De mirabilibus sacrae scripturae, 2.23 (PL, 35:2183–4). This text is believed to have been produced in Ireland sometime after 660 CE; see ‘Admonitio’, PL, 35:2149. 31. The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments, with the Apocryphal Books, in the Earliest English Versions made from the Latin Vulgate by John Wycliffe and His Followers, 4 vols, ed. Josiah Forshall and Frederic Madden (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1850) 2:240. 32. In the Vulgate this passage reads: percussi filios vestros, disciplinam no receperunt. Caesarius alters the wording slightly, inserting et (‘and’) after the comma, and replacing receperunt (‘they have taken’) with recepistis (‘you have taken’). Whereas in the Vulgate it is the struck ‘children’ (filii) that are accused of failing to receive cor- rection in the Vulgate, Caesarius’s alteration makes their parents the ones accused of that failure. The Vulgate passage is likewise altered when paraphrased in Caesarius’s excursus in Sermon 40.3 (179/1:203). 33. Joël Courreau, ‘L’Exégèse allégorique de Saint Césaire d’Arles’, Bulletin de Littérature Ecclésiastique 78 (1977):181–268; see 191–3. 34. Caesarius’s influence is discussed in Germain Morin, ‘Studia Caesariana’, Revue Bénédictine 23 (1906):350–72; see 371–2; cf. introduction to Caesarius, Sermons, 1:xxiii. Notes 203

35. St Isidore, Allegoriae quaedam sacrae scripturae, 98 (PL, 83:113C); Mysticorum exposi- tiones sacramentorum seu quaestiones in Vetus Testamentum, 545: In Regum Quartum, 3.1–2 (PL, 83:419C–20A). 36. Jerome, letter 118.7 of 406 C.E. to Julian (PL, 22:966). Cf. Origen, Epistola ad Gregorium, 2 (PG, 11:89D); Homiliae in librum Judicum, 5.4 (PG, 12:971A); Homiliae in Canticum canticorum, 2.12 (PG, 13:56D); In Canticum Canticorum, bk 3 (PG, 13:178C). 37. See Claudius of Turin, XXX quaestiones super libros Regum (written 824): Libri IV (PL, 104:773B–C); Hrabanus Maurus, Commentaria in libros IV Regum (written 834): In librum IV, 2 (PL, 109:225B–D); De universo (written c. 844) 3.2 (PL, 111:67B); Allegoriae in sacram scripturam, s.v. puer (PL, 112:1033A); Walafrid Strabo, Glossa ordi- naria: Liber quartus Regum, 2 (PL, 113:612A–B); Angelomus, Enarrationes in libros Regum: In librum quartum, 2 (PL, 115:497D–98A). The above-cited gloss by Claudius also occurs in the Commentarii in libros Regum, which is included in the appendix of PL, 50 (see 1183D–84A) among works falsely attributed to St Eucherius of Lyons (d. 449). On the question of authorship see NCE, 3:922, s.v. ‘Claudius of Turin’, by P. Bellet. Angelomus’s gloss plagiarizes word for word the gloss in Hrabanus’s Commentaria, which repeats verbatim some of Isidore’s phrasings. Walafrid’s gloss is an avowed abridgment of Isidore’s. See also Pseudo-Bede’s Quaestiones super Regum libros, whose gloss on Elisha’s mockery (PL, 93:447D–48C) corresponds verbatim with Isidore’s gloss. 38. All citations are of Testimonia libri quarti Regum, 2 (labelled In sermone de S. Cassiano), in Collectanea in Vetus Testamentum ex oposculis B. Petri Damiani ab anonymo illius discipulo excerpta (PL, 145:1123A–C). 39. Damian’s reference reads: Maledictus puer centum annorum (PL, 145:1123B). Contrast Isaiah 65.20c–d (Vulg.): quoniam puer centum annorum morietur, / et peccator centum annorum maledictus erit (‘for the child shall die a hundred years old, / and the sinner a hundred years old shall be accursed’ [RSV]). Whereas the Vulgate sets up the child ( puer) and the accursed sinner ( peccador maledictus) as moral antitheses, Damian combines the two figures. 40. Cf. LA, ch. 53, 226/GL, 1:206. 41. See NCE, 12:723, s.v. ‘Rupert of Deutz’, by B.S. Smith. 42. All citations are of Rupert of Deutz, De Sancta Trinitate, 26.22 (CCCM, 22:1438–9, line 1169). 43. Much has been written on those allegations, their dubious nature, and their tragic historical consequences; see, e.g., John Dominic Crossan, Who Killed Jesus? Exposing the Roots of Anti-Semitism in the Gospel Story of the Death of Jesus (San Francisco: Harper, 1995). 44. See Matt. 27.27–31; .16–20; .1–3. But according to Mark 14.65, after the chief condemned Jesus, and before they delivered him to Pilate, they spat on him, covered his face, and struck him. Mark does not mention their robing, crowning, or whipping him. Luke, whose Gospel is the only one to report Jesus’ being brought before , asserts: ‘And Herod with his soldiers’ – not Pilate with his soldiers – ‘treated [ Jesus] with contempt and mocked him’ (23.11). But Luke goes on to mention only one of the specific acts alluded to by Rupert: the arraying of Jesus ‘in gorgeous apparel.’ The absence of an analogous passage in the other two Synoptic Gospels and John suggests that the whole account in Luke 23.6–12 is ‘legendary’, its purpose being ‘to transfer the mockery of Jesus from the Roman soldiers … to Antipas’ (IDB, 2:593, s.v. ‘Herod’, by S. Sandmel). The apoc- ryphal Gospel of Peter likewise exonerates Pilate and blames the Jews without nam- ing them; according to Peter, Pilate delivered Jesus to the ‘people’, who, before 204 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

leading him off to crucify him, crowned, spat on, pricked, scourged, and mocked him (see 3.7–9 [ANT, p. 155]). 45. Hildebert, Carmen in libros Regum, 1203 (PL, 171:1253B). 46. Allegoriae in Vetus Testamentum, 7.21 (PL, 175:715B). 47. Citations are of Honorius, Speculum Ecclesiae (PL, 172:1052C–D). 48. See the glosses by Isidore, Hrabanus, Angelomus, and Walafrid as cited above. 49. See Paul E. Beichner’s (ed.) introduction to Aurora: Petri Rigae Biblia Versifica. A Verse Commentary on the Bible, 2 vols (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1965) pp. xxvii–xlvii; NCE, 11:228, s.v. ‘Peter Riga’, by M.I.J. Rousseau. 50. Aegidius of Paris, Fragmenta ex libro Petri de Riga cui titulus: Aurora (PL, 212:39C–D). Peter’s own treatment of the tale occurs in Liber quartus Regum, lines 85–98, in his Aurora, ed. Beichner, 1:307–8. 51. From the Sermon attributed to Roger of Salisbury, Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS. Hatton 37, in Penny J. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095– 1270 (Cambridge, MA: Medieval Academy of America, 1991) p. 227; as translated by Cole, p. 169; cited by Anne Derbes, Picturing the Passion in Late Medieval Italy: Narrative Painting, Franciscan Ideologies, and the Levant (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) p. 155. 52. But contrast the Gospel of Peter 3.8, which identifies ‘the people’ (2.5) as the crowners (ANT, pp. 154–5). 53. As translated by Avril Henry (ed.), Biblia Pauperum: A Facsimile and Edition (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987) p. 94. 54. The Mirour of Mans Saluacioun: A Middle English Translation of ‘Speculum Humanae Salvationis’ [ch. 17, lines 1959–60], ed. Avril Henry (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987) p. 109. My dating of the Speculum and Mirour is based upon Henry’s introduction, pp. 10, 19.

3 Children of the Passion

1. LFC, p. 25. 2. See ibid., p. 33, including n. 2. 3. St Bernard of Clairvaux, Meditatio in passionem et resurrectionem Domini, 7.16 (PL, 184:752A). 4. Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae, 10.17, in St Bernard of Clairvaux, Opera, 7 vols, ed. Jean Leclercq et al. (Rome: Editiones Cistercienses, 1957–74) 3:229; also PL, 182:932A–B; as rendered by Conrad Greenia (tr.), In Praise of the New Knighthood, in St Bernard of Clairvaux, Treatises III (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 1977) p. 153. 5. St Bernard, Sermones de diversis, 95.1 (PL, 183:718). Cf. his Sermones in Cantica Canticorum, 16.1–2 (PL, 183:848–50). 6. As observed by the translator of Bernard, In Praise, 153n.3. 7. This translation is of the Vulgate version of the passage. The corresponding passage in the RSV, numbered 8.1–2, reads somewhat differently. 8. Bernard, In Praise, 10.17 (Opera, 3:229/Treatises III, p. 153). 9. See PINEA, esp. pp. 195–205; Neff, ‘WC’, pp. 228–9. 10. De meditatione passionis Christi per septem diei horas, 6th hour (PL, 94:566B). 11. See ‘WC’, p. 228. 12. Dialogus beatae Mariae et Anselmi de passione Domini, ch. 8 (PL, 159:281C). Collated with this text in the footnotes of the PL edition are variant passages from another Notes 205

version, Planctus beatae Mariae virginis ad Anselmum de passione Domini. On the question of authorship see PL, 158:39D–40A; H. Barré, ‘Le “Planctus Mariae” attribué a Saint Bernard’, Revue d’Ascétique et de Mystique, 28 (1952), reissued by Culture et Civilisation (Brussels, 1964) pp. 243–66, at 266; Elisabeth Roth, Der Volkreiche Kalvarienberg in Literatur und Kunst des Spätmittelalters (Berlin: Erich Schmidt, 1958) p. 147n.48. 13. Vita beate virginis Marie et Salvatoris rhythmica, 3, lines 4802–5 (ed. Adolf Vögtlin [Stuttgart: Litterarischer Verein, H. Laupp, 1888] p. 164). 14. Dialogus, ch. 8 (PL, 159:281C–82A). 15. See Liber de passione Christi et doloribus et planctibus matris ejus, 701 (PL, 182:1135A); known also as De planctu beate Marie or Planctus Mariae. On the question of author- ship see Barré, ‘Le “Planctus Mariae”’, pp. 252–9; Roth, Volkreiche Kalvarienberg, p. 147n.47; DS, 12, pt 2: 1798, s.v. ‘Planctus Mariae’, by Théodore Koehler. 16. Ein mittelniederdeutsches Gedicht über die Kreuzigung, das Begräbnis und die Auferstehung Christi aus der Königsberger Handschrift nr. 905, ed. F. Rohde (diss., Königsberg 1911) 73, vv. 216–17; quoted by Roth, Volkreiche Kalvarienberg, p. 120. 17. Das Minnebüchlein, ch. 1, in Heinrich Seuse, Deutsche Schriften im Auftrag der Württembergischen Kommission für Landesgeschichte, ed. Karl Bihlmeyer (Stuttgart, 1907; repr. am Main: Minerva, 1961) p. 542, lines 17–21. 18. MS. 3, fol. 156r, Colegiata de San Isidoro (ill. in EJ, 6:666). 19. As documented in The Princeton University Index of , s.v. ‘Elisha: Mocked’. See also LCI, 1:618, s.v. ‘Elisäus’. 20. ‘WC’, p. 221. 21. Margaret Stokes, ‘Iconography of the Christian Scheme’, in Adolphe Napoléon Didron, Christian Iconography; or, The History of Christian Art in the Middle Ages, 2 vols, tr. E.J. Millington (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1851–91) 2:189. 22. De laudibus sancte crucis, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich, clm 14159, fol. 4 (ill. in ‘WC’, p. 221, Figure 5). 23. As noted in ‘WC’, pp. 216–17. 24. See ‘WC’, pp. 221, 241n.17. 25. In addition to our own Plate 2, see the examples in the following manuscripts of the Biblia pauperum: Clm 23425 (c. 1300) fol. 5r, Staatsbibliothek, Munich (ill. in DMG, 1:figure 219); Cod. III. 2073 (c. 1310) fol. 6v, St Florian, Augustiner- Chorherrnstift (ill. in ‘WC’, p. 222, figure 6); MS. (c. 1460) in Avril Henry (ed.), Biblia Pauperum: A Facsimile and Edition (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987) p. 92; and two similar versions from different manuscripts in Henrik Cornell (ed.), Biblia Pauperum (Stockholm: Thule-Tryck, 1925) p. 238, figure 22; pl. 17. 26. No. 98 in M.R. James, ‘Pictor in Carmine’, Archaeologia or Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Antiquity 94 (1951): 141–66; see 161; cited in ‘WC’, p. 218. 27. See MS. 270b, fols 175v–176r, The Bodleian Library, Oxford (ill. in A. De Laborde, La Bible moralisée, illustrée conservée à Oxford, Paris et Londres. Reproduction intégrale du manuscript du XIIIe siècle, 5 vols [Paris: Pour les membres de la Société, 1911–27] 1:pls 175–6; also ‘WC’, p. 223, figure 7 [detail of fol. 175v]). Cf. MS. 1179, fol. 128, Imperial Library, Vienna (Laborde, Bible moralisée, 4:pl. 683). 28. Cf. ‘WC’, p. 220. 29. As noted by Anne Derbes, Picturing the Passion in Late Medieval Italy: Narrative Painting, Franciscan Ideologies, and the Levant (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) p. 143. 30. See Roth, Volkreiche Kalvarienberg, passim. 31. See Evelyn Sandberg-Vavalà, La croce dipinta italiana e l’iconografia della Passione (Rome: Multigrafica Editrice, 1980) pp. 49–50. 206 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

32. Pulpit wall, Cathedral, Siena (ill. in ICA, figure 507). 33. ‘WC’, pp. 221–2. 34. In Supplicationes variae, plut. 25.3, fols 375v, 376r, Biblioteca Laurenziana, Florence (ill. in ‘WC’, pp. 217–18, figures 1, 2). 35. ‘WC’, p. 222. 36. Ill. in ICA, figure 319; ‘WC’, pp. 224, figures 8, 9 (detail); Derbes, Picturing the Passion, p. 141, figure 85. 37. As noted in ‘WC’, p. 222. 38. Staatliches Museen, Berlin (ill. in Roberto Salvini, All the Paintings of , 2 vols, tr. Paul Colacicchi [New York: Hawthorn Books, 1963] 2:pl. 254). On the debate over attribution, see ibid., 2:90. 39. See Amy Neff, ‘The Pain of Compassio: Mary’s Labor at the Foot of the Cross’, The Art Bulletin 80 (1998): 254–73. Cf. Sandberg-Vavalà, La croce dipinta Italiana, p. 49. 40. ICA, p. 87. 41. Cf. Frederick P. Pickering, ‘The Gothic Image of Christ. The sources of medieval rep- resentations of the ’ (from the original German version of 1953), in his Essays on Medieval German Literature and Iconography (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980) pp. 3–30; see 14; PINEA, pp. 145–9; Cäsar Menz, Das Frühwerk Jörg Breus des Älteren (Augsburg: Kommissionsverlag Bücher Seitz, 1982) p. 60; ‘WC’, pp. 225–38. 42. PINEA, figure 87; ‘WC’, p. 225, figure 10. 43. See PINEA, pp. 145–7; ‘WC’, pp. 225–38. 44. MS. 52, Seraglio Museum, Istanbul (ill. in G. Adolf Deissmann and Hans Wegener [eds], Die Armenbibel des Serai: Rotulus Seragliensis Nr. 52 [Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1934] pl. 21; PINEA, figure 86). 45. See, e.g., the detail from the Column of Trajan, Rome, reproduced in Fritz Saxl, ‘Studien über Hans Holbein D.J.I.: Die Karlsruher Kreuztragung’, Belvedere 9–10 (1926):139–54; ill. figure 12; and the detail from the Imperial Procession frieze of the Ara Pacis (13–19 BCE), reproduced in H.W. Janson, History of Art: A Survey of the Major Visual Arts from the Dawn of History to the Present Day, 2nd edn (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977) p. 170, figure 243. 46. Robert Alan Koch, ‘Martin Schongauer’s “Christ Bearing the Cross”’, Record of The Art Museum, Princeton University 14/2 (1955):22–30; here 26. 47. The Road to Calvary is in the Louvre, Paris. The Crucifixion and Deposition are in the Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts, Antwerp. For the entire polyptych and each of those three individual panels, see Andrew Martindale, Simone Martini, complete edn (New York: New York University Press, 1988) pls 118–21. The Road to Calvary is also repro- duced in Saxl, ‘Karlsruher Kreuztragung’, figure 2; ‘WC’, p. 226, figure 11; Giulietta Chelazzi Dini, Alessandro Angelini, Bernardina Sani, Sienese Painting: From Duccio to the Birth of the [tr. unnamed] (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1998) p. 94. The Crucifixion is also reproduced in ‘WC’, p. 227, figure 12. For discussion, see Martindale, Simone Martini, pp. 171–3; ‘WC’, pp. 223–5, 227, 236. 48. Simone Martini, p. 172. 49. For example, ICA, figures 34, 38. 50. The Passion Play (Ludus de passione) from the Carmina Burana (Bressanone?) 4.31–33, in Nine Medieval Latin Plays, tr. and ed. Peter Dronke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) p. 203. 51. Cf. Axel Hinrich Mürken, ‘Die Darstellung eines mongoloiden Kindes auf dem Aachener Passionsaltar’, Wallraf-Richartz-Jahrbuch 33 (1971):313–20; see 318; and Menz, Frühwerk Jörg Breus, p. 60. Notes 207

52. Ill. in Saxl, ‘Karlsruher Kreuztragung’, figure 5; Millard Meiss, Painting in Florence and Siena After the Black Death: The Arts, Religion, and Society in the Mid-Fourteenth Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978) figure 38; PINEA, figure 97. 53. Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore (ill. in The Walters Art Gallery: A Selection of Memorable Objects [Baltimore: Walters Art Gallery, 1964] figure 22). This is one of five panels from the now dispersed Pecci Altarpiece, painted in 1426. 54. MS. 11060–1 (‘Brussels Hours’) fol. 106, Bibliothèque Royale, Brussels (ill. in PINEA, figure 111). Juxtaposed reproductions of this miniature and Simone’s Road to Calvary appear in Erwin Panofsky, Early Netherlandish Painting: Its Origins and Character, 2 vols (New York: Harper & Row, 1971) 2:pl. 20, figures 45–6. 55. MS. 65, fol. 147, Musée Condé, Chantilly (ill. in Saxl, ‘Karlsruher Kreuztragung’, fig- ure 10; Raymond Cazelles and Johannes Rathofer, Illuminations of Heaven and Earth: The Glories of the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry [New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1988] pp. 152, 154–5). 56. Fols 146v, 156v (ill. in Cazelles and Rathofer, Illuminations, pp. 152, 153, 160). In Christ Leaving the Praetorium (ill. also in PINEA, figure 112), four children – one of them holding hands with a woman (cf. the same motif in the fresco by Altichiero discussed below) – stand in the foreground as onlookers. In the Deposition, whose composition Cazelles and Rathofer find ‘indebted to’ Simone’s Deposition (Illuminations, p. 160), a child appears in the left foreground, and two other figures, seated in the centre foreground, seem to be children as well. All three watch the lowering of the corpse. 57. Altar-wing from St Stephan, Mainz, now in the Mittelrheinisches Landesmuseum, Mainz (ill. in DMG, 3:figure 164; Mürken, ‘Darstellung’, p. 316, figure 221; p. 317, figure 222 [detail]). Cf. the misshapen dwarf who figures centrally in the fifteenth- century Crucifixion from the parish church, St Martin, now in the Musée d’Unterlinden, Colmar (ill. in DMG, 4:figure 99). 58. As noted by Mürken, ‘Darstellung’, p. 318. 59. See James Marrow, ‘Circumdederunt me canes multi: Christ’s Tormentors in Northern European Art of the Late Middle Ages and Early ’, The Art Bulletin 59 (1977): 167–81. 60. Hessisches Landesmuseum, Darmstadt (ill. in DMG, 3:figure 195). 61. Ill. in ICA, figure 509; Chelazzi Dini et al., Sienese Painting, p. 109. 62. Ill. in ICA, figure 510. This entire Spanish Chapel wall, including Andrea’s Way to Calvary, Crucifixion, and Limbo, is reproduced in Meiss, Painting in Florence and Siena, figure 96. 63. The pertinent detail from the left portion of Altchiero’s Crucifixion is reproduced in Ludwig von Baldass, Conrad Laib und die beiden Rueland Frueauf (Vienna: Anton Schroll, 1946) figure 2. The entire left and right portions are reproduced twice in Gian Lorenzo Mellini, Altichiero e Jacopo Avanzi (Milan: Comunità, 1965) pp. 8–9, figures 62–3. For the pertinent detail from the central portion see Mellini, figure 66. 64. See Neff’s list of 23 examples; see ‘WC’, pp. 239–40. 65. From St Andrew’s Cathedral, Cologne, now in the Wallraf-Richartz-Museum, Cologne (ill. in ICA, figure 522; Lotte Brand Philip, The Ghent Altarpiece and the Art of [Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971] figure 169). 66. Philip, Ghent Altarpiece, p. 158n.312; cf. 159n.314. 67. ICA, p. 157; Friedrich Gorissen, Ludwig Jupan von Marburg (Düsseldorf: Rheinland Verlag, 1969) p. 65. 68. Originally from St Columba’s Cathedral, Cologne (ill. in DMG, 3:figure 99; ICA, figure 521). 208 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

