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SCSP National Report on Wetlands UNEP/GEF Project: REVERSING ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION TRENDS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND GULF OF THAILAND PHILIPPINES NATIONAL REPORT ON WETLANDS SPECIALIZED EXECUTING AGENCY: Department of Environment and Natural Resources PROTECTED AREAS AND WILDLIFE BUREAU DENR-PAWB UNEP GEF Philippines National Report on Wetlands First published in the Philippines by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (DENR-PAWB). Philippine Copyright Ó 2005, Department of Environment and Natural Resources – Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder provided acknowledgement of the source is made. DENR-PAWB would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose without prior permission in writing from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources – Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau. DENR-PAWB Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center Compound Quezon Avenue, Diliman 1101 Quezon City, Philippines Tel. (+632) 924-6031 Fax. (+632) 925-0109; (+632) 925-8950 [email protected] http://www.pawb.gov.ph Prepared for publication by: Perry S. Ong, Ma. Paz G. Luna, Rina Maria P. Rosales, Nathaniel C. Bantayan, Carlo C. Custodio, Danilo S. Balete, Ruth Grace B. Rosell-Ambal, John Francisco A. Pontillas, Renato D. Cruz, Renato T. Cruz and Marlynn M. Mendoza (National Focal Point – Philippine Wetlands) Design and lay-out by: Joy M. Navarro Photo credits: Front cover 1) Pansipit River, Batangas and 2) Malampaya Sound, Palawan (Joy M. Navarro); and 3) Saint Paul Subterranean River (DENR-PAWB) DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of UNEP or the GEF. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever, on the part of UNEP, of the GEF, or of any cooperating organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, of its authorities, or of the delineation of its territories or boundaries. For citation purposes this document may be cited as: Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau, 2005. UNEP/GEF Project: Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand – Philippines National Report on Wetlands. Quezon City, Philippines, 104 pp. ii Philippines National Report on Wetlands Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………. 1 A. PROJECT BACKGROUND ………………………………………………………. 1 B. OVER-ALL GOALS, MAJOR COMPONENTS AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES………………………………………………………… 1 C. ROLES AND IMPORTANCE OF WETLANDS ECOSYSTEMS………………… 2 II. WETLANDS IN THE PHILIPPINES …………………………………..…………… 4 A. OVERVIEW………………………………………………………………………… 4 B. COUNTRY’S WETLANDS………………………………………………………… 5 C. LIMITATIONS OF PHILIPPINE WETLANDS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA PROJECT…………………………………………………… 6 D. PHILIPPINE WETLANDS OF INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE…………… 8 E. PRIORITIZATION OF PHILIPPINE WETLANDS FOR THE SOUTH CHINA SEA PROJECT………………………………………………………….… 8 F. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: CAUSES OF LOSS OF WETLAND …………………………………………………………. 9 Direct Causes of Loss of Wetlands…………………………………………………………… 9 Indirect Causes of Loss of Wetlands………………………………………………………… 10 Society’s Response…………………………………………………………………………… 11 III. BASELINE DATA ASSESSMENT……………………………………...………... 12 A. REVIEW OF PAST AND CURRENT PROJECTS…………………………………… 12 A1. Implementation Period…………………………………………………………………. 13 A2. Characteristics of Project Sites………………………………………………………….. 14 A3. Thematic Focus of Past Projects………………………………………………………… 14 A4. Lead Roles in Project Implementation by Sectors………………………………………. 15 A5. Substantive Assessment………………………………………………………………….. 16 B. ECONOMIC VALUATION…………………………………………………………….. 16 B1. Proposed Methodology for Economic Valuation of Wetlands…………………………… 17 B2. Proposed Work for Further Research…………………………………………………… 20 C. LEGISLATION, INSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ARRANGEMENTS………………………………………………………………………. 20 C1. Legal provisions with direct impact on wetlands………………………………………… 21 C2. Access to the resources…………………………………………………………………. 21 C3. Management and conservation jurisdiction……………………………………………… 22 C4. Enforcement Problems…………………………………………………………………. 23 C5. Other General Laws that may apply to wetlands………………………………………… 24 C6. Local Policies…………………………………………………………………………… 24 C7. Strategies in reduction of degradation factors…………………………………………….. 26 D. REVIEW OF GIS DATA AND OTHER INFORMATION………………………… 28 IV. PROCESS OF SITES PRIORITIZATION………………………………………… 29 A. IDENTIFICATION PROCESS OF INITIAL LONG LIST…………………………. 