No. 532, August 2, 1991

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

No. 532, August 2, 1991 25¢ WfJRIlERI ".'(J'R'~X-523 No. 532 2 August 1991 30 Million Blacks Still Can't Vote, Endure Abject Poverty South Africa: ANe Pushes "Post-Apartheid" Swindle Gamma Photos While Nelson Mandela and South African president De Klerk shake on "deal," blacks are still victims of apartheid terror. Government Unleashes Inkatha Killers "The new South Africa .is on the up segregated living areas, and the Land looked to the imperialists to clean up regime of white supremacy remains and march," crowed President EW. De Klerk Act, guaranteeing white ownership of the South African racist regime, George the hopes of the impoverished black after the segregated parliament voted in 87 percent of the land, are now officially Bush issued an executive order lifting majority are being dashed. In the "new June to repeal the remaining key pillars abolished. Thereupon, the European U.S. sanctions on trade,' irrvestment and South Africa," thousands are slaugh­ of "grand apartheid." The Population Common Market voted to lift sanctions, banking. tered by government-instigated terror, Registration Act, which classified every­ and the 21-year ban on South African Now the formal statutes of apartheid millions are disenfranchised and con­ one born in South Africa into four racial participation in Olympic competition have been eliminated (the pass laws and demned to abject poverty. There can categories (white, African, "coloured," was removed. To the chagrin of those Separate Amenities Act were scrapped be no democracy for the toilers who Indian), the Group Areas Act.which set leftists and would-be radicals who earlier), but the cruel oppression of the continued on page 7 Gorbachev Puts Soviet Union .on the Auction Block They called it the "grand bargain." they're demanding that capitalist res­ It was cooked up by economic advisers toration be in place before Gorbachev of Gorbachev and Yeltsin along with sees any real money. They want proof, Harvard's Kennedy School. The seven Soviet Wo'rkers Must Defeat as the New York Times (18 July) put it, richest capitalist countries (the G-7) that "the Soviet Union really planned would give Moscow, say, $30 billion a to undo the Bolshevik Revolution." year. In return, the Soviet Union would Capitalist Counterrevolution! And even that is not enough. Japan, be transformed into a full-fledged mar­ Inc. will give no yen to Moscow until ket economy within five years. munist Party to drop all remaining lip fifths of one percent of the gross the Soviet Union gives up the strategi­ As an entry fee for Gorbachev to service to Marxism, Leninism and even national product of the industrialized cally vital Kuril Islands, which the Red make his pitch to the G-7 meeting the working class. capitalist countries. The proposed U.S. Army occupied at the end of World War in London in mid-July, the Supreme Harvard's Jeffrey Sachs, the man share, $3 billion, is one percent of the II. And if the Japanese zaibatsu want Soviet passed a law allowing for who designed the electrodes for the Pentagon budget. to get back the Kurils, the American privatization\ of 70 percent of the economic "shock treatment" in Poland, But the masters of the G-7 didn't buy rulers lust to take back Cuba, before USSR's industrial enterprises. And argues that the "grand bargain" is a the "grand bargain." Despite entreaties the revolution a playground for the now, on the eve of Bush's visit to Mos­ steal for Wall Street and Washington. from German chancellor Kohl for mafia and sugar plantation for United cow, Gorbachev is calling on the CQm- Thirty billion dollars is a mere two- massive aid to the Soviet Union now, continued on page 5 resentment and resistance to their presence. Blacks, surely among those who received the rawest From Death Row, of receptions (and the only people who did not come here willingly), can ill afford to continue this cycle, This Is Mumia Abu-Jamal for among all America's peoples, we have the least hope of fading into the fiction of a so-called "melting pot" (nor should we wish to!). Though Black faces sit in high places, they still possess no true power, only the curious "option" of ARage in the District continuing "business as usual." The politics of exclusion, of distinction, of high & Fires dance upon the upturned metallic corpses of People riot when other methods of redress are low, must give way to the commonality of human;for police cars cooking in twilight. foreclosed, and when despair reaches intolerable it is precisely "business as usual" that has brought us Sirens wail in electronic alarm, as strobe lights depths of the soul. Many of the peoples of the riot to this hour of alienation, of bubbling hatreds, of sweep in a maddening circular arc. areas of D.C. came to El Norte when government riotous anger, of social and psychic discontent. America's