69. Ill. in DMG, 4:figure 113. 70. Belvedere, Vienna (ill. in Baldass, Conrad Laib, figures 35, 37 [detail], 41 [detail]; Roth, Volkreiche Kalvarienberg, frontispiece). 71. See Baldass, Conrad Laib, p. 14. 72. Diözesanmuseum, Graz (ill. in Baldass, Conrad Laib, figures 36, 46 [detail]). 73. Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin (ill. also in ICA, figure 292; PINEA, figure 88). 74. As noted by Schiller, ICA, p. 87. 75. See Cecilia Beer, Temple-Boys: A Study of Cypriote Votive Sculpture, 2 vols ( Jonsered: P. Aströms, 1994). I am grateful to Agata Marczewska for this reference. 76. See Menz, Frühwerk Jörg Breus, p. 60. 77. Painting from the Rheinhau Cloister, now in the Museum of Schaffhausen. A repro- duction of both parts of this painting appears in DMG, 4:figure 223; for discussion see 4:153–5. 78. CC, pp. 37–8; cf. 105. 79. In addition to the occurrence of this motif on an altarpiece of the Crucifixion by Hans Wydytz to be discussed later, consider its occurrences in three other whose pertinent details are reproduced in Gorissen, Ludwig Jupan, fig- ures 85, 87, 88: the Passion high-altar (1490–1500) in the Church of St Nikolai in Kalkar, to be discussed later; the Schinkelaltar (1501) in the Church of St Mary, Lübeck (ill. also in DMG, 6:figure 212); and one of the fragments from a Crucifixion in the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid (formerly Castagnola), perhaps from the high altar (completed c. 1480) of the church of St Nikolaus oper Matena, Wesel, by Derick Baegert (c. 1440–after 1502). Gorissen conjectures that the artists who cre- ated these three works shared the same model, presumably an illustration on a page of paper (see Ludwig Jupan, p. 65). The motif recurs amid the crowds in three Bearings of the Cross: a painting (1479) produced in the workshop of Michael Wolgemut, from the high altar in the Marienkirche, Zwickau (ill. in PINEA, figure 89); an engraving by Israhel van Meckenem (d. 1503), Lehrs 149, Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Kupferstichkabinett, Berlin (ill. in Gorissen, Ludwig Jupan, figure 86 [detail]; Jutta Schnack, Der Passionszyklus in der Graphik Israhel van Meckenems und Martin Schongauers [Münster: Aschendorff, 1979] figure 35); a paint- ing (1617) by Frans Francken II (1581–1642; Flemish), The Art Museum, Princeton University. The motif also occurs in a window of the building depicted in Urban Görtschacher’s painting of the (1508), Österreichische Galerie, Vienna (ill. in PINEA, figure 95). 80. Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe (ill. in DMG, 4:figure 118; ICA, figure 314). 81. Ill. in ENP, 10:figure 84, pl. 70. 82. On one of eight Passion panels [painter unknown], now in the Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore. 83. As interpreted by Marrow, ‘Christ’s Tormentors’, p. 175, who identifies this wing panel as Inv. No. MA 3422 from the Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Munich, on loan to the Mainfränkisches Museum, Würzburg (p. 175n.65; ill. p. 176, figure 22; PINEA, figure 20). 84. Cf. ICA, p. 75. 85. Ill. in Erwin Panofsky, Albrecht Dürer, 2 vols, 3rd edn (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1948) 2:figure 88. 86. Formerly Art Trade, Cologne; present location unknown (ill. in PINEA, figure 91). 87. Inv. no. 2408, Staatsgalerie, Stuttgart (ill. in PINEA, figure 92). 88. From the engraved Round Passion of 1509 (ill. in PINEA, figure 93). Notes 209

89. From the Grey Passion, originally a winged altarpiece, cat. no. 11f, Fürstlich Fürstenbergische Gemäldegalerie, Donaueschingen (ill. in Norbert Lieb and Alfred Stange, Hans Holbein der Ältere [Munich: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1960] figures 18, 25 [detail]; ICA, figure 265; Mürken, ‘Die Darstellung’, p. 319, figure 225 [detail]). 90. From the Frankfurt Dominican Altar, Städelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfurt am Main (ill. in Lieb and Stange, Hans Holbein, figure 55; Mürken, ‘Die Darstellung’, p. 319, figure 224 [detail]). 91. Cat. no. 21f, Alte Pinakothek, Munich (ill. in Lieb and Stange, Hans Holbein, figure 71; ICA, figure 268). 92. See, e.g., Lieb and Stange, Hans Holbein, p. 11. For disagreement, see Mürken, ‘Die Darstellung’, p. 320n.31. 93. Ill. in Marrow, ‘Christ’s Tormentors’, p. 176, figure 21; PINEA, figure 19. 94. Ill. in Alfred Rohde, Passionsbild und Passionsbühne: Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Dichtung und Malerei im ausgehenden deutschen Mittelalter (Berlin: Furche-Kunstverlag, 1926) pl. 14. 95. See ibid., p. 19. 96. Ill. in ICA, figure 266. Schiller identifies Levin Storch as the probable artist (ICA, p. 245). 97. Ill. in Herbst des Mittelalters: Spätgotik in Köln und am Niederrhein. (Ausstellung) Kunsthalle Köln, 20. Juni–27. Sept. 1970 (Cologne: Kunsthalle, 1970) figure 14; Mürken, ‘Die Darstellung’, p. 313, figure 218; p. 314, figure 219 (detail). 98. Mürken, ‘Die Darstellung’, passim. Cf. Menz, Frühwerk Jörg Breus, p. 60. 99. City Art Museum, St Louis, Missouri (ill. in Horst Gerson, De Nederlandse schilderkunst, 3 vols [Amsterdam: Contact, 1950–61] 1:figure 28; ENP, 10:adden- dum figure 178, pl. 120). 100. Interior shutter, Altarpiece of the Deposition (‘Adrichem triptych’), Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts, Brussels (ill. in ENP, 10:figure 1, pl. 1). 101. Altarpiece panel, Church of St Denis, Liège (ill. in ENP, 13:figure 102a, pl. 49). 102. Left wing, Passion high altar, Pfarrkirche St Nicholai, Kalkar (ill. in Gerson, De Nederlandse schilderkunst, 1:figure 31). 103. Left shutter, Altarpiece of the Crucifixion, National Gallery, London (ill. in ENP, 10:figure 60, pl. 42). 104. Left shutter, Altarpiece of the Crucifixion, Galleria Sabauda, Turin (ill. ENP, 10: figure 66 VI, pl. 53). 105. British Museum, London (ill. in James Snyder, Northern : Painting, Sculpture, the Graphic Arts from 1350 to 1575 [New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1985] p. 459, figure 531). 106. Location unknown (ill. in ENP, 13:figure 310, pl. 155). 107. Formerly owned by Alberto J. Pani, Mexico (ill. in Gerson, De Nederlandse schilderkunst, 1:figure 95). 108. ENP, 10:31–2. 109. See Martin Conway, The Van Eycks and Their Followers (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1921), pp. 436, 439. 110. ENP, 10:32. 111. As suggested by Menz, Frühwerk Jörg Breus, p. 60. 112. From Dat lyden ende die passie ons Heren Jhesu Christi. Voor ‘t eerst uitgegeven, ed. Alfred Holder (Groningen: J.B. Wolters, 1877) p. 40; as quoted in Roger H. Marijnissen, : The Complete Works, assisted by Peter Ruyffelaere ([S.l.]: Tabard Press, 1987) p. 279. 113. MS. IV 115 [c. 1570] (cat. no. 5), fol. 113v, Bibliothèque Royale, Brussels; as quoted in PINEA, p. 147. 210 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

114. Ill. in DMG, 6:figure 4; PINEA, figure 109 (detail). 115. Destroyed by fire in Berlin, 1945 (ill. in DMG, 6:figure 5; Schnack, Passionszyklus, figure 38). 116. See PINEA, p. 155 on examples of this motif in Jacob Cornelisz. van Oostsanen, Crowning with Thorns, from his Large Woodcut Passion (1511–14), 3rd edn, copy Bibliothèque nationale, Paris; Albrecht Dürer, (woodcut); and the Bearing of the Cross from the sculpted retable of Opitter, Belgium, probably made in Antwerp, c. 1525–50 (all three ill. in ibid., figures 105–7). 117. In Dürer’s Flagellation, as noted in PINEA, p. 320n. 656. 118. Stiftsmuseum, St Florian (ill. in Marrow, ‘Christ’s Tormentors’, p. 169, figure 2; PINEA, pl. I opp. p. 2). 119. As noted by Marrow, ‘Christ’s Tormentors’, p. 175; PINEA, pp. 39, 148. 120. Photographs of the entire altar, which depicts a series of Passion episodes, appear in Gorissen, Ludwig Jupan, figures 36–40. For details from the Cross Bearing, see Saxl, ‘Karlsruher Kreuztragung’, figure 15; Gorissen, Ludwig Jupan, figures 54, 56–8. 121. These children are especially visible in Gorissen, Ludwig Jupan, figures 66, 69–70, 75 (details). 122. Ill. in Lieb and Stange, Hans Holbein, figures 71g, 75 (detail). 123. See the Bearing of the Cross from the Zwickau high altar (n. 79 above); and the woodcut attributed to Hans Schäuffelein in the Speculum passionis domini nostri Jesu Christi, published by Ulrich Pinder (Nuremberg, 1507) fol. 49r (both ill. in PINEA, figures 89–90). 124. Picture gallery, Schloss, Pommersfelden (ill. in ICA, figure 811). 125. For example, in the bottom right foreground of Jerg Ratgeb’s Ecce homo (men- tioned above), and in the bottom left foreground of the Bearings of the Cross by Michael Wolgemut and Hans Schäuffelein (cited in nn. 79 and 123 above). 126. Schiller, ICA, p. 228. 127. Lehrs 9, Albertina, Vienna (ill. in Max Dvoraák, Kunstgeschichte als Geistesgeschichte: Studien zur abendländischen Kunstentwicklung [Munich: R. Piper, 1924] figure 34 opp. p. 182; Saxl, ‘Karlsruher Kreuztragung’, figure 9; Koch, ‘Schongauer’s “Christ Bearing the Cross”’, p. 24, figure 1; Panofsky, Albrecht Dürer, 2:figure 15; Ferdinando Salamon, The History of Prints and Printmaking from Dürer to Picasso: A Guide to Collecting [New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972] p. 110; Hella Robels, ‘Israhel van Meckenem und Martin Schongauer’, in Israhel van Meckenem und der deutsche Kupferstich des 15. Jahrhunderts. 750 Jahre Stadt Bocholt 1222–1972 [Bocholt, 1972] pp. 31–50; see p. 39, figure 44; Snyder, Northern Renaissance Art, p. 283, figure 290). 128. Galleria Sabauda, Turin (ill. in Dirk De Vos, : The Complete Works [Ghent: Ludion Press, 1994] pp. 106–7, pl. 11; Koch, ‘Schongauer’s “Christ Bearing the Cross”’, p. 24, figure 3 [detail]; Reindert L. Falkenburg, ‘Marginal Motifs in Early Flemish Landscape Painting’, in Norman E. Muller, Betsy J. Rosasco, and James H. Marrow (eds), Herri met de Bles: Studies and Explorations of the Tradition [Princeton, NJ: The Art Museum, Princeton University; in col- lab. with Turnhout: Brepols, 1998] pp. 153–69; see 156, figure 135). 129. In the upper right background of Strigel’s panel featuring Pilate washing his hands before the crowned and scourged Jesus. This panel, now in the Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore, is one of four in Strigel’s Scenes of Christ’s Passion, from an altarpiece in the Carthusian monastery built 1495–1500 in Buxheim, Swabia. 130. See Dvoraák, Kunstgeschichte, pp. 179–80; Saxl, ‘Karlsruher Kreuztagung’, pp. 146–7; Panofsky, Albrecht Dürer, 1:220; Koch, ‘Schongauer’s “Christ Bearing the Cross”’, pp. 26–8; Panofsky, Early Netherlandish Painting, 1:237. Notes 211

131. Ill. in Panofsky, Early Netherlandish Painting, 2:figure 304, pl. 169. 132. Ill. in Koch, ‘Schongauer’s “Christ Bearing the Cross”’, p. 25, figure 5. 133. See Saxl, ‘Karlsruher Kreuztragung’, p. 154; Gorissen, Ludwig Jupan, pp. 59–60. 134. See Panofsky, Albrecht Dürer, 1:60, 220; Salamon, History of Prints, p. 97. 135. See Panofsky, Albrecht Dürer, 2:figures 89, 189, 191, 275. 136. Prado, Madrid (ill. in John Pope-Hennessy, Raphael: The Wrightsman Lectures deliv- ered under the auspices of the New York Institute of Fine Arts [New York: New York University Press, 1970] figure 16; Jean-Pierre Cuzin, Raphael: His Life and Works, tr. Sarah Brown [Secaucus, NJ: Chartwell Books, 1985] p. 204, figure 211). 137. It goes without saying that this is true of the masterful, reverse copy of Schongauer’s Great Cross Bearing by Israhel van Meckenem (Lehrs 32; ill. in Robels, ‘Israhel van Meckenem’, p. 38, figure 43). In addition to the examples in the paint- ing ascribed to Jörg Breu which we discussed earlier, and the painting by Herri met de Bles to be discussed later, compare the boy with dog in the Cross-Bearing scene in the ‘Great Wood Retable’ ascribed to the Antwerp studio of Cornelis Engebrechtsz., in the Musée de Cluny, Paris (ill. in Émile Gavelle, Cornelis Engebrechtsz.: L’école de peinture de Leyde et le romantisme Hollandais au début de la Renaissance [Lille: Émile Raoust, 1929] pl. 24); and the small laughing boy whose hand is held by a stout, robed man behind the fallen Jesus in a painting of Christ Carrying the Cross (c. 1515), inv. no. 64, Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe (ill. in Saxl, ‘Karlsruher Kreuztragung’, figure 1; John Rowlands, Holbein: The Paintings of Hans Holbein the Younger. Complete Edition [Boston: David R. Godine, 1985] figure 219). This last picture, which includes a dog (albeit on the opposite side from the boy), has been ascribed to various artists, including both the elder and the younger Holbein, and Hans Herbst; see Rowlands, Holbein, p. 230. 138. As suggested by Snyder, Northern Renaissance Art, p. 458. 139. Lehrs 23, 25, 26; all three in the Albertina, Vienna (ill. in Schnack, Passionszyklus, figures 28, 30, 36). The Ecce homo and Bearing of the Cross are also reproduced in Marrow, ‘Christ’s Tormentors’, p. 176, figures 16, 19; PINEA, figures 13, 16. 140. The Master of the Pink of Baden (Thüring Meyerhofer?), The Bearing of the Cross, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Dijon (ill. in DMG, 7:figure 172; Marrow, ‘Christ’s Tormentors’, p. 176, figure 18; PINEA, figure 15). In another work modelled after Schongauer’s engraving, the boy appears further in the background, accompanied by an adult; see the Bearing of the Cross (c. 1480) ascribed to the Master of Liesborn, which was privately owned when Stange published it (DMG, 6:33–4; ill. figure 60). 141. Lehrs 24 (ill. in Robels, ‘Israhel van Meckenem’, p. 32, figure 33; Schnack, Passionszyklus, figure 34). 142. Augustiner-Chorherrnstift, Herzogenburg (ill. in Menz, Frühwerk Jörg Breus, figure 21). 143. Stift, Melk (ill. in Menz, Frühwerk Jörg Breus, figure 42). 144. See Menz, Frühwerk Jörg Breus, pp. 54–5, and figure 22 (detail). 145. Majolica plaque (copy of Raphael’s Spasimo), Victoria and Albert Museum, London (ill. in Pope-Hennessy, Raphael: The Wrightsman Lectures, figure 17). 146. National Gallery, London (ill. in Gerson, De Nederlandse schilderkunst, 1:figure 15; ICA, figure 316). 147. Staatliche Kunsthalle, Karlsruhe (ill. in DMG, 4:figure 120; ICA, figure 315). 148. National Gallery, London (ill. in Gerson, De Nederlandse schilderkunst, 1:figure 38; ENP, 10:figure 60, pl. 43). 149. Galleria Sabauda, Turin (ill. in ENP, 10:figure 66 VI, pl. 53). 150. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (ill. in Snyder, Northern Renaissance Art, p. 460, figure 532). 212 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

151. Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg (ill. in Menz, Frühwerk Jörg Breus, figure 23; Mürken, ‘Darstellung’, p. 317, figure 223 [detail]). 152. As suggested by Mürken, ‘Darstellung’, p. 318. 153. Ill. in DMG, 6:figure 212; Gorissen, Ludwig Jupan, pl. 87 (detail). 154. John Bunyan, ‘Upon the Boy on his Hobby-horse’, poem 67 in his A Book for Boys and Girls, or, Country Rhimes for Children (London, 1686) p. 73. 155. High altar, Propsteikirche, Dortmund (ill. in DMG, 6:figure 96; PINEA, figure 96). 156. Ill. Panofsky, Albrecht Dürer, 2:figure 280. 157. Christ Church, Oxford (ill. in ENP, 10:figure 64, pl. 50). 158. Louvre, Paris (ill. in DMG, 6:figure 89). On the question of date see ibid., 6:53. 159. Stiftsmuseum, Klosterneuburg (ill. in Baldass, Conrad Laib, figure 128; Neff, ‘Pain’, p. 264, figure 20). 160. Alte Pinakothek, Munich (ill. in ICA, figure 524). 161. Destroyed in Strasbourg during World War II (ill. in Max J. Friedländer and Jakob Rosenberg, The Paintings of Lucas Cranach, rev. edn [Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978]) pl. 69). 162. Art Institute, Chicago (ill. in ibid., pl. 377). 163. See Altichiero, St George Punished on the Wheel, Oratory of St George, Padua (ill. in Mellini, Altichiero, p. 47 [detail], figure 176); Altichiero, St Catherine Punished on the Wheel, Oratory of St George, Padua (ill. in ibid., figures 181, 220 [detail]); Jacopo Avanzi, Martyrdom of St James, Chapel of St James, Basilica del Santo, Padua (ill. in ibid., p. 27); Dosso Dossi, The Martyrdom of St Stephen, Thyssen-Bornemisza Collection, Madrid (ill. in David Ekserdjian, Old Master Paintings from the Thyssen- Bornemisza Collection, ed. MaryAnne Stevens [Milan: Electa SPA, 1988] no. 17, p. 55); Guido Reni, St Andrew led to Martyrdom (1608), Church of San Gregorio al Celio, Rome (ill. in Cesare Garboli, L’opera completa di Guido Reni [Milan: Rizzoli, 1971] pls 12–13); and scenes 8, 11–13 in the series of drawings by Laurent de La Hyre, History of St Stephen (1646–7?), Louvre, Paris (ill. in Pierre Rosenberg and Jacques Thuillier, Laurent de La Hyre, 1606–1656: L’homme et l’oeuvre [Geneva: Albert Skira, & Musée de Grenoble, 1988] p. 259, figure 215; p. 261, figure 219; p. 262, figures 221–3). 164. St Catherine Chapel, San Domenico, Siena (ill. in Chelazzi Dini et al., Sienese Painting, pp. 377, 378 [detail]). 165. Art Institute, Chicago. 166. Robert Alan Koch, ‘A Rediscovered Painting, “The Road to Calvary”, by Herri met de Bles’, Record of The Art Museum, Princeton University 14/2 (1955): 31–51; here 37. All references are to this edition, although the article is reprinted in Muller et al., Herri met de Bles, pp. 9–21. 167. From the Saint Lawrence Altarpiece (1538–42), Domkyrka, Linköping, Sweden (ill. in Jefferson C. Harrison, ‘The Brazen Serpent by Maarten van Heemskerck: Aspects of Its Style and Meaning’, Record of The Art Museum, Princeton University 49/2 (1990): 16–29; see 20, figure 4). 168. In addition to the versions of the Way to Calvary by Herri met de Bles cited below, see the four by Pieter Aertsen reproduced in ENP, 13:figures 311–14, pls 155–7 (figure 312 also in Falkenburg, ‘Marginal Motifs’, p. 163, figure 140); and versions by other Netherlandish artists of that period, reproduced in Fred C. Willis, ‘Zur Kenntnis der Antwerpener Kleinmeister des frühen 16. Jahrhunderts’, Monatshefte für Kunstwissenschaft 7 (1914): 43–7; figure 1, pl. 11; figure 6, pl. 13; Julius Held, ‘Notizen zu einem niederländischen Skizzenbuch in Berlin’, Oud-Holland 50 (1933): 273–88, including 278, figure 3; 281, figure 5; ENP, 12:figures 230–1, pl. 124; ENP, 13:figure 49, pl. 25. Cf. Koch, ‘Rediscovered Painting’, p. 51n.32. Notes 213

