Notes Introduction 1. Ernest B. Layard, Religion in Boyhood; or, Hints on the Religious Training of Boys (New York: Dutton, 1896) p. 1. 2. Søren Kierkegaard, Philosophical Fragments. Johannes Climacus, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985) p. 96. 3. See Arnold van Gennep, The Rites of Passage, tr. Monika B. Vizedom and Gabrielle L. Caffee (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960). 4. Thomas Arnold, letter of 2 March 1828 to John Tucker, in Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, The Life and Correspondence of Thomas Arnold, D.D., 2 vols (Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1860) 1:88. 5. For references see ERE, 3:520–1, s.v. ‘Childhood’, sec. 4. 6. E.D. Starbuck, The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Study of the Growth of Religious Consciousness (1899; New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1906) p. 194. 7. William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience, lect. 9, in Works of William James, ed. Fredson Bowers et al. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975–) 15:165. Cf. Starbuck, Psychology, pp. 224, 262. 8. ERE, 3:520. 9. ERE, 3:524–46, s.v. ‘Children’; ER, 3:243–5, s.v. ‘Child’. 10. See G. van der Leeuw, Religion in Essence and Manifestation, tr. J.E. Turner (1938; repr. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986) pp. 515–16. 11. See C.G. Jung and C. Kerényi, Essays on a Science of Mythology: The Myths of the Divine Child and the Divine Maiden, tr. R.F.C. Hull (1949; rev. edn, New York: Harper & Row, 1963). 12. See Mircea Eliade, Patterns in Comparative Religion, tr. Rosemary Sheed (1958; Cleveland: World, 1963) pp. 247–50; Joseph Campbell, The Mythic Image (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974) pp. 32–51; Otto Rank, The Myth of the Birth of the Hero and Other Writings (1932; repr. New York: Random House, 1964) pp. 3–96. 13. SE, 21:42–5. 14. See George Boas, The Cult of Childhood (London: Warburg Institute, 1966) pp. 61–8; ERE, 3:521, s.v. ‘Childhood’, sec. 5; ‘AC’, p. 385. 15. SE, 13:100–61. 16. Erik H. Erikson, Childhood and Society, 2nd edn, rev. (New York: W.W. Norton, 1963) p. 250. 17. Letter of 1911 from Tenerife (?) to Martin Rade, in Rudolf Otto, Autobiographical and Social Essays, tr. and ed. Gregory D. Alles (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996) p. 72. 18. Rudolf Otto, The Idea of the Holy: An Inquiry into the non-rational factor in the idea of the divine and its relation to the rational, tr. John W. Harvey (London: Oxford University Press, 1923; 2nd edn, 1950) p. 116. 19. See James, Varieties, lect. 20, in Works, 15:387. 20. ‘The Evolution of Childhood’, in HC, p. 1. 21. See Ellen Key, The Century of the Child (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1909); Boas, The Cult of Childhood, passim. 189 190 Evil Children in Religion, Literature, and Art 22. Boas, Preface, Cult of Childhood, p. 9. 23. Angela Phillips, The Trouble with Boys: A Wise and Sympathetic Guide to the Risky Business of Raising Sons (New York: Harper Collins, 1994) p. 270. 24. See Robert Bly, Iron John: A Book About Men (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990); The Sibling Society (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1996). 25. See Carey Goldberg, ‘After Girls Get the Attention, Focus Shifts to Boys’ Woes’, New York Times, 23 April 1998, pp. A1, A14. 26. Marina Warner, Six Myths of Our Time: Little Angels, Little Monsters, Beautiful Beasts, and More (New York: Random House, 1995) pp. 32–3. 27. Blake Morrison, As If: A Crime, a Trial, a Question of Childhood (New York: Picador, 1997) p. 8. 28. Barry Glassner, ‘School Violence: The Fears, The Facts’, New York Times, 13 August 1999, p. A21. 29. Janet Reno, quoted by Karen L. Kinnear, Violent Children: A Reference Handbook (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC–CLIO, 1995) p. 1. In a national survey conducted in June 1999 by The Wall Street Journal and NBC News, 58 per cent of respondents ranked youth violence as a top concern; cited by Glassner, ‘School Violence’, p. A21. 30. David Gutmann, ‘The Paternal Imperative’, The American Scholar 67 (1998):125. 31. As reported in the New York Times, 15 August 1995, pp. B1, B4; 20 October 1995, p. A16; 3 August 1996, p. 6; 24 September 1995, National Report, p. 18; 24 May 1997, pp. 21, 23. Cf. the headlines listed in Morrison, As If, p. 8. 32. Harold Schechter, ‘A Tragedy Repeated in History: Young Killers Aren’t New’, in New York Times, 23 May 1998, p. 15. 33. Robert Fairchild, ‘Addicted to Violence’ (letter), in The American Scholar 68 (1999):159. 34. As reported by Ryuichiro Hosokawa, ‘Child Killers: Who’s to Blame?’, World Press Review, June 1998, p. 9; repr. from Japan Times, 23 February–1 March 1998. 