29 B. SELECTION OF PRIORITY AREAS BASED ON THE TYPE OF REVERSING ACTIVITIES………………………………………………………… 33 B1. Restoration Activities …………………………………………………………………… 33 B2. Protection and/or Maintenance Activities………………………………………………. 33 B3. Final Site Selection for Investment……………………………………………………… 34 V. REFERENCES…………. ……………………………………………………… 35 iii Philippines National Report on Wetlands List of Figures Figure 1. Projected extent of forest cover loss in the Philippines over the last 100 years 5 Figure 2. Conceptual framework for biodiversity conservation showing the link between the loss of biodiversity, the direct and indirect causes of biodiversity loss and how society responds to the loss of biodiversity 9 List of Annexes Annex 1. Map of Wetlands Connected to the South China Sea 41 Annex 2. Site Description of Wetlands in the Philippines Directly Connected to the South China Sea. 43 Annex 3. A numbered list of past projects conducted in Philippine Wetlands from 1986-2001, as part of the review for the project “Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand”. 81 Annex 4. A numbered list of on-going projects conducted in Philippine Wetlands from 2002 onwards, as part of review for the project “Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand”. 91 Annex 5. Thematic focus of past and ongoing projects reviewed for “Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand”. The numbers refer to the number to the project documents reviewed in Annex 1 and 2. 100 Annex 6. Economic Valuation Studies Done for SCS Wetlands in the Philippines, as of Feb. 2003 101 Annex 7. List of National and Local Legislations Relevant to Philippine Wetlands 102 List of National Wetlands Committee Members iv Philippines National Report on Wetlands EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The last two decades of the 20th century saw the South China Sea region experienced rapid economic development and an increase in population in its coastal areas. This led to the rapid degradation of its unique marine and coastal environments. The countries bordering the South China Sea realized that past activities have exploited coastal resources far beyond their capacities and without positive intervention, the resources will be destroyed forever. Many countries share the South China Sea, and the environmental problems of the Sea are common and transboundary in nature with similar root causes, thus the solutions to address the problems require a regional and transboundary approach. In this context, the countries that border the South China Sea recognized that urgent actions are needed to halt the degradation of the environment of the South China Sea. Assistance of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Global Environment Facility (GEF) was sought in the preparation of a Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of issues and problems and their societal root causes as the basis for development of a Strategic Action Programme. The Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis and Strategic Action Programme resulted in the development and implementation of a regional programme called “Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand” or the “South China Sea Project” involving seven countries: Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. The aims of the regional programme are: 1) to create an environment at the regional level that fosters and encourages collaboration and partnership in addressing environmental problems in the South China Sea; and, 2) to enhance the capacity of the participating governments to integrate environmental considerations into national development planning. The major components of the regional programme were focused on: 1) habitat conversion and loss in (a) mangroves, (b) coral reefs, (c) seagrasses, and (d) wetlands; 2) over-exploitation of fisheries; and, 3) land-based pollution. At the regional level, the major outcomes expected from the programme were: 1) an approved Strategic Action Programme for the Region; 2) guidelines for national management plans to maintain regionally significant habitats; 3) demonstration of management activities at sites of regional and global significance; 4) a regional management plan for the maintenance of transboundary fish stocks in the Gulf of Thailand; and, 5) pilot activities relating to alternative remedial actions to address priority transboundary pollutants and adopted water quality objectives. At the country level, major outputs expected from the programme included: a) creation of a National Wetlands Committee; b) assemble a national meta-database and information database; c) preparation of investment proposals for priority sites; and,
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