169. The Art Museum, Princeton University (ill. in Koch, ‘Rediscovered Painting’, fig- ures 1, 2–5 [details]; Muller et al., Herri met de Bles, p. 172, pl. 1). 170. Koch, ‘Rediscovered Painting’, p. 50. 171. There is also Bles’s Road to Calvary, Galleria Doria, Rome (ill. in ENP, 13:figure 67, pl. 35; Luc Serck, ‘La Montée au Calvaire dans l’oeuvre d’Henri Bles: Création et com- position’, in Muller et al., Herri met de Bles, pp. 51–72; see 52, figures 47, 48 [detail]). Bles produced a number of variants of this painting; for the most complete listing, see Serck, ‘La Montée au Calvaire’, pp. 61–70, with p. 55, figure 50. While showing different landscapes, these replicas of Bles’s Doria Road to Calvary all retain the same group of figures, including children. An etching that corresponds in reverse to the Doria version is discussed and reproduced in F.W.H. Hollstein, Dutch and Flemish Etchings, Engravings, and Woodcuts ca. 1450–1700, 42 vols [Amsterdam: Menno Hertzberger, 1949–93] 2:58; Serck, ‘La Montée au Calvaire’, p. 53, figure 49). 172. Kupferstichkabinett, Berlin (ill. in Willis, ‘Zur Kenntnis’, figure 3; Held, ‘Notizen,’ pp. 274–5, figure 1; Koch, ‘Rediscovered Painting’, pp. 43–5, figures 8–10; the brochure by Betsy Rosasco and Norman Muller, curators to the symposium at The Art Museum, Princeton University, ‘Anatomy of a Painting: The Road to Calvary by Herri met de Bles’ [10 October–26 November 1995] figures 2–3; and Norman E. Muller, ‘Technical Analysis of the Princeton Road To Calvary’, in Muller et al., Herri met de Bles, pp. 23–37; see pp. 23–4, figures 15–16). 173. So opines Koch, ‘Rediscovered Painting’, pp. 44–7. Rosasco and Muller leave open the question of whether the sketchbook’s draftsman was ‘possibly a follower or assistant [of Bles] copying the underdrawing or its prototype’ (‘Anatomy of a Painting’, n.p.). 174. See Koch, ‘Rediscovered Painting’, pp. 42–3, 50; idem, ‘Schongauer’s “Christ Bearing the Cross”’, p. 22. Cf. Serck, ‘La Montée au Calvaire’, pp. 52–3. 175. See Muller, ‘Technical Analysis’, p. 31, with figure 23. 176. Koch, ‘Rediscovered Painting’, p. 51; cf. Roger H. Marijnissen, Bruegel, photographs by M. Seidel (New York: Harrison House, 1984) p. 46. 177. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (ill. in ENP, figure 25, pl. 32; figure 26, pl. 33 [detail]; Marijnissen, Bruegel, pls pp. 200–11; Snyder, Northern Renaissance Art, p. 508, figure 578; Michael Gibson, Bruegel, tr. and rev. idem [New York: Tabard, 1989] pp. 85–92, figures 72–81; Falkenburg, ‘Marginal Motifs’, p. 164, pl. 141). Bruegel is known to have produced more than one painting of this subject, although only this one survives. 178. Cf. Robert L. Delevoy, Bruegel: Historical and Critical Study, tr. Stuart Gilbert (Geneva: Albert Skira, 1959) pp. 76–7. 179. Marijnissen, Bruegel, p. 27. 180. Cf. Gibson, Bruegel, p. 68. 181. Marijnissen, Bruegel, p. 200. 182. Ibid. Friedländer finds the town’s ‘entire populace’ to be ‘licking its chops in antic- ipation of witnessing an execution … What dominates the picture is the dull- witted crowd, baleful in its effect, a broad stream of meanness’ (ENP, 14:25). 183. Bruegel’s religious views are notoriously hard to determine. On the question of whether he felt a Protestant sympathy, see Marijnissen, Bruegel, pp. 27, 33; Gibson, Bruegel, p. 68. 184. Marijnissen, Bruegel, p. 34. 185. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (ill. in Dvoraák, Kunstgeschichte, figure 40 opp. p. 228; Mary Frances Durantini, The Child in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Painting (Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1983) p. 182, pl. 85; Marijnissen, Bruegel, pls pp. 106–9; Snyder, Northern Renaissance Art, p. 498, figure 565). 214 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

186. As noted by Snyder, Northern Renaissance Art, p. 499. 187. On the bearing of Bruegel’s Children’s Games upon Cats, see Durantini, The Child, pp. 181–5; Marijnissen, Bruegel, pp. 32, 35. 188. As translated in Marijnissen, Bruegel, p. 43. In Friedländer’s view, ‘Bruegel’s instinc- tive response to mankind’, as reflected in the painting Children’s Games, ‘was that children were more human than adults’ (ENP, 14:23). 189. Bunyan, ‘To the Reader’ (2nd par.), Book for Boys and Girls, n.p. 190. See Durantini, The Child, pp. 187–9, 347n.58. 191. Comedia: die ungeleichen Kinder Evae (1553) Act 2, in Hans Sachs, Werke, 2 vols (Berlin: Aufbau, 1992) 2:291; quoted also by Durantini, The Child, p. 189; transla- tion mine. 192. Engraving in the Strassburg, 1630 edition, reprinted as Matthäus Merian, Iconum Biblicarum (Wenatchee, WA: AVB Press, 1981) p. 455. 193. Iconum Biblicarum (1981) p. 459. 194. Moravian Historical Society, Nazareth, Pennsylvania (ill. in John Dillenberger, The Visual Arts and Christianity in America: The Colonial Period through the Nineteenth Century [Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1984] pl. 25). 195. From Freiburg, Upper Rhineland, , now in The Cloisters, New York (ill. in William D. Wixom, ‘Medieval Sculpture at the Cloisters’, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 46/3 [1988–9]: 17). 196. Title-page of Kurfürstenbibel, printed at Nuremberg by Wolffgang Endter (1641) (ill. in ICA, figure 812). My description of this picture follows Schiller’s (ICA, p. 229), though she makes no mention of the children shown. 197. Johann Rudolf Schellenberg, 60 biblische Geschichten des neüen Testaments in Kupfer geätzt (Winterthur: Heinrich Steiner, 1779) 8o Th. bibl. 1168/76, Niedersächsische Landes- und Universitätsbibliothek, Göttingen (ill. in BC, p. 193, figure 12.5b). 198. Ill. in BC, p. 192, figure 12.5a. 199. Frieze above the altar (in choir), Vor Frue Kirke, Copenhagen. The woman and child in this work replace the two disciples who appeared in its plaster sketch (inv. no. A 560, Christ Hall, Thorvaldsens Museum, Copenhagen); as noted by Eugene Plon, Thorvaldsen: His Life and Works, tr. I.M. Luyster (Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1873) p. 247. 200. Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest (ill. in András Székely, Mihály Munkácsy [Budapest: Offset and Card Printing House, 1980] pl. 63; Zsuzsanna Bakó, Mihály Munkácsy and László Paál: A Guide to the Permanent Exhibition of the Hungarian National Gallery [Budapest: Publications of the Hungarian National Gallery, 1992] pl. 9). 201. Déri Museum, Debrecen (ill. in Székely, Mihály Munkácsy, pl. 66). 202. See Bakó, Mihály Munkácsy and László Paál, p. 19. 203. See, e.g., Székely, Mihály Munkácsy, pls 27, 29. 204. As stated by E. de Bukovics, ‘History of the Painting’, in Charles Sedelmeyer, Christ on Calvary by M. de Munkacsy, Companion to the Painting Christ before Pilate, 4th edn (Paris [?]: C. Sedelmeyer, n.d.) p. 28. For equally hyperbolic praise by other con- temporaries, particularly regarding Christ before Pilate and its pendant, Christ on Calvary (1884), see ibid., pp. 45–56. 205. Bukovics, ‘History of the Painting’, p. 25. 206. Engraving, ‘Where they Crucified Him’, in Hitchcock’s New and Complete Analysis of the Holy Bible, or, The Whole of the Old and New Testaments Arranged According to Subjects … on the Basis of Matthew Talbot, as Improved … by Nathaniel West: Illustrated with Steel Plate Engravings and Maps … by … Thomas Nast and F.B. Carpenter (New York: A. J. Johnson, 1870) opp. p. 58. Notes 215

4 Urchins Plaguing Saints

1. Prudentius, Crowns of Martyrdom (Peristephanon liber) 9.10–16, in Prudentius, 2 vols, Latin with translation by H.J. Thomson, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949–52) 2:222/223. 2. Gregory of Tours, De gloria beatorum martyrum, ch. 43 (PL, 71:745A–B); ch. 42 in Raymond Van Dam’s translation, Glory of the Martyrs (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1988) p. 65. 3. The Roman Martyrology, Published by Order of Gregory XIII, Revised by Authority of Urban VIII and Clement X, Augmented and Corrected in 1749 by Benedict XIV: The Third Turin Edition, tr. Raphael Collins and Joseph B. Collins (Westminster, MD: Newman Bookshop, 1947) p. 180. See also S. Baring-Gould, The Lives of the Saints, 16 vols, new & rev. edn (Edinburgh: J. Grant, 1914) 9:130. 4. See Butler’s Lives of the Saints, 4 vols, ed. & rev. Herbert Thurston and Donald Attwater (New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons, 1962) 1:698; 3:317. 5. As noted in Maurice and Wilfred Drake, Saints and Their Emblems (London: T. Werner Laurie, 1916) p. 159. 6. According to the Dialogus beatae Mariae et Anselmi de passione Domini, 10 (PL, 159:282C), Calvary was a place where dead dogs and other carrion were thrown. 7. Leontius, Vita S. Symeonis sali confessoris, 5.31 (PG, 93:1707/1708C–D). 8. John of Damascus, Barlaam and Ioasaph, 2.9, Greek with translation by G.R. Woodward and H. Mattingly, Loeb Classical Library (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1914; repr. 1983) p. 17; also PG, 96:867/868C. No boys or children are mentioned in the analogous passage in book 1, section 3 of the Old Georgian version; see The Balavariani (Barlaam and Josaphat): A Tale from the Christian East translated from the Old Georgian, tr. David Marshall Lang (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966) p. 54. It is now assumed that the Greek translation was pro- duced not by John of Damascus, to whom it was traditionally ascribed, but perhaps by St Euthymius the Athonite (d. 1028). 9. LA, ch. 180, p. 811/GL, 2:355. 10. See G.P. Fedotov, The Russian Religious Mind, 2 vols, 2nd printing with corrections (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966) 1:221–3; Timothy (Kallistos) Ware, The Orthodox Church, rev. edn (London: Penguin, 1993) pp. 224–5; CT, 2:182, 260. 11. See Paul Fournier, Études sur Joachim de Flore et ses doctrines (Paris: Alphonse Picard & Fils, 1909) p. 11; and Paul Alphandéry and Alphonse Dupront, La Chrétienté et l’idée de croisade, 2 vols (Paris: Albin Michel, 1954–59) 2:146. 12. See Alphandéry and Dupront, La Chrétienté, 2:145–8; Mircea Eliade, ‘Survivals and Camouflages of Myths’, in his Symbolism, the Sacred, and the Arts, ed. Diane Apostolos-Cappadona (New York: Crossroad, 1988) pp. 40–1. 13. Allegoriae in sacram scripturam, s.v. puer (PL, 112:1032D–33A); cited in ‘WC’, pp. 237–8. 14. Cf. Neff, who notes the coexistence of ‘wicked children’ and ‘innocent children’ in late medieval Italian art (‘WC’, passim). 15. St Benedict, Regula, 30.1–3, in RB 1980: The Rule of St. Benedict, in Latin and English with Notes, ed. Timothy Fry (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1981) pp. 226/227. As the editor notes (p. 226n.), the corresponding chapter of the sixth-century Regula Magistri, 14.78–87, upon which Benedict’s Regula is largely based, prescribes whip- ping for boys up to 15 years of age, a limit also specified in Benedict’s Regula, 70.4. 16. ‘Life of S. Féchín of Fore’ (Betha Féchin Fabair, par. 43) tr. Whitley Stokes, Revue Celtique 12 (1891):318–53; here 349. 216 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

17. See Robert C. Elliott, Power of Satire: Magic, Ritual, Art (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1960) p. 290; David Marcus, From Balaam to Jonah: Anti-prophetic Satire in the Hebrew Bible (Atlanta, GA: Scholars Press, 1995) p. 44n.7. 18. James A. Schultz, The Knowledge of Childhood in the German Middle Ages, 1100–1350 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995) pp. 53, 54, 69; see also 247. 19. As noted in NCE, 6:797, s.v. ‘Gregory of Rimini’, by G. Gál. 20. La riote du monde, ed. J. Ulrich, in Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 8 (1884): 282; translated in Urban Tignor Holmes, Jr, Daily Living in the Twelfth Century, Based on Observations of Alexander Neckam in London and Paris (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1952) p. 206. 21. Hans Peter Duerr, Dreamtime: Concerning the Boundary between Wilderness and Civilization, tr. Felicitas Goodman (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985) p. 60. 22. Joseph Falaky Nagy, The Wisdom of the Outlaw: The Boyhood Deeds of Finn in Gaelic Narrative Tradition (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985) p. 18. Cf. Kim R. McCone, ‘Werewolves, Cyclopes, Díberga, and Fíanna: Juvenile Delinquency in Early Ireland’, Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 12 (1986):1–22. 23. Placid Hermann, Introduction to FL and SL in SFA, p. 186. 24. FL, par. 1, in AF, p. 5; as translated in SFA, p. 229. Hereafter all citations of Celano’s First Life and Second Life are by paragraph, followed when necessary by the pages from the edition in AF, and from the translation in SFA. 25. Establishing the chronology and dates of the events in Francis’s life from the avail- able evidence is a notoriously daunting task. Hereafter, except where otherwise indi- cated, the dates provided are based on the chronological table in Omer Englebert, Saint Francis of Assisi: A Biography, tr. Eve Marie Cooper, 2nd English edn, rev. Ignatius Brady and Raphael Brown (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1965) pp. 364–96, as adopted in SFA, pp. xi–xiv. For a different calculation of the dates of Francis’s conversion, see n. 30 below. 26. Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival, 2 vols, Middle High German text, ed. Karl Lachmann, with modern German translation by Wolfgang Spiewok (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1981) 1:252 (division 147, line 12). Although Spiewok renders diu kindelîn loosely in modern German as ‘die Schar der Pagen’ (1:253: ‘the troop of pages’), a more literal rendering is ‘little children’, as offered in A.T. Hatto’s English transla- tion, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1980) p. 84. 27. Marion A. Habig, Foreword, SFA, p. vi. Except where otherwise noted, I rely on Habig’s dating of these biographies (pp. vi–vii). 28. Cf. Legenda trium sociorum [Legend of the Three Companions, 3.7], ed. Théophile Desbonnets (Rome: Collegio S. Bonaventura, 1974) p. 94/SFA, p. 896. 29. For references on this perception of Francis see Neff, ‘WC’, p. 242n.38. 30. Paul Sabatier dates the conversion differently, concluding that it occurred in stages between spring 1204 and spring 1206 (Life of St. Francis of Assisi, tr. Louise Seymour Houghton [New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920] pp. 15–27) and that the San Damiano vision and the Renunciation occurred in spring 1206 ( pp. 53–67). 31. See Henry d’Avranches, Legenda S. Francisci versificata, 2.189–201 (AF, p. 420); trans- lated in Arnaldo Fortini, Francis of Assisi, tr. Helen Moak (New York: Crossroad, 1981) pp. 218–19. Although d’Avranches’s legend is based upon Celano’s First Life, this imaginary conversation is not recorded by Celano. 32. Perhaps the most perspicacious discussion of prophecy and psychosis remains that of J. Heschel, The Prophets (New York: Harper & Row, 1962) pp. 390–409. Heschel rejects the theory that the prophets actually were psychotic, and the Notes 217

premise (propounded, e.g., by Max Weber and A.R. Johnson) that psychotic states were revered as holy in ancient Israel. 33. The illustration of 4/2 Kings 2.23–24 in Rotulus Seragliensis No. 52, Seraglio Museum, Istanbul clearly shows several hounds attacking the boys (ill. in Adolf Deissmann and Hans Wegener [eds], Die Armenbibel des Serai [Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1934] pl. 21; PINEA, figure 86). A woodblock illustration (c. 1460) of the same scene shows a lion among the attacking beasts (ill. in Avril Henry [ed.], Biblia Pauperum: A Facsimile and Edition [Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1987] p. 92; see also p. 141n. 10). 34. Cf. the references to Francis’s prophetic power in SL, 4 (132/364]); 13 (139/373). 35. As documented extensively in the annotation to the texts in AF and SFA. 36. Just as the scenes of Elijah’s ascension and Elisha’s mockery are closely related by their placement a mere dozen verses apart in the biblical narrative, and by the Vulgate’s effectual parodying of Elijah’s upward movement (ascendit Elias [2 Kgs 2.11]) by the taunt of Elisha’s mockers (ascende, calve; ascende [2.23]), so the implicit comparison of Francis to Elijah in the First Life’s ‘fiery chariot’ scene was prepared for by the implicit comparison of Francis to Elisha in the scene of his assault by the citizens. 37. Legenda ad usum chori, sec. 3 (AF, p. 119, lines 1–2). 38. See d’Avranches, Legenda versificata, bk 2, lines 224–35 (AF, p. 421); bk 3, lines 1–8 (AF, p. 422); Julian Speyer, Vita S. Francisci, 7 (AF, p. 339). 39. See Legenda S. Francisci liturgica breviarii minoritici Vaticani (AF, pp. 531–2); Legenda choralis Carnotensis (thirteenth cent.), whose third section includes the scene before the bishop but omits the attack scene (AF, p. 538); Bartholomew of Trent, Epilogus in S. Franciscum (1243–51), whose first section sums up FL, 10–15 but omits the stoning scene (AF, pp. 540–1); Legenda choralis Umbra (AF, pp. 543–54). 40. The successive episodes of Francis being attacked by citizens (FL, 11) and impris- oned by his father (12) were reversed in Celano’s Legenda ad usum chori, with the imprisonment by the father occurring in section 2 and the attack by citizens follow- ing in section 3. The version of the Legenda ad usum chori in AF, pp. 119–26 says nothing of Francis’s being freed by his mother (FL, 13) or his trial by the bishop (FL, 14–15). However, as quoted in the collational notes to Legenda ad usum chori, sec- tion 3 (AF, p. 119), a sentence recounting the trial immediately follows the account of the attack by citizens in one of that legend’s other codices. 41. Humbert of Romans, Legenda liturgica antiqua Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum, lectio 2 (AF, p. 533). On the attribution of this text to Humbert, see the editors’ Preface, AF, p. lvi. 42. Legenda liturgica Ordinis Praedicatorum brevior e priore excerpta, lectio 2 (AF, p. 535, lines 3–4); Legenda liturgica brevissima e praecedenti extracta, lectio 1 (AF, p. 537, line 6). 43. See Damien Vorreux, Introduction to Bonaventure’s Major and Minor Life of St. Francis, in SFA, p. 615. See also Hermann, Introduction to FL and SL, in SFA, p. 210. 44. Like Celano, Bonaventure speaks of Francis’s ‘spirit of prophecy’ (Major Life, 11.3 [AF, p. 606, line 1/SFA, p. 713]) and adapts the ‘fiery chariot’ scene from Celano’s First Life in order to portray Francis as ‘a second Elias’ (alter Elias [Major Life, 4.4 (AF, p. 573, line 15/SFA, p. 656)]). He also follows Celano, as other biographers had done, in regularly referring to Francis by that epithet most closely associated with Elisha, ‘man of God’. On the Francis/Elisha association drawn by Bonaventure as well as by Bartholomew of Pisa, see also Neff, ‘WC’, pp. 233–4; Anne Derbes, Picturing the Passion in Late Medieval Italy: Narrative Painting, Franciscan Ideologies, and the Levant (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) pp. 108–9. 218 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

45. Major Life, 2.2 (AF, p. 564, lines 8–17/SFA, pp. 641–2). 46. The translation here is mine. The rendering of this phrase in SFA as ‘beside himself with rage’ does not do full justice to the term fremens, which stems from the Greek verb ␤␳⑀´␮␻ (‘roar’). 47. See the afore-cited introductions by Hermann and Vorreux, SFA, pp. 210–11, 615; Rona Goffen, Spirituality in Conflict: Saint Francis and Giotto’s Bardi Chapel (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press 1988) pp. 49, 110n.124. 48. Vorreux, Introduction to Bonaventure’s Major and Minor Life, in SFA, p. 623. 49. See the biography of Francis by Voragine (LA, ch. 149, p. 663/GL, 2:221); and the anonymous Legenda Monacensis S. Francisci (c. 1275) par. 6 (AF, 697). 50. Legenda trium sociorum, 6.17 (ed. Desbonnets, p. 103), translation mine; rendered more loosely as ‘friends and relatives’ in SFA, p. 907. Whereas Théophile Desbonnets, in his Introduction to this text in SFA (p. 877), finds it to date from 1246, Habig believes it was produced in the early fourteenth century (Foreword, SFA, p. vii). 51. Ferdinand M. Delorme (ed.), Meditatio pauperis in solitudine auctore anonymo saec. xiii (Florence-Quaracchi: Typographia Collegii S. Bonaventurae, 1929) p. 146; as trans- lated in ‘WC’, p. 234. See also Derbes, Picturing the Passion, p. 155. 52. Meditatio pauperis, pp. 146–7; as translated in ‘WC’, p. 234. 53. Meditatio pauperis, p. 148; as translated in ‘WC’, p. 234. 54. The history of the iconography of this scene is traced by Henry Thode, Franz von Assisi und die Anfänge der Kunst der Renaissance in Italien (1885; Vienna: Phaidon, 1934) pp. 132–4. George Kaftal documents representations of 41 episodes from the saint’s life in cycles from 1235–1486 (Iconography of the Saints in Tuscan Painting [Florence: Sansoni, 1952] cols 388–401). While there were no representations of Francis’s abuse, Kaftal documents seven of the Renunciation (col. 389). 55. Alastair Smart, The Assisi Problem and the Art of Giotto: A Study of the Legend of St. Francis in the Upper Church of San Francesco, Assisi (New York: Hacker Art Books, 1983) p. 164. Goffen includes a reproduction of the Bardi Dossal, with a detail of the Renunciation (Spirituality, pl. 1; figure 25). For the surviving portion of the Renunciation in the Lower Church, Assisi, see Beda Kleinschmidt, Die Wandmalereien der Basilika San Francesco in Assisi (Berlin: Atlantis, 1930) pl. 2a. 56. Ill. in Smart, Assisi Problem, pl. 3b; ‘WC’, p. 232, figure 17. 57. Ill. in Smart, Assisi Problem, pl. 51b (detail). 58. See ibid., pp. 240–1, with Pacino’s Madonna and Child, Accademia, Florence (ill., pl. 51c). 59. As noted by Thode, Franz von Assisi, p. 133; Smart, Assisi Problem, p. 164. 60. Cf. ‘WC’, p. 229, whose reproduction of the entire fresco (figure 14) is followed by a detail of each boy (pp. 230–1, figures 15–16). 61. ‘WC’, p. 235. 62. Ill. in ‘WC’, p. 235, figure 19. 63. As suggested by ibid., p. 235. 64. Now in the Accademia, Florence (ill. in ibid., p. 233, figure 18). 65. Ill. in Diane Cole Ahl, Benozzo Gozzoli (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996) p. 55, pl. 57b; and idem, ‘Benozzo Gozzoli’s Cycle of the Life of Saint Francis in Montefalco: Hagiography and Homily’, in Sandro Sticca (ed.), Saints: Studies in Hagiography (Binghamton, NY: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1996) pp. 191–213; see figure 7. For comparison, Thode includes a reproduction of Gozzoli’s Renunciation directly below one of Giotto’s (Franz von Assisi, pl. 6). Notes 219

66. Spirituality, p. 29. See also ‘WC’, p. 229, where other references are provided on the relationship of the Assisi frescoes to Bonaventure’s text (p. 242n.36). 67. See CC, p. 36. 68. See, e.g., Lloyde DeMause, ‘The Evolution of Childhood’, in HC, pp. 5–6; Richard Kuhn, Corruption in Paradise: The Child in Western Literature (: University Press of New England, 1982) p. 8; Schultz, Knowledge of Childhood, pp. 4–9, 19, 110, 267; and the sources cited in nn. 69 and 70 below. Other critiques are listed by Wayne E. Franits, Paragons of Virtue: Women and Domesticity in Seventeenth-Century Dutch Art (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) p. 226n.3. 69. See Ilene H. Forsyth, ‘Children in Early Medieval Art: Ninth Through Twelfth Centuries’, The Journal of Psychohistory 4 (1976): 31–70; here 33. 70. Ivan G. Marcus, Rituals of Childhood: Jewish Acculturation in Medieval Europe (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996) p. 126. 71. For reference, see n. 9 above. 72. LA, ch. 9, sec. 8, p. 61/GL, 1:54. 73. See Acts of John 56 (ANT, p. 326). In the opinion expressed by Eric Junod and Jean- Daniel Kaestli (eds), Acta Iohannis (CCSA 1:145–58), the partridge episode is unre- lated to the Acts of John, and is probably an isolated anecdote of unknown origin, dating from well before Cassian, which was passed down in monastic circles (1:156). 74. Collatio 24.21, in Jean Cassien, Conférences XVIII–XXIV, Latin with French transla- tion, ed. E. Pichery, in Sources Chrétiennes, gen. ed. H. de Lubac and J. Daniélou (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1940–) 64:192–3.