capital city experiences one of the first repressions at home left few options; leave or die­ It is past time for fundamental change. riots of the season, but this burst comes with a and so, they came, by the tens of thousands, drawn difference. Recent history, since the 1960s, reflects by promises of peace, of freedom, of a better life Blacks in riot, enraged at a system of total economic, north of home. political exclusion. The recent unrest in Washington, Many found crippling, poisonous toil in the fields D.C. was marked by brown faces, not Black ones, and of the nation's hotlands; grapes, oranges, and indeed, was directed at a political system headed and tomatoes picked in a daily grind of survival. Some faced by Blacks. fled to U.S. cities and, when they sought government Recent immigrants from Central America, flee­ help, were stunned to find Black faces in civil service, ing America's deadly policies of low intensity Blacks who, like their predecessors before them, warfare against workers, peasants in lands like El viewed the newcomers with suspicion, for "they were Salvador, found, upon arrival, not the promised foreigners," "they talked funny," or "they can't even land of milk and honey, but of menial jobs, ethnic speak English!" alienation, and hostility born of the eternal con­ America has historically been hard on its new­ flict between the newly-arrived and those who came comers, as evidenced by the Kensington Riots of before. May 1844 Philadelphia, where Protestants attacked The reported genesis of the riot, that a Black female (predominantly Irish) Catholics, destroying neighbor­ police officer ordered a Latino drinker to cease his hoods; and in 1902, when Irish, aided by a predomi­ open, public drinking, is, as always, insufficient. nantly Irish police force, attacked N.Y. Jews; also It may have been a spark, but even a spark when Wyoming whites in summer 1885 massacred needs kindling to catch, to expand, to explode into Chinese miners. LustigIWashington Post flame. To every people who arrive in America.is given D.C. cops block street, May 6. Imperialist Rivalry Urgent Appeal for Jamal: and World War With the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, the capitalist great powers $$$ Needed' Now turned Europe into a slaughterhouse. In response to the "patriotic" betrayal of the Mumia Abu-Jamal writes his eloquent preme Court rulings and the Senate's official "socialist" leaders (signaled by the defense of the oppressed from Pennsyl­ death penalty crime bill are pushing German Social Democrats' votefor war cred­ vania's Huntingdon state prison, where toward an escalation in state-sanctioned itson August 4), Lenin called for anew Com­ he sits on death row because of a vindic­ murder. Recent cases which have sue­ munistlnternational. Its watchword: turn the tive frame-up against this former Black ceeded in overturning death sentellces TROTSKY imperialist war into a civil war. The contin- LENIN Panther Party spokesman. This Philadel­ and. freeing innocent defendants have ued survivalofcapitalism, propped up by the phia MOVE supporter and courageous cost at least $1 million in legal fees and social-democratic andlater.Stalinist bureaucracies, led a generation later to the second journalist achieved prominence as the expenses. imperialist world war marke4 by the Nazi extermination of the Jews and American "voice of the voiceless." His columns Mumia Abu-Jamal will not be saved i-bombing ofHiroshima and Nagasaki. In the "postwar" era U.S. world domination has appear periodically in Workers Vanguard by courtroom battles alone. Like the meant more war and mass terror from Korea to Vietnam to Iraq. As Lenin wrote in 1915, and other newspapers. Scottsboro case in the '30s, it will take capitalism in the imperialist epoch is inseparable from wars over markets and spheres Now Jamal and attorneys are preparing mass protest and publicity to Win his ofcolonialist exploitation. an important legal challenge to expose freedom. 'At their national convention in the frame-up and prove his innocence. May, the Coalition of Black Trade Imperialism is the highest stage in the development of capitalism, reached only in Contributions for this legal action are Unionists voted to support Jamal, as have the twentieth century. Capitalism now finds that the old national states, without whose tax-deductible and can be sent'to the BiU a number of union locals across the formation it could not have overthrown feudalism, are too cramped for it. Capitalism of Rights Foundation, earmarked Mumia country. To support the growing 'cam­ has developed concentration to such a degree that entire branches of industry are Abu-Jamal Legal Defense, c/o Rabino­ paign to save Mumia Abu-Jamal, contact controlled by syndicates, trusts and associations of capitalist multi-millionaires and witz, Boudin, Standard, Krinsky and the Partisan Defense Committee.
