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Political Violence in South Africa: a Case Study of "Necklacing" in Colesberg Sipho Mbuqe

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Political Violence in South Africa: a Case Study of Duquesne University Duquesne Scholarship Collection Electronic Theses and Dissertations Summer 2010 Political Violence in South Africa: A Case Study of "Necklacing" in Colesberg Sipho Mbuqe Follow this and additional works at: https://dsc.duq.edu/etd Recommended Citation Mbuqe, S. (2010). Political Violence in South Africa: A Case Study of "Necklacing" in Colesberg (Doctoral dissertation, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/897 This Immediate Access is brought to you for free and open access by Duquesne Scholarship Collection. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Duquesne Scholarship Collection. For more information, please contact [email protected]. POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN SOUTH AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF “NECKLACING” IN COLESBERG A Dissertation Submitted to the McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts Duquesne University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Clinical Psychology By Sipho Mbuqe August 2010 Copyright by Sipho Mbuqe 2010 POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN SOUTH AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF “NECKLACING” IN COLESBERG By Sipho Mbuqe Approved:May 6, 2010 _________________________ _________________________ Leswin R. Laubscher, Ph.D Michael Sipiora, Ph. D. Professor of Psychology Professor of Psychology (Dissertation Director) (Committee Member) _________________________ _________________________ Roger Brooke, Ph.D. Daniel Burston, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology Chair, Department of Psychology (Committee Member) Professor of Psychology _________________________ Christopher Duncan, Ph.D. Dean, McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts. iii ABSTRACT POLITICAL VIOLENCE IN SOUTH AFRICA: A CASE STUDY OF “NECKLACING” IN COLESBERG By Sipho Mbuqe August 2010 Dissertation Supervised by Dr. Leswin Laubscher This dissertation examines certain psychological dimensions and implications of political violence in general by means of a specific violent incident that took place in Colesberg, South Africa in 1985. Ms. Nokwakha Dilato was murdered by a group of people who poured gasoline over her body, placed a car tire, filled with gasoline, around her neck and shoulders, and set her alight – a practice known as “necklacing”, and which became widespread during that time as a way of killing suspected or confirmed collaborators with the Apartheid regime. Three sources of data about this event were analyzed for this dissertation. First, I conducted a series of interviews with three of the perpetrators; second, I analyzed the court transcripts of the trial and sentencing of the perpetrators, and thirdly, I examined a report of the incident, presented to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and related by the author and poet, Antjie Krog, in a book iv about the Commission’s proceedings. These texts were subjected to a qualitative hermeneutic semiology, as articulated by Hugh Silverman (1994). In brief, the texts were interrogated as to how it made meaning of the event. From this analysis, it transpired that – on the one hand – the psychological theories of violence, focusing as it does on the individual, misses the crucial mediating and situated importance of context, while contextual theories (such as those of sociology and anthropology), neglect the agency and subjectivity of the individual. Moreover, analysis reveals a particular ethical and moral component to political violence, and violence in general, which is explicated on the basis of the African philosophical notion of Ubuntu, and the Levinasian sense of the face. v DEDICATION/UKUZINIKEZELA To my grandfather Makhwenkwe Mbuqe whose death taught about life and to my son Siyolo Mbuqe whose birth taught me about mortality. Esi sipho sisuka kuSponono vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS/UMBULELO I did not undertake this journey alone. I am grateful for the support, inspiration and encouragement that I have received along the way. This is as much a story about my hometown as it is about me growing up in Colesberg. I am sincerely grateful to the participants for entrusting me with their stories. I hope that your agony and anguish was carried with the respect and delicacy it required. Mawethu kunzima unyika iqhina ubethwa ngamaqhwa, uqhaqhaz-e-ela, kuvuthuz’ imimoya unomrhaji kuphela; kube kunyanzelekileyo ukuba iliqabele. I am forever indebted to Phambili Mayaba for insisting that this case should be the partial fulfillment of my doctorate. Your genius is ingrained in the progress that Colesberg makes. I am grateful to Dr. Michael Sipiora, who brought sincerity, excitement and gravitas to this project. Throughout my training, you encouraged and embraced the diversity of thought and experience, and that was comforting. I am grateful to Dr. Roger Brooke, a fellow South African, for your support while