5 The Bethel Boys Motif at the Dawn of Modernity

1. CC, p. 128. 2. As noted in LFC, p. 68; see also 74. 3. An Exposition of Psalm 1, ed. Dominic Baker-Smith, tr. Michael J. Heath, in Collected Works of Erasmus (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974–) 63:22. 4. Given in Jerome, Breviarium in psalmos (PL, 26:872C); as quoted by Erasmus, Collected Works, 63:22. 5. Commentary on Ps. 109, D. Martin Luthers Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe (Weimar: Hermann Böhlaus Nachfolger, 1883–) 19:596; as translated in Luther’s Works, 55 vols, ed. Jaroslav Pelikan and Daniel E. Poellot (St Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1955–86) 14:258. Except where otherwise indicated, references to Luther are to these German and English editions, with all translations being drawn from the latter. 6. See Jaroslav Pelikan, Introduction to Luther, Works, 1:xi–xii. 7. As quoted by John Amos Comenius, The School of Infancy, ed. Ernest M. Eller (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1956) ch. 1, p. 62. 8. Luther deals with this point in, e.g., ‘The Adoration of the Sacrament’ (1523), Works, 36:301; and ‘Comfort for Women Who Have Had a Miscarriage’ (1542), Works, 43:247–50. 9. See CT, 1:291–2; 4:318. 10. , Kleiner Katechismus, 4.6 (Die Bekenntnisschriften der evangelisch- lutherischen Kirche, 2nd edn [Göttingen, 1952] p. 515); quoted in CT, 4:318. 11. See Balthasar Hubmaier, Von der christlichen Taufe der Gläubigen, 6 in Quellen und Forschungen zur Reformationsgeschichte (Gütersloh, [etc.]: C. Bertelsmann, 1911–) 220 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

29:155; idem, Ein Gespräch auf Zwinglis Taufbüchlein, 4, in Quellen und Forschungen, 29:201; both cited in CT, 4:318. 12. Menno Simons, Verklaringe des christelycken Doopsels (1539, Explanation of Christian Baptism), in his Opera omnia theologica, ed. Hendrick Jansz Herrison (Amsterdam, 1681) p. 429; cited in CT, 4:318. For English see The Complete Writings of Menno Simons c. 1496–1521, tr. Leonard Verduin, ed. John Christian Wenger (Scottdale, PA: Herald Press, 1956) pp. 280–1. 13. Phrases quoted from Mikhail Bakhtin, Introduction to his Rabelais and his World, tr. Hélène Iswolsky (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984) pp. 1–58. 14. Mikhail Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics, ed. and tr. Caryl Emerson (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984) p. 157. 15. Bakhtin, Rabelais, p. 11. 16. Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quijote de la Mancha (2.61), 2 vols, ed. Martín de Riquer (Barcelona: Juventud, 1955; new edn, 1979) 2:987; as rendered in Cervantes’s Don Quixote, The Ormsby translation, ed. Joseph R. Jones and Kenneth Douglas (New York: Norton, 1981) pp. 767–8. Hereafter all citations are by, successively, part and chapter, and, where necessary, volume and pages of the Spanish edition, and pages from the translation. 17. The pertinent statement by Don Quixote about knights-errant reads: ‘They always take them away through the air with marvellous swiftness, enveloped in a dark thick cloud, or on a chariot of fire [en alguna parda y escura nube, o en algún carro de fuego]’ (1.47, 1:474/368). Cf. Juan Antonio Monroy, La Biblia en el ‘Quijote’ (Madrid: Suarez, 1963) pp. 122–3. 18. William A. Christian, Jr, Local Religion in Sixteenth-Century Spain (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981) p. 15; citing Augustin Redondo, Antonio de Guevara et l’Espagne de son temps (Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1976) pp. 94–9. 19. The dating of Sancho’s letter to his wife in part 2, chapter 36 of the Quixote (see 2:806/629) is taken to indicate that by 20 July 1614 Cervantes had reached no fur- ther than chapter 36 in composing his sequel to part 1. He completed part 2 in February 1615. See William Byron, Cervantes: A Biography (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978) pp. 491, 503. On Cervantes’s joining of the Franciscan Tertiary Order, see Byron, Cervantes, pp. 491; Malveena McKendrick, Cervantes (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980) pp. 281–2. 20. See Eric J. Ziolkowski, The Sanctification of Don Quixote: From Hidalgo to Priest (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1991) esp. ch. 5. 21. As noted by Ilene Forsyth, ‘Children in Early Medieval Art: Ninth Through Twelfth Centuries’, The Journal of Psychohistory 4 (1976):31–70; see 50. 22. Alban K. Forcione, Cervantes and the Mystery of Lawlessness: A Study of ‘El casamiento engañoso y El coloquio de los perros’ (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984) p. 89; cf. 96. 23. Ibid., p. 91. 24. Miguel de Cervantes, Novelas ejemplares, 2 vols, ed. Francisco Rodríguez Marín (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1975) 2:240; as rendered in Cervantes, Exemplary Stories, tr. C.A. Jones (London: Penguin, 1972) p. 208. All references to the Exemplary Stories are to these editions, and all translations of them are from the latter. 25. Georg Lukács, The Theory of the Novel, tr. Anna Bostock (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1971) p. 88. 26. Tomás’s error does not escape Marín in his note on the pertinent line in Cervantes, Novelas ejemplares, 2:40. 27. Cf. Marín, Novelas ejemplares, 2:40, note to line 10. Notes 221

28. All Shakespeare quotations are from The Riverside Shakespeare, ed. G. Blakemore Evans (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974). The dates of composition I give are those proposed by Evans, pp. 47–56. 29. Walter Kendrick, ‘From Huck Finn to Calvin Klein’s Billboard Nymphets’, The New York Times Magazine, 8 October 1995, pp. 84–7; here 86. 30. See CC, pp. 100–27; LCI, 2:513–14, s.v. ‘Kindersegnung Jesu’. 31. School of Infancy, p. 59. 32. See Wayne E. Franits, Paragons of Virtue: Women and Domesticity in Seventeenth- Century Dutch Art (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) p. 140. 33. Jean de La Fontaine, Fables, ed. Antoine Adam (Paris: Garnier-Flammarion, 1966) bk 9, fab. 2, line 54 (p. 242); bk 11, fab. 2, line 4 (p. 288). Cf. LFC, p. 24. 34. Leviathan, ed. C.B. Macpherson (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1968; repr. 1985) p. 636. 35. Preface to The Citizen, in Thomas Hobbes, Man and Citizen, ed. Bernard Gert (1972; Indianapolis: Hackett, 1991) p. 100. 36. As quoted from conversation on 20 July 1763 by James Boswell, Boswell’s Life of Johnson, 6 vols, ed. George Birkbeck Hill, rev., enlarged edn by L.F. Powell (Oxford: Clarendon, 1934–) 1:437. 37. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Emile, or On Education, tr. Allan Bloom (New York: Basic Books, 1979) bk 1, p. 90. 38. Rousseau cites Hobbes’s notion earlier on the same page (Emile, 67); cf. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Second Discourse (1755), in his The First and Second Discourses, ed. Roger D. Masters, tr. Roger D. and Judith R. Masters (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1964) p. 129. 39. Joseph Hall, Contemplations on the Historical Passages of the Old and New Testaments (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson, 1844) 19.6, p. 311. All quotes are from this page. 40. Thomas Fuller, Pisgah Sight of and the Confines Thereof; with the history of the Old and New Testament acted thereon (1650; London: William Tegg, 1869) p. 227. 41. See Hall, Contemplations, p. 311. 42. The foregoing is a summation of the claims set forth in Matthew Poole, Synopsis criticorum aliorumque sacrae scripturae interpretum et commentatorum, summo studio et fide adornata, 5 vols (1669–76; 2nd edn, Frankfurt am Main, 1678) 1:1697–8; reiter- ated in his posthumously published Annotations on the Holy Bible, 2 vols (1683–5), republished as A Commentary on the Holy Bible, 3 vols (London: Banner of Truth, 1962) 1:719. Poole’s numerous sources are noted in his Synopsis, which, with Fuller’s Pisgah Sight, is cited in LFC, pp. 34–5. 43. BC, p. 183. 44. See Matthäus Merian, in the preface to his Icones biblicae (Strassburg, 1630), reprinted as Iconum Biblicarum (Wenatchee, WA: AVB Press, 1981) p. 22. 45. Jesus holds his fingers in the same position in Merian’s illustrations of the Entry into Jerusalem and the Cross Bearing (Iconum Biblicarum [1981] pp. 441, 459). 46. Inv. XIII-641, Muzeum Czartoryskich. 47. Staatliche Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin. 48. Contemplations, 19.6, p. 311. 49. See Pierre Rosenberg and Jacques Thuillier, Laurent de La Hyre, 1606–1656: L’homme et l’oeuvre (Geneva: Albert Skira & Musée de Grenoble, 1988) p. 327, including figure 313. 50. See La Hyre’s painting, The Sacrifice of Abraham (1650), Musée Saint-Denis, Reims (ill. in Rosenberg and Thuillier, Laurent de La Hyre, p. 309, figure 275). 51. As noted in BC, p. 41. 222 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

52. [Nicolas Fontaine], L’Histoire du Vieux et du Nouveau Testament, avec des explications édi- fiantes tirées des saints Pères, pour régler les moeurs dans toutes sortes de conditions. Par le sieur de Royaumont, Prieur de Sombreval, ‘new edition’ (Paris: A. Belin, 1817) pp. 216–17, translation mine. 53. BC, p. 41. 54. Johann Hübner, Zweimal zwei und fünfzig auserlesene biblische Historien aus dem Alten und Neuen Testamente (Philadelphia: Schäfer & Koradi, n.d.) p. 205. 55. John Bunyan, ‘Upon the Disobedient Child’, Poem 66, A Book for Boys and Girls: or, Country Rhimes for Children (London: Printed for N.P., 1686) p. 71. 56. Youths Divine Pastime. Containing Forty Remarkable Scripture Histories, turned into com- mon English Verse. With Forty Curious Pictures proper to each Story. Very Delightful for the Virtuous imploying the Vacant Hours of Young Persons, and preventing vain and vicious Divertisements. Together with several Scripture Hymns upon divers occasions, 3rd edn (London: Nathaniel Crouch, 1691). 57. ‘Innocent Play’, Song 2 from A Slight Specimen of Moral Songs, in The Works of the Rev. Isaac Watts, D.D., 7 vols (Leeds: Edward Baines, 1800?) 7:207. 58. J.H.P. Pafford (ed.), Introduction to Isaac Watts, Divine Songs, Attempted in Easy Language For the Use of Children: Facsimile reproductions of the first edition of 1715 and an illustrated edition of circa 1840 (London: Oxford University Press, 1971) p. 6. 59. Isaac Watts, Song 18, Divine Songs (London: M. Lawrence, 1715) pp. 26–7 (Oxford facs. edn, pp. 174–5). In the illustrated edition of c. 1840, the woodcut accompany- ing this song shows the baldheaded prophet surrounded by tiny mockers as the bears leap out upon them. He curses, clutching a staff with one hand and raising the other in a fist (p. 35 [Oxford facs. edn, p. 235]). 60. Geoffrey Summerfield, Fantasy and Reason: Children’s Literature in the Eighteenth Century (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984) p. 77; echoed by BC, p. 72. 61. Pafford, Introduction to Watts, Divine Songs, p. 44. 62. The Complete Works of Henry Fielding, Esq., 16 vols, ed. William Ernest Henley (London: Heinemann, 1903) 15:283.

6 Nineteenth-Century Antitypes

1. See CC, p. 119. 2. As noted by M.H. Abrams, Natural Supernaturalism: Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature (New York: Norton, 1973) p. 382. 3. See ibid., pp. 377–84; Peter Coveney, The Image of Childhood. The Individual and Society: A Study of the Theme in English Literature, rev. edn (Baltimore: Penguin, 1967) pp. 37–90. 4. Alan D. McKillop, ‘Charles Lamb Sees London’, The Rice Institute Pamphlet 22 (1935): 105–27; here 124; quoted by George L. Barnett, Charles Lamb: The Evolution of Elia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964) p. 49. 5. Quoted by E.V. Lucas, The Life of Charles Lamb, 2 vols (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1905) 1:40. 6. Charles Lamb, The Works of Charles and Mary Lamb, 7 vols, ed. E.V. Lucas (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1903–5) 2:53. The quotation in this passage is from the opening line of one of Lamb’s poems for children, ‘Parental Recollections’ (Works, 3:398). 7. For example, Alfred Ainger (ed.), in his Introduction to Charles Lamb, The Essays of Elia (New York: A.C. Armstrong & Son, 1892) p. xv. 8. Lamb, Works, 2:83, 84–5. Notes 223

9. Alan Jacobs, ‘Elisha’, in A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature, ed. David Lyle Jeffrey (Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans, 1992) p. 235. 10. See Lucas, Life of Charles Lamb, 1:68; Barnett, Charles Lamb: The Evolution of Elia, p. 222. 11. On the assumption that Lamb read the Divine Songs, see J.H.P. Pafford (ed.), Introduction to Isaac Watts, Divine Songs, Attempted in Easy Language For the Use of Children (London: Oxford University Press, 1971) p. 87. 12. See Coveney, Image of Childhood, pp. 91–302. 13. See George P. Landow, Victorian Types and Victorian Shadows: Biblical Typology in Victorian Literature, Art, and Thought (Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980). 14. Robert Pattison, The Child Figure in English Literature (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1978). 15. BC, p. 72. 16. See Sermons 5, 6, and 8 in Thomas Arnold, Sermons, 3 vols (London: J.G. & F. Rivington, 1832–4) 2:46–54, 62–80. 17. Ibid., 2:67–8. 18. Quoted in ‘Addenda’ to ‘Lecture IV: Pre-Raphaelitism’, Lectures on Architecture and Painting, delivered at Edinburgh in November, 1853, in The Works of John Ruskin, 39 vols, ed. E.T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn (London: G. Allen, 1903–12) 12:163. 19. ‘A Few Words to Schoolboys’ (1864), repr. from Manchester Examiner (8 December 1864), in Works of John Ruskin, 18:555–6. 20. The complete passage reads: ‘From Elisha, saviour of life though he be, no saving of life – even of children’s, who “know no better”, – is to be got by the cry, Go up, thou bald-head’ (Modern Painters [1843–60] vol. 5, pt 9, ch. 12, in Works of John Ruskin, 7:452). 21. ‘Our Fathers Have Told Us’: Sketches of the History of Christendom for Boys and Girls Who Have Been Held at its Font (1880–85) pt 1: ‘The Bible of Amiens’, ch. 2, in Works of John Ruskin, 33:56. 22. , Essays and Reviews, 7th edn (London: Longman, Green, Longman, & Roberts, 1861) pp. 330–433. 23. ‘EI’, p. 483. 24. Thomas Bailey Aldrich, The Story of a Bad Boy (Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1870) p. 7. 25. E.T.A. Hoffmann, Der Goldene Topf: Ein Märchen aus der neuen Zeit, ed. W.F. Mainland (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1967) p. 1; as rendered in Tales of E.T.A. Hoffmann, ed. and tr. Leonard J. Kent and Elizabeth C. Knight (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969) p. 14. 26. On this use of the motif in Demian, see Theodore Ziolkowski, ‘Religion and Literature in a Secular Age: The Critic’s Dilemma’, The Journal of Religion 59 (1979): 18–34. 27. Walter Lowrie, A Short Life of Kierkegaard (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1942) p. 54. 28. Søren Kierkegaard, The Point of View: On My Work as an Author. The Point of View for My Work as an Author. Armed Neutrality, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998) p. 79. 29. Søren Kierkegaard, Either/Or, Part I, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987) p. 19. Cf. entry of 1836–7, JP, 5:5184; repr. in the Supplement of Either/Or, Part I, p. 467. 30. Søren Kierkegaard, Either/Or, Part II, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987) pp. 91–2. 31. JP, 1:265, 266. 224 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

32. Søren Kierkegaard, Stages on Life’sWay: Studies by Various Persons, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988) pp. 152, 153. 33. Entry of 1854, JP, 4:5007. 34. Søren Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling. Repetition, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983) p. 164. 35. See Kierkegaard, Stages, p. 402. 36. See Søren Kierkegaard, Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990) pp. 240 (on Matt. 18.3), 399 (on 1 Cor. 13.11), and 384, where Kierkegaard identifies ‘the child’ as the one who Christ suggested ‘is poor in spirit and therefore sees God’ (cf. Matt. 5.3, 8); Søren Kierkegaard, Practice in Christianity, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991) pp. 191–2 (on Matt. 18.3), 198 and 393n.71 (for an apparent allusion to 1 Cor. 13.12, the verse immedi- ately following the one in question). 37. JP, 1:271. 38. Entry of 1849, JP, 1:272. 39. Kierkegaard, entry of 1837, JP, 1:91. 40. See Søren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript to ‘Philosophical Fragments’, 2 vols, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992) 1:592–605. 41. For elaboration on this point see Eric Ziolkowski, ‘The Child and Kierkegaard’s “One Who Loves”: The Agapic Flip Side of Peter Pan’, in Robert Perkins (ed.), International Kierkegaard Commentary: Works of Love (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999) pp. 279–303, esp. 286–94. 42. JP, 1:370. 43. Kierkegaard, entry of 1854, JP, 1:548. 44. Kierkegaard, entry of 1854, JP, 1:549. 45. Roger Poole, Kierkegaard: The Indirect Communication (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1993) p. 194. 46. For discussion see ibid., pp. 17, 127, 165–74. 47. Kierkegaard, Point of View, p. 67. 48. Poole, Kierkegaard, p. 16. 49. See Zur Geschichte der Religion und Philosophie in Deutschland (completed 1834), bk 3, in Über Deutschland, in Heinrich Heine, Sämtliche Schriften, 6 vols, ed. K. Briegleb (Munich: Carl Hanser, 1968–76) 3:594–5; The Works of Heinrich Heine, 12 vols, tr. Charles Godfrey Leland (London: W. Heinemann, 1891–1905) 5:136–7. 50. JP, 5:5887. This entry and most others to be cited in connection with the Corsair affair are reprinted, sometimes with revised punctuation, in the Supplement of Søren Kierkegaard, The ‘Corsair’ Affair and Articles Related to the Writings, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982) p. 212. 51. Entry of 1846, JP, 5:5894. 52. This phrase occurs, e.g., in the entry of 1846, JP, 5:5888; the entry of 1847, JP, 5:5998; and several entries of 1849, included not in JP, but in ‘Corsair’ Affair, pp. 237, 239. 53. Entry of 1846, JP, 5:5894. Cf. Kierkegaard, Point of View, p. 64. 54. Entry of 7 September 1846, JP, 5:5937, emphasis mine. 55. Entry of 1849, JP, 6:6348. Cf. 9 March 1846, JP, 5:5887; n.d., 1846, JP, 5:5888; 16 March 1846, JP, 5:5891; n.d., 1848, JP, 6:6160; n.d., 1847, as translated in ‘Corsair’ Affair, pp. 222–3 (not included in JP); n.d., 1848, JP, 5:6105. Notes 225