Recommended publications
  • Of Trials, Reparation, and Transformation in Post-Apartheid South Africa: the Making of a Common Purpose
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE NYLS Law Review Vols. 22-63 (1976-2019) Volume 60 Issue 2 Twenty Years of South African Constitutionalism: Constitutional Rights, Article 6 Judicial Independence and the Transition to Democracy January 2016 Of Trials, Reparation, and Transformation in Post-Apartheid South Africa: The Making of A Common Purpose ANDREA DURBACH Professor of Law and Director of the Australian Human Rights Centre, Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales, Australia Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/nyls_law_review Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Recommended Citation ANDREA DURBACH, Of Trials, Reparation, and Transformation in Post-Apartheid South Africa: The Making of A Common Purpose, 60 N.Y.L. SCH. L. REV. (2015-2016). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@NYLS. It has been accepted for inclusion in NYLS Law Review by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@NYLS. NEW YORK LAW SCHOOL LAW REVIEW VOLUME 60 | 2015/16 VOLUME 60 | 2015/16 Andrea Durbach Of Trials, Reparation, and Transformation in Post-Apartheid South Africa: The Making of A Common Purpose 60 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 409 (2015–2016) ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Andrea Durbach is a Professor of Law and Director of the Australian Human Rights Centre, Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales, Australia. Born and educated in South Africa, she practiced as a political trial lawyer, representing victims and opponents of apartheid laws. In 1988 she was appointed solicitor to twenty-five black defendants in a notorious death penalty case in South Africa and later published an account of her experiences in Andrea Durbach, Upington: A Story of Trials and Reconciliation (1999) (for information on the other editions of this book see infra note 42), on which the documentary, A Common Purpose (Looking Glass Pictures 2011) is based.
    [Show full text]
  • Crowd Psychology in South African Murder Trials
    Crowd Psychology in South African Murder Trials Andrew M. Colman University of Leicester, Leicester, England South African courts have recently accepted social psy­ guided by the evidence before him and by his knowledge of the chological phenomena as extenuating factors in murder case as to whether there were extenuating circumstances or not. trials. In one important case, eight railway workers were (cited in Davis, 1989, pp. 205-206) convicted ofmurdering four strike breakers during an in­ The South African legislature did not define extenuating dustrial dispute. The court accepted coriformity, obedience, circumstances, nor did it place any limit on the factors group polarization, deindividuation, bystander apathy, that might be deemed to be extenuating. In principle, and other well-established psychological phenomena as anything that tended to reduce the moral blameworthi­ extenuating factors for four of the eight defendants, but ness of a murderer's actions might count as an extenuating sentenced the others to death. In a second trial, death circumstance. In practice, the courts most often accepted sentences o/five defendants for the "necklace" killing of as extenuating such factors as provocation, intoxication, a young woman were reduced to 20 months imprisonment youth, absence of premeditation, and duress (short of in the light ofsimilar social psychological evidence. Prac­ irresistible compulsion, which would exonerate the de­ tical and ethical issues arising from expert psychological fendant entirely). The question of extenuation
    [Show full text]
  • Ungovernability and Material Life in Urban South Africa
    “WHERE THERE IS FIRE, THERE IS POLITICS”: Ungovernability and Material Life in Urban South Africa KERRY RYAN CHANCE Harvard University Together, hand in hand, with our boxes of matches . we shall liberate this country. —Winnie Mandela, 1986 Faku and I stood surrounded by billowing smoke. In the shack settlement of Slovo Road,1 on the outskirts of the South African port city of Durban, flames flickered between piles of debris, which the day before had been wood-plank and plastic tarpaulin walls. The conflagration began early in the morning. Within hours, before the arrival of fire trucks or ambulances, the two thousand house- holds that comprised the settlement as we knew it had burnt to the ground. On a hillcrest in Slovo, Abahlali baseMjondolo (an isiZulu phrase meaning “residents of the shacks”) was gathered in a mass meeting. Slovo was a founding settlement of Abahlali, a leading poor people’s movement that emerged from a burning road blockade during protests in 2005. In part, the meeting was to mourn. Five people had been found dead that day in the remains, including Faku’s neighbor. “Where there is fire, there is politics,” Faku said to me. This fire, like others before, had been covered by the local press and radio, some journalists having been notified by Abahlali via text message and online press release. The Red Cross soon set up a makeshift soup kitchen, and the city government provided emergency shelter in the form of a large, brightly striped communal tent. Residents, meanwhile, CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY, Vol. 30, Issue 3, pp. 394–423, ISSN 0886-7356, online ISSN 1548-1360.