also challenging me. From the beginning, you encouraged me to start the dialogue between ubuntu and what I was learning at Duquesne. You urged me to see my work as having a dialogue with Western thought. Your sensitivity towards suffering influenced how I attended to this work and my clinical work. I want to thank Professor Chabani Manganyi for his contribution at the beginning of this project. Your work on black South African experiences heavily influenced this dissertation. vii To Dr. Leswin Laubscher who directed this dissertation, your support extended beyond this project, you are a mentor and a brother. I am grateful for every encouraging and inspiring word, and most importantly, your demand that I treat this work and other endeavors with upmost respect and dignity. Let me say it in a raw and a daunting manner: UnoBuntu Mntwan’abantu. The gains of working with you are invaluable, moreso, as you silently reminded me that inherent to the gains were losses. My gratitude can be barely captured in my native language let alone in English, so I say it in IsiXhosa: Undisukile ndasuk-e-eka. Ndithi maz’enethole thole lomgquba. Ngenene ngenene usisisele senyathi. I am grateful to Dr. Daniel Burston the chair of the department and was my academic advisor. You encouraged me to pursue my academic interests. I want to thank Dr. Dan Martino who was supportive throughout my training. You were a helpful resource in providing materials and that merge both race and phenomenology. I would like to thank Dr. Martin Packer for his guidance in the early and formative stages of this project. Your questions always pointed me to my blind spots. Thank you for widening my gaze. Your commitment and passion for research methods is truly inspiring. I am truly grateful to Dr. Russ Walsh for his support as a former chair of the department and currently the Director of Clinical Training. Your successful efforts in making the department humanistic made it a great place for learning, and made Duquesne University a home away from home. I am grateful to Dr. Connie Fischer and Dr. Paul Richer for exemplifying a strong sense of ethics and humility. viii I am grateful to Dr. Bruce Fink, for helping me find words to express my clinical position and stay true to them. I am grateful that he taught me to listen to the words of suffering. Dr. Jessie Goicoechea, you helped me become comfortable and enjoy my clinical work; I thank you for that. I want to thank Linda Pasqualino, Norma Coleman and Marilyn Henline for their warmth and resourcefulness. I would like to thank my (Isi)Xhosa teachers Mrs. Thembeka Mehlomakulu-Sohe and Mrs. Sindiswa Mkontwana-Militi who throughout this study provided feedback and guidance. I am grateful to Mziwamadoda Asiya for the translation and Vuyokazi Nolomo for editing the Xhosa transcript. A special thanks goes to my friends and classmates. Each person shared with me their intelligence, humor, and insight. Rong-Bang and Li-Shen Liao: thank you for sharing not only your humble and gentle sagacity but welcoming me into your family. Li-Shen, you are courage. Leora Bernstein, thank you for introducing me to Levinas. You are the face of ethics. Your love for your family in Israel and protective instincts for the Palestinians bears a torch for humanity. Jamie Ghany, you made my sailing on rough waters easy. Katerina Daniel, thank you for both challenging and supporting me. Jenny Hwang, your work provided the starting point for this journey, sometimes a person can walk a path only if they have a point of reference. Thank you for being that point. Tanya Brown, thank you for your contagious excitement, energy and enthusiasm about life. Dan Warner, thank you for your friendship but specifically for editing and proofreading my work. I grateful to Bethany Riddle for encouraging me that my proximity to this subject should be the reason I do it rather than a deterrent. I also want to thank Stephanie Swales, Katy Sampson, and Kristen Hennessy for their friendship. You each provided a ix space where I could rearticulate my ideas. So friends, you all made my training at Duquesne University rich and limitless. I am truly blessed to have Malixole Thomas, Bhekithemba Simelane and Michael Miller as both friends and brothers. Malixole, I admire your courage, intellect and perseverance. Bhekithemba, I respect your kindness, grounded intellect and patience. Michael, I revere your sheer intellect, compassion and resilience. I want to thank all three of you for the laughs, jokes, encouragement and fiercely challenging me. I am blessed to have you as brothers. I would like to thank my family in South Africa for their support, assistance and the sacrifices they made. To my parents Zula and Nontobeko Mbuqe you remain an example of self-less sacrifice, generosity and love. Your struggles remain beyond my words and I say ngenene ngenene nindiph’ ilifa lanaphakade. I want to thank my siblings, Yoliswa, Thanduxolo and Khanyiswa for the joy, laughter and support we’ve shared. To Yoliswa you were with me throughout this process. You kept your promise that if I decide to go for a doctorate you will be with me all the way.
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