56. As quoted from Kierkegaard’s journal by Lowrie, Short Life, p. 181. 57. Søren Kierkegaard, Prefaces. Writing Sampler, ed. and tr. Todd W. Nichol (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997) pp. 86–7; and n.d., 1846, JP, 2:1162. Cf. Kierkegaard, Point of View, p. 65. 58. N.d., 1846, JP, 5:5894. See also Lowrie, Short Life, pp. 184–5. 59. Discussed in Chapter 3 above. 60. N.d., 1848, JP, 1:270. Cf. Kierkegaard, Practice, pp. 176–8. For further discussion see Eric J. Ziolkowski, ‘A Picture Not Worth a Thousand Words: Kierkegaard, Christ, and the Child’, in Religious Studies and Theology 17 (1999): 4–19. 61. Kierkegaard, Practice, p. 177. 62. As reported by Theodor W. Adorno, Ohne Leitbild: Parva Aesthetica, 2nd edn (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1968) pp. 50–1; cited by Lesley Chamberlain, Nietzsche in Turin: An Intimate Biography (New York: Picador, 1996) p. 130. 63. See William Woodin Rowe, ‘The Child as Religious Ideal’, in his Dostoevsky: Child and Man in His Works (New York: New York University Press, 1968) pp. 119–38. Cf. V.I. Ivanov, Freedom and the Tragic Life: A Study in Dostoevsky (New York: Noonday, 1952) p. 95; Arturo Serrano-Plaja, ‘Magic’ Realism in Cervantes: ‘Don Quixote’ as Seen through ‘Tom Sawyer’ and ‘The Idiot’, tr. Robert S. Rudder (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970) p. 34; Edward Wasiolek, Dostoevsky: The Major Fiction (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1964) p. 150; Victor Terras, A Karamazov Companion: Commentary on the Genesis, Language, and Style of Dostoevsky’s Novel (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981) p. 62. 64. See Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Brothers Karamazov, tr. Constance Garnett, rev. and ed. Ralph E. Matlaw (New York: W.W. Norton, 1976) 6.3, p. 298. All references are to this edition, by book and chapter, followed by pages when necessary. 65. See F.M. Dostoevsky, The Diary of a Writer, tr. Boris Brasol (Salt Lake City: Gibbs M. Smith, 1985) esp. pp. 166–82. See also Edward Wasiolek (ed. and tr.), Introduction to Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Notebooks for ‘The Brothers Karamazov’ (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971) pp. 6–7. 66. See Dostoevsky, ‘The Future Novel’ (1876), Diary, p. 160; cf. Fyodor Dostoevsky, The Notebooks for ‘A Raw Youth’, ed. Edward Wasiolek, tr. Victor Terras (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969) p. 25; Dostoevsky, Notebooks for ‘The Brothers Karamazov’, pp. 22–3. See also Terras, Karamazov Companion, pp. 5, 8, 12, 62–3, 337n. 1, 343n. 64, 344n. 68. 67. Terras, Karamazov Companion, p. 12; see also 62–3. 68. Karamazov Companion, p. 196n.60. 69. See Hélène Iswolsky, Christ in Russia: The History, Tradition, and Life of the Russian Church (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing, 1960) p. 152. Cf. G.P. Fedotov, The Russian Religious Mind, 2 vols, 2nd printing with corrections (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966) 1:15, 357. 70. Wasiolek, Dostoevsky: The Major Fiction, p. 150. 71. Ivan tells of an oppressor who throws a child to the hounds, which, in Ivan’s words, ‘catch him, and tear him to pieces before his mother’s eyes!’ (Brothers, 5.4, p. 224; see also pp. 225–6). 72. See Dostoevsky, Notebooks for ‘The Brothers Karamazov’, pp. 186–7, and also Wasiolek’s comments on p. 183. 73. Quoted from the English summary version of Cesare Lombroso’s Uomo Delinquente by his daughter Gina Lombroso-Ferrero, Criminal Man, according to the Classifications of Cesare Lombroso (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1911) p. 130. 74. Carlo Collodi (Carlo Lorenzini), The Adventures of Pinocchio: Story of a Puppet, tr. Nicholas J. Perella (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986) pp. 345, 365, 377. 226 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

On the relationship between Pinocchio and Cuore, see Perella’s introductory essay, pp. 10–16. 75. Perella, in his introductory essay to Collodi, Pinocchio, p. 37. See Collodi’s own essay (cited by Perella, p. 38) ‘Il ragazzo di strada’, in Tutto Collodi per i piccoli e per i grandi, ed. Pietro Pancrazi (Florence: Felice Le Monnier, 1948) pp. 607–18. 76. Reproduced in the Perella translation, p. 303.

7 Twentieth-Century Antitypes

1. G. Stanley Hall, Adolescence: Its Psychology and Its Relations to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion and Education, 2 vols (New York: D. Appleton, 1904) 1:325. 2. For example, William Byron Forbush, The Boy Problem (1901), 6th edn, rewritten (New York: Westminster, 1907) pp. 49–51; J. Adams Puffer, The Boy and His Gang (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1912); Samuel W. Hartwell, Fifty-five ‘Bad’ Boys (New York: Knopf, 1931); Lewis Yarblonsky, The Violent Gang (New York: Macmillan, 1962); D.J. West, The Young Offender (New York: International Universities Press, 1967). 3. See W. Tasker Witham, The Adolescent in the American Novel, 1920–1960 (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1964) pp. 86–95. 4. See Peter Coveney, The Image of Childhood. The Individual and Society: A Study of the Theme in English Literature, rev. edn (Baltimore: Penguin, 1967) pp. 280–302. 5. See Freud, Totem and Taboo, esp. essay 4, sec. 5 (SE, 13:140–6); Moses and Monotheism, pt 1, sec. D (SE, 23:81–6). 6. Quoted from conversation by Djuna Barnes, ‘James Joyce’, Vanity Fair 18, no. 2 (April 1922): 65, 104; here 65. 7. References are to the newly established ‘original’ text, James Joyce, Ulysses: A Critical and Synoptic Edition, 3 vols, ed. Hans Walter Gabler (New York: Garland, 1984). 8. See our discussion of the Vaticinia in Chapter 1. Cf. Robert Martin Adams, Surface and Symbol: The Consistency of James Joyce’s Ulysses (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962) p. 125; Weldon Thornton, Allusions in Ulysses: An Annotated List (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961) p. 48; Don Gifford, with Robert J. Seidman, Ulysses Annotated: Notes for James Joyce’s Ulysses, 2nd edn, rev. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988) p. 50, note to 3.113–14. Both Adams and Thornton misquote the phrase from the Vaticinia. To retrace the sequence of minor alterations in Joyce’s appropriation of the phrase, from his novel’s original manuscript through the various printed versions, see James Joyce, Ulysses: A Facsimile of the Manuscript, 2 vols (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1975) 1:5 ( Joyce’s handwritten page number); Ulysses: The Manuscript and First Printings Compared, ed. Clive Driver (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1975) p. 40; and the relevant annotation in Gabler’s edition of Ulysses, 1:80; 3:1731. 9. William York Tindall, A Reader’s Guide to James Joyce (1959; New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1978) p. 149. 10. See Adams, Surface, p. 125; Gifford, Ulysses Annotated, p. 49. 11. See ch. 23 of James Joyce, Stephen Hero, ed. Theodore Spencer; new edn by John J. Slocum and Herbert Cahoon (New York: New Directions, 1944) pp. 176–7; ‘The Tables of the Law’, in W.B. Yeats, Early Poems and Stories (New York: Macmillan, 1925) pp. 506–7. 12. See Adams, Surface, p. 126. 13. Ibid., pp. 126, 143. Notes 227

14. See ‘The Day of the Rabblement’ (1901), in James Joyce, Critical Writings, ed. Ellsworth Mason and Richard Ellmann (New York: Viking, 1959) p. 69; cited by Gifford, Ulysses Annotated, p. 49. 15. See Gifford, Ulysses Annotated, pp. 49–50; Yeats, Early Poems and Stories, p. 509. 16. Cf. the textual note to chapter 80, line 16 of Ulysses, ed. Gabler, 3:1731. The phrase ‘him me’ in Joyce’s manuscript was altered to ‘him now’ in the Little Review print- ing, but restored to ‘him me’ in later printed editions. 17. Adams, Surface, pp. 125–6. 18. On Klein’s obsession with Joyce and Ulysses, see Usher Caplan, Like One That Dreamed: A Portrait of A.M. Klein (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1982) pp. 52–4, 88, 103, 154–7, 218; Leon Edel, ‘The Klein–Joyce Enigma’, Journal of Canadian Studies 19 (1984): 27–33; Usher Caplan, Introduction to A.M. Klein, Literary Essays and Reviews, ed. Caplan and M.W. Steinberg (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987) pp. xv, xvii–xix; Zailig Pollock (ed.), Introduction to A.M. Klein, Complete Poems, 2 vols (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990) 1:xxiii. Klein’s three pub- lished exegetical essays of 1949, 1950, and 1951 on the novel’s first two chapters and on the chapter known as ‘The Oxen of the Sun’ are reprinted in his Literary Essays, pp. 289–366. 19. See Klein, ‘Elijah’, Complete Poems, 1:202. A picture of boys laughing at the seemingly crazy prophet accompanies the reprint of this poem in A.M. Klein, Doctor Dwarf and Other Poems for Children (Kingston, Ont.: Quarry Press, 1990) n.p. The Gabler edition of Ulysses contains 14 explicit allusions to Elijah, and several implicit ones. 20. Klein, Complete Poems, 1:280–1. 21. Caplan, Introduction to Klein, Literary Essays, p. xiii. 22. ‘The Bible as Literature’ (1941), in Klein, Literary Essays, p. 126. Cf. ‘Annotation on Shapiro’s Essay on Rime’ (1946), in ibid., pp. 172–3. 23. Quoted in A.M. Klein, ‘Of Hebrew Humor’ (1935), in Literary Essays, p. 99; and his ‘The Bible as Literature’, p. 129. 24. ‘The Bible as Literature’, p. 129. 25. Quoted from the unexpurgated typescript version, Robert A. Heinlein, Stranger in a Strange Land (New York: Ace/Putnam, 1991) p. 320. In the first edition (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1961), for which the press had required drastic cuts, this pas- sage remained essentially the same (see p. 259), although such phrases and words as ‘personally interceded’ and ‘small’, which stress God’s implication in the slaying and the diminutiveness of the victims, were deleted. 26. Spanish and English texts both quoted from Heberto Padilla, Legacies: Selected Poems, bilingual edn, tr. Alastair Reid and Andrew Hurley (New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1982) pp. 28–9. Quotations are from this edition. 27. Bruce Penner, The Bears of Elisha: Percussion Duo, Ensemble Series (Ft Lauderdale, FL: Music for Percussion, Inc., 1980). 28. David Hugh Farmer, The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987) p. 169, s.v. ‘Francis of Assisi’. 29. Paul Sabatier, Life of St. Francis of Assisi, tr. Louise Seymour Houghton (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920) p. xxxiii. 30. A note to this passage in the Houghton translation (Life of St. Francis, p. 59n.1) mis- takenly cites Celano’s First Life as Sabatier’s source, ignoring the absence of children in Celano’s account of Francis’s assault. 31. In addition to the examples cited later of Ignacio Larrañaga and Johannes Jørgensen, see Omer Englebert, Saint Francis of Assisi: A Biography, 2nd English edn, tr. Eve Marie Cooper, rev. by Ignatius Brady and Raphael Brown (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 228 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

1965) p. 76; Julien Green, God’s Fool: The Life and Times of Francis of Assisi, tr. Peter Heinegg (San Francisco: Harper, 1987) p. 78. Arnaldo Fortini vividly depicts the same scene without specifying whether children were involved (Francis of Assisi, tr. Helen Moak [New York: Crossroad, 1981] pp. 219–20). 32. Ignacio Larrañaga, Brother Francis of Assisi, tr. Jennie M. Ibarra (Sherbrooke, Quebec: Médiaspaul, 1994) p. 73. 33. Helen Kazantzakis, Nikos Kazantzakis: A Biography Based on his Letters, tr. Amy Mims (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968) p. 412. 34. Nikos Kazantzakis, Prologue, Saint Francis: A Novel, tr. Peter A. Bien (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1962) n.p. Kazantzakis claims to have composed this novel under the guidance of the spirits of St Francis and Albert Schweitzer, ‘the Saint Francis of our era’ (ibid., prefatory dedication). See Kazantzakis, Epilogue to J. Pierhal, Albert Schweitzer: Das Leben eines guten Menschen (Munich: Kindler Verlag, 1955) pp. 349–50; quoted by H. Kazantzakis, Nikos Kazantzakis, p. 536. 35. See Johannes Joergensen, Saint François d’Assise, tr. [from Danish] Teodor de Wyzewa (Paris: Jules Tallandier, 1979) pp. 58–9. 36. Kazantzakis, Saint Francis, pp. 79–80. 37. Quoted by H. Kazantzakis, Nikos Kazantzakis, p. 520. 38. In Chapter 4 we discussed Celano’s image of Pietro rushing upon Francis ‘like a wolf upon a sheep’, and the inverse relationship of that image to 2 Kgs 2.24b. The same simile is invoked by Englebert, Saint Francis of Assisi, p. 76; Green, God’s Fool, pp. 78–9. Cf. Joergensen, Saint François d’Assise, p. 59. 39. William Lyon Phelps, Human Nature in the Bible (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923) p. 187. 40. IB, 3:197, ‘exposition’ by Raymond Calkins; Theodore H. Gaster, Myth, Legend, and Custom in the Old Testament (New York: Harper & Row, 1969) p. 517. 41. F.W. Farrar, The Second Book of Kings (New York: Hodder & Stoughton, 1894) p. 27. Cf. Cyrus H. Gordon and Gary A. Rendsburg, The Bible and the Ancient Near East, 4th edn (New York: W.W. Norton, 1997) p. 229. 42. See his letter of 23 February 1913 in Franz Kafka, Letters to Felice, ed. Erich Heller and Jürgen Born, tr. James Stern and Elisabeth Duckworth (New York: Schocken, 1973) p. 202; and in Frederick R. Karl, Franz Kafka: Representative Man (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1991) p. 343. 43. Letter of 12 July 1922 from Planá nad Luzanici to Max Brod, in Franz Kafka, Letters to Friends, Family, and Editors, tr. Richard and Clara Winston (New York: Schocken, 1977) p. 338. 44. Letter of late July 1922 from Planá to Brod, in ibid., p. 346. 45. Karl, Franz Kafka, p. 710. See also pp. 698, 724. 46. See his letter of 9 November 1903 from Prague to Oskar Pollak, in Kafka, Letters to Friends, p. 10; noted by Karl, Franz Kafka, pp. 170, 172. 47. Reinhard Kuhn, Corruption in Paradise: The Child in Western Literature (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1982) pp. 36 (quoted), 234n.13. Like Kuhn’s per- spective, the one I am about to offer departs radically from the received tendency to perceive in Kafka ‘the romantic ideal [das romantische Urbild] of the child’ (Kafka- Handbuch, 2 vols, ed. Hartmut Binder [Stuttgart: Kröner, 1979] 2:255, s.v. ‘Die Erzählungen’, by James Rolleston). 48. See Franz Kafka, The Castle, tr. Willa and Edwin Muir (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992) ch. 1, pp. 11–15; ch. 2, p. 21; ch. 6, p. 90; etc. 49. Kuhn, Corruption, p. 37. Notes 229

50. Der Prozess, 3rd edn (ch. 2), in Franz Kafka, Gesammelte Schriften (New York: Schocken, 1946–) 1:45; as rendered in Franz Kafka, The Trial, tr. Willa and Edwin Muir, rev. E.M. Butler (3rd printing, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992) p. 39. 51. Kuhn, Corruption, pp. 39, 40. 52. Hermann Hesse, Siddhartha, tr. Hilda Rosner (New York: New Directions, 1951) p. 41. 53. Mircea Eliade, Bengal Nights, tr. Catherine Spencer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993) p. 151. 54. Thomas Mann, Doctor Faustus, tr. H.T. Lowe-Porter (New York: Random House, 1948) p. 37. 55. See Jerzy Kosinski, The Painted Bird, 2nd edn, expanded (New York: Grove Press, 1976) pp. 7–8. 56. Regarding the peasants depicted in this novel, Jerzy Kosinski commented: ‘They were not surprised by the persecution of Jews and Gypsies, since they were taught by their fathers – who in turn had been taught by theirs – that Jews deserved no pity because they had killed the Son of God and hence, by the virtue of this very fact, God himself is hostile to them and is preparing for them a terrible though just punishment’ (Notes of the Author on ‘The Painted Bird’, 3rd edn [New York: Scientia- Factum, 1967] p. 23). Cf. Michael Kaniecki, ‘Love Songs For the SS’, in The 1997 Pushcart Prize XXI, An Annual Small Press Reader: Best of the Small Presses, ed. Bill Henderson (Wainscott, NJ: Pushcart Press, 1996) p. 545. 57. On this textual device, see Kosinski, Notes, 17–18. 58. Elie Wiesel, The Town Beyond the Wall, tr. Stephen Becker (New York: Schocken, 1982) p. 5. 59. See Chapter 1, pp. 24–6 above. 60. Shusaku Endo, Silence, tr. William Johnston (New York: Taplinger, 1980) pp. 149–50. 61. Gaston Bachelard, The Poetics of Reverie: Childhood, Language, and the Cosmos, tr. Daniel Russell (Boston: Beacon, 1971) pp. 101, 103. 62. R.M. Ballantyne, The Coral Island: A Tale of the Pacific Ocean (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990) pp. 213–14. 63. The allusion is made by the British naval officer who finds and rescues the boys in the end. Upon realizing that their conduct has fallen far short of what might have been expected from ‘a pack of British boys’, he remarks ironically: ‘Jolly good show. Like the Coral Island’ (William Golding, Lord of the Flies, ed. James R. Baker and Arthur P. Ziegler, Jr, Casebook Edition [New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1964] ch. 12, p. 186). See the interview ‘The Meaning of It All’, in ibid., p. 201, for Golding’s own comments on his novel’s connection with The Coral Island. 64. Albert Lamorisse, The Red Balloon (book), English translation (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1957) n.p. The movie was produced by Films Montouris. 65. James George Frazer, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, abr. edn (New York: Macmillan, 1922) p. 64. 66. See P3, 5.116; ‘Lines and Squares’, in A.A. Milne, When We Were Very Young (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1924) p. 12. 67. ‘Don’t Cry, Darling, It’s Blood All Right’, in Ogden Nash, Verses from 1929 On (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959) p. 37. 68. Yukio Mishima, The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea, tr. John Nathan (New York: Berkley Publishing, 1971) pp. 132–3. 69. Produced by Martin Poll, starring Sarah Miles and Kris Kristofferson. 230 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

70. Libretto, p. 20, included in the stereo recording Lizzie Borden: A Family Portrait in Three Acts, performed by the New York City Opera (DST-6455/56/57 [1966]). I am indebted to David Sider for calling my attention to this opera. 71. As noted by Arnold R. Brown, Lizzie Borden: The Legend, the Truth, the Final Chapter (Nashville, TN: Routledge Hill, 1991) p. 12. 72. Doris Lessing, The Memoirs of a Survivor (New York: Random House, 1988) p. 34. 73. Bachelard, The Poetics of Reverie, p. 130. 74. Lars von Trier, Breaking the Waves (screenplay), tr. Jonathan Syndenham (London: Faber, 1996) p. 115. Film produced by ZENTROPA ApS, Copenhagen.

Conclusion

1. Karl Barth, The Epistle to the Romans, tr. from 6th edn by Edwyn C. Hoskyns (London: Oxford University Press, 1933) p. 50. 2. ‘AC’, p. 397. 3. Hereafter the title Peter Pan is used to refer collectively to P1 (Barrie’s novel Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens [1906, comprised of chapters from his novel The Little White Bird, 1902]), P2 (his play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn’tGrowUp[première 1904, developed out of The Little White Bird ]), and P3 (his novel Peter and Wendy [1911, adapted from the play]). For the editions used hereafter, see our list of ‘Abbreviations’, s.v. P1, P2, P3. 4. ‘AC’, p. 398. 5. Romano Guardini, The Lord, tr. Elinor Castendyk Briefs (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 1954; renewed 1996) p. 308. 6. ‘EI’, p. 471. 7. Entry of 1846, JP, 2:1162. 8. Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, 11 vols, 2nd rev. edn, ed. Michael Buchberger (Freiburg: Herder, 1957–61) 6:149, s.v. ‘Kind’, by J. Blinzler; cited by S. Légasse, Jésus et l’enfant: ‘Enfants’, ‘petits’ et ‘simples’ dans la tradition synoptique (Paris: J. Gabalda, 1969) p. 282. 9. The Lord, p. 309. 10. David Gutmann, ‘The Paternal Imperative’, The American Scholar 67 (1998): 118. 11. The Lord, pp. 311–12. 12. Cf. Gospel of Thomas 101, 105 (ANT, p. 146). 13. As noted by Joachim Wach, ‘Master and Disciple: Two Religio-Sociological Studies,’ in his Essays in the History of Religions, ed. Joseph M. Kitagawa and Gregory D. Alles (New York: Macmillan, 1988) pp. 1–32; see 20. 14. Søren Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling. Repetition, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983) p. 72. Cf. JP, 1:367. 15. Søren Kierkegaard, Practice in Christianity, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991) p. 260. 16. Catechism of the Catholic Church (Mahway, NJ: Paulist Press, 1994) no. 2232; see also no. 2233. 17. See Ian P. Watt, Myths of Modern Individualism: Faust, Don Quixote, Don Juan, Robinson Crusoe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). 18. Francis Bacon, ‘Of Marriage and Single Life,’ The Essayes or Counsels, Civill and Morall, ed. Michael Kiernan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985) p. 25. Cf. Bacon’s ‘Of Parents and Children’: ‘The Noblest workes, and Foundations, have proceeded from Childlesse Men’ (Essays, p. 23). Notes 231

19. Søren Kierkegaard, Either/Or, Part II, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987) p. 69. 20. Elie Wiesel, Souls on Fire: Portraits and Legends of Hasidic Masters, tr. Marion Wiesel (1972; New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993) p. 44. 21. Søren Kierkegaard, Stages on Life’sWay: Studies by Various Persons, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988) p. 404. 22. ‘EI’, p. 471. 23. Neil Postman (New York: Delacorte Press, 1982). 24. Marie Winn (New York: Pantheon, 1983). 25. David Elkind (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981). 26. Marietta Stanton (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1990). 27. James Dobson and Gary L. Bauer (Dallas: Word Publishing, 1990). 28. Quoted by Bernard Weinraub, ‘Fun for the Whole Family: Movies for Children, and Their Parents, are far from “Pollyanna”’, New York Times, 22 July 1997, pp. C9–10; here C10. 29. Guardini, The Lord, p. 309. 30. ‘AC’, p. 404. 31. ‘EI’, p. 510. 32. The Cult of Childhood (London: Warburg Institute, 1966) p. 60. 33. James E. Gordon, ‘Demonic Children’, New York Times Book Review, 11 September 1977, pp. 3, 52. 34. Joyce Carol Oates, ‘Killer Kids’, The New York Review, 6 November 1997, pp. 17–20; here 20. 35. William March, (Hopewell, NJ: Ecco, 1997) p. 174. 36. Doris Lessing, Conversations, ed. Earl G. Ingersoll (Princeton, NJ: Ontario Review Press, 1994) p. 176; quoted by Oates, ‘Killer Kids’, p. 19. 37. Quoted from the note to Jeremiah 31.15 in the RSV, Oxford edn (1973) p. 954. 38. As noted by William Wells Newell, Games and Songs of American Children (New York: Harper, 1884) no. 61, pp. 126, 236. 39. Iona and Peter Opie, The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959; repr. 1967) p. 54. 40. John Amos Comenius, The School of Infancy, ed. Ernest M. Eller (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1956) p. 90; Thomas Arnold, Sermons, 3 vols (London: J.G. & F. Rivington, 1832–4) 2:52–3 (sermon 5); see also 2:74–9 (sermon 8). 41. Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics and Politics (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1932; 1960) p. xii. 42. Ellen Key, The Century of the Child (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1909) p. 112. 43. Carlo Collodi, The Adventures of Pinocchio: Story of a Puppet, tr. Nicholas J. Perella (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986) p. 367. 44. Jacqueline Rose, ‘The Return of Peter Pan’ (1992), introductory essay to The Case of Peter Pan, or the Impossibility of Children’s Fiction (1984; Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993) p. 12. 45. This famous phrase is the subtitle of P2, whose closing stage direction has Peter Pan playing on his pipes ‘till we wake up’ (act 5, sc. 2, p. 94) confirms that the whole story was ‘our’, that is, the adults’, dream. 46. Andrew O’Hagan, ‘Introduction to the American Edition’, The Missing (1995; 1st American edn, New York: New Press, 1997) pp. xv–xvi. 47. See Marie-Louise von Franz, Puer Aeternus: A Psychological Study of the Adult Struggle with the Paradise of Childhood, 2nd edn (Santa Monica, CA: Sigo Press, 1981). 232 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art

48. Perella, Pinocchio, p. 56. 49. See J.H. van den Berg, The Changing Nature of Man: Introduction to a Historical Psychology, tr. H.F. Croes (New York: Norton, 1961; 1983) esp. ch. 2. 50. Paul Hazard, Books, Children, and Men, 4th edn, tr. Marguerite Mitchell (Boston: Horn Book, 1960) p. 109. Hazard’s statement is qualified by Perella in his introduc- tory essay to Collodi, Pinocchio, p. 13n. 10. Biblical Index

Except where otherwise indicated, or where a back-slash occurs, all citations of the Hebrew Scriptures, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books, and the New Testament are by the chapter-and-verse numbers in the RSV. Where two numerical citations are sepa- rated by a slash, the one before the slash refers to the Vulgate, and the one after it, to the RSV. Citations of the Apocryphal New Testament are by the numbers in the Elliott edition (see p. xv above).