    [Show full text]
  • Shakespeare in South Africa: an Examination of Two Performances of Titus Andronicus in Apartheid and Post- Apartheid South Africa
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2017 Shakespeare in South Africa: An Examination of Two Performances of Titus Andronicus in Apartheid and Post- Apartheid South Africa Erin Elizabeth Whitaker University of Tennessee, Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Other English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Whitaker, Erin Elizabeth, "Shakespeare in South Africa: An Examination of Two Performances of Titus Andronicus in Apartheid and Post-Apartheid South Africa. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2017. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4911 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Erin Elizabeth Whitaker entitled "Shakespeare in South Africa: An Examination of Two Performances of Titus Andronicus in Apartheid and Post- Apartheid South Africa." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in English. Heather A. Hirschfeld, Major Professor We have read
    [Show full text]
  • In the Constitutional Court of the Republic of South Africa
    IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA Case No. CCT/3/94 In the matter of: THE STATE versus T MAKWANYANE AND M MCHUNU Heard on: 15 February to 17 February 1995 Delivered on: 6 June 1995 ________________________________________________________________ JUDGMENT ________________________________________________________________ [1] CHASKALSON P: The two accused in this matter were convicted in the Witwatersrand Local Division of the Supreme Court on four counts of murder, one count of attempted murder and one count of robbery with aggravating circumstances. They were sentenced to death on each of the counts of murder and to long terms of imprisonment on the other counts. They appealed to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court against the convictions and sentences. The Appellate Division dismissed the appeals against the convictions and came to the conclusion that the circumstances of the murders were such that the accused should receive the heaviest sentence permissible according to law. [2] Section 277(1)(a) of the Criminal Procedure Act No. 51 of 1977 prescribes that the death penalty is a competent sentence for murder. Counsel for the accused was invited by the Appellate Division to consider whether this provision was consistent with the Republic of South Africa Constitution, 1993, which had come into force subsequent to the conviction and sentence by the trial court. He argued that it was not, contending that it was in conflict with the provisions of sections 9 and 11(2) of 1 the Constitution. [3] The Appellate Division dismissed the appeals against the sentences on the counts of attempted murder and robbery, but postponed the further hearing of the appeals against the death sentence until the constitutional issues are decided by this Court.
    [Show full text]
  • Destruction and Human Remains
    Destruction and human remains HUMAN REMAINS AND VIOLENCE Destruction and human remains Destruction and Destruction and human remains investigates a crucial question frequently neglected in academic debate in the fields of mass violence and human remains genocide studies: what is done to the bodies of the victims after they are killed? In the context of mass violence, death does not constitute Disposal and concealment in the end of the executors’ work. Their victims’ remains are often treated genocide and mass violence and manipulated in very specific ways, amounting in some cases to true social engineering with often remarkable ingenuity. To address these seldom-documented phenomena, this volume includes chapters based Edited by ÉLISABETH ANSTETT on extensive primary and archival research to explore why, how and by whom these acts have been committed through recent history. and JEAN-MARC DREYFUS The book opens this line of enquiry by investigating the ideological, technical and practical motivations for the varying practices pursued by the perpetrator, examining a diverse range of historical events from throughout the twentieth century and across the globe. These nine original chapters explore this demolition of the body through the use of often systemic, bureaucratic and industrial processes, whether by disposal, concealment, exhibition or complete bodily annihilation, to display the intentions and socio-political frameworks of governments, perpetrators and bystanders. A NST Never before has a single publication brought together the extensive amount of work devoted to the human body on the one hand and to E mass violence on the other, and until now the question of the body in TTand the context of mass violence has remained a largely unexplored area.