35. As reported by Jan Goodwin, ‘Sierra Leone is No Place to be Young’, New York Times Magazine, 14 February 1999, p. 48. See also Ed Cairns, Children and Political Violence (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996) p. 131. 36. See, e.g., Myriam Miedzian, Boys Will Be Boys: Breaking the Link between Masculinity and Violence (New York: Doubleday, 1991). 37. Ambrose Bierce, The Devil’s Dictionary (New York: Dover, 1993) p. 16. 38. The Herder Dictionary of Symbols: Symbols from Art, Archaeology, Mythology, Literature, and Religion (Wilmette, IL: Chiron, 1986) p. 37. 39. As cited by Hippolytus of Rome, Philosophumena or Refutatio omnium haeresium (The Refutation of All Heresies), 9.9.4 (PTS, 25:344/ANF, 5:126): ␣␫␻␯` ␲␣␫˜⑀␴␶␫ ␲␣␫´ ␨␻␯, ␲⑀␴␴⑀␷´␻␯. ␲␣␫␦␱`␩ ß␣␴␫␭␩␫´␩. 40. Søren Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling. Repetition, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983) p. 122. 41. Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method, 2nd, rev. edn, tr. Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall (New York: Crossroad, 1991) pp. 101, 104; citing J. Huizinga, Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture [tr. unnamed] (Boston: Beacon, 1966) pp. 24–5. 42. See James George Frazer, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, abr. edn (New York: Macmillan, 1922) p. 375; Eliade, Patterns, p. 11. 43. Boleshaw Prus, The Sins of Childhood and Other Stories, tr. Bill Johnston (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1996) p. 150. 44. Quoted by Peter Applebome, ‘Spin Cycle: Round and Round in the Search for Meaning’, New York Times, 29 March 1998, pp. 1, 5. Notes 191 45. Frank Rich, ‘Lord of the Flies’, New York Times, 28 March 1998, p. A15. 46. Criticisms of Ariès’s thesis will be considered in Chapter 4. 47. Cited by Cairns, Children and Political Violence, p. 9. 48. ‘EI’, p. 471. 49. Victor Eremita, as ‘quoted’ in Søren Kierkegaard, Stages On Life’sWay, ed. and tr. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988) p. 58. 50. Heinrich Böll, The Clown, tr. Leila Vennewitz (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1965) p. 218. 51. ‘Song to Be Sung by the Father of Infant Female Children’, in Ogden Nash, Verses from 1929 On (Boston: Little, Brown, 1959) p. 117. 52. Iona Opie and Peter Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (London: Oxford University Press, 1975) pp. 100–1. 53. James A. Schultz, The Knowledge of Childhood in the German Middle Ages, 1100–1350 (Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 1995) p. 43. 54. See John Stratton Hawley, ‘Thief of Butter, Thief of Love’, History of Religions 18 (1979): 203–20; idem, with Shrivatsa Goswami, At Play with Krishna: Pilgrimage Dramas from Brindavan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981). 55. Mick Namerari Tjapaltjarri (c. 1925–, Pintupi tribe), paraphrased by Geoffrey Bardon, Papunya Tula: Art of the Western Desert (Ringwood, Victoria: McPhee Gribble, 1991) p. 86. The statement refers to Mick Namerari’s painting, Naughty Boys’ Dreaming (1971), Marlipi, west of Sandy Blight Junction, Western Australia (custodian: Tjapaltjarri-Tjungurrayi; ill. in Bardon, Papunya Tula, pp. 86–7). The painting to which I referred, Man and Naughty Boys’ Water Dreaming (1972), by Johnny Warrangkula Tjupurrula (c. 1932–, Loritja tribe), is a variant of this painting. See Plate 1 in the pre- sent study; for analysis and colour reproduction, see Bardon, Papunya Tula, p. 55. 56. ‘A Children’s Game’, in The Essential Rumi, tr. Coleman Barks with John Moyne et al. (San Francisco: Harper, 1995) p. 4. See also ‘On Children Running Through’ (p. 238). 1 The Bad Boys of Bethel as Sacrilegious Type 1. See, e.g., Thomas Hartwell Horne et al. (eds), An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures [1818] 4 vols, 11th edn, rev. (London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, 1863) 1:597. 2. Cf. Karl Christian W.F. Bähr, The Books of the Kings, 2 bks, tr., ed., enlarged by Edwin Harwood and W.G. Sumner [vol. 6 of A Commentary on the Holy Scriptures, ed. John Peter Lange] (New York: Charles Scribner, 1872) bk 2, p. 25. 3. Christopher Wordsworth (ed.), The Holy Bible, with Notes and Introductions, 6 vols (London: Rivingtons, 1865–71) 3:95. 4. Adam Clarke (ed.), The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testament: The text care- fully printed from the most correct copies of the present authorized translation, including the marginal readings and parallel texts, with a commentary and critical notes [London, 1810–25] new edn, 6 vols (London: W. Tegg, 1854) p. 480. 5. F. J. Foakes Jackson, ‘I. and II. Kings’, in Arthur S. Peake (ed.), A Commentary on the Bible (New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1920) p. 305; quoted by I.W. Slotki, Kings: Hebrew Text & English Translation (London: Soncino, 1962) p. 175. Cf. John W. Wenham, The Goodness of God (Downers Grove, IL: Inter-Varsity Press, 1974) p.