Hebrew Scriptures 11.1–3 17 15.36 25 Genesis 104 21.4–7 17 1.26–27 29 21.6 36–7, 105 2–3 xi 23.1, 14, 29 24 9 104 9.3 105 Deuteronomy 9.21–25 54 7.10 17 13.11 96 18.19 17, 18 19.8 150 21.18–21 23 22.1–19 22 28.15–68 17 22.5, 12 118 32.24 105 26.1–22 45 32.42 53 32.22 (:32.23 in Hebrew Bible) 118 32.23 Joshua 37.30 118 7.25 25 37.33 183 41.12 118 Judges 42.37 22 12.6 17 49.27 91 Ruth Exodus 1.5 118 1.15–22 37, 183 12.29 183 1 Samuel (1 Kings in LXX and Vulg.) 20.5 47, 54 15.33 131 21.15 23 16.11 15 21.17 23 17.34 19 22.29 22 22.31 180 2 Samuel (2 Kings in LXX and Vulg.) 6.6–8 19 Leviticus 16.5, 13 61 7.24 180 18.9–18 119 13.42 16 17.15 180 1 Kings (3 Kings in LXX and Vulg.) 90 20.9 23 3.7 15 24.10–16 17, 18 12.28–29 24 26.22 183 13.7–30 17 Numbers 13.24, 26 196n.95 11.1 36 17 197n.116

233 234 Biblical Index

1 Kings – continued 10.14 17 17.4 196n.95 13.14 16 17.17–24 183 17.25–26 196n.95 19.10 90 19.19 93 2 Chronicles 19.20–21 93 13.7 118 20.33–43 17 24.21 25 21.13 25 36.16 21 21.17–29 17

2 Kings (4 Kings in LXX and Vulg.) 52, 90 Job 1.2, 3, 6, 16 163 1.18–19 183 1.2–17 17 14.4 21 1.8 16 19.18 17 1.9–16 18 21.8 198n.144 1.10 18, 117 25.4 110 1.12 18 30.9 70 1.13–14 117 2 197n.116 Psalms 2.1–18 14 1 103 2.2–3 91 1.1 103 2.9 96 8.3/8.1–2 57 2.9–10 140 17.43/18.42 58, 89 2.11 16, 93, 217n.36 21/22 64, 92 2.11–12 108 21.8/22.7 55 2.13 90, 93 21.14/22.13 95 2.14 20 21.17/22.16 67, 71 2.15 17, 90 36/37.9, 11, 27 45 2.15–22 109 41/42 201n.12 2.17 90 43/44 201n.12 2.19–22 20, 23 44/45 39, 40–41, 202n.14 2.23 7–8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, 45/46 201n.12 24, 25–26, 27, 51, 56, 62, 65, 46/47 41, 42, 201nn.12–13, 70, 71, 90, 96, 103, 109, 130, 202n.14, 202n.17, 202nn.19–20 142, 147, 149, 199n.154, 47/48 201n.12 201n.6, 217n.36 51/52 201n.12 2.23–24 xi, xii, 6, 10, 12–28, 29, 68.13/69.12 70 35, 36–55, 57, 66, 87, 89, 95, 79.14/80.13 49 102–106, 108, 117–31, 139–42, 83/84 41, 201nn.12–13, 145–52, 159, 160, 163–64, 169, 202nn.14–16, 202nn.19–20 170, 177, 186, 217n.33 84/85 41, 201nn.12–15 2.23–25 12, 194n.57 109 103–104 2.24 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 23, 38, 51, 112.1/113.1 57 91, 112, 128, 130, 131, 149, 201n.6 127.3 175 2.25 12, 14 128.3 180 4.8–37 38 128.3–4 175 4.32–37 183 5.1–27 38 Proverbs 5.10–14 199n.154 17.12 19, 119 5.20–27 17 19.29 55 5.27 18 23.13–14 22 9.11 46, 90 28.15 91 Biblical Index 235

Ecclesiastes Zephaniah 7.9/7.8 91 3.3 91

Song of Solomon, Zechariah or Song of Songs 3.2 103 4.2 42 8.5 7 9.11 79 Isaiah 92 13.3 22 1.2 57 1.4 55 3.4 137, 162, 170 Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical books 3.4–5 23, 29 Wisdom of Solomon 3.24 96 11.18/11.17 92 8.18 57 11.6 84, 91, 118 Ecclesiasticus, or the Wisdom 22.12 96 of Jesus Son of Sirach 31.15 (:38.15 in LX) 184 13.21/13.17 92 44.3 198n.144 30.12 35 57.4 104 63.1–6 71 2 Maccabees 65.20 51, 203n.39 15.25 70 65.25 91

Jeremiah 92, 103, 184 New Testament 2.30 48 5.6 91 Matthew 7, 56 15.3 196n.95 2.16 183 15.17 103 2.17–18 184 29.26 90 3.12 22 31.15 231n.37 4.22 178 5.10 95 Lamentations 5.10–12 91 3.10–11 92 5.12 22, 92, 95 3.14 55, 70 5.44 103 6.2 70 Ezekiel 92 7.15 92 4.14 180 8.3 54 14.15–21 196n.95 10.16 92 22.27 91 10.25 163 39.17–20 196n.95 10.35–36 178 10.37 178 Hosea 10.38 178 9.7 90 11.25 84 13.7–8 183 12.24 163 13.8 19, 119 12.46–50 178 16.14 93 Amos 18.1–5 176, 201n.6 5.18–19 14 18.2 41 5.19 19 18.2–3 40 18.3 1, 7, 31, 134, 224n.36 Habakkuk 18.5 177 1.8 91 18.6 128, 130, 134 236 Biblical Index

Matthew – continued 11.15, 18–19 163 18.10 130 12.52–53 178 19.12 179 14.26 178 19.13 179 14.27 178 19.13–15 175, 201n.6 14.33 178 19.14 31, 41, 116, 134–35 16.10 129 19.29 178 18.15 179 23.37 22 18.15–17 175, 201n.6 27.22–23 42 18.16 134 27.27–29 55 18.16–17 31 27.27–31 203n.44 18.17 1 27.33 38 18.29–30 178 27.39–40 40 23.6–12 203n.44 27.40, 42 103 23.11 203n.44 27.41 56 23.21 42 27.54 64 23.27 56, 58 23.28 56, 113 Mark 7, 56 23.28–29 73 1.20 178 23.28–31 58 3.22 163 23.34 42 3.31–35 178 9.33–37 201n.6 John 9.35–37 176 2.4 178 9.37 177 7.35 104 10.13 179 8.6, 8 34 10.13–16 175, 201n.6 8.59 58, 89 10.14 134 10.12 92 10.14–15 31 16.5 50 10.15 1 19.1–3 203n.44 14.65 203n.44 19.2 55 15.13 42 19.6 42 15.16–17 55 19.17 38 15.16–20 203n.44 15.22 38 15.39 64 Acts of the Apostles 16.16 106 2.38 105 5.1–6 48 Luke 7.52 22 1.17 140 7.58–60 25 2.41–52 31 8.1 22 2.42–49 178 13.10 182 2.51 178 20.29 92 4.25–26 183 23.3 103 5.11 178 6.22–23 91 Romans 7.11–17 183 5.12–21 32 8.19–21 78 7.9 32 9.8 93 9.46–48 176, 201n.6 1 Corinthians 9.48 177 1.18–29 87 9.58 56 11.7 29 10.3 92 13.10 32 Biblical Index 237

1 Corinthians – continued 1 Peter 13.11 32, 128, 134, 224n.36 2.2 31 13.12 224n.36 5.8 37 14.20 32, 39, 41, 45, 175 15.45–47 32 1 John 3.10 182 Ephesians 2.2 40, 182 Revelation 5.6 182 7.2 96 6.1–3, 4 89 11.2 17 6.16 89 13.5 17, 96

Colossians Apocryphal New Testament 3.6 182 Infancy Gospel of Thomas 1 Thessalonians 3.1–4.2 200n.180 2.14–15 22 9.1–2 31

Gospel of Pseudo–Matthew 31 1 Timothy 26 and 29 200n.180 1.20 45 Gospel of Peter Hebrews 2.5 204n.52 2.13 57 3.7–9 203n.44–204 9.14 79 3.8 204n.52 11.37 25 13.12 51 Acts of Pilate, in Gospel of Nicodemus 1.3 63 James 3.9 200n.170 Acts of John 101 3.15 96 56 219.73 General Index

Aaron, 21 Anabaptists, 106 Abel, 26, 44, 45 Ananias, 48 Abenner, 84 Andrea da Firenze, 63, 64 Abrabanel, Isaac ben Judah, 24 angelic being (as child), 99 Abraham, 26, 44, 45 Angelo Clareno, 27 Adam (first man), 186 Angelomus, 50, 51, 53 as adult, 31 Anselm of Canterbury, St, 58 associated with childhood, 125, 132 Applebone, Peter, 190n.44 fall of, 33, 62 Apt, Ulrich, 75 fallen nature of, 84, 86 Arendt, Hannah, 74 sinfulness of, 11, 87, 105, 110 Ariès, Philippe, xv, 66, 77, 80, 99–100, sons of, 33 107, 125, 176 transgression of, 132 criticisms of, 100 as 20-year-old, 29 ‘discovery of childhood’, 102, 106 as type of Christ, 32 ‘idea of childhood’, 8, 100, 102, 114, Abrams, M.H., 222n.2 181 Adams, Robert Martin, 226n.8 Aristotle, 28, 30, 32, 115 adolescence Arnold, Thomas, 1, 128–9, 131, 184, 188 as ‘the criminal age’, 145 Arnt, Master, 71 Peter Damian’s vision during, 51 Aron, Robert, 200n.175 Adorno, Theodor W., 225n.61 Arsenal Bible, 60 Aegidius, 53–4 Artemis, 19 Aertsen, Pieter, 69, 212n.168 Arthur (legendary king), 87 Aggadah, 23 Ascent of the Cross (scene from Christ’s aggadic interpretation, 37 Passion), 48–50, 52 aggadic rabbis, 119 in art, 60–1, 70 Aggsbach Altar, see Breu, Jörg Ascension (Gospel scene), 49–51 Agrippa von Nettesheim, 7 Auerbach, Erich, 15 Ahab, 13 Augustine, St, 44, 45, 48, 55, 57, 86, 115, Ahaziah, 18 117, 118, 121 Ahl, Diane Cole, 218n.65 Against Faustus the Manichaean, 38–9, Ainger, Alfred, 222n.7 41, 49 Aldrich, Thomas Bailey: The Story of a Bad attitude toward children, 32–5, 42, 84, Boy, 131 85, 102, 110–11, 116, 125, 127, Alemán, Mateo: Guzmán de Alfarache, 131, 138, 153, 175 106–7 led to conversion by child’s chant, 111 Alexander the Great, 28, 138 City of God, 35, 49 Alice in Wonderland, 185 Confessions, xv, 32–4, 109–11, 132, 177 Allegoriae in Vetus Testamentum, 204n.46 Expositions on Psalms, 39–43, 201n.10 Allegory of Poverty (fresco), 98 figurative exegetical method of, 46 Alphandéry, Paul, 215n.11 on infant baptism, 105 Altichiero, 64, 65, 66, 75 on tale of Elisha’s mockery, 38–43, 47 Altschuler, David: Mezudat David, 24 The Trinity, 34–5 Ambrose, St, 38 his vision of the , 34 Ambrosius (son of Hans Holbein the see also fruit–stealing motif Elder), 68 Avanzi, Jacopo, 75

238 General Index 239

Baal Beer, Cecilia, 208n.75 priests/prophets of, 12, 15 Beeson, Jack, 167 culture of, 92 Beichner, Paul E., 204n.49 see also Beelzebub Benedict XI, Pope, 27 Bachelard, Gaston, 172 Benozzo Gozzoli, 98–9 Bachofen, J.J., 196n.105 Benzinger, Immanuel, 194n.55 Bacon, Francis, 179 Berg, Jan Hendrick van den, 188 Baegert, Derick, 74, 208n.79 Bergen, Wesley, 18, 19 Bähr, Karl Christian Wilhelm Felix, Bernard of Clairvaux, St, 56–7, 70 191n.2 Bernardone, Francesco, see Francis of Bakhtin, Mikhail, 107, 141 Assisi, St Bakker, James (Jim), 20 Bernardone, Pietro (father of St Francis), Bakker, Tammy Faye, 20 88, 90, 91–2, 93, 95, 97–8, 153–4 Bakó, Zsuzsanna, 214n.200 Bethel boys motif (or type), xii, 184 Balak, 24 approximated in Parzival (Wolfram), 87 Balavariani, 84 compared to fruit–stealing motif, 33–4, Baldass, Ludwig von, 207n.63 132 Ballantyne, Robert Michael: The Coral defined and delineated, xi, 6–7, 33 Island, 164 and humour, 143–4 baptism Lucianic version of, 143 of infants, 105–6 non–Western examples of, 10–11 ‘the remission of sins’, 105 obstinacy of, 188 fate of children who lack, 32 opposed to Christ’s exaltation of chil- Bardi Saint Francis Master Dossal (Bardi dren, 176–7 Dossal), 97 perpetuation and persistence of, 175–6 Bardon, Geoffrey, xiii, 191n.55 pertinence to modern social sciences, Bardy, Gustave, 202n.28 142 Baring, Anne, 195n.104 manifest in: Baring–Gould, S., 215n.3 Bengal Nights (Eliade), 157 Barlaam and Ioasaph, 83–4 Breaking the Waves (von Trier), 173–4 Barna da Siena, 64 The Brother’s Karamazov (Dostoevsky), Barnes, Djuna, 226n.6 139–42 Barnes, Timothy David, 201n.4 the Christian West, 83–4 Barnett, George L., 222n.4 Confessions (Augustine), 33–4, 132 Barré, H., 205n.12 the Corsair affair (crisis in Kierkegaard’s Barrie, J.M.: Peter Pan (P1, P2, P3), xvii, life), 135–8 176, 185–8 Doctor Faustus (Mann), 157–8 see also lost boys, the; Neverland; Peter Don Quixote of La Mancha (Cervantes), Pan 108–9 Barth, Karl, 175 eastern Christian hagiography, 82–3 Bartholomew of Pisa, 217n.44 Franciscan iconography, 96–9 Bearing of the Cross (scene from Christ’s Francis’s legends and biographies, Passion: aka Procession to Calvary, 87–96, 152–4 Road to Calvary, , Way The Glass Licentiate (Cervantes), 111–13 of the Cross), 11, 56, 58, 59, 113, ‘The Golden Pot’ (Hoffmann), 132 159, 187 ‘“Guilty”/”Not Guilty?”’ (Kierkegaard), in art, 60–6, 69, 70–3, 74, 76–81, 137, 133 221n.45 Lizzie Borden (Elmslie and Beeson), evoked in Breaking the Waves (von 167–8 Trier), 173 The Memoirs of a Survivor (D. Lessing), see also Bruegel, Pieter 168–72 Beelzebub, 163–4 Nietzsche’s life, 138 240 General Index

Bethel boys motif – continued irreverence of, 165 The Painted Bird (Kosinski), 158–61 as ‘merciless race’, 139, 141, 185 Passion iconography and art, 59–81, 84 peer pressure among, 184 Pinocchio (Collodi), 143–4 and religion, 1 The Red Balloon (Lamorisse), 164 violence of, 4–6, 8, 166 The Sailor Who Fell From Grace with the see also Bethel boys motif; boyhood Sea (Mishima), 166–7 myths; Elisha’s mockery; gangs of Shakespeare’s plays, 112–14 youths; juvenile delinquency; lost Siddhartha (Hesse), 157 boys; ragazzo di strada Silence (Endo), 162–3 Breaking the Waves, see von Trier the tale of Carabas (told by Philo), 30–1 Breu, Jörg, 71, 211n.137 The Town Beyond the Wall (Wiesel), Aggsbach Altar, 63, 72–3, 74 161–2 Brichto, Herbert Chanan, 192n.7 The Trial (Kafka), 156 broken homes, see families, breakdown of see also Elisha’s mockery Brown, Arnold R., 230n.71 Bett, Henry, 199n.157 Brown, Peter, 200n.188 Bible moralisée, ix, 60 Brown, Robert, 196n.106 Biblia pauperum, ix, 54–5, 60, 62, 205n.25 Bruegel, Pieter Rotulus Seragliensis No. 52 (Istanbul), Children’s Games, 77, 78 206n.44, 217n.33 Procession to Calvary, 77–9, 104 Bierce, Ambrose, 7 Protestant sympathy of, 213n.183 Blake, William Buber, Martin, 16 Songs of Experience, 125 Buddha, the (Siddha- rtha Gautama), 1, Songs of Innocence, 125 157 Blatty, William Peter: The Exorcist, 182 Bukovics, E. de, 214n.204 Bles, Herri met de, 76–7, 211n.137 Bulger, James, 5 Blinzler, J., 177 Bundel, Willem van den, 120 Bly, Robert, 4–5 Bunyan, John, 74, 78, 122 Boas, George, 4, 7, 182 Burney, Charles Fox, 195n.65 Bodenheimer, F.S., 196n.107 Butler, Samuel: The Way of All Flesh, 145 Böll, Heinrich: The Clown, 9 Butler’s Lives of the Saints, 215n.4 Bonaventure, St: Major Life and Minor Life Byron, William, 220n.19 of St Francis, 94–5, 97, 101, 108, 152, 153 Caccini, Giovanni: Phalaris and the Bull of Book of Mormon, The, 197n.127 Perillus, 75–6 Borden, Lizzie, 167–8 Caesarius, St, 45–9, 50, 52, 57, 82, see also Elmslie, Kenward 202n.32 Boswell, James, 221n.36 Caiaphas, 71 Bottigheimer, Ruth, 127–8 Cain, 78 The Bible for Children (BC) of, xv Cairns, Ed, 190n.35 ‘boy accursed for a hundred years, the’, Calkins, Raymond, 192n.21, 228n.40 51 Calvin, John Boyd, Robert T., 192n. 6 on games and pastimes, 78 ‘Boyhood deeds of Finn’ (Macgnimartha on infant baptism, 105–6 Finn), 85–6 Calvinists, 112 boyhood myths, 185–6, 187–8 on games and pastimes, 78 boys (also schoolboys), 37–8, 187 in Breaking the Waves (von Trier), 173 as ‘angels of God’, 139, 185 see also Geneva Bible associated with the devil, 184 Campbell, Joseph, 2 distinguised from girls, 5, 8–9 Caplan, Usher, 227n.18 of the Middle East, 21, 155 Carabas (‘Marin’), 30–1 identity of Elisha’s mockers as, 15–16 Carlino, Lewis John, 167 General Index 241