    [Show full text]
  • Writing Necklacing Into a History of Liberation Struggle in South Africa
    The Impasse of Violence: Writing necklacing into a history of liberation struggle in South Africa Riedwaan Moosage Supervisors: Ms. Nicky Rousseau and Professor Premesh Lalu June 2010 A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Magister Artium in the Department of History, University of the Western Cape. Plagiarism declaration I, Riedwaan Moosage, certify that this Masters thesis is my own work. I understand what plagiarism is and I have used quotations and references to fully acknowledge the words and ideas of others. Riedwaan Moosage 14 June 2010 i Acknowledgements It is fitting to begin by acknowledging my co-supervisors, Nicky Rousseau, History Department at UWC and Premesh Lalu, Centre for Humanities Research (CHR) at UWC for their tremendous support. I am grateful for their patience, diligence, intellectual girth and generosity, compassion and critical insight that have been of benefit to my research and writing. I express my gratitude to the teaching staff of the History Department (UWC) including, Leslie Witz, Patricia Hayes, Ciraj Rassool, Uma Mesthrie, Andrew Bank, Susan Newton-King, Dave Scher and Sipokazi Sambumbu for always being available to assist me; whether a friendly chat, allowing me access to their personal libraries, allowing me to „audit‟ their classes, or as with Professor Hayes, willing to share a pot of tea as we chatted over one or other of the numerous questions I always seem to have. To the administrative staff of the History department, Janine Brandt and Jane Smidt, I am grateful for their encouragement and administrative support. As a fellow in the Programme on the Study of the Humanities in Africa (PSHA), I have benefited intellectually from the numerous reading groups, symposia, colloquia and conferences organised by the PSHA under the umbrella of the CHR at UWC.
    [Show full text]
  • The New Vigilantism in Post-April 1994 South Africa: Crime Prevention Or an Expression of Lawlessness?
    Institute for Human Rights & Criminal Justice Studies The new vigilantism in Post-April 1994 South Africa: Crime prevention or an expression of lawlessness? Anthony Minnaar Senior Researcher Institute for Human Rights & Criminal Justice studies Technikon SA May 2001 CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................................ 1 Current diversity of vigilantism (taking the law into own hands) in South Africa................................................................................................................... 3 Background contextualisation.......................................................................... 4 People’s Courts.................................................................................................. 6 People’s Courts and necklace executions....................................................... 7 Conspiracy of silence ........................................................................................ 8 Crowd apathy ..................................................................................................... 9 Community support ........................................................................................... 9 ‘We paid his bail so we could kill him’ ........................................................... 10 ‘We have to defend ourselves’ syndrome...................................................... 11 ‘The people are angry’ ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Victim Findings ABRAHAMS, Derrek (30), a Street Committee Me M B E R, Was Shot Dead by Members of the SAP at Gelvandale, Port Elizabeth, on 3 September 1990
    Vo l u m e S E V E N ABRAHAMS, Ashraf (7), was shot and injured by members of the Railway Police on 15 October 1985 in Athlone, in the TRO J A N HOR S EI N C I D E N T , CAP E TOW N . Victim findings ABRAHAMS, Derrek (30), a street committee me m b e r, was shot dead by members of the SAP at Gelvandale, Port Elizabeth, on 3 September 1990. ■ ABRAHAMS, John (18) (aka 'Gaika'), an MK member, Unknown victims went into exile in 1968. His family last heard from him Many unnamed and unknown South Africans were the in 1975 and has received conflicting information from victims of gross violations of human rights during the the ANC reg a rding his fate. The Commission was Co m m i s s i o n ’s mandate period. Their stories came to unable to establish what happened to Mr Abrahams, the Commission in the stories of other victims and in but he is presumed dead. the accounts of perpetrators of violations. ABRAHAMS, Moegsien (23), was stabbed and stoned to death by a group of UDF supporters in Mitchells Like other victims of political conflict and violence in Plain, Cape Town, on 25 May 1986, during a UDF rally South Africa, they experienced suffering and injury. wh e re it was alleged that he was an informe r. UDF Some died, some lost their homes. Many experienced leaders attempted to shield him from attack but Mr the loss of friends, family members and a livelihood.