Carmina Burana, 63 exaltation and love of children, 37–8, carnival, 107 40, 84, 116, 163, 175 practice of mock–kingship, 31 inseparable with the Old Testament, 36 Cashford, Jules, 196n.104 Guardini on, 176–77 Cassel, Paul, 199n.164 mockery of, 56, 60, 62, 103–4, 121, 203 Cassian, John, see John Cassian, St miraculous birth of, 1 Cassian of Imola, St, 82 as puer, 84 Catechism of the Catholic Church, 179 as run–away child, 178 Catherine of Siena, St, 75 , 22 Cats, Jacob (aka vader Cats): Kinder–Spel, Spirit of, 13 77–8 summoning of children by, 134, 171, Cavallini, Pietro, 61, 70 175, 176, 178–9 Caxton, William, 34 as vengeful, 53 Cazelles, Raymond, 207n.55 in the Winepress (iconographic motif), Celano, Thomas de, 71 on children, 86 see also Ascension; Ascent of the Cross; First Life and Second Life of St. Francis Bearing of the Cross; Crowning (FL, SL), xvi, xvii, 86, 88–96, 100, with Thorns; Crucifixion; 216n.31, 217n.44 Departure from the Praetorium; Legenda ad usum chori, 93, 94 Ecce homo; Christ Child; Elisha’s Century of the Child, 4, 144 mockery; Flagellation of Christ; Cervantes, Miguel de, 102, 107, 114, 137, Lamentation; Nailing to the Cross; 151, 161 Passion of Christ; Resurrection; The Dog’s Colloquy, 109–11 Trial before Herod; Trial before Don Quixote of La Mancha, 108–9, Pilate 111–12, 184 Christ Child (Holy Infant), 7 Exemplary Stories, 109, 111 in art, 66, 97, 99 The Glass Licenciate, 111–13, 161, 184 envisioned by Augustine, 34 see also Don Quixote; Tomás Rodaja as killer, 31 Chamberlain, Lesley, 225n.62 Christian, William A., Jr, 220n.18 Chelazzi Dini, Giulietta, 206n.47 Christopher, St, 65 Chiara, Giuseppe, 162 Christopher Robin (character of A.A. Childhood Cult, see Cult of Childhood Milne), 165 childlessness, 179–80, 230n.18 Chrysostom, John, St, 43, 100 children’s Bibles, 79, 119, 121, 122, 127–8 Clarke, Adam, 13, 15 see also Bottigheimer, Ruth Claudius of Turin, 50 Children’s Crusade, 6, 84 Cogan, Mordechai, 193n.36 Children’s Games, see Bruegel, Pieter Cole, Penny J., 204n.51 ‘Children’s Lake’ (Loch Macraide), 85 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 125 Christ (Jesus, the Man of Sorrows), 11, Collodi, Carlo, 186 42–3, 92, 96, 98, 124, 125, 129, 137, The Adventures of Pinocchio, 142–4, 145, 138, 172, 184 185, 187 accused of childishness, 34 see also Pinocchio anti–familial stance of, 178–9 Column of Trajan (Rome), 206n.45 identified with Elisha, ix, 11, 13, 35, 38, Comay, Joan, 192n.21 42, 48–9, 55, 56–62, 65–6, 70–1, 75, Comenius, Johannes Amos, 115, 184, 89, 92, 121, 158, 163 219n.7 , 91 Comte, Auguste, 3 blessing of children by, 7, 114, 115, concentration camps, 161–2, 170 134–5, 179, 201n.6 Constable, Thomas L., 193n.30 boyhood of (‘lost years’), 29–30 Conway, Martin, 209n.109 cursing by, 103 Cook, Frederic Charles, 193n.37 242 General Index

Corswant, W., 197n.128 Democritus, 28 Courreau, Jean, 202n.33 Departure from the Praetorium (scene Coveney, Peter, 222n.3, 226n.4 from Christ’s Passion), 187 Coventry, Thomas, 126–7 in art, 63 Cranach, Lucas, 75 Deposition (scene from Christ’s Passion), Crossan, John Dominic, 203n.43 187 Crouch, Nathaniel, 129, 131 in art, 62 Youths Divine Pastime, 122–3 Derbes, Anne, 205n.29, 217n.44 Crowning with Thorns (scene from Desbonnets, Théophile, 216n.28, Christ’s Passion), 187 218n.50 in art, 54, 60, 67, 72, 210n.116, Deuteronomistic doctrines and views, 210n.129, Plate 2 17–18, 22–3, 90, 161 Crucifixion (Christ on Calvary), 11, Devil, the (Satan), 45, 79, 129 38–43, 49, 52, 56–7, 183, 187 children of, 182 in art, 60–1, 62, 63, 64–5, 66, 67, 70, ‘the Evil One’, 108, 109 74–5, 78–9, 80, 81, 214n.204 psychology of, 14 child’s reaction to a picture of, Dialogus beatae Mariae et Anselmi de 137–8 passione Domine, 58, 59, 215n.6 ‘populous Calvary’, 60 Dickens, Charles, 127 see also Ascent of the Cross Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Crusoe, Robinson (character of Daniel Literature, A, 223n.9 Defoe), 179–80 Didron, Adolphe Napoléon, 205n.21 Culley, Robert C., 193n.23, 195n.77 Dilday, Russell H., 191n.5 Cult of Childhood, 4, 6–7 Dillenberger, John, 214n.194 backlash against, 181 Dobson, James (and Gary L. Bauer): Cuzin, Jean–Pierre, 211n.136 Children At Risk: The Battle for the Cyprian, St, 105 Hearts and Minds of Our Kids, 181, ‘Cyprian’s Supper’, 26–7 231n.27 Cyprus, 65 Donaueschingen altar, see Holbein, Hans the Elder Dante Alighieri, 26–7, 85 Don Juan, 179–80 Commedia (including the Inferno), Don Quixote, 133, 137, 161, 163, 179–80, 26, 27 187 Darmstadt Passion altar, 64 boys’ tormenting of, 108–9, 111–12 lyden ende die passie ons Heren Jhesu ‘Passion’ of, 108 Christi, Dat, 209n.112 see also Cervantes, Miguel de ‘daughters of Jerusalem’, 56, 58, 73, Dorothy (character of Frank Baum), 185 113, 183 Dossi, Dosso, 75 David, 44, 61 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 151, 184 David, Gerard, 73 and children, 138–9 d’Avranches, Henry (Henricus The Brothers Karamazov, 138–42, 143 Abrincensis), 88 The Diary of a Writer, 8, 138 Legenda versifica of, 93 The Idiot, 138 De Amicis, Edmondo: Cuore, 142 A Raw Youth, 139 Deissmann, Adolf, 206n.44, 217n.33 Drake, Maurice, 215n.5 Deist, F., 197n.111 Duerr, Hans Peter, 85 De laudibus sancte crucis, 59–60 Durantini, Mary Frances, 213n.185 Delevoy, Robert L., 213n.178 Dürer, Albrecht, 68, 71, 72, 74, Del Lungo, Isidoro, 199n.161 210n.116 DeMause, Lloyd, xvi, 4, 219n.68 Large Passion, 67 De mirabilibus sacrae scripturae, 46, Dvoraák, Max, 210n.127 202n.30 dwarves, 63, 207n.57 General Index 243

Ecce homo (scene from Christ’s Passion), post–Augustianian Latin Church 187 fathers, 45–53 in art, 67–70, 72, 74, 76, 78, 80–1, rabbinic (Talmudic) thinkers, 23–4 208n.79, 210n.125 Ruskin, 130–1 Edel, Leon, 227n.18 Tertullian, 36–8, 43, 44, 47, 48, 52, Ehrlich, Arnold B., 192n.17 201n.6 Ekserdjian, David, 212n.163 Thomas Aquinas, 26–7 ‘Elfenalter’, 68 I. Watts (Divine Songs), 123–4 Eliade, Mircea, 2, 7, 156–7, 215n.12 literary pertinence to: Bengal Nights, 157, 158 ‘Baldhead Elisha’(Klein), 148–50 Elijah, 16, 18, 21, 31, 43, 45, 51, 90, 91, Christopher Robin (character of Milne), 92, 93, 94, 96, 108, 109, 117, 118, 165 127, 139–40, 183, 194n.57, 197n.116, Christ with children (Gospel scene), 217n.36 176–81 in art, 227 the Commedia (Dante), 26–7 see also Klein, A.M. ‘Cyprian’s Supper’, 26–7 Eliot, George, 127 Don Quixote of La Mancha (Cervantes), Elisha (var. Eliseus, Helisaeus, Heliseus), 108–9 passim The Glass Licenciate (Cervantes), 111–13 Elisha’s mockery (biblical tale), xi–xiii, 11, The Golden Bough (Frazer), 164–5 6, 33–4, Plates 2, 3, 6 The Lord of the Flies (Golding), 163–4 in art, 59–60, 120–1, 131, 217n.33 ‘The Old Benchers of the Inner Temple’ carnival and grotesque elements in, 107 (Lamb), 126–7 compared with St Francis’s abuse, Peter Pan (Barrie), 186–8 87–96, 152–4 a poem by Ogden Nash, 165–6 deadly consequence of, 180, 187 ‘A sidewalk café’ (Padilla), 151–2 elaborated upon in the Septuagint, 24–6 Stranger in a Strange Land (Heinlein), Freudian perspective on, 145 150–1 imagined aftermath of, 120–1, 151, Ulysses (Joyce), 146–8 Plate 7 Vaticinia de summis pontificibus, 27–8, Lucianic embellishment upon, 161 146 musical composition inspired by, 151 see also Bethel boys motif popularity of, 102 Elkind, David: The Hurried Child: Growing typologically linked with Christ’s Up Too Fast Too Soon, 181, 231n.25 Passion, 22, 38–62, 65–6, 70–1, 75, Elliot, Robert C., 196n.87, 216n.17 89, 121, 163 Elmslie, Kenward: Lizzie Borden (opera), medieval popular view of, 53–5 167–8, 173 interpreted or retold by: Endo, Shusaku: Silence, 162–3 T. Arnold, 128–29, 131 Endter, Wolffgang: Kurfürstenbibel, Augustine, 38–43, 47 214n.196 N. Crouch (in Youths Divine Pastime), Engebrechtsz. (abbrev. of 122–3 Engebrechtszoon; var. Erasmus, 102–3 Engelbrechtsz.), Cornelis, 67, 69 N. Fontaine, 121 Englebert, Omer, 216n.25, 227n.31 Greek Church fathers, 43–5 Entry into Jerusalem (Gospel scene: aka T. Fuller, 117–18 ): J. Hall, 117 in art, 62–3, 76, 109, 221n.45 Jowett, 131 dramatized in Carmina Burana, 63 C.S. Lewis, 14 Epicurus, 28 Luther, 103–5 Erasmus, Desiderus, 102–3 modern biblical scholars, 12–21 Lucubrationes, 102 M. Poole, 117, 118–19 Praise of Folly, 103 244 General Index

Erikson, Erik, 3 compared to the mocked Elisha, 88–96, Esau, 26 99, 108–9 Eschenbach, Wolfram von, see Wolfram iconography of, 61, 81, 84, 96–7 von Eschenbach liturgical legends of, 93–4 Euripedes, 28 modern biographies of, 152–4 Euthymius the Athonite (aka the wed to Lady Poverty, 98 Enlightener), St, 215n.8 see also Bernardone, Pietro; Eve (first woman), 110, 186 Bonaventure, St; Celano, Thomas Mary as, 61 de; Legenda trium sociorum; Order of Eyck, Jan van, 64, 72 Friars Minor; Pica; Renunciation of Worldly Goods, St Francis’s Fairchild, Robert, 190n.33 Franits, Wayne E., 219n.68, 221n.32 Falkenburg, Reindert L., 210n.128 Franken, Frans, II, 208n.79 families, breakdown of (broken homes), x, Frankfurt altar, see Holbein, Hans the xi, 8, 181 Elder Farmer, David Hugh, 227n.28 Franz, Marie–Louise von: Puer Aeternus, Farrar, Frederic William, 192n.8, 188, 231n.47 228n.41 Frazer, James George, 7, 164–5 Faulkner, William, 181 Freud, Sigmund, 2–3, 7, 146 Faust, 179–80 The Future of an Illusion, 2 Faustus of Milevis, 38–9, 53, 150 theory of infantile sexuality, 145 see also Augustine Totem and Taboo, 3 Féchín, St, 84–5 Fricke, Klaus Dietrich, 195n.65 Fedotov, George P., 215n.10 Friedländer, Max J., xvi, 212n.161, Fenian legend, 85 213n.182, 214n.188 Field, Frederick, 198n.142 Fröbel, Friedrich, 176 Fielding, Henry: ‘Apology for the Clergy’, Froissart, Jean, 184 124 Frueauf, Rueland, 75 Fiedler, Leslie, 9, 10, 176, 182, 185 fruit–stealing motif ‘The Eye of Innocence’ (‘EI’), xvi, 181 in the Confessions (Augustine), 33–4, on the ‘good bad boy’, 131 132, 184 Finn, see ‘Boyhood deeds of Finn’ in Demian (Hesse), 132 Flagellation of Christ (scene from the in ‘The Golden Pot’ (Hoffmann), 132 Passion): in art 210 compared to Bethel boys motif, 33–4, Fontaine, Nicolas, 122 132 L’Histoire du Vieux et du Nouveau Fuller, Thomas, 117–18, 119 Testament, 121 ‘fools for Christ’s sake’ (saloi), 83 Gabler, Hans Walter, 226n.7 Forbush, William Byron, 226n.2 Gadamer, Hans–Georg, 7 Forcione, Alban, 109 gangs of youths, 145 Forsyth, Ilene H., 100, 220n.21 in East Europe, 158 Fortini, Arnaldo, 216n.31, 228n.31 Elisha’s mockers as example of, 107 Fournier, Paul, 215n.11 in The Memoirs of a Survivor (D. Lessing), Franciscan Order, see Order of Friars 168–72 Minor in early Ireland (fíana), 85–6 Francis of Assisi, St (Francesco pícaro not associated with, 107 Bernardone, il poverello), 58, 84, see also Bethel boys motif 87–99, 100, 107, 137, 140, 151, 163, Garboli, Cesare, 212n.163 187, 217n.44 Gaster, Theodore H., 192n.21, 228n.40 abuse and derision of, 61, 94–9, 112, Gavelle, Émile, 211n.137 152–4 Geneva Bible (Calvinist), 15 compared to Christ, 88, 108–9 Geneviève, St, 130 General Index 245

Gennep, Arnold van: Les Rites de Harris, Ryan, 6 passage, 1 Harrison, Jefferson C., 212n.167 Germain of Auxerre, St, 130 Hart–Davies, D.E., 194n.50 Gerson, Horst, 209n.99 Hartwell, Samuel W., 226n.2 Gibson, Michael, 213n.177 Hastings, James, 194n.51 Gifford, Don, 226n.8 Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, 2 Gilgamesh, 187 Hawley, Jack Stratton, 191n.54 Gimbutas, Marija, 196n.105 Hazard, Paul, 188 Ginzberg, Louis, 197n.125 Heemskerck, Marten van, 76 Giotto, ix, 61, 97, 99, Plate 5 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 125 Giovanni di Paolo, 63 Heine, Heinrich, 136 Pecci Altarpiece, 207n.53 Heinlein, Robert A.: Stranger in a Strange girls Land, 150–1 distinguished from boys, 5, 8–9 Held, Julius, 212n.168 female childhood, 185 Henry, Avril, 204nn.53–4, 205n.25, Glassner, Barry, 190n.28 217n.33 Goffen, Rona, 99, 218n.47, 218n.55 Henry d’Avranches, see d’Avranches, Goldberg, Cary, 190n.25 Henry Golding, William, 169, 182 Hentschel, Georg, 193n.34 Lord of the Flies, 8, 163–4, 166, 168 Heraclitus, 7 Goode, Erica, x Herbst, Hans, 211n.137 Goodwin, Jan, 190n.35 Herder Dictionary of Symbols, The, 7 Goppelt, Leonhard, 195n.76 Hermann, Johannes, 195n.70 Gordon, Cyrus H., 228n.41 Hermann, Placid, 216n.23 Gordon, James, 231n.33 Herod Agrippa I, 30, 31 Gorissen, Friedrich, 64, 207n.67 Herod Antipas, 203n.44 Görtschacher, Urban, 208n.79 Herod Philip, 30 Gray, John, 194n.47 Herod the Great, 183 Great Mother archetype, 19 Heschel, Abraham J., 216n.32 Green, Julien, 228n.31 Hesiod, 196n.106 Gregory of Rimini (‘torturer of children’), Hesse, Hermann, 156–7 85 Demian, 132 Gregory of Tours, St, 82 Siddhartha, 157 Gregory XIII, Pope, 82 Hesychius, 24 Grenaille, François de Hildebert, 52 L’honneste fille, 114 Hillman, James, 175, 181 L’honneste garçon, 114 ‘Abandoning the Child’ (‘AC’), xv Grintz, Yehoshua M., 197n.113 Hippolytus of Rome, 190n.39 Guardini, Romano, 176–7, 180 Hitchcock’s New and Complete Analysis of Guido II (bishop of Assisi), 93, 97 the Holy Bible, 218n.206 Gumperts Bible, 60 Hobbes, Thomas Gunkel, Hermann, 14 on children, 116 Gutmann, David, 190n.30, 230n.10 The Citizen, 115–16 Leviathan, 115 Habig, Marion, 216n.27, 218n.50 Hobbs, T. Raymond, 195n.62 Haidt, John Valentine, 78 Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus: ‘The Halevi, Judah, 29 Golden Pot’, 132 Hall, G. Stanley: Adolescence, 145 Holbein, Hans the Elder, 72 Hall, Joseph, Bishop, 120 Donaueschingen altar, 67–8 Contemplations, 117 Frankfurt altar, 67–8 Ham, 54 Kaisheim/Munich High Altar, 67–8, 71 Hanson, R.P.C., 201n.3 Hollstein, F.W.H., 213n.171 246 General Index

Holmes, Urban Tignor, Jr, 216n.20 Jews, the (Israelites), 30, 36, 45, 47–9, 51, Holy Spirit (Holy Ghost), 47, 48, 52 52, 55, 57, 84, 103–5, 114, 132, 180–1 homo religiosus, 1 scapegoating of, 35, 39–43 Honeycut, Roy L., Jr, 192n.8 Joachim of Fiore, 27, 84, 146–7, 148 Honorius Augustodunensis, 50, 53 See also Vaticinia de summis pontificibus Hooke, Samuel Henry, 197n.114 Joest von Kalkar, Jan, 69 Hopkins, Keith, 200n.194 John, St, 62 Horne, Thomas Hartwell, 12, 15, 18 John Cassian, St: Conferences, 100–1 Hosokawa, Ryuichiro, 190n.34 John of Damascus, St, 215n.8 Hrabanus Maurus, 26, 50, 51, 53, 84 Johnson, A.R., 217n.32 Hubmaier, Balthasar, 106 Johnson, Samuel, 116 Hübner, Johann: Zweimal zwei und fünfzig John the Baptist, St, 22 auserlesene biblische Historien aus dem John the Deacon, 26 Alten und Neuen Testamente, 121–2 Jones, Gwilym H., 195n.62 Huckleberry Finn, 9, 185 Jones, William Henry Samuel, 199n.166 as ‘good bad boy’, 131 Jørgensen, Johannes, 153 see also Twain, Mark Joseph, St (husband of Mary), 178, Hugh of Saint–Victor, 50, 53 200n.181 Hughes, Richard, 182 , St, 80 A High Wind in Jamaica, 164 Jowett, Benjamin, 128 Huizinga, Johann, 7 ‘On the Interpretation of Scripture’, 131 notion of homo ludens, 11 Joyce, James, 150 Humbert of Romans: Legenda liturgica Dubliners, 147 antiqua Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 94 147 Stephen Hero, 146–7 infant baptism, see baptism Ulysses, 146–8 Infant Jesus, see Christ Child Jung, Carl Gustav, 2 Infant Notre Dame: in art, 99 Jungians, 19, 188 Irenaeus, St, 29 Jupan, Ludwig (aka Meister Loedewich), Isaac, 44, 45, 121 71 binding (aqedah) of, 22 Justin Martyr, St, 43 Isidore, St, 49–50, 52, 53, 203n.37 juvenile delinquency, 21, 145, 197n.123 Iswolsky, Hélène, 225n.69 in early Ireland, 216n.22 Ivanov, Vyacheslav I., 225n.62 see also boys; Elisha’s mockery; Bethel boys motif Jackson, F.J. Foakes, 191n.5 Jacquemart de Hesdin: Très Belles Heures Kafka, Franz de Jean de France, Duc de Berry, 63 The Castle, 156 Jakobs, Alan, 223 ‘Children on a Country Road’, 155 James, Henry, 127 Das Kind und die Stadt, 155 James, M.R., 205n.26 paedophobia of, 155 James, William: The Varieties of Religious The Trial, 156 Experience, 2, 3–4 Kafka–Handbuch, 228n.47 Janson, H.W., 206n.45 Kaftal, George, 218n.54 Jefferies, Richard, 127 Kaisheim/Munich altar, see Holbein, Hans Jellicoe, Sidney, 198n.142 the Elder Jeremiah: in legend, 21 Kalkar: Altarpiece of the Passion, 71, 72 Jeroboam, 24 Kaniecki, Michael, 229n.56 Jerome, St, 49, 103 Kant, Immanuel, 136 biblical translation by, 25–6 Karl, Frederick R., 228n.42 Jesus, see Christ Karlsruhe Passion altar, 67, 73, 76 General Index 247

Katzheimer, Wolfgang: Würzburg Altar, Kuhn, Reinhard, 155–6, 219n.68 67, 71 Kazantzakis, Helen, 228n.33 La Fontaine, Jean de, 115 Kazantzakis, Nikos: Saint Francis, 153–4 La Hyre (La Hire), Laurent de, ix, 75 Kendrick, Walter, 221n.29 The Death of the Children of Bethel, Kerényi, Károly, 2 120–1, 151, Plate 7 Kerouac, Jack: as ‘good bad boy’, 131 Laib, Conrad, 65 Key, Ellen, 4 Lamb, Charles, 125–8, 148, 150 Kierkegaard, Søren, 139, 151, 174, 176, 187 childhood of, 126–7 attitude towards childhood, 133–5 Essays of Elia, 126 childhood of, 132 ‘The Old Benchers of the Inner Temple’, and the Corsair affair, 135–8 126–7 Concluding Unscientific Postscript, 134 ‘Parental Recollections’, 222n.6 Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, 224n.36 Lamentation (scene from Christ’s Either/Or, 133 Passion): in art, 74 Fear and Trembling, 7 Lamorisse, Albert: The Red Balloon, 164, ‘“Guilty”/“Not Guilty?”’ (aka Quidam’s 172 diary), 133 Landersdorfer, Simon, 194n.60 journals of, xvi, 134 Landow, George P., 223n.13 ‘Letter to the Reader’, 133 Larrañaga, Ignacio, 153 The Point of View, 223n.28 Layard, Ernest, 1, 4 Practice in Christianity, 134, 137 Lazarillo de Tormes, 106–7 Prefaces, 225n.57 Leeuw, Gerardus van der, 2 Repetition, 133 Légasse, S., 197n.124, 230n.8 Stages on Life’s Way, 133, 134 Legenda trium sociorum, 216n.28 tormented by children, 136–8 León Bible, 59, 60 pseudonyms of: Leontius, 83 Anti–Climacus, 134, 137, 138, 178 Lessing, Doris Constantine Constantius, 133 The Fifth Child, 182–3 Frater Taciturnus, 133, 181 The Memoirs of a Survivor, 168–72 Johannes Climacus, 1, 134 Levenson, Jon D., 197n.128 Johannes de Silentio, 178 Levin, Ira: Rosemary’s Baby, 182 Judge William (ethicist), 133, 179–80 Lewis, C.S.: The Screwtape Letters, 14 Kimhi, David ben Joseph, see Radak Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, 230n.8 Kinnear, Karen L., 190 Lieb, Norbert, 209n.89 Kipling, Rudyard, 185, 186 Life Application Bible, The, 20 Kittel, Rudolf, 195n.62 Limbourg brothers (Pol, Hennequin, and Klein, A.M. (Abraham Moses) Herman): Très Riches Heures du Duc de ‘Elijah’ (poem), 148 Berry, 63, 72, 73 ‘Baldhead Elisha’ (poem), 148–50 Lindblom, J., 194n.62 Kleinschmidt, Beda, 218n.55 Lippo Memmi, 64 Klostermann, August, 194n.44 Little Prince, the, 10, 186, 188 Koch, Robert Alan, 62, 76, 206n.46, as myth of puerile individualism, 185 212n.166 Lombard, Lambert, 69 Korah (Core), sons of, 39, 41 Lombroso, Cesare, 145 Kosinski, Jerzy L’uomo delinquente, 142 Notes of the Author of ‘The Painted Bird’, Long, Burke O., 193n.23 229n.56 Longinus (soldier at Christ’s Crucifixion), The Painted Bird, 158–61, 164 64 Kraków: wood panel depiction of Elisha’s lost boys, the (characters in Barrie’s Peter mockery, 120, Plate 6 Pan), 10, 186–7 Krishna, 10 Lot (biblical character), 96 248 General Index

Lower Church of San Francesco (Assisi), Mary Magdalene, 173 97–8 master of Cologne: ‘Large Calvary’, 64, Lowrie, Walter, 223n.27 68 Lucas, E.V., 222n.5 Master of Delft, 69, 70, 74 Lucas van Leyden, 67, 69, 72, 74, 79 Master of Liesborn, 211n.140 Lucian, see Septuagint Master of Pulkau, 68 Lukács, Georg, 111 Master of Schöppingen Lumby, J. Rawson, 193n.31 Schöppingen alterpiece, 70 Luther, Martin, 15, 102–5, 121 Soester Altar, 70 Commentary on Psalm 109, 103 Master of the Darmstadt Passion altar, 64 Lectures on Genesis, 104–5 Master of the Jünteler Epitaph, 66, 70 see also Luther Bibel Master of Veronica, 65 Lutherans, 105, 174 Matheney, M. Pierce, Jr, 192n.8 Luther Bibel (Luther’s German Bible), 15, Mauchline, J., 192n.21 79 Maximinus, 24 LXX, see Septuagint Mazzanti, Enrico, 143 Lyman, Richard B., 200n.185 McCone, Kim R., 216n.22 McKendrick, Malveena, 220n.19 Macalister, A., 194n.55 McKillop, Alan D., 222n.4 Madonna and Child (Virgin and Child), Meckenem, Israhel van, 208n.79, 79, 100 211n.137 Malbim (Meier Loeb ben Jehiel Michael), Meditatio pauperis in solitudine, 96, 98 24 Meiss, Millard, 207n.52 Manichean heresy, 52 Meister des Münsterer Nikolaustodes, 75 Manicheans (Manichaeans), 26, 46, 47 Meister Loedewich, see Jupan, Ludwig Mann, Thomas: Doctor Faustus, 157–8, Melanchthon, Philip: Melanchthonian 161 editors, 105 March, William: The Bad Seed, 182 Mellini, Gian Lorenzo, 207n.63 Marcion, 36, 37, 53, 150 Memling, Hans, 71 see also Tertullian Menander, 28 Marcionites, 26 Menz, Cäsar, 206n.41 heresy of, 52 Merian, Matthäus, 79 Marcus, David, 192n.13, 197n.123, Icones biblicae, 78, 119–20 216n.17 Messner, Richard G., 13 Marcus, Ivan G., 219n.70 Methodists, 128 Marijnissen, Roger H., 77, 209n.112, Michelangelo, 29 213n.176 Miedzian, Myriam, 190n.36 Mark, St, bishop of Arethusa, 82 Million Man’s March, the, 5 Marrow, James H., xvi, 61, 62, 70, Milne, A.A. 207n.59, 210n.128 ‘Lines and Squares’, 165, 229n.66 Martindale, Andrew, 62–3, 206n.47 Winnie the Pooh, 165 Martini, Simone, see Simone Martini Milton, John: Paradise Lost, 163 Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 160 Mishima, Yukio: The Sailor Who Fell From Mary (the Virgin), 58, 62, 74 Grace with the Sea, 166–7, 187 disowned by Jesus, 178 ‘mispers’, 187 left son–less by Crucifixion, 183 Molière, 102 maternal clinging of, 178 Monroy, Juan Antonio, 220n.17 as mother of the church, 61 Montaigne, 7, 114 mourning, 65 Montgomery, James A., 194n.62 as new Eve, 61 Morin, Germain, 202n.34 swooning of, 61, 79 Morrison, Blake, 5 see also Madonna and Child Moses, 20, 21 General Index 249

Mostaert, Jan, 68–9, 70, 74 Origen, 24, 37, 49, 203n.36 Mowgli (character of Kipling), 9, 186, Hexepla, 24 187–8 Orsini, Giovanni Gaetano, 27 as myth of puerile individualism, 185 Orsini polyptych, see Simone Martini Muhammad, the Prophet, 22 Otto, Rudolf, 18 Muller, Norman E., 210n.128, The Idea of the Holy, 3 213nn.172–3 Multscher, Hans, ix, 65, 66, 70, 72, 74, 81 Pacino di Bonaguida, 97 Wursach Altar, 65, Plate 4 Padilla, Heberto: ‘A sidewalk café’ (poem), Munkácsy, Mihály, 80–1 151–2 Mürken, Axel Hinrich, 206n.51 Pafford, J.H.P., 222n.58 mystery drama, 68 Palm Sunday, see Entry into Jerusalem Panofsky, Erwin, 208n.85 Naaman, 38 parents, 175, 179 Nabakov, Vladimir, 181 Adam and Eve as first, 110 Nagy, Joseph Falaky, 216n.22 afraid of children, 176 Nailing to the Cross (scene from Christ’s Cain’s disobedience of his, 78 Passion), 187 corruptive influence of, 86–7 in art, 61, 73–4 of Elisha’s mockers, xi, 20, 43, 46–7 naked child (art motif), 99 Jesus’ relationship with his, 178 Namerari Tjapaltjarri, Mick, 191n.55 as obstacles to child’s progress towards Napoleon, 138 Jesus, 178 Narcissus, 120, 121 Passion of Christ (), Nash, Ogden, 9, 11, 164–5 50, 52, 104 Neff, Amy, 59, 61, 62, 206n.39 presence of children during, 11, 56–81, Nelson, Richard D., 192n.14 84, 120, 136, 137, 187 Nero, 29 typologically linked with Elish’s Neumann, Erich, 196n.105 mockery, 22, 38–62, 65–6, 70–1, 75, Neverland (in Barrie’s Peter Pan), 10, 165, 89, 121, 163 184, 185–8 see also Ascent of the Cross; Bearing of Newell, William Wells, 231n.38 the Cross; Christ; Crowning with New Jerusalem Bible, The, 15 Thorns; Crucifixion; Departure Nicholas III, Pope, 27, 199n.161 from the Praetorium; Deposition; Nicolò di Tuldo, 75 Ecce homo; Elisha’s mockery; Niebuhr, Reinhold, 185 Flagellation of Christ; Lamentation; Nietzsche, Friedrich, 138 Nailing to the Cross; Trial before Niobe, 120 Herod; Trial before Pilate Noah, 26, 54, 105, Plate 2 Pattison, Robert, 127 North Saxon master, 68 Paul, St (Saul), 22, 26, 45, 87, 89, 100, Novalis, 125 175 on children, 31–2, 40 Oates, Joyce Carol, 182 on giving up childish ways, 32, 134 O’Hagan, Andrew, 231n.46 Peake, Arthur S., 191n.5 Old Martha (character of Wiesel), 161–2, Pelikan, Jaroslav, xv, 219nn.5–6 187 Penner, Bruce: The Bears of Elisha (musical Oostsanen, Jacob Cornelisz. van, score), 151 210n.116 Perella, Nicholas J., 225–6n.74 Opie, Iona, 191n.52 Peter, St, 48 Opie, Peter, 191n.52 Peter Damian, 50–1, 53, 55 Order of Friars Minor (Franciscan Order), Peter Pan, 9–10, 165, 166, 185–8 93, 94, 95, 96 as myth of puerile individualism, 185 Spiritual and Conventual factions of, 99 Peter Riga: Aurora, 53–4 250 General Index

Pharaoh, 37 Qur’an, 197n.127 Phelps, William Lyon, 228n.39 Philip, Lotte Brand, 207n.65 Rachel (biblical character), 184 Phillips, Angela, 4 Radak (David ben Joseph Kimhi), 23 Philo of Alexandria, 28, 30, 115 ragazzo di strada (street kid), 143 Philopatris, 198n.152 see also boys Pica (St Francis’s mother), 93, 97 Rahlfs, Alfred, 25, 198nn.142, 147 pícaro (literary type), 102, 106–7 Rank, Otto, 2 compared with Elisha’s mockers, 107 Raphael, 71 Pickering, Frederick P., 206n.41 see also Spasimo di Sicilia, Lo Pictor Carmine, 60 Rashi (Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac), 23 Pied Piper of Hameln, 170, 179 Ratgeb, Jerg, 67, 210n.125 Pierhal, J., 228n.34 Redondo, Augustin, 220n.18 Pietersz., Pieter, 69 Reeves, Marjorie, 199n.158 Pilate, Pontius, 52, 63, 68, 71, 72, Rehm, Martin, 195n.62 203n.44, 210n.129 Renan, Ernest, 150 Pinocchio, 9, 186, 188 Life of Jesus, 80 as myth of puerile individualism, 185 Reni, Guido, 75 see also Collodi, Carlo Reno, Janet (U.S. Attorney General), 5 Pisano, Giovanni, 60 Renunciation of Worldly Goods, St Pisano, Nicola, 79 Francis’s, 66, 71, 93 Pisa Pulpit, 60 in art, 96–9, Plate 5 Siena Pulpit, 60 Responses (Responsiones ad orthodoxos de Planctus Mariae, 58–9 quibusdam necessariis quaestionibus), Plato, 28 43–4 Laws, 175 Resurrection, 49, 183 Lysis, 175 Revell Bible Dictionary, The, 193n.28 Meno, 175 Rhea (mother of Zeus), 19, 196n.106 Republic, 175, 176 Rich, Frank, 191n.45 Plon, Eugene, 214n.199 riote du monde, La, 85 Pollock, Zailig, 227n.18 Road to Calvary, see Bearing of the Cross Polzin, Robert, 195n.81 Robels, Hella, 210n.127 , see Pilate, Pontius Robinson, Bernard P., 194n.60 Poole, Matthew, 117, 118–19 Robinson, J., 195n.62 Poole, Roger, 135–6 Rofé, Alexander, 197n.130 Pope, Marvin H., 195n.68 Roger of Salisbury, 54 Pope–Hennessy, John, 211n.136 Rohde, F., 205n.16, 209n.94 Postman, Neil: The Disappearance of Rolland, Kayla, x Childhood, 181, 231n.23 Roman friezes, 62 poverello, il, see Francis of Assisi, St Roman Martyrology, The, 215n.3 Princeton University Index of Christian Romantics (Romanticism), 125 Art, The, 205n.19 attitude toward childhood, 131, 132, Procession to Calvary, see Bearing of the 138, 176, 228n.47 Cross; Bruegel, Pieter Rosasco, Betsy J., 210n.128, Procopius of Gaza, 43–5, 82 213nn.172–3 Promise Keepers, the, 5 Rose, Jacqueline, 185 Prosper of Aquitaine, St, 45 Rosenberg, A.J., 197n.132 Prudentius, 82 Rosenberg, Jakob, 212n.161 Prus, Bolescaw: ‘The Sins of Childhood’, 8 Rosenberg, Pierre, 212n.163, 221n.49 Pseudo–Bede, 58, 203n.37 Rosenzweig, Franz, 16 Puffer, J. Adams, 226n.2 Rossier, H.L., 192n.11 Puritans, 122 Roth, Elisabeth, 205n.12 General Index 251

Rousseau, Jean–Jacques, 115, 125, 131, Serck, Luc, 213n.171 176 Serrano–Plaja, Arturo, 225n.63 Émile, 116–17 Seuse (Suso), Heinrich: Das Minnebüchlein, Rowe, William Woodin, 225n.63 59 Rowlands, John, 211n.137 Shakespeare, William, 102, 107, 151 Rugby (British school), 1, 128, 130 Coriolanus, 113 Rule of St Benedict, 84 1 Henry IV, 114 REmi, Jalkluddln, 10–11 2 Henry IV, 114 Rupert of Deutz, 50, 51–2, 53, 55, 57 King Lear, 114 Ruskin, John, 128, 129–31 The Merchant of Venice, 113–14 Much Ado About Nothing, 114 Sabatier, Paul, 155 Richard III, 114 Life of St. Francis, 152–3 The Winter’s Tale, 114 Sachs, Hans, 78 Shimei (biblical character), 61 Saint–Exupéry, Antoine de, 185, 186 Shunammite’s child, the (biblical Salvini, Roberto, 206n.38 character), 38, 183 Samson, 26 ‘sibling society’, 4–5 Šanda, A., 194n.60 Siddha-rtha Gautama, see Buddha, the Sandberg–Valvalà, Evelyn, 205n.31 Silverius, St, Pope, 27 Satan, see Devil Simeon, St, 83, 140 Saul, see Paul, St Simone Martini, 64, 74, 207n.56 Saxl, Fritz, 206n.45 Orsini Polyptych, 62–3 Schäuffelein, Hans, 210n.123, 210n.125 Simon of Cyrene, 73 Schechter, Harold, 190n.32 Simons, Menno, 106 Schellenberg, Johann Rudolf, 80 Sixth Seal of the Apocalypse, 96 60 biblische Geschichten des neüen Skinner, John, 194n.55 Testaments, 80 Slaughter of the Innocents, 7, 183–4 Schiller, Friedrich, 125 in art, 121 Schiller, Gertrude, 61, 64–5, 209n.96, Slotki, Israel Wolf, 191n.5 214n.196 Smart, Alastair, 218n.55 Iconography in Christian Art (ICA), xvi Smith, Joseph, Jr, 22 Schinkelaltar (St Mary, Lübeck), 74, Snaith, Norman H., 192n.21 208n.79 Snyder, James, 209n.105 Schmitt, Hans–Christoph, 193n.38 Socrates, 136, 176 Schnack, Jutta, 208n.79 Sodoma (Giovanni Antonio Bazzi), 75 Schochet, Elijah Judah, 196n.95 Sodom and Gomorrah, 36, 55 Schongauer, Martin, 71–2, 76 Soester Altar, see Master of Schöppingen Schöppingen altarpiece, see Master of soul, the Schöppingen as child, 99 Schultz, James A., 191n.53, 216n.18 ‘contrary states of’, 125 Screech, M.A., 56 Spasimo di Sicilia, Lo (Raphael), 72, 73 Laughter at the Foot of the Cross (LFC), replicas of, 73 xvi Speculam humanae salvationis, 55 Second Crusade, 56 Speyer, Julian, 94 Seneca, 28–9, 46, 86 Vita S. Francisci, 93 Septuagint (LXX), 20, 38, 184, 201n.6 Spock, Benjamin, 115 Lucian’s (aka Lucianic or Antiochian) Stade, Bernhard, 194n.61, 198n.148 recension of, 24, 25, 62, 65, 83, Stange, Alfred, xv, 209n.89 113, 142, 143, 143, 161 Stanton, Marietta: Our Children Are Dying, Origen’s edition () of, 24 181, 231n.26 Theodotion’s revision of, 24–5, 44, 46 Starbuck, Edwin Diller, 2 See also Theodotion Steiner, George, 8 252 General Index

Stek, J.H., 192n.8 Upper Church of San Francesco (Assisi), Stephen, St, 22, 25 97–8 Stokes, Margaret, 205n.21 Storch, Levin, 209n.96 Varet, Alexandre–Louis: De l’éducation Strigel, Bernhardin, 71 chrétienne des enfants, 114 Summerfield, Geoffrey, 222n.60 Vaticinia de summis pontificibus (attrib. to Supplicationes variae, 60–1 Joachim of Fiore), 27–8, 146 Suso, see Seuse, Heinrich Vaughn, Henry, 125 Swabian master, 67 Veronica, 67 Swaggart, Jimmy Lee, 20 Vespasian, see Titus and Vespasian Swift, Jonathan, 147 Via Dolorosa, see Bearing of the Cross Székely, András, 214n.200 Victorians tastes in art, 129 Taddeo Gaddi, 98 notions on education, 129 Tadmor, Hayim, 193n.36 sympathy for children, 130 Talmud, 15, 23–4, 26, 118 Virgil (Vergil), 35, 85 ‘temple–boys’, 65, 208n.75 Vita beate virginis Marie et Salvatoris Terras, Victor, 139, 225n.63 rhythmica, 58 Tertullian, 36–8, 43, 44, 47, 48, 52, Virgin, the, see Mary 201n.6 von Trier, Lars, 172–4 Against Marcion, 36 Breaking the Waves, ix, 173–4, Plate 8 Theodore Prodromus, 45 Voragine, Jocabus de, 84, 99, 100–1 Theodotion, 128, 182 The Golden Legend (GL), xvi, 34, Septuagint revision of, 24–5, 44, 46 218n.49 Thode, Henry, 218nn.54, 65 Vor Frue Kirke (Copenhagen), 137, Thomas Aquinas, St, 26–7 214n.199 Thornton, Weldon, 226n.8 Vorreux, Damien, 217n.43 Thorvaldsen, Bertel, 80, 137 Vos, Dirk de, 210n.128 Tindall, William York, 226n.9 Vos, Howard F., 193n.28 Titus and Vespasian, 49, 51, 53, 54, 60, Plate 3 Wach, Joachim, 230n.13 Tom, W., 194n.44 Walafrid (Walahfrid) Strabo, 50, 51, 53 Tomás Rodaja (character of Cervantes: aka Walker, Barbara G., 196n.106 ‘glass man’), 111–13, 137, 161, 163 Walsh, Jerome T., 197n.116 ‘torturer of children’, see Gregory of Rimini Ware, Timothy (Kallistos), 215n.10 Traherne, Thomas, 125 Warner, Marina, 5 Très Belles Heures de Jean de France, Duc de Warrangkula Tjupurrula, Johnny Berry, see Jacquemart de Hesdin (‘Johnny W.’), xiii Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, see Man and Naughty Boys’ Water Dreaming, Limbourg brothers 10, Plate 1 Trial before Herod (scene from Christ’s Wasiolek, Edward, 141, 225n.63 Passion): in art, 60 Watt, Ian, 179, 185–6 Trial before Pilate (scene from Christ’s Watts, Isaac, 129, 131 Passion): in art, 80–1 Divine Songs, 123–4, 127 Twain, Mark (pseud. of Samuel Clemens), Way of the Cross, see Bearing of the Cross 127 Weber, Max, 217n.32 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, 131, Weinraub, Bernard, 231n.28 185 Wenham, John W., 14 See also Huckleberry Finn West, D.J., 226n.2 Wiesel, Elie, 231n.20 United Nations Conventions on the The Town Beyond the Wall, 161–2, 170 Rights of the Child, 8 Willis, Fred C., 212n.168 General Index 253

Winn, Marie: Children Without Childhood, Wydytz, Hans, 79, 208n.79 181, 231n.24 Wiseman, Donald J., 193n.33 Yarblonsky, Lewis, 226n.2 Witham, W. Tasker, 226n.3 Yeats, William Butler, 147 Wixom, William D., 214n.195 Wolfram von Eschenbach: Parzival, 87 Zakovitch, Yair, 194n.46 Wolgemut, Michael, 208n.79, 210n.125 Zeus, 19, 196n.106 Wordsworth, Christopher, 13 Zinzendorf, Count von, 78 Wordsworth, William, 125 Ziolkowski, Eric, 200n.178, 220n.20, Wursach Altar, see Multscher, Hans 224n.41, 225n.60 Würthwein, Ernst, 193n.36 Ziolkowski, Jan M., 198n.153 Würzburg Altar, see Katzheimer, Wolfgang Ziolkowski, Theodore, 223n.26 Wycliffe, John: Bible of, 46–7 Zwingli, Ulrich, 105–6