    [Show full text]
  • Wednesday, May 12, 2021
    NO. 71 JOURNAL OF THE SENATE OF THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA REGULAR SESSION BEGINNING TUESDAY, JANUARY 12, 2021 _________ WEDNESDAY, MAY 12, 2021 Wednesday, May 12, 2021 (Statewide Session) Indicates Matter Stricken Indicates New Matter The Senate assembled at 11:00 A.M., the hour to which it stood adjourned, and was called to order by the PRESIDENT. A quorum being present, the proceedings were opened with a devotion by the Chaplain as follows: II Samuel 6:14a We remember that David, acting in his role as a priest, “… danced before the Lord with all his might. .” Let us pray: O God, we are quite aware that only a few days are remaining in this Regular Session for the Senate of South Carolina. With that reminder, how strong most likely is the temptation for each Senator and even for every staff aide to follow David’s example and to break into wild, frenetic dancing here on the floor of this Chamber. We would all understand if they were to do so. For after weeks of long hours spent tirelessly working on behalf of those they represent, the desire for a bit of celebration is understandable. But we’re not quite there yet, O Lord; we know that. A good bit of work remains to be done. So we ask that You keep these servants focused for a few more days, guiding them and blessing them as they try to wrap things up in meaningful fashion. And then, dear God, let the dancing begin! So we pray in Your loving name, Lord.
    [Show full text]
  • Test Version
    DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation „Postcolonial Departures: Narrative Transformations in Australian and South African Fictions“ Verfasser Mag. phil. Hano Pipic angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2013 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 792 343 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: English and American Studies Betreuerinnen: o. Univ. Prof. Dr. Margarete Rubik Professor Gillian Whitlock (University of Queensland) Abstract This thesis is a comparative reading of selected contemporary fictions from Australia and South Africa. By drawing on postcolonial theory and trauma theory, this thesis argues that specific genres are transformed in distinctive ways in these two settler literatures to address the continuing presence of the colonial past. It focuses in particular on three genres: the Bildungsroman , the historical novel, and the pastoral to consider how these have been reproduced, adapted and transformed in these literatures in the recent past. This thesis argues that these transformations testify to the ways that recent Australian and South African literary imaginaries respond to the legacies of traumatic histories of colonization and dispossession. In both Australia and South Africa processes of reconciliation and social justice in recent decades have produced intense debates about history, fiction and the ways these disciplines can generate new ways of understanding the traumatic legacies of settler colonialism. By focusing on a selection of close and comparative readings, this thesis identifies a series of common tropes, techniques and preoccupations that draw together these two literatures which are so often read apart in terms of distinctive national histories. The first chapter, “Representation of Trauma in Two Selected Bildungsromane ”, investigates how the genre of the Bildungsroman is rehabilitated and how its traditional boundaries are transgressed to explore the psychic landscapes of childhood trauma.
    [Show full text]
  • “Going Through All These Things Twice”: a Brief History of Botched Executions
    777 “Going Through All These Things Twice”: A Brief History of Botched Executions Stephen Eliot Smith* Introduction At the age of eight, I became a member of the Cub Scouts. In the months after my investiture, I read and re-read The Cub Book, the comprehensive handbook that contained merit badge requirements and helpful instructions on how to properly carry out a diverse range of necessary actions, such as starting a fire, singing a marching ditty, and carrying paper bags of groceries.1 Of particular interest and frustration was the section on knots. Eventually, I was able to master the basics – the “bowline”, the “clove hitch”, the “taut line”, and even the confusing and seemingly useless “sheepshank”. But there was one knot illustrated in the book that I never could get quite right: the “hangman’s noose”. Looking back, it seems remarkable to me that an eight-year-old boy would be given a book that provides the essential knowledge needed to perform a lynching, but I suppose the risks were minimal: it was a very difficult knot to get right.2 I suspect that over the centuries, more than one executioner has similarly struggled with construction of this knot. Scattered throughout historical records, there are dozens (if not hundreds) of accounts of so-called “botched executions”, in which the hangman’s noose frays, breaks, slips, unravels, or for one reason or another just does not accomplish its purpose: as Dorothy Parker succinctly lamented regarding the unreliability of death by hanging, “[n]ooses give”.3 But the incidence of botched executions has not been * Faculty of Law, University of Otago.
